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Rosa AH, Stubbings WA, Akinrinade OE, Jeunon Gontijo ES, Harrad S. Neural network for evaluation of the impact of the UK COVID-19 national lockdown on atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and PBDEs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122794. [PMID: 37926413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of measures to restrict population mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic on atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is poorly understood. This study analyses the effects of meteorological parameters and mobility restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic on concentrations of PAH and BFRs at the University of Birmingham in the UK utilising a neural network (self-organising maps, SOM). Air sampling was performed using Polyurethane Foam (PUF) disk passive samplers between October 2019 and January 2021. Data on concentrations of PAH and BFRs were analysed using SOM and Spearman's rank correlation. Data on meteorological parameters (air temperature, wind, and relative humidity) and mobility restrictions during the pandemic were included in the analysis. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the most abundant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) (23-91% Σ7PBDEs) but was detected at lower absolute concentrations (4.2-35.0 pg m-3) than in previous investigations in Birmingham. Air samples were clustered in five groups based on SOM analysis and the effects of meteorology and pandemic-related restrictions on population mobility could be visualised. Concentrations of most PAH decreased during the early stages of the pandemic when mobility was most restricted. SOM analysis also helped to identify the important influence of wind speed on contaminant concentrations, contributing to reduce the concentration of all analysed pollutants. In contrast, concentrations of most PBDEs remained similar or increased during the first COVID-19 lockdown which was attributed to their primarily indoor sources that were either unaffected or increased during lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Henrique Rosa
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Olumide Emmanuel Akinrinade
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Erik Sartori Jeunon Gontijo
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; KISTERS AG, Business Unit HydroMet, Schoemperlenstr.12a, 76185, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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McLarnan SM, Bramer LM, Dixon HM, Scott RP, Calero L, Holmes D, Gibson EA, Cavalier HM, Rohlman D, Miller RL, Kincl L, Waters KM, Anderson KA, Herbstman JB. Predicting personal PAH exposure using high dimensional questionnaire and wristband data. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-023-00617-y. [PMID: 38177333 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of pervasive environmental pollutants with a variety of known health effects. While significant work has been completed to estimate personal exposure to PAHs, less has been done to identify sources of these exposures. Comprehensive characterization of reported sources of personal PAH exposure is a critical step to more easily identify individuals at risk of high levels of exposure and for developing targeted interventions based on source of exposure. OBJECTIVE In this study, we leverage data from a New York (NY)-based birth cohort to identify personal characteristics or behaviors associated with personal PAH exposure and develop models for the prediction of PAH exposure. METHODS We quantified 61 PAHs measured using silicone wristband samplers in association with 75 questionnaire variables from 177 pregnant individuals. We evaluated univariate associations between each compound and questionnaire variable, conducted regression tree analysis for each PAH compound and completed a principal component analysis of for each participant's entire PAH exposure profile to determine the predictors of PAH levels. RESULTS Regression tree analyses of individual compounds and exposure mixture identified income, time spent outdoors, maternal age, country of birth, transportation type, and season as the variables most frequently predictive of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McLarnan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Holly M Dixon
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Richard P Scott
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lehyla Calero
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Darrell Holmes
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Haleigh M Cavalier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Diana Rohlman
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Laurel Kincl
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
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Zhang X, Li Z. Investigating industrial PAH air pollution in relation to population exposure in major countries: A scoring approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117801. [PMID: 36996564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common air pollutants worldwide, associated with industrial processes. In the general population, both modeling and field studies revealed a positive correlation between air PAH concentrations and urinary PAH metabolite levels. Many countries lack population urinary data that correspond to local PAH air concentrations. Thus, we proposed a scoring-based approximate approach to investigating that correlation in selected countries, hypothesizing that PAH air concentrations in selected regions could represent the national air quality influenced by industrial emission and further correlate to PAH internal exposure in the general population. This research compiled 85 peer-reviewed journal articles and 9 official monitoring datasets/reports covering 34 countries, 16 of which with both atmospheric PAH data and human biomonitoring data. For the air pollution score (AirS), Egypt had the highest AirS at 0.94 and Pakistan was at the bottom of the score ranking at -1.95, as well as the median in the UK (AirS: 0.50). For the population exposure score (ExpS), China gained the top ExpS at 0.44 and Spain was with the lowest ExpS of -1.52, with the median value in Italy (ExpS: 0.43). Through the correlation analysis, atmospheric PAHs and their corresponding urinary metabolites provided a positive relationship to a diverse extent, indicating that the related urinary metabolites could reflect the population's exposure to specific atmospheric PAHs. The findings also revealed that in the 16 selected countries, AirS indexes were positively correlated with ExpS indexes, implying that higher PAH levels in the air may lead to elevated metabolite urinary levels in general populations. Furthermore, lowering PAH air concentrations could reduce population internal PAH exposure, implying that strict PAH air regulation or emission would reduce health risks for general populations. Notably, this study was an ideal theoretical research based on proposed assumptions to some extent. Further research should focus on understanding exposure pathways, protecting vulnerable populations, and improving the PAH database to optimize PAH pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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Wang R, Xu X, Yang J, Chen W, Zhao J, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Huang W, Zhang H. BPDE exposure promotes trophoblast cell pyroptosis and induces miscarriage by up-regulating lnc-HZ14/ZBP1/NLRP3 axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131543. [PMID: 37167865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and its ultimate metabolite BPDE (benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide) are typical persistent organic pollutants and endocrine disrupting chemicals. BaP/BPDE exposure might cause human trophoblast cell dysfunctions and induce miscarriage. