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An T, Li Y, Wang R, Jing S, Gao Y, Liu S, Huang D, Zhou M, Dai H, Huang C, Lu J, Wang H, Fu Q. Characteristics of typical intermediate and semi volatile organic compounds in Shanghai during China International Import Expo event. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141779. [PMID: 38537709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
To ensure good air quality during the China International Import Expo (CIIE) event, stringent emission-reduction measures were implemented in Shanghai. To assess the efficacy of these measures, this study measured typical categories of intermediate/semi volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs), including alkanes (C10-C26 n-alkanes and pristane), EPA-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylnaphthalenes, benzothiazole (BTH) and chlorobenzenes (CBs), at an urban site of Shanghai before and during two CIIE events (2019 and 2020; non-CIIE versus CIIE). The average concentrations of alkanes and PAHs during both 2019 and 2020 CIIE events decreased by approximately 41% and 17%, respectively, compared to non-CIIE periods. However, the decline in BTH and CBs was only observed during CIIE-2019. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from alkanes, PAHs and BTH was evaluated under atmospheric conditions, revealing considerable SOA contributions from dimethylnaphthalenes and BTH. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis further revealed that life-related sources, such as cooking and residential emissions, make a noticeable contribution (21.6%) in addition to the commonly concerned gasoline-vehicle sources (31.5%), diesel-related emissions (20.8%), industrial emissions (18.6%) and ship emissions (7.5%). These findings provide valuable insights into the efficacy of the implemented measures in reducing atmospheric I/SVOCs levels. Moreover, our results highlight the significance of exploring additional individual species of I/SVOCs and life-related sources for further research and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taikui An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haixia Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Huang Y, Li Z. Assessing pesticides in the atmosphere: A global study on pollution, human health effects, monitoring network and regulatory performance. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108653. [PMID: 38669719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, but their impact on the environment and human health is a major concern. While much attention has been given to their presence in soil, water, and food, there have been few studies on airborne pesticide pollution on a global scale. This study aimed to assess the extent of atmospheric pesticide pollution in countries worldwide and identify regional differences using a scoring approach. In addition to analyzing the health risks associated with pesticide pollution, we also examined agricultural practices and current air quality standards for pesticides in these countries. The pollution scores varied significantly among the countries, particularly in Europe. Asian and Oceanic countries generally had higher scores compared to those in the Americas, suggesting a relatively higher level of air pollution caused by pesticides in these regions. It is worth noting that the current pollution levels, as assessed theoretically, pose minimal health risks to humans. However, studies in the literature have shown that excessive exposure to pesticides present in the atmosphere has been associated with various health problems, such as cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders, and other chronic diseases. Interestingly, European countries had the highest overall pesticide application intensities, but this did not necessarily correspond to higher atmospheric pesticide pollution scores. Only a few countries have established air quality standards specifically for pesticides. Furthermore, pollution scores across states in the USA were investigated and the global sampling sites were mapped. The findings revealed that the scores varied widely in the USA and the current sampling sites were limited or unevenly distributed in some countries, particularly the Nordic countries. These findings can help global relevant environmental agencies to set up comprehensive monitoring networks. Overall, the present research highlights the need to create a pesticide monitoring system and increase efforts to enhance pesticide regulation, ensure consistency in standards, and promote international cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabi Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
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Zhou W, Huang K, Bu D, Zhang Q, Fu J, Hu B, Zhou Y, Chen W, Fu Y, Zhang A, Fu J, Jiang G. Remarkable Contamination of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Free-Range Chicken Eggs from Rural Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5093-5102. [PMID: 38386012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Rapid social-economic development introduces modern lifestyles into rural areas, not only bringing numerous modern products but also new pollutants, such as chlorinated paraffins (CPs). The rural Tibetan Plateau has limited industrial activities and is a unique place to investigate this issue. Herein we collected 90 free-range chicken egg pool samples across the rural Tibetan Plateau to evaluate the pollution status of CPs. Meanwhile, CPs in related soils, free-range chicken eggs from Jiangxi, and farmed eggs from markets were also analyzed. The median concentrations of SCCPs (159 ng g-1 wet weight (ww)) and MCCPs (1390 ng g-1 ww) in Tibetan free-range chicken eggs were comparable to those from Jiangxi (259 and 938 ng g-1 ww) and significantly higher than those in farmed eggs (22.0 and 81.7 ng g-1 ww). In the rural Tibetan Plateau, the median EDI of CPs via egg consumption by adults and children were estimated to be 81.6 and 220.2 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for SCCPs and 483.4 and 1291 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for MCCPs, respectively. MCCPs might pose potential health risks for both adults and children in the worst scenario. Our study demonstrates that new pollutants should not be ignored and need further attention in remote rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Duo Bu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Qiangying Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Boyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yilin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
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Deng J, Liu W, Gao L, Jia T, He Y, Mao T, Hussain J. A Review of Distribution and Profiles of HBCD in Different Environmental Media of China. Molecules 2023; 29:36. [PMID: 38202620 PMCID: PMC10779568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is the most important flame retardant that has been used in Expanded Polystyrene foam and Extruded Polystyrene foam in the past forty years across the world. China was the major producer and user of HBCD, and the total HBCD production was about 0.3 million tons. Although HBCD was completely banned in China in 2021 because of its long-range transport, bioaccumulation and toxicity, there is still a lot of residue in the environment. Therefore, we reviewed multiple studies concerning the distribution of HBCD in diverse environmental matrices, such as in the air, dust, soil, water, sediment, and biota. Results revealed that HBCD levels in different environments in China present geographical variation and were at a high level compared with other countries. In all environmental media, relatively high HBCD concentrations have been found in industrial and urban areas. Industrialization and urbanization are two important factors that influence the concentration and distribution of HBCD in the environment. In terms of isomer, γ-HBCD was the dominant isomer in soil, water, and sediment, while in the biota α-HBCD was the predominant isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Javid Hussain
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan
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Wang T, Xiang K, Zeng Y, Gu H, Guan Y, Chen S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, foliage, and litter in a subtropical forest: Spatioseasonal variations, partitioning, and litter-PAH degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121587. [PMID: 37028783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest canopies play a vital role in scavenging airborne semi-volatile organic compounds. The present study measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the understory air (at two heights), foliage, and litterfall in a subtropical rainforest (the Dinghushan mountain) in southern China. ∑17PAH concentrations in the air ranged from 2.75 to 44.0 ng/m3 (mean = 8.91 ng/m3), showing a spatial variation depending on the forest canopy coverage. Vertical distributions of the understory air concentrations also indicated PAH inputs from the above-canopy air. The concentrations of PAHs in fresh litter (with a mean of 261 ± 163 ng/g dry weight (dw)) were slightly lower than those in the foliage (362 ± 291 ng/g dw). Unlike the stable air PAH concentrations for most of the time of the year, the temporal variations of foliage and litter concentrations were remarkable but generally similar. Higher or comparable leaf/litter-air partition coefficients (KLA) in fresh litter compared with living KLA in leaves suggest that the forest litter layer is an efficient storage media for PAHs. Degradation of three-ring PAHs in litter under the field conditions follows first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.81), while the degradation is moderate for four-ring PAHs and insignificant for five- and six-ring PAHs. The yearly net cumulative deposition of PAHs through forest litterfall in the whole Dinghushan forest area over the sampling year was about 1.1 kg, 46% of the initial deposition (2.4 kg). This spatial variations study provides the results of in-field degradation of litter PAHs and makes a quantitative assessment of the litter deposition of PAHs, deducing their residence dynamics in the litter layer in a subtropical rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Kai Xiang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yufeng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Changes and distribution of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine compounds in a high-mountain gradient over a three-year period (Pyrenees, 2017-2020). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154602. [PMID: 35306068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric gas-phase concentrations of several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) were measured in six high-mountain sites in the Pyrenees (1619-2453 m). Polyurethane foam passive air samplers were used for this purpose, providing continuous records spanning over three years (2017-2020). The mean concentrations of ∑PCBs, HCB, and PeCB, 13 ± 4 pg m-3, 44 ± 18 pg m-3, and 23 ± 20 pg m-3, respectively, were of the order of those reported in other mountain sites and similar to those measured 20 years ago in the same area, evidencing the persistence of these compounds despite the international regulatory actions. The mean concentration of ∑PAHs was 631 ± 238 pg m-3, representing between two- and three-times lower values than 20 years ago in the same area, but still in the range of other mountain regions. Statistically significant increases in gas-phase concentrations at higher temperatures were observed for most compounds. The experimental phase-change pseudo-enthalpies calculated from the slopes of the regressions between the natural logarithm of the concentrations and the reciprocal of temperature were lower than the reference values for nearly all compounds. This difference suggested a main contribution of long-range atmospheric transport of the gas-phase PAH and organochlorine concentrations in this mountain area. However, the less volatile compounds such as benz[a]anthracene, PCB138, and PCB180 showed a closer similarity between experimental and laboratory enthalpies, indicating that a significant portion of the variations in concentration of these compounds originated from temperature-dependent diffusive exchange by re-volatilization from local surfaces. The concentrations found in these sentinel ecosystems demonstrate that long-range transport of organic pollutants remains a risk in remote continental environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Nagar N, Bartrons M, Brucet S, Davidson TA, Jeppesen E, Grimalt JO. Seabird-mediated transport of organohalogen compounds to remote sites (North West Greenland polynya). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154219. [PMID: 35240191 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of sea birds as carriers of pollutants over long distances was evaluated by analyzing organochlorine and organobromine compounds in lake sediment cores from three remote sites around the North Water polynya (North West Greenland). One lake, NOW5, was in the vicinity of a little auk (Alle alle L.) bird colony, whereas the other two lakes, NOW14 and Q5, were undisturbed by seabirds. The former was strongly acidic (pH = 3.4) but the latter had a pH close to 8. Due to the guano loading, NOW5 exhibited higher chlorophyll concentrations (74 μg/L) than the other two lakes (1.6-3.4 μg/L), higher content of total phosphorous (0.34 mg/L vs. 0.007-0.01 mg/L) and total nitrogen (3.75 mg/L vs. 0.21-0.75 mg/L). The concentrations of all organohalogen compounds were substantially greater in NOW5 than in the other lakes, indicating the strong influence of these seabirds in the transport and deposition of these compounds to remote sites. However, not all compounds showed the same increases. Hexachlorocyclohexanes and endosulfans were more than 18 times higher in NOW5, the drin pesticides and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), between 9.5 and 18 times and DDTs, polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and chlordanes about 2.7-6 times. These differences demonstrated that the bird-mediated deposition has preservation effects of the less stable and more volatile compounds, e.g. those with log Kaw < -2.4, log Koa < 9 and/or log Kow < 6.8. The sedimentary fluxes of PCBs, HCHs, drins, chlordanes, PBDEs, HCB and endosulfans were highest in the upper sediment layer of the polynya lake (year 2014). In contrast, the highest DDT fluxes were found in 1980. These trends indicate that despite restrictions and regulations, bird transport continues to introduce considerable amounts of organohalogen pollutants to the Arctic regions with the exception of DDTs, which show successful decline, even when mediated by bird metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Nagar
- Aquatic Ecology Research Group, University of Vic., de la Laura, 13, 08500-Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireia Bartrons
- Aquatic Ecology Research Group, University of Vic., de la Laura, 13, 08500-Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sandra Brucet
- Aquatic Ecology Research Group, University of Vic., de la Laura, 13, 08500-Vic, Catalonia, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Additional Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas A Davidson
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej, 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej, 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Room N501, UCAS Teaching Building, Zhongguancun Campus, Zhongguancun South 1st Alley, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, 06800-Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 33731-Mersin, Turkey
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Xu G, Ng HL, Chen C, Zhao S, He J. Efficient and Complete Detoxification of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediments Achieved by Bioaugmentation with Dehalococcoides and Microbial Ecological Insights. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8008-8019. [PMID: 35549250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are prevalent environmental pollutants, but bioremediation of PBDEs remains to be reported. Here we report accelerated remediation of a penta-BDE mixture in sediments by bioaugmentation with Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains CG1 and TZ50. Bioaugmentation with different amounts of each Dehalococcoides strain enhanced debromination of penta-BDEs compared with the controls. The sediment microcosm spiked with 6.8 × 106 cells/mL strain CG1 showed the highest penta-BDEs removal (89.9 ± 7.3%) to diphenyl ether within 60 days. Interestingly, co-contaminant tetrachloroethene (PCE) improved bioaugmentation performance, resulting in faster and more extensive penta-BDEs debromination using less bioinoculants, which was also completely dechlorinated to ethene by introducing D. mccartyi strain 11a. The better bioaugmentation performance in sediments with PCE could be attributed to the boosted growth of the augmented Dehalococcoides and capability of the PCE-induced reductive dehalogenases to debrominate penta-BDEs. Finally, ecological analyses showed that bioaugmentation resulted in more deterministic microbial communities, where the augmented Dehalococcoides established linkages with indigenous microorganisms but without causing obvious alterations of the overall community diversity and structure. Collectively, this study demonstrates that bioaugmentation with Dehalococcoides is a feasible strategy to completely remove PBDEs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
- NUS Graduate School─Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Hung Liang Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Siyan Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
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Wang Q, Ruan Y, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Hua X, Jin L, Chen H, Wang Y, Yao Y, Lam PKS, Zhu L, Sun H. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the Three-North Shelter Forest in northern China: First survey on the effects of forests on the behavior of PFAS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128157. [PMID: 34991005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of anthropogenic chemicals, that have attracted increasing attention since the early 2000 s. Although forests have been shown to act as a filter and important sink for nonpolar persistent organic pollutants (POPs), relevant reports on PFAS are lacking. Air, soil, and leaf samples were collected inside and outside the forest from two regions of the Three-North Shelter Forest in northern China between 2017 and 2018. Twenty-seven PFAS were analyzed to study the effect of forest on the transport and fate of PFAS. The average ratios of PFAS in the air outside to inside the forest (Qair) ranged from 2.83 ± 0.78-10.6 ± 3.1. A significant positive correlation was found between Qair and the n-octanol-air partition coefficient of individual PFAS (p = 0.041). Higher Qair values for most ionic PFAS were found in broad-leaved forests than in coniferous forests. Soil samples outside the forests showed higher PFAS levels than those inside. The measured concentrations of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol, a volatile neutral PFAS, in leaf samples were two orders of magnitude higher than those estimated using the equilibrium leaf-air partition of nonpolar POPs, indicating that it may not fit the case of PFAS with surface activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xia Hua