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. In this study, we found that BPDE exposure induced human trophoblast cell pyroptosis by up-regulating NLRP3/Caspase1/GSDMD pathway. We also identified that lnc-HZ14 was highly expressed in BPDE-exposed trophoblast cells and in recurrent miscarriage (RM) vs healthy control (HC) villous tissues. Lnc-HZ14 promoted trophoblast cell pyroptosis by promoting IRF1-mediated ZBP1 transcription, increasing METTL3-mediated m6A methylation on NLRP3 mRNA and its stability, and also enhancing ZBP1/NLRP3 protein interactions. Knockdown of lnc-HZ14/ZBP1/NLRP3 axis could efficiently alleviate BPDE-induced trophoblast cell pyroptosis. Higher level of pyroptosis, as indicated by the up-regulation of lnc-HZ14/ZBP1/NLRP3 axis, was found in RM vs HC villous tissues. In BaP-exposed mouse model, BaP exposure induced placental tissue pyroptosis and miscarriage by up-regulating murine Zbp1/Nlrp3 axis, and knockdown of Nlrp3 could efficiently reduce placenta pyroptosis and alleviate BaP-induced mouse miscarriage. Serum IL-1β protein level might act as a promising indicator to predict the risk of miscarriage. These findings provided new insights into BaP/BPDE-induced trophoblast cell pyroptosis and miscarriage and might be helpful for further assessment of the toxicological effects of BaP/BPDE on the female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Weina Chen
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Jingsong Zhao
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Manli Wang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Wenxin Huang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Huidong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China.
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Zhu X, Meng Y, Ju Y, Yang Y, Zhang S, Miao L, Liu Z. Association of the urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with sex hormones stratified by menopausal status older than 20 years: a mixture analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57717-57727. [PMID: 36971937 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined the relationships between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) metabolites and sex hormones in pre- and postmenopausal women from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study comprised 648 premenopausal and 370 postmenopausal women (aged 20 years or older) with comprehensive data on PAH metabolites and sex steroid hormones. To evaluate the correlations between individual or mixture of the PAH metabolites and sex hormones stratified by menopausal status, we used linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). After controlling for confounders, 1-Hydroxynaphthalene (1-NAP) was inversely associated with total testosterone (TT), and 1-NAP, 3-Hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU), and 2-Hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU) were inversely associated with estradiol (E2). 3-FLU was positively associated with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and TT/E2, whereas 1-NAP and 2-FLU were inversely associated with free androgen index (FAI). In the BKMR analyses, chemical combination concentrations at or above the 55th percentile were inversely connected to E2, TT, and FAI values but positively correlated with SHBG when compared with the matching 50th percentile. In addition, we only found that mixed exposure to PAHs was positively associated with TT and SHBG in premenopausal women. Exposure to PAH metabolites, either alone or as a mixture, was negatively associated with E2, TT, FAI, and TT/E2 but positively associated with SHBG. These associations were stronger among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Zhu
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yancen Meng
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaru Ju
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Su'e Zhang
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liye Miao
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
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6
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Dataset of atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Memphis Tri-state Area. Data Brief 2023; 47:108923. [PMID: 36747981 PMCID: PMC9898583 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This dataset contains concentrations (in ng/m3) of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air in the Memphis Tri-state Area (MTA). In the atmosphere, PAHs are toxic pollutants emitted from incomplete combustion sources. This monitoring campaign was conducted at 19 sites in three neighboring counties in Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas, i.e., MTA, over one year. The monitoring sites represented industrial, urban, suburban, and remote land types. Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected at each site using a high-volume sampler every 12 days from March 13th, 2018, to May 25th, 2019. The collection media consisted of a quartz fiber filter (QFF) and a glass thimble containing polyurethane foam (PUF) and XAD-4 resin that collected particulate- and gas-phase PAHs. Approximately 288 m3 of ambient air was drawn over 24 h. The QFF and sorbents were extracted together in an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) system, and the extract was then nitrogen blown down to 1 ml in an automatic evaporator, and the final extract was analyzed for 32 target PAHs on a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system operated in the select-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reviewed and approved the sampling and analytical protocols. The dataset also has site descriptions, sampling information, and analytical performance. This PAH dataset can be used to explore atmospheric chemistry and sources of PAHs, estimate population exposures to airborne PAHs and the associated health risks, and address environmental health disparities.