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Litao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Zhang Z, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Yang C, Rodgers TFM, Tan F. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants in the typical soil profiles of the Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150519. [PMID: 34610409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The urbanization and development of Tibetan Plateau (TP) probably results in a significant contamination of organic pollutants, such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). However, there is a lack of monitoring and evaluation of their occurrence and risks in the soil of TP. We investigated the concentrations, vertical distributions, potential sources, and ecological risks of OPFRs in soil profiles from four regions of TP, China. The total concentrations of OPFRs in all soil samples ranged from 1.35 to 126 ng/g with a median of 12.6 ng/g. Relatively high concentrations were discovered in the top soils from Lhasa, suggesting a rising contamination around cities of TP due to anthropogenic disturbance. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) was the dominant OPFRs followed by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Vertical distribution of ΣOPFRs was discovered, especially at site Lhasa. Source apportionment based on principle component analysis and correlation analysis suggests that OPFRs in the TP soil mainly originate from atmospheric transport, while some OPFRs in the top soil may be also influenced by nearby sources. The vertical distributions of OPFRs in soil may be influenced by both soil and chemical properties, as well as their use. The ecological risk quotients (RQs) of 6 OPFRs in the TP soil were calculated, and most of their ecological risks were relatively low or negligible. However, for the worst-case scenario calculated by the 95th percentile concentrations, TNBP and tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) at site Lhasa and cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) at site Nagri had moderate risks. More attentions should be paid to the Tibetan Plateau in the future due to the rising ecological risks of OPFRs, especially to the areas around cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chenmeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Timothy F M Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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11
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Field comparison of passive polyurethane foam and active air sampling techniques for analysis of gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds at a remote high-mountain site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149738. [PMID: 34481164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) are good candidates for the determination of gas-phase semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) air concentrations in high-mountain areas over long periods because they do not require an energy supply. However, the harsh meteorological conditions present in such locations can increase the uncertainties inherently associated to PAS sampling rates due to the many variables involved in their calculation and to the assumptions made regarding PUF diffusive uptake mechanics, which can considerably bias the resulting concentrations. Therefore, we studied the performance of PUF-PASs in a remote location in the Pyrenees mountain range for the analysis of several SVOCs in air, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the less studied emerging organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). An in-situ PUF-PAS calibration using Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs) provided compound- and sampler-specific sampling rates, showing mean experimental errors (12%) that adequately conformed to an estimate of their expanded theoretical uncertainties (15%). This showcases the suitability of this calibration strategy in an area with conditions beyond those typically considered in calibration efforts available to date. Moreover, gas-phase concentrations of the studied pollutants from PUF-PAS samples showed very good agreement (R2 up to 0.91, p < 0.01) when compared to those obtained using a conventional high-volume active air sampler (PUF-AAS), with some minor deviations observed for PAHs caused by the seasonality in their atmospheric concentrations. No relevant levels of pollutants preferentially bound to the particle phase were detected in the PUF-PASs, the particle infiltration efficiency of the sampler configuration used was found to be low, and compounds typically distributed between the gas and particle phases of AAS samples revealed profiles consistent with their vapor pressures, except for some OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Zhou J, Zhao G, Li M, Li J, Liang X, Yang X, Guo J, Wang T, Zhu L. Three-dimensional spatial distribution of legacy and novel poly/perfluoroalkyl substances in the Tibetan Plateau soil: Implications for transport and sources. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:107007. [PMID: 34991266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Driven by increasingly stringent regulations on the legacy poly/perfluoroalkyl (PFASs), a variety of fluorinated alternatives have emerged on the market. Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an important role in accumulation of organic pollutants due to its high altitude and wet deposition. In this study, the occurrence, spatial distribution and sources of PFASs in the TP soils were investigated. The total concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.814-4.51 ng/g in the TP soils, with the identification of a variety of novel PFASs, including fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs), chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (Cl-PFESAs), and hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) homologues. Generally, the PFAS concentrations exhibited an increase trend from the west to east, and gradually increased with the altitude increasing, suggesting the impacts of human activities and mountain cold-trapping. The PFASs decreased with the increase of soil depth, but at different extents, which were related to their occurrence time, interactions with organic matters, and microbial transformation in soil. Most of the PFASs were present as free fractions in soil, particularly for the short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), implying that they were liable to be accumulated in organisms and transport to groundwater. Multiple source apportionment analyses indicated that PFASs in the soil of TP were not only derived from the local pollution, but also from the atmospheric migration influenced by Indian Monsoon and westerly winds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Min Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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13
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Xian H, Hao Y, Lv J, Wang C, Zuo P, Pei Z, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in soil and moss in Mt. Shergyla, southeast Tibetan Plateau: Occurrence, distribution and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118252. [PMID: 34597735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental fate and behavior of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) remains limited, especially in the remote alpine regions. In this study, the concentrations and distributions of NBFRs were investigated in soils and mosses collected from two slopes of Shergyla in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), to unravel the environmental behaviors of NBFRs in this background area. The total NBFR concentrations (∑7NBFRs) ranged from 34.2 to 879 pg/g dw in soil and from 72.8 to 2505 pg/g dw in moss. ∑7NBFRs in soil samples collected in 2019 were significantly higher than those in 2012 (p < 0.05). Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant NBFR, accounting for 90% of ∑7NBFRs on average. The ratio of the concentrations in moss and soil showed significantly positive correlations with LogKOA except for DBDPE (p < 0.05), indicating that the role of mosses as accumulators compared to soils are more pronounced for more volatile NBFRs. In addition, the concentrations of NBFRs generally decreased with increasing altitude on the south-facing slope, whereas on the north-facing slope some NBFRs exhibited different trends, suggesting concurrent local and long-range transport sources. Normalization based on total organic carbon/lipid concentrations strengthened the correlation with altitude, implying that the altitude gradient of the mountain slope and forest cover could jointly affect the distribution of NBFRs in the TP. Furthermore, principal components analysis (PCA) with multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) showed that the average contribution of the mountain cold trapping effect (MCTE) accounted for the major (77%) contribution and forest filter effect (FFE) has only a modest contribution to the deposition of NBFRs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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14
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[Determination of atmospheric organochlorine pesticides using isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2021; 39:541-551. [PMID: 34227339 PMCID: PMC9404235 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
建立了测定大气中25种有机氯农药(OCPs)的同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(ID-HRGC/HRMS)。样品用正己烷/二氯甲烷(1:1, v/v)进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE)。通过柱洗脱实验、单柱和组合柱净化实验,最终确定样品的净化方案为弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱和石墨化炭黑固相萃取柱组合净化。样品萃取液净化后进行HRGC/HRMS分析。采用平均相对响应因子(RRF)法对样品中目标物进行定量,6点校准溶液RRF的相对标准偏差(RSD)均≤20%。线性范围为0.4~800 μg/L,相关系数R2均>0.992。对空白样品依次进行100 pg、400 pg和15 ng水平下的加标试验,各添加水平下OCPs测定值的RSD为0.64%~16%,加标回收率为67.2%~135%。穿透试验表明,滤膜+聚氨酯泡沫/聚氨酯泡沫作为吸附介质的大体积主动大气采样器(AAS)在采集环境空气时,五氯苯极易发生穿透,有效采样模式待进一步研究。在上述采样模式下,六氯苯的有效采样体积较小,标准状态(101.325 kPa, 273 K)采样体积应≤30 m3,其他OCPs应≤1200 m3。以上述体积计算,25种目标化合物的检出限为0.002~0.7 pg/m3。对北京环境空气样品分析测定,结果显示除反式-环氧七氯、异狄氏剂、顺式-九氯和4,4'-滴滴滴在部分样品中未检出外,其他OCPs均为100%检出;六氯苯浓度在514~563 pg/m3之间,其他OCPs的浓度在0.01~18.9 pg/m3之间;替代标回收率为33.9%~155%。由于现有相关监测标准的仪器灵敏度较低、方法检出限较高,已无法满足目前空气中痕量OCPs的测定需求,因此亟待修订新的高灵敏度监测方法标准。该方法适用于目前大气中OCPs的超痕量水平分析,为新标准的制订奠定基础,也为国家履行相关国际公约提供有力技术指导。
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15
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Xu G, Zhao X, Zhao S, Chen C, Rogers MJ, Ramaswamy R, He J. Insights into the Occurrence, Fate, and Impacts of Halogenated Flame Retardants in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4205-4226. [PMID: 33705105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) have been extensively used in various consumer products and many are classified as persistent organic pollutants due to their resistance to degradation, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. HFRs have been widely detected in the municipal wastewater and wastewater treatment solids in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the discharge and agricultural application of which represent a primary source of environmental HFRs contamination. This review seeks to provide a current overview on the occurrence, fate, and impacts of HFRs in WWTPs around the globe. We first summarize studies recording the occurrence of representative HFRs in wastewater and wastewater treatment solids, revealing temporal and geographical trends in HFRs distribution. Then, the efficiency and mechanism of HFRs removal by biosorption, which is known to be the primary process for HFRs removal from wastewater, during biological wastewater treatment processes, are discussed. Transformation of HFRs via abiotic and biotic processes in laboratory tests and full-scale WWTPs is reviewed with particular emphasis on the transformation pathways and functional microorganisms responsible for HFRs biotransformation. Finally, the potential impacts of HFRs on reactor performance (i.e., nitrogen removal and methanogenesis) and microbiome in bioreactors are discussed. This review aims to advance our understanding of the fate and impacts of HFRs in WWTPs and shed light on important questions warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Xuejie Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Siyan Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Matthew J Rogers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Rajaganesan Ramaswamy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
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16
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Li H, Bu D, Gao Y, Zhu N, Wu J, Chen X, Fu J, Wang Y, Zhang A, Jiang G. Long-range atmospheric transport and alpine condensation of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:275-280. [PMID: 33183706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pristine alpine regions are ideal regions for investigating the long-range atmospheric transport and cold trapping effects of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). The concentrations and alpine condensation of SCCPs were investigated in lichen samples collected from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The concentrations of SCCPs ranged from 3098 to 6999 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and appeared to have an increasing trend with altitude. For congeners, C10 dominated among all the congener groups. The different environmental behavior for different congener groups was closely related to their octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa). C10 congeners showed an increasing trend with altitude, whereas C13 congeners were negatively correlated with altitude. Volumetric bioconcentration factors (BCF) of SCCPs reached 8.71 in lichens, which were higher than other semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). These results suggested that SCCPs were prone to accumulate in the lichen from the air and provided evidence for the role of lichens as a suitable atmospheric indicator in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytic Instrument, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Duo Bu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nali Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytic Instrument, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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17
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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18
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Wu J, Gao W, Liang Y, Fu J, Shi J, Lu Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in multi-environmental matrices in the Tibetan Plateau environment of China: A regional scale study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105767. [PMID: 32361576 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental fate and behavior of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively), especially in high-altitude remote mountain areas, has rarely been conducted. In this study, the distribution and profiles of SCCPs and MCCPs in soils, barks, needles, lichens, and mosses in the Tibetan Plateau area were investigated during the period from 2010 to 2016. The total CP concentrations in soils, barks, needles, lichens, and mosses increased with increasing altitude from 1983 to 5147 m a.s.l. (above sea level), covering a range of 1843.5 km × 370.6 km. Generally, the mean SCCP levels were higher than mean MCCP levels in different environmental matrices. Moreover, as-obtained linear relationships between CP concentrations in different environmental matrices and altitudes (p < 0.05) indicated that the mountain cold-trapping could affect the presence and congener patterns of both SCCPs and MCCPs in the Tibetan Plateau environment. C10-11 and C14 congener groups were found to be the dominant groups in SCCPs and MCCPs in the environmental samples, respectively. Finally, the back-trajectory model was employed to reveal the differences of the potential sources in different regions of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Liu J, Lu G, Yang H, Dang T, Yan Z. Ecological impact assessment of 110 micropollutants in the Yarlung Tsangpo River on the Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 262:110291. [PMID: 32094108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrences of 110 micropollutants in the surface waters and sediments collected at eight sampling sites along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River were investigated in winter. A total of 47 and 45 micropollutants were detected in at least one water or sediment sample, respectively, and their total concentrations reached 790.2 ng/L and 186.5 ng/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Their composition profiles demonstrated that the majority of micropollutants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and UV filters. The mixture risk quotient (MRQ) values of the detected micropollutants regularly exceeded 1 for aquatic organisms at all sampling sites, and fish and invertebrates are the more sensitive organisms. The diversity and evenness of the zooplankton levels had a clear negative correlation with the micropollutant occurrences in water. The top 10 mixture components belonging to the UV filter and PAH categories explained more than 80% and 95% of the mixture risk for chronic and acute toxicology, respectively. This study is the first investigation of the presence and risk assessment of 110 micropollutants in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin and offers new insights into the ecological security of the water resources of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Tianjian Dang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Jin R, Bu D, Liu G, Zheng M, Lammel G, Fu J, Yang L, Li C, Habib A, Yang Y, Liu X. New classes of organic pollutants in the remote continental environment - Chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105574. [PMID: 32078871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic and ubiquitous environmental organic pollutants. The abundance and sources of these compounds have not been studied in remote environments. We collected and analyzed air, soil, lichen, and moss samples from the Tibetan Plateau. Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 0.78-4.16 pg/m3 in air, 3.11-297 pg/g in soil, 260-741 pg/g in lichens, and 338-934 pg/g in mosses. Concentrations of brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 0.15-0.59 pg/m3 in air, 0.61-72.3 pg/g in soil, 33.5-64.9 pg/g in lichens, and 20.5-72.5 pg/g in mosses. The dominant congeners were 9- and 2-chlorophenanthrene, 1-chloropyrene, 3-chlorofluoranthene, and 1-bromopyrene. We found correlations between congener concentrations in lichens and in air, and lichens effectively predicted near-ground atmospheric concentrations of the pollutants. The enrichment of photochemically stable compounds in high-altitude environments is influenced by their physicochemical properties. Principal component analysis with multivariate linear regression of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in lichens provided an assessment of the relative source contributions, and suggested that in Medog County of Tibetan Plateau, 48% was likely from long-range combustion sources, 26% was from local burning sources, and 26% was from photochemical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Duo Bu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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21