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Gea M, Toso A, Bentivegna GN, Buganza R, Abrigo E, De Sanctis L, Schilirò T. Oestrogenic Activity in Girls with Signs of Precocious Puberty as Exposure Biomarker to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:14. [PMID: 36612336 PMCID: PMC9819927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure and Precocious Puberty (PP) was investigated in this pilot study, involving girls with signs of PP (P) and pre-pubertal girls (C). Risk factors for PP were assessed through questionnaires, while 17β-oestradiol (E2) levels and oestrogenic activity were quantified on sera. The oestrogenic activity, expressed as E2 equivalent concentration (EEQ), was applied as EDC exposure biomarker. Questionnaires showed a low EDC knowledge, a high EDC exposure, and a potential relationship between some habits at risk for EDC exposure and PP. EEQs were similar between C and P; however, they were significantly higher in girls living in an urban environment than in girls living in a rural environment, suggesting a potential higher EDC exposure in cities. The results of this pilot study highlighted the need to raise awareness on EDCs and can be considered a starting point to clarify the relationship between EDC exposure and PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Toso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Université Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Raffaele Buganza
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Abrigo
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa De Sanctis
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Yang X, Xue Q, Wen Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Mahai G, Yan T, Liu Y, Rong T, Wang Y, Chen D, Zeng S, Yang CX, Pan XF. Environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in relation to metabolic syndrome in US adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156673. [PMID: 35700788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. Data were from 5181 US adults recruited in the National Health and Nutrition Examine Survey 2001-2012. Environmental PAH exposure was estimated as concentrations of urinary PAH metabolites. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and modified Poisson regression were separately conducted to estimate the associations of mixed and single PAH metabolites with MetS and its components. WQS regression analyses showed that participants with higher mixed PAH exposure had increased prevalence of MetS (prevalence ratio, 1.12; 95 % confidence interval, 1.06, 1.19), elevated waist circumference (1.07; 1.02, 1.12), elevated fasting blood glucose (1.07; 1.00, 1.14), elevated triglycerides (1.19; 1.09, 1.30), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.11; 1.03, 1.20). In the models for single PAH metabolites, higher levels of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1.15; 1.00, 1.32), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (1.20; 1.05, 1.38), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1.18; 1.04, 1.34), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (1.38; 1.22, 1.57), and 1-pyrene (1.19; 1.05, 1.34) were respectively associated with increased prevalence of MetS (highest tertile vs lowest tertile). In addition, linear trends were noted for the associations of these PAH metabolites with MetS (all P for linear association ≤0.047). Smokers, drinkers, and participants with poor diet quality showed stronger associations between certain PAH metabolite with MetS. The findings suggest that the prevalence of MetS and its components increases when PAH exposure is at a high level, and that lifestyle factors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet quality, could modify the positive associations of certain PAH exposure with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Shuangliu Institute of Women's and Children's Health, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingping Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaga Mahai
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tong Yan
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu & The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu & The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu & The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Rong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu & The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun-Xia Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Shuangliu Institute of Women's and Children's Health, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Jiang Q, Zhang X, Liu T, Shi J, Gu X, Xiao J, Fang J. Assessment of the temporal variability and health risk of atmospheric particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a northeastern city in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64536-64546. [PMID: 35471760 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the sources and temporal variability of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in a typical industrial city in northern China. We also evaluated the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from the inhalation of these PAHs. Atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected for 7 consecutive days each month from 2014 to 2019, and the 16 PAHs were measured using multiplex gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The carcinogenic risk of PAH exposure was assessed using the inhalation unit risk (IUR) and cancer slope factor (CSF) methods. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 for each year from 2014 to 2019 were 102.87±55.25, 86.92±60.43, 69.17±37.74, 58.20±59.15, 56.01±34.52, and 52.54±58.15 µg m-3, and the annual average ΣPAH concentrations were 56.03±81.09, 47.99±79.30, 40.41±57.31, 33.57±51.79, 43.23±74.80, and 25.20±50.91 ng m-3, respectively. Source identification, using diagnostic ratio analysis, indicated that the major PAH sources were coal/biomass combustion, fuel combustion, and traffic emissions. A health risk assessment showed that the ILCR from PAH inhalation decreased throughout the study period and varied with age. The IUR and CSF methods both showed that the adult ILCR exceeded 1.0×10-6. These findings demonstrate the importance of addressing the carcinogenic risk of PM2.5-bound PAHs, particularly in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizheng Jiang
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, No. 26 Yuxiangjie, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Xiaolin Gu
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Jieying Xiao