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Jin R, Fu J, Zheng M, Yang L, Habib A, Li C, Liu G. Polychlorinated Naphthalene Congener Profiles in Common Vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau as Biomonitors of Their Sources and Transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2314-2322. [PMID: 31951122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are globally transported, carcinogenic, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that were recently added to the Stockholm Convention with 184 parties. The Tibetan Plateau plays an important role in the global transportation and distribution of POPs. Knowledge of PCN sources and transportation on the Tibetan Plateau is important for their control globally. In this study, we quantified the congener-specific concentrations of PCNs in lichen, moss, soil, and air samples collected on the Tibetan plateau and found that common lichens were effective biomonitors for predicting atmospheric PCNs in this area. The physiochemical properties of the PCNs, the temperatures, and the lichen lipid contents were identified as important factors influencing PCN partitioning between lichens and air. Lichen-air partitioning equations were established and used to predict PCN concentrations in air in Southeast Tibet. The lichens could be used as PCN biomonitors to clarify their spatial variations, sources, and transportation in the southeast of the plateau. PCN concentrations in lichens increased with altitude, suggesting that high-mountain cold-trapping influenced the PCN transportation behavior. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis showed that the major source of PCNs in this region was long-range atmospheric transportation via the Indian monsoon in summer and wind from Southwest Asia in winter. This study provides a novel method using PCN congener profiles as fingerprints and statistical models for studying the geochemical effects of conditions in high-mountain regions on the contamination behaviors of 75 congeners of the notorious PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
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22
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Omwoma S, Mbithi BM, Pandelova M, Ssebugere P, Lalah JO, Wang Y, Bi Y, Henkelmann B, Schramm KW. Comparative exposomics of persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, OCPs, MCCPs and SCCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Victoria (Africa) and Three Gorges Reservoir (China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133789. [PMID: 31419683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposomics is assessment of organism exposure to high priority environmental pollutants in an ecosystem using OMIC technologies. A virtual organism (VO) is an artificial property-tool (OMIC) reflecting exposomic process in compartments of real organisms. The exposomics of aquatic organisms inhabiting Lake Victoria (L.V.) and Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were compared using VOs. The two reservoirs are heavily depended on for food and water both in Africa and China. The target priority pollutants in the reservoirs were polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). The VOs showed that in a period of 28 days, aquatic organisms in TGR were exposed to total (∑) PAHs of 8.71 × 10-6 mg/L, PCBs of 2.81 × 10-6 mg/L, OCPs of 2.80 × 10-6 mg/L, MCCPs of 8.9 × 10-10 mg/L and SCCPs of 1.13 × 10-7 mg/L. While in a period of 48 days, organisms in L. V. were exposed to total (∑) PAHs of 7.45 × 10-6 mg/L, PCBs of 4.70 × 10-6 mg/L, OCPs of 3.39 × 10-8 mg/L, MCCPs of 4.6 × 10-10 mg/L and SCCPs of 3.6 × 10-9 mg/L. The exposomic levels in TGR after 28 days were higher than those in Lake Victoria after 48 days. In both reservoirs, bioaccumulation levels are above set standards for aquatic organisms. The sources of the pollutants into the reservoirs were diagnostically determined to originate from anthropogenic processes such as petrogenic, diesel emissions, biomass burning, coal combustion, electronic wastes, traffic emissions and historic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Omwoma
- Department of Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya.
| | | | - Marchela Pandelova
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala. Uganda
| | - Joseph O Lalah
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O.Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Bi
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, CAS, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Department für Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
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23
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Li H, Bu D, Fu J, Gao Y, Cong Z, Zhang G, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhang A, Jiang G. Trophic Dilution of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in a Plant-Plateau Pika-Eagle Food Chain from the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9472-9480. [PMID: 31310123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is currently known about the trophic transfer behavior of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in terrestrial ecosystems. The trophodynamics of SCCPs were investigated in a typical terrestrial food chain (plant-plateau pika-eagle) from the interior of the Tibetan Plateau with an altitude of 4730 m. Pervasive contamination by SCCPs was found in the Tibetan Plateau samples, and the average concentrations of SCCPs in soil, plant, plateau pika, eagle, and gut content of eagle samples were 81.6 ± 31.1, 173 ± 70.3, 258 ± 126, 108 ± 59.6, and 268 ± 93.9 ng/g (average ± standard deviation, dry weight, dw), respectively. The trophic magnification factor (TMF) of SCCPs was 0.37, implying the trophic dilution of SCCPs in this terrestrial food chain. The TMF values of individual congener groups were positively correlated with the values of log Kow, log Koa and biotransformation half-life. As a result of long-range transport, SCCPs congeners with low molecular weight dominated in Tibetan Plateau species (C10+11 congeners = 76.9%, Cl5+6+7 congeners = 71.5%), which could partly explain the low biomagnification factors (BMFs) of SCCPs in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytic Instrument , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) , Jinan 250014 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Duo Bu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science , Tibet University , Lhasa 850000 , China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Guoshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytic Instrument , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
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Liu HW, Shao JJ, Yu B, Liang Y, Duo B, Fu JJ, Yang RQ, Shi JB, Jiang GB. Mercury isotopic compositions of mosses, conifer needles, and surface soils: Implications for mercury distribution and sources in Shergyla Mountain, Tibetan Plateau. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:225-231. [PMID: 30711856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution and sources of mercury (Hg) in the Tibetan Plateau is of great value to study the long-range transport of Hg. Herein, the total Hg (THg) concentrations and the isotopic compositions of mosses, conifer needles, and surface soils collected from both slopes of the Shergyla Mountain of Tibetan Plateau were analyzed. The contents of THg in samples (except mosses on the eastern slope) were significantly positively correlated with altitude in both the western and eastern slopes, possibly caused by topographic factors. In contrast, Δ199Hg in samples was significantly negatively correlated with altitude. On the basis of Hg isotopic compositions, atmospheric Hg0 uptake was indicated as the primary accumulation pathway of Hg in mosses (Δ199Hg: -0.12 ± 0.09‰, -0.26 - 0.00‰, 1 SD, n = 10) and conifer needles (Δ199Hg: -0.21 ± 0.08‰, -0.36 - -0.11‰, 1 SD, n = 9). Moreover, the contributing fractions of atmospheric Hg0 to Hg in surface soils (Δ199Hg: -0.20 ± 0.07‰, -0.31 - -0.06‰, 1 SD, n = 17) increased with altitude and accounted for an average of 87 ± 9% in atmospheric sources. Due to the special geographic positions and environmental conditions of the Tibetan Plateau, the results of this study were essential for further understanding the long-range transport and global cycling of Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Juan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ben Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bu Duo
- Science Faculty, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Jian-Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui-Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jian-Bo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Gui-Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wang G, Liu Y, Tao W, Zhao X, Li X. Reflection of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in health risk assessment: A case study in sediments from the metropolitan river, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:80-88. [PMID: 30665190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a developed city in North China, Tsingtao is believed to be suffering from the pollution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent years. In this work, 8 PBDE congeners were detected in sediments from Moshui River, Tsingtao. BDE-209 and sum of 7 low brominated PBDE congeners (∑7PBDEs, excluding BDE-209) ranged from 10.2 × 10-3 to 237 × 10-3 mg kg-1 and from 1.62 × 10-3 to 23.1 × 10-3 mg kg-1 d.w., respectively. PBDE concentrations decreased in the order of midstream > downstream > upstream, attributing to the discrepancies in anthropogenic activities among these areas. Principal component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) revealed that 24.4% of PBDEs were derived from surface runoff of contaminated soils, 58.2% from direct discharge of local sources and 17.4% from atmospheric deposition. The probabilistic health risk assessment of PBDEs was performed by using Monte Carlo simulation. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks based on total PBDEs were low for children and teens, whilst severe for adults. However, based on bioaccessible PBDEs (in vitro gastrointestinal model), there was no obvious health risk for the three age groups. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first attempt to assess the health risk by using bioaccessible PBDEs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinda Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China.
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26
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Wu J, Cao D, Gao W, Lv K, Liang Y, Fu J, Gao Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. The atmospheric transport and pattern of Medium chain chlorinated paraffins at Shergyla Mountain on the Tibetan Plateau of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:46-52. [PMID: 30414548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of short chain and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) are released into the environment during production and usage. However, compared to SCCPs, there is a significant lack of attention for MCCPs. In this work, 83 air samples, collected between 2012 and 2015 from the Tibetan Plateau, were analyzed to investigate the airborne levels and distributions of MCCPs, further to evaluate their potential long-range transport behavior on the alpine area. The total air MCCP concentrations at Shergyla Mountain and Lhasa were between 50 and 690 pg/m3 and 800-6700 pg/m3, respectively. At Shergyla Mountain, MCCP concentrations in the air appeared an increasing trend with altitude, which indicated that MCCPs could potentially possess the ability of "mountain cold trapping". C14 and C15 congener groups were the dominant homologue groups. The mountain contamination potential (MCP) of different congener groups is closely related to their equilibrium partitioning coefficients between octanol and air (KOA), and water and air (KWA). Increasing MCCPs levels might be a potential threat to the environment and human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dandan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kun Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Shandong University, Jinian, 250100, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Hu J, Wu J, Xu C, Zha X, Hua Y, Yang L, Jin J. Preliminary investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran, polychlorinated naphthalene, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in ambient air in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:935-942. [PMID: 30144761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples collected in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau (China) were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and dioxin-like (dl) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCDD/F, PCN, and dl-PCB concentrations were 1.18-2.18, 21.9-75.1, and 0.49-0.90 pg/m3, respectively. The concentrations of these compounds were clearly higher than that observed at a remote site and were comparable with those found in ambient air in industrial areas in other locations. A principal component analysis indicated that emissions from local industrial sites (a secondary aluminum smelter, a cement kiln, and a lead-zinc smelter) at which thermal processes are performed were the sources of PCDD/Fs to the air. The combustion-related PCN congener profiles suggested that industrial thermal processes strongly affect PCN concentrations in ambient air at the industrial park. The results clearly indicated that the industrial park is a source of environmental PCDD/Fs and PCNs at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Zha
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Hua
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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28
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Meng W, Wang P, Yang R, Sun H, Matsiko J, Wang D, Zuo P, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Altitudinal dependence of PCBs and PBDEs in soil along the two sides of Mt. Sygera, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14037. [PMID: 30232354 PMCID: PMC6145894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface soil samples were collected from Mt. Sygera in the southeast of Tibetan Plateau to investigate the altitudinal distribution of PCBs and PBDEs along the two sides of the mountain. The average concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs were 177 pg g-1 dw and 15 pg g-1 dw, respectively. The relationships between the log-transformed TOC-normalized concentrations and the altitudes showed different trends on the two sides. On the windward side, there was a positive correlation for the heavier PCBs; while on the leeward side, the concentrations increased and then decreased for PCBs and PBDEs at the altitude of 4100-4200 m, corresponding to the change in vegetation. The observed discrepancy on the two sides of the mountain demonstrated different key factors associated with precipitation and the forest canopy. Additionally, values of windward-leeward Enrichment Factors (W/L EFs) for the heavier PCB congeners (PCB-138, 153, and -180) were an order of magnitude higher in sites above 4200 m, which also suggested that vegetation played an important role in the altitudinal accumulation of POPs in soil. This is one of the very few studies that have revealed the differences in altitudinal accumulation of POPs along the two sides of a mountain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Li Y, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao Y, Chen J, Wang W, Dong X, Li X. Levels and gas-particle partitioning of hexabromocyclododecanes in the urban air of Dalian, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27514-27523. [PMID: 30051288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (HBCDs) in gas phase and particulate phase of Dalian urban air, China, were monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with high-volume active sampler. The total concentration of ∑HBCDs (gas phase + particulate phase) ranged from 15.47 to 43.57 pg m-3, with an average of 27.07 pg m-3, and 73.39-96.76% of the total HBCDs were found in the particulate phase. No matter in gas phase or in particulate phase, α-HBCD was the predominant component in all, and there was a good negative correlation between the relative contribution of α-HBCD to ∑HBCDs and that of γ-HBCD to ∑HBCDs. The average ratios of the air concentration of α-HBCD to γ-HBCD were comparable with those found in decorative polystyrene, which indicated that HBCDs in outdoor air of Dalian probably came from indoor air and ventilation air from inside of buildings coupled with the already present contamination in background air. There were clear seasonal differences in the HBCD concentrations. Spearman's rank correlation analysis between the concentrations of HBCDs with meteorological parameters was conducted. The exposure risk of HBCDs was evaluated, which illustrated that the estimated exposure of HBCDs via the outdoor air in Dalian was well below the reference doses (200 ng kg-1 bw day-1) derived by the US National Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China.