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, No. 26 Yuxiangjie, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
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11
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Cecinato A, Bacaloni A, Romagnoli P, Perilli M, Balducci C. Molecular signatures of organic particulates as tracers of emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65904-65923. [PMID: 35876994 PMCID: PMC9492597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signature of airborne particulates and deposition dusts is subject of study since decades. Usually, three complementary composition markers are investigated, namely, (i) specific organic compounds; (ii) concentration ratios between congeners, and (iii) percent distributions of homologs. Due to its intrinsic limits (e.g., variability depending on decomposition and gas/particle equilibrium), the identification of pollution sources based on molecular signatures results overall restricted to qualitative purposes. Nevertheless, chemical fingerprints allow drawing preliminary information, suitable for successfully approaching multivariate analysis and valuing the relative importance of sources. Here, the state-of-the-art is presented about the molecular fingerprints of non-polar aliphatic, polyaromatic (PAHs, nitro-PAHs), and polar (fatty acids, organic halides, polysaccharides) compounds in emissions. Special concern was addressed to alkenes and alkanes with carbon numbers ranging from 12 to 23 and ≥ 24, which displayed distinct relative abundances in petrol-derived spills and exhausts, emissions from microorganisms, high vegetation, and sediments. Long-chain alkanes associated with tobacco smoke were characterized by a peculiar iso/anteiso/normal homolog fingerprint and by n-hentriacontane percentages higher than elsewhere. Several concentration ratios of PAHs were identified as diagnostic of the type of emission, and the sources of uncertainty were elucidated. Despite extensive investigations conducted so far, the origin of uncommon molecular fingerprints, e.g., alkane/alkene relationships in deposition dusts and airborne particles, remains quite unclear. Polar organics resulted scarcely investigated for pollution apportioning purposes, though they looked as indicative of the nature of sources. Finally, the role of humans and living organisms as actual emitters of chemicals seems to need concern in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University Roma-1 “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), 00015 Monterotondo, RM Italy
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12
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Rong W, Shukun W, Xiaoqing W, Wenxin H, Mengyuan D, Chenyang M, Zhang H. Regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs and m6A modification in trophoblast functions and the occurrence of its related adverse pregnancy outcomes. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:681-713. [PMID: 36794364 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2144711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, fetal growth restriction, and recurrent miscarriage, occur frequently in pregnant women and might further induce morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus. Increasing studies have shown that dysfunctions of human trophoblast are related to these adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recent studies also showed that environmental toxicants could induce trophoblast dysfunctions. Moreover, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been reported to play important regulatory roles in various cellular processes. However, the roles of ncRNAs in the regulation of trophoblast dysfunctions and the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes still need to be further investigated, especially with exposure to environmental toxicants. In this review, we analyzed the regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs and m6A methylation modification in the dysfunctions of trophoblast cells and the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and also summarized the harmful effects of environmental toxicants. In addition to DNA replication, mRNA transcription, and protein translation, ncRNAs and m6A modification might be considered as the fourth and fifth elements that regulate the genetic central dogma, respectively. Environmental toxicants might also affect these processes. In this review, we expect to provide a deeper scientific understanding of the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and to discover potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Rong
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan Shukun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Xiaoqing
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huang Wenxin
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dai Mengyuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mi Chenyang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Melough MM, Maffini MV, Otten JJ, Sathyanarayana S. Diet quality and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals among US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113049. [PMID: 35240113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may increase risk for chronic disease. Diet is a significant source of EDC exposure, yet healthy diets recommended for chronic disease prevention have not been thoroughly examined for associations with EDC exposure. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016, we examined associations of dietary patterns with exposure to non-persistent EDCs potentially consumed through diet. EDCs were measured in spot urine samples. Diet was assessed using 24-h recalls. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of three healthy diet scores [Healthy Eating Index (HEI), relative Mediterranean Diet (rMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] and fast-food consumption with EDCs. In fully adjusted models, no diet was associated with exposure to the bisphenols, phthalates, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons examined. A 1-point increase in rMED (of 18 possible points) was associated with 2.7% (95% CI: 1.7%, 3.8%) greater urinary nitrate. A 10-point increase in HEI (of 100 possible points) was associated with 5.3% (95% CI: 2.8%, 7.9%) greater nitrate and 6.8% (95% CI: 4.5%, 9.2%) greater perchlorate. Because perchlorate and nitrate can disrupt thyroid hormone production, we conducted an exploratory analysis to examine whether these chemicals mediate an association between diet and thyroid hormones. A 10-point increase in HEI was associated with 0.6% reduced serum total thyroxine (95% CI: 1.7%, 0.5%) among all adults, with 57.5% of the effect explained by perchlorate. Nitrate mediated an association of rMED with modestly reduced total triiodothyronine among females. Most EDCs examined had no association with the diets evaluated, indicating that recommended healthy diets were not protective against EDC exposures. As observed with two thyroid antagonists, some recommended diets may increase EDC exposures and related adverse health outcomes. Additional work should identify effective food production and processing practices to reduce dietary exposures to potentially harmful EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Melough
- Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer J Otten
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Center for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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14
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wei P, Wang Q, Tian J, Wang P, Shen Z, Li J, Xu H, Zhao Y, Dang X, Cao J. Insights into the day-night sources and optical properties of coastal organic aerosols in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154663. [PMID: 35318062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OAs) in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) can affect the atmospheric radiation balance through varying molecular structure and light absorption of the aerosols. In this study, daytime and nighttime PM2.5 mass, and contents of OA including nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and hopanes were measured from April 11th to May 15th, 2017, at the coastal Sanya, China. The average concentration of 18 total quantified PAHs (∑PAHs) was 2.08 ± 1.13 ng·m-3, which was 2.8 and 12 times higher than that of ∑NACs and hopanes, while was 7.5 times lower that of n-alkanes. Combustion-derived PAHs contributed 74% to the ∑PAHs. This finding, in addition to a high benzo[a]pyrene/(benzo[a]pyrene+benzo[e]pyrene) ratio, indicates that the PAHs mainly derived from fresh fuel combustion during the sampling periods. Furthermore, dramatic day-night differences were observed in the loadings of total NACs, PAHs, and n-alkanes, which had a high coefficient of divergence values of 0.67, 0.47, and 0.32, respectively. Moreover, hopanes exhibited similar variation as well. The proportion of dimethyl-nitrophenol (DM-NP), dinitrophenol (DNP), and nitrosalicylic acid (NSA) in PM2.5 were higher in the daytime than at nighttime, suggesting the co-influence of primary emissions and secondary formation related to biomass combustion. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed that motor vehicle and biomass burning emissions were the two main pollution sources in the daytime, contributing 51.7% and 24.6%, respectively, of the total quantified OAs. The proportion of industrial coal combustion emissions was higher at nighttime (20.6%) than in daytime (10%). Both the PAHs and NACs displayed light absorbing capacities among OAs compounds over Sanya City, and thus their influence on solar radiation must be considered in the future control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Peng Wei
- School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China; Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Youzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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15
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Freije SL, Enquobahrie DA, Day DB, Loftus C, Szpiro AA, Karr CJ, Trasande L, Kahn LG, Barrett E, Kannan K, Bush NR, LeWinn KZ, Swan S, Alex Mason W, Robinson M, Sathyanarayana S. Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and gestational age at birth. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107246. [PMID: 35453081 PMCID: PMC9269995 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous chemicals with mechanisms of toxicity that include endocrine disruption. We examined associations of prenatal urinary PAH with spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) and gestational age (GA) at birth. We also assessed whether infant sex modifies the association of PAH exposure with spontaneous PTB and GA at birth. METHODS Participants included 1,677 non-smoking women from three cohorts (CANDLE, TIDES, and GAPPS) in the ECHO PATHWAYS Consortium. Twelve monohydroxylated-PAHs were measured in second trimester maternal urine. Seven metabolites with >60% overall detection were included in analyses: 1-hydroxynaphthalene [1-OH-NAP], 2-hydroxynaphthalene [2-OH-NAP], 2-hydroxyphenanthrene [2-OH-PHEN], 3-hydroxyphenanthrene [3-OH-PHEN], 1/9-hydroxyphenanthrene [1/9-OH-PHEN], 2/3/9-hydroxyfluorene [2/3/9-OH-FLUO], and 1-hydroxypyrene [1-OH-PYR]. Logistic and linear regression models were fit for spontaneous PTB and GA among births ≥34 weeks, respectively, with log10-transformed OH-PAH concentrations as the exposure, adjusted for specific gravity and suspected confounders. Effect modification by infant sex was assessed using interaction terms and marginal estimates. RESULTS Percent detection was highest for 2-OH-NAP (99.8%) and lowest for 1-OH-PYR (65.2%). Prevalence of spontaneous PTB was 5.5% (N = 92). Ten-fold higher 2-OH-NAP exposure was associated with 1.60-day (95% CI: -2.92, -0.28) earlier GA at birth. Remaining associations in the pooled population were null. Among females, we observed significant inverse associations between 1-OH-PYR and PTB (OR: 2.65 [95% CI: 1.39, 5.05]); and 2-OH-NAP with GA: -2.46 days [95% CI: -4.15, -0.77]). Among males, we observed an inverse association between 2/3/9-OH-FLUO and PTB (OR = 0.40 [95% CI: 0.17,0.98]). ORs for PTB were higher among females than males for 2-OH-PHEN (p = 0.02) and 1-OH-PYR (p = 0.02). DISCUSSION We observed inverse associations of 2-OH-NAP exposure with GA and null associations of remaining OH-PAHs with GA and PTB. Females may be more susceptible to spontaneous PTB or shorter GA following prenatal exposure to some OH-PAHs. This study is the first to assess sex-specific OH-PAH toxicity in relation to spontaneous PTB and GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L Freije
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Daniel A Enquobahrie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Drew B Day
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
| | - Christine Loftus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, USA
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catherine J Karr