| | - Longxing Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Xuewei Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Dalian Meteorological Observatory, Dalian, 116001, China
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30
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Zhou R, Yang R, Jing C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and lichen from the western Tibetan Plateau: Concentration profiles, distribution and its influencing factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 152:151-158. [PMID: 29331219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a huge area and rarely affected by human activity, and is regarded as one of the most remote regions on the earth. Many studies about the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were conducted in southern and central TP. However, there are very limited studies focused on PAHs in the western TP and the concentrations profiles, distribution and its controlling factors in this area remains unclear. Thus, to explore this knowledge gap, 37 surface soil samples and 23 lichen samples were collected and analyzed for PAHs. The total concentration of 16 US EPA's priority PAHs (∑16PAHs) in western TP ranges 14.4-59.5ng/g and 38.0-133ng/g dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 30.8 and 84.6ng/g dw in soil and lichen, respectively, which is lower than the concentrations in most remote areas worldwide. In the western TP, low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) are dominant (occupied 77.4% and 87.9% on average in soil and lichen, respectively), implying a significant contribution of LRAT in this area. The significant linear correlations (R2 = 0.372-0.627, p < 0.05) between longitude and soil concentration suggest a strong impact of the westerly wind on the distribution of PAHs in soil. In addition, the concentration ratio of lichen/soil (L/S) was found to linearly increase with the increasing log KOA of individual PAH, suggesting lichen has a strong ability in filtering more lipophilic airborne pollutants in western TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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31
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Ali U, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Malik RN. Higher atmospheric levels and contribution of black carbon in soil-air partitioning of organochlorines in Lesser Himalaya. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:787-798. [PMID: 29080540 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to influence of wind patterns (monsoon and westerlies) and anthropogenic activities, lower stretch of Himalaya is at direct exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Current study was designed to monitor atmospheric concentrations of long lived organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using polyurethane passive air sampling in the Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR) of Pakistan. Levels of ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs and ∑PCBs were observed in a range between 3 and 210 pg m-3, 0.75-67.1 pg m-3 and 8.49-458 pg m-3, respectively. Though, air mass trajectories over LHR indicated long range transport as atmospheric source input which was further explained by Clausius-Clapeyron plots between ln P and inverse of temperature (1000/T; K) where all OCPs and most of the PCBs have shown insignificant relationship (r2 = 5E-06-0.41; p-value = 0.06-0.995). However, local source emissions and valley transport may also implicate based on spatial distribution and altitudinal patterns. Additionally, soil-air partitioning of organochlorines was assessed using octanol-air partition (KOA) and black carbon-air partition (KBC) based models. Regression results indicated combined influence of both organic matter (r2 = 0.298-0.85) and black carbon (r2 = 0.31-0.86) via absorption and adsorption, respectively in soil-air partitioning of OCs in LHR. This paper sheds light on the atmospheric concentrations of OCs and help in better understanding of the processes involved in fate and transport of organic pollutants in Himalayan region. Further investigations are required to understand the role of carbon moieties in fate and transport of other groups of organic pollutants at higher altitudes of Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Andrew James Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Wu J, Gao W, Liang Y, Fu J, Gao Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Spatiotemporal Distribution and Alpine Behavior of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Air at Shergyla Mountain and Lhasa on the Tibetan Plateau of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11136-11144. [PMID: 28898582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pristine high-altitude mountains are ideal areas for studying the potential mechanism behind the long-range transport and environmental behavior of persistent organic pollutants in remote areas. Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are the most complex halogenated contaminants in the environment, and have attracted extensive worldwide interest in recent years. In this study, the spatiotemporal concentrations and distributions of SCCPs in air collected from Shergyla Mountain (located in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau) and Lhasa were investigated during 2012-2015. Generally, the total SCCP levels at Shergyla Mountain and Lhasa were between 130 and 1300 pg/m3 and 1100-14440 pg/m3, respectively. C10 and C11 components were the most abundant homologue groups, indicating that lighter SCCP homologue groups are capable of relatively long-range atmospheric transport. Relatively high but insignificant atmospheric SCCP concentrations at Shergyla Mountain area and Lhasa were observed from 2013 to 2015 compared with 2012. At Shergyla Mountain, SCCP concentrations on the eastern and western slopes increased with altitude, implying that "mountain cold-trapping" might occur for SCCPs. A back-trajectory model showed that SCCP sources at Shergyla Mountain and Lhasa were primarily influenced by the tropical monsoon from Southwest and South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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Wang P, Zhang Q, Li Y, Matsiko J, Zhang Y, Jiang G. Airborne persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in China: occurrence and its implication associated with air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:983-999. [PMID: 28745352 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, China suffered from extensive air pollution due to the rapidly expanding economic and industrial developments. Its severe impact on human health has raised great concern currently. Persistent toxic substances (PTSs), a large group of environmental pollutants, have also received much attention due to their adverse effects on both the ecosystem and public health. However, limited studies have been conducted to reveal the airborne PTSs associated with air pollution at the national scale in China. In this review, we summarized the occurrence and variation of airborne PTSs in China, especially in megacities. These PTSs included polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. The implication of their occurrence associated with air pollution was discussed, and the emission source of these chemicals was concluded. Most reviewed studies have been conducted in east and south China with more developed economy and industry. Severe contamination of airborne PTSs generally occurred in megacities with large populations, such as Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. However, the summarized results suggested that industrial production and product consumption are the major sources of most PTSs in the urban environment, while unintentional emission during anthropogenic activities is an important contributor to airborne PTSs. It is important that fine particles serve as a major carrier of most airborne PTSs, which facilitates the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of PTSs, and therefore, increases the exposure risk of the human body to these pollutants. This implied that not only the concentration and chemical composition of fine particles but also the absorbed PTSs are of particular concern when air pollution occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Wang X, Chen S, Wan K, Yin X, Zhu X, Pan J, Yang Y. Altitude Distributions and Source Analysis of OCPs and PCBs in Surface Soils of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:798-804. [PMID: 28421252 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils of Changbai Mountain, Northeastern China, have been quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detector and the altitude distributions and possible pollution sources were analyzed. The concentrations of ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs and ∑7PCBs were in the range of 3.09-25.6, 0.96-19.4 and 7.32-26.1 ng/g dw, respectively. The concentration of α-HCH, β-HCH, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, PCB 101, 138, 153, and 180 showed increasing trends with altitude. ∑7PCBs in surface soils of Changbai Mountain were significantly higher than that in Chinese background areas. The concentration of lower volatile PCB isomers showed positive correlation with altitude. These pollutants may originate from the adjacent industrial and agricultural areas via atmospheric transport and cold-trapping effect through wet precipitation. Additional, DDTs may cause a certain potential ecological risks on birds and soil organisms and the usage of lindane in the adjacent areas cannot be excluded in Changbai Mountain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal College, Anshan, 114016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu Chen
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuiyuan Wan
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocai Yin
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Pan
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
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Yuan H, Jin J, Bai Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Wang Q. Organochlorine pesticides in tree bark and human hair in Yunnan Province, China: Concentrations, distributions and exposure pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1027-1033. [PMID: 27988186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in West China were investigated and internal and external exposure of humans to OCPs were assessed by analyzing samples of human hair and tree bark collected in Kaiyuan, in Yunnan Province, China. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (collectively called DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were the dominant OCPs in the human hair and tree bark samples. The mean total DDT, total HCH, and HCB concentrations in the tree bark samples were 298pg/g dry weight (dw), 100pg/g dw, and 183pg/g dw, respectively, and the mean total DDT, total HCH, and HCB concentrations in the hair samples were 2850pg/g dw, 348pg/g dw, and 1026pg/g dw, respectively. The results indicated that relatively new DDT and lindane inputs have occurred in the study area. DDT and lindane may have been released in products that are used locally. The HCB in the environment in the study area is mainly supplied by long-range atmospheric transport. External exposure was found to be the main factor controlling the p,p'-DDT, γ-HCH, and HCB concentrations in human hair, whereas p,p'-DDE and β-HCH were found to be mainly controlled by internal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Yuan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yao Bai
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiuxu Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; State Information Center, National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing 100045, China
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Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Ren J, Yao T. A review of current knowledge and future prospects regarding persistent organic pollutants over the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:139-154. [PMID: 27565527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the turn of the century, our understanding of the quantities, transport pathways, and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the largest and highest plateau on Earth, has greatly enhanced. We begin in this article by reviewing the available literature on the levels of POPs over the TP. In general, the levels of most POPs are similar or lower than values reported for other background regions. However, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) levels in air and soil far exceed those measured in other mountainous areas. The East Asian monsoon, Indian Monsoon and westerly winds are responsible for the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and arrival of POPs over the TP. Surface soil and vegetation act as "final sinks" for DDTs and other high molecular weight POPs. Linked to the continuous use of POPs in surrounding counties, LRAT and "cold trapping" by the TP can happen following emission-transport-deposition events, leading to the enrichment of POPs in the TP environment. Bioaccumulation of DDTs and high chlorinated PCBs have been found in Tibetan terrestrial and aquatic food chains, and newly emerging compounds such as polyfluoroalkyl substances and hexabromocyclododecanes have been widely detected in wild fish species. The corresponding ecological risks should be of great concern. Climate change, such as increased temperatures and changing coverage of snow and glaciers, has the potential to affect the behavior and distribution of POPs. Therefore, long-term monitoring data are required. Ineffective regulation regarding POPs has been reported for countries in South Asia, emissions patterns, the outflow of POPs, and their seasonal and inter-annual variability should therefore be clarified. Estimating the loading of POPs, as well as how they move, within the TP, especially under the impact of glacial melt and global warming, should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tandong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Wu J, Lu J, Luo Y, Duan D, Zhang Z, Wen X, Min X, Guo X, Boman BJ. An overview on the organic pollution around the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: The thought-provoking situation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:264-272. [PMID: 27692924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau plays an important role in the ecological safety and human health of the surroundings due to its unique geographical position and function. Therefore, it is necessary to study the pollution status and potential risk in this area. This study summarizes the distribution of different organic pollutants in biota and environmental media of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Moreover, it also pays attention to the potential health risks of these organic pollutants. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the most frequently detected in different matrices. In general, the carcinogenic risks of organic pollutants were ranked in the very-low to moderate range for both children and adults. The carcinogenic risks of organic pollutants in fish, food, and water for children were 1-2 times higher than those for adults, while risks of organic pollutants in soil/sediment and in air for children were generally 10.6-16.5 and 2.6-2.8 times higher than those for adults, respectively. The maximal hazard quotient for non-carcinogenic risk was 0.95 (potential risk for children posed by organic pollutants in yak milk of Ruoergai), almost reaching an unacceptable level. Therefore, the potential health risks could not be neglected, especially for children who were more likely to be affected by the pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongping Duan
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Wen
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Min
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Brian J Boman
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, USA
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Bi X, Luo W, Gao J, Xu L, Guo J, Zhang Q, Romesh KY, Giesy JP, Kang S, de Boer J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from the Central-Himalaya region: Distribution, sources, and risks to humans and wildlife. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 556:12-22. [PMID: 26971206 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Central Himalayas are not only a natural boundary between China and Nepal but also a natural barrier for transport of air masses from South Asia. In this study, 99 samples of surface soil were collected from five regions of Nepal on the southern side of the Central Himalayas, and 65 samples of surface soil were obtained from the northern side on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, China (TPC). Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils were measured to determine their distribution, potential for accumulation, and sources, as well as risks to humans and the environment. Mean concentrations of Σ16PAHs were 2.4×10(2) and 3.3×10(2)ng/g dry mass (dm) in soils collected from the TPC and Nepal, respectively. Significant correlations between concentrations of lower molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) in soils and altitude were found. Total organic carbon (TOC) in soil was positively but weakly correlated with concentrations of PAHs in the study area, which suggested little role of TOC in adsorption of PAHs. The cities of Kathmandu and Pokhara in Nepal and Nyemo (especially Zhangmu Port), Shigatse, and Lhasa on the TPC, were areas with relatively great concentrations of PAHs in soils. The main sources of PAHs identified by positive matrix factorization were emissions from motor vehicles and combustion of coal and biomass in the Central Himalayas. Calculated total benzo[a]pyrene potency equivalents of 0.23-44ng/gdm and index of additive cancer risk of 3.8×10(-3)-9.2×10(-1) indicated that PAHs in almost all soils investigated posed de minimis risk of additional cancer to residents via direct contact and had no significant risk of additional cancers through consumption of potable water. Mean risk quotient values indicated that 39% of soils had a slight risk to wildlife and the ambient environment of the Central Himalayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jiajia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Tibet Climatic Center, Lhasa 850001, China
| | - Lan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100085, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kumar Y Romesh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Kathmandu 6250, Nepal
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhu N, Schramm KW, Wang T, Henkelmann B, Fu J, Gao Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Lichen, moss and soil in resolving the occurrence of semi-volatile organic compounds on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:328-336. [PMID: 25770945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a wide range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including 28 persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 18 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 13 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 3 hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) congeners in lichen, moss and soil collected from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. This allows research provides insight into elevation gradient distributions and possible cold trapping effects of SVOCs in this high mountain area, and compares lichens and mosses as air passive samplers for indicating SVOC occurrences. DDTs, endosulfans, HCHs and hexachlorobenzene predominated in all of the samples. Source analysis indicted that there were fresh inputs of DDTs and HCHs in the sampling region. Lichens and mosses shared commonalities in revealing the profiles and levels of SVOCs based on their lipid-content-normalized concentrations. The concentrations of 12 OCPs and 14 PCBs in lichens were significantly linearly correlated with altitudes, whereas the correlations for mosses and soil with altitudes were insignificant. Both a frequency distribution diagram and the Mountain Contamination Potential Model indicated that SVOCs with specific values of log KOA (8-11) and log KWA (2-4) had relative high mountain contamination potential on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nali Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Germany; TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Department für Biowissenschaften, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Thanh Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Germany
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Germany.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Liu X, Li J, Zheng Q, Bing H, Zhang R, Wang Y, Luo C, Liu X, Wu Y, Pan S, Zhang G. Forest filter effect versus cold trapping effect on the altitudinal distribution of PCBs: a case study of Mt. Gongga, eastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14377-14385. [PMID: 25377619 DOI: 10.1021/es5041688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mountains are observed to preferentially accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at higher altitude due to the cold condensation effect. Forest soils characterized by high organic carbon are important for terrestrial storage of POPs. To investigate the dominant factor controlling the altitudinal distribution of POPs in mountainous areas, we measured concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in different environmental matrices (soil, moss, and air) from nine elevations on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, the highest mountain in Sichuan Province on the Tibetan Plateau. The concentrations of 24 measured PCBs ranged from 41 to 510 pg/g dry weight (dw) (mean: 260 pg/g dw) in the O-horizon soil, 280 to 1200 pg/g dw (mean: 740 pg/g dw) in moss, and 33 to 60 pg/m(3) (mean: 47 pg/m(3)) in air. Soil organic carbon was a key determinant explaining 75% of the variation in concentration along the altitudinal gradient. Across all of the sampling sites, the average contribution of the forest filter effect (FFE) was greater than that of the mountain cold trapping effect based on principal components analysis and multiple linear regression. Our results deviate from the thermodynamic theory involving cold condensation at high altitudes of mountain areas and highlight the importance of the FFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
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