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and New York University School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda G Kahn
- Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shanna Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - W Alex Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Lara S, Villanueva F, Martín P, Salgado S, Moreno A, Sánchez-Verdú P. Investigation of PAHs, nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in PM 10 urban aerosols. A comprehensive data analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133745. [PMID: 35090855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in particulate matter contribute considerably to the health risk of air pollution. As such, we have optimized a method to determine the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, especially nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in samples of PM10 particulate matter using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). The proposed method was applied to the analysis of real samples collected in the urban area of Ciudad Real (Spain) during one year. The median total concentrations of eighteen PAHs (∑PAHs) and seven OPAHs (∑OPAHs) were 0.54 and 0.23 ng m-3, respectively, with the corresponding value for NPAH (∑NPAHs) being 0.03 ng m-3 (only detected in 40% of samples). A clear seasonal trend was observed, with higher levels in the cold season and lower in the warm season for ∑PAHs. The same effect was observed for ∑OPAHs, which exhibited a median concentration of 0.72 ng m-3 in the cold season and 0.10 ng m-3 in the warm season, and for ∑NPAH, which exhibited a median of 0.04 ng m-3 in the cold season but were not detected in the warm season. Molecular diagnostic ratios and PCA (principal component analysis) showed a predominantly traffic origin for PACs. The sources of PAHs also depend on meteorological conditions and/or atmospheric reactions, as confirmed by means of statistical analysis. The ∑OPAH/∑PAH and ∑NPAH/∑PAH ratios were higher in the cold season than the warm season, thus suggesting that PAH derivatives originated from primary combustion emission sources together with their parent PAHs. The concentration range found for benzo(a)pyrene was 0.006-0.542 ng m-3, which is below the threshold value of 1 ng m-3 established in European legislation as the annual average value. The lifetime lung risk from inhalation of PM10-bound PACs was estimated to be six cancer cases per million people using the World Health Organization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lara
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica. Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Florentina Villanueva
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica. Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla La Mancha, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Pilar Martín
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Sagrario Salgado
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Andres Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Prado Sánchez-Verdú
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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17
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John EM, Koo J, Ingles SA, Keegan TH, Nguyen JT, Thomsen C, Terry MB, Santella RM, Nguyen K, Yan B. Predictors of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in girls from the San Francisco Bay Area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112534. [PMID: 34896321 PMCID: PMC8823666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures from tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust, grilled or smoked meat and other sources are widespread and are a public health concern, as many are classified as probable carcinogens and suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals. PAH exposures can be quantified using urinary biomarkers. METHODS Seven urinary metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were measured in two samples collected from girls aged 6-16 years from the San Francisco Bay Area. We used Spearman correlation coefficients (SCC) to assess correlations among metabolite concentrations (corrected for specific gravity) separately in first (n = 359) and last (N = 349) samples, and to assess consistency of measurements in samples collected up to 72 months apart. Using multivariable linear regression, we assessed variation in mean metabolites across categories of participant characteristics and potential outdoor, indoor, and dietary sources of PAH exposures. RESULTS The detection rate of PAH metabolites was high (4 metabolites in ≥98% of first samples; 5 metabolites in ≥95% of last samples). Correlations were moderate to strong between fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene metabolites (SCC 0.43-0.82), but weaker between naphthalene and the other metabolites (SCC 0.18-0.36). SCC between metabolites in first and last samples ranged from 0.15 to 0.49. When classifying metabolite concentrations into tertiles based on single samples (first or last samples) vs. the average of the two samples, agreement was moderate to substantial (weighted kappa statistics 0.52-0.65). For specific metabolites, concentrations varied by age, race/ethnicity, and body mass index percentile, as well as by outdoor sources (season of sample collection, street traffic), indoor sources (heating with gas, cigarette smoke), and dietary sources (frequent use of grill, consumption of smoked meat or fish) of PAH exposures. CONCLUSIONS Urinary PAH exposure was widespread in girls aged 6-16 years and associated with several sources of exposure. Tertile classification of a single urine sample provides reliable PAH exposure ranking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jocelyn Koo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa H Keegan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jenny T Nguyen
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khue Nguyen
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
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Wu L, Ye K, Hastak M. A comparison study on environmental policies for expressway construction projects between China and the US: A tiered analysis approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114298. [PMID: 34954686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of expressway construction projects (ECPs) poses overwhelming challenges to the physical environment around the world. The challenges are supposed to be addressed with the enforcement of environmental policies (EPs). In this regard, developed countries have gained rich experience in EP formulation while developing countries are making efforts to improve policy decision-making on environmental sustainability. This study compares ECP-related EPs (EREPs) between China and the US by conducting a historical analysis with materials from 1960 to 2018 and text mining-based evaluation with materials from 2009 to 2019. The comparison results indicate that (1) an EREP framework is composed of two systems, namely outer factors and inner EPs; (2) the upper-level EPs exhibit a periodic and plan-dominating trend in China and an explanatory tendency in the US; (3) Chinese EPs are focused on pollution mitigation, whereas US EPs highlight the impacts on human health; (4) Both attach less importance to environmental protection measures at the project-level EPs. This paper provides a longitudinal comparison and analysis of EREPs in two huge countries, implying that EREPs are a snapshot of national rules and backgrounds. The findings lay a foundation for future research to examine the innovation of environmental policies, especially for those countries with massive expressway construction projects and the related environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wu
- School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Division of Construction Engineering and Management, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Kunhui Ye
- School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Makarand Hastak
- Division of Construction Engineering and Management, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Stojić A, Jovanović G, Stanišić S, Romanić SH, Šoštarić A, Udovičić V, Perišić M, Milićević T. The PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon behavior in indoor and outdoor environments, part II: Explainable prediction of benzo[a]pyrene levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133154. [PMID: 34871609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) has been considered more relevant than other species when estimating the potential exposure-related health effects and has been recognized as a marker of carcinogenic potency of air pollutant mixture. The current understanding of the factors which govern non-linear behavior of B[a]P and associated pollutants and environmental processes is insufficient and further research has to rely on the advanced analytical approach which averts the assumptions and avoids simplifications required by linear modeling methods. For the purpose of this study, we employed eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) attribution method, and SHAP value fuzzy clustering to investigate the concentrations of inorganic gaseous pollutants, radon, PM2.5 and particle constituents including trace metals, ions, 16 US EPA priority PM2.5-bound PAHs and 31 meteorological variables, as key factors which shape indoor and outdoor PM2.5-bound B[a]P distribution in a university building located in the urban area of Belgrade (Serbia). According to the results, the indoor and outdoor B[a]P levels were shown to be highly correlated and mostly influenced by the concentrations of Chry, B[b]F, CO, B[a]A, I[cd]P, B[k]F, Flt, D[ah]A, Pyr, B[ghi]P, Cr, As, and PM2.5 in both indoor and outdoor environments. Besides, high B[a]P concentration events were recorded during the periods of low ambient temperature (<12 °C), unstable weather conditions with precipitation and increased soil humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Stojić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Jovanović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Stanišić
- Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Snježana Herceg Romanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 2 Ksaverska Cesta Street, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrej Šoštarić
- Institute of Public Health Belgrade, 54 Despota Stefana Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Udovičić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Perišić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, 32 Danijelova Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Milićević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 118 Pregrevica Street, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Wang Z, Jin X, Kaw HY, Fatima Z, Quinto M, Zhou JL, Jin D, He M, Li D. Tracing historical changes, degradation, and original sources of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Jilin Province, China, by Abies holophylla and Pinus tabuliformis needle leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7079-7088. [PMID: 34467484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to their wide distribution and availability, plant leaves can be considered interesting candidates as biomonitoring substrates for the evaluation of atmospheric pollution. In addition, some species can also retain historical information, for example, related to environmental pollution, due to their leaf class age. In this study, the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Abies holophylla and Pinus tabuliformis needle samples in the function of their class age has been investigated to obtain information regarding the degradation constant for each PAH under investigation (α values ranging from 0.173 to 1.870) and to evaluate the possibility to correlate the presence of PAHs in needles with some important pollution environmental factors. Considering air pollutant variables registered in Jilin Province, interesting correlations (at 95% confidence level) have been found between coal consumption per year and anthracene contents in needles, while fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene results correlated with coal consumption. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the total PAH concentration in needles, for both species, increased with their age (from 804 to 3604 ng g-1 dry weight), showing a general tendency to accumulate these substances through years. PAH degradation rates increased instead with molecular complexity. This study could be considered a first trial to obtain historical environmental information by pine needles biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zakia Fatima
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, People's Republic of China
- DAFNE - Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, I, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dongri Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Miao He
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, People's Republic of China.
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Bhardwaj LK, Sharma S, Jindal T. Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Lake Water at Grovnes Peninsula Over East Antarctica. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-021-00278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Ali-Taleshi MS, Squizzato S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Moeinaddini M, Masiol M. Using a hybrid approach to apportion potential source locations contributing to excess cancer risk of PM 2.5-bound PAHs during heating and non-heating periods in a megacity in the Middle East. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111617. [PMID: 34228953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent one of the major toxic pollutants associated with PM2.5 with significant human health and climate effects. Because of local and long-range transport of atmospheric PAHs to receptor sites, higher global attentions have been focused to improve PAHs pollution emission management. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at three urban sites located in the capital of Iran, Tehran, during the heating and non-heating periods (H-period and NH-period). The US EPA 16 priority PAHs were analyzed and the data were processed to the following detailed aims: (i) investigate the H-period and NH-period variations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs concentrations; (ii) identify the PAHs sources and the source locations during the two periods; (iii) carry out a source-specific excess cancer risk (ECR) assessment highlighting the potential source locations contributing to the ECR using a hybrid approach. Total PAHs (TPAHs) showed significantly higher concentrations (1.56-1.89 times) during the H-period. Among the identified PAHs compounds, statistically significant periodical differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed only between eight PAHs species (Nap, BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, and DahA) at all three sampling sites which can be due to the significant differences of PAHs emission sources during H and NH-periods. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs accounted for 52.7% and 46.8% on average of TPAHs during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) led to identifying four main PAHs sources including industrial emissions, petrogenic emissions, biomass burning and natural gas emissions, and vehicle exhaust emissions. Industrial and petrogenic emissions exhibited the highest contribution (19.8%, 27.2%, respectively) during the NH-period, while vehicle exhaust and biomass burning-natural gas emissions showed the largest contribution (40.7%, 29.6%, respectively) during the H-period. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) on factor contributions was used for tracking the potential locations of the identified sources. In addition to local sources, long-range transport contributed to a significant fraction of TPHAs in Tehran both during the H- and NH-periods. Source-specific carcinogenic risks assessment apportioned vehicle exhaust (44.2%, 2.52 × 10-4) and biomass burning-natural gas emissions (33.9%, 8.31 × 10-5) as the main cancer risk contributors during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. CWT maps pointed out the different distribution patterns associated with the cancer risk from the identified sources. This will allow better risk management through the identification of priority PAHs sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy
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23
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Tang S, Liu S, Frank BP. Feasibility of supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3717-3726. [PMID: 34355862 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in the development of green analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples due to their toxicity and ubiquitous nature. In this work, the feasibility of on-line supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was investigated for rapid and automated determination of the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter samples. Three specialty polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons columns with different stationary phases were screened and an octadecyl-silica column was selected for method development. Enhanced extraction efficiency was achieved using an extraction program with gradient flow rate and gradient concentration of acetonitrile as a modifier. The method was evaluated by analyzing standard reference materials of urban dust and diesel particulate matter from the National Institute of Standards and Technologies. Possible reasons for the unsatisfactory recoveries with certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Tang
- Bureau of Mobile Sources and Technology Development, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sharlin Liu
- Bureau of Pesticides Management, Division of Materials Management, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Brian P Frank
- Bureau of Mobile Sources and Technology Development, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY, USA
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24
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Hudson-Hanley B, Smit E, Branscum A, Hystad P, Kile ML. Trends in urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the non-smoking U.S. population, NHANES 2001-2014. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130211. [PMID: 33743418 PMCID: PMC8172479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies indicate airborne PAH levels have decreased in the U.S., but it is unclear if this has resulted in PAH exposure changes in the U.S. POPULATION OBJECTIVE Examine temporal trends in urinary metabolites of Naphthalene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, and Pyrene in U.S. non-smokers, 6+ years old. METHODS We used biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) program, 2001-2014, (N = 11,053) using survey weighted linear regression. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, creatinine, BMI, income, diet, and seasonality. Stratified models evaluated the effect of age, sex, and race/ethnicity on trends. RESULTS Between 2001 and 2014, Naphthalene exposure increased 36% (p < 0.01); Pyrene exposure increased 106% (p < 0.01); Fluorene and Phenanthrene exposure decreased 55% (p < 0.01), and 37% (p < 0.01), respectively. Naphthalene was the most abundant urinary PAH, 20-fold higher than Fluorene and Phenanthrene, and over 50-fold higher than Pyrene compared to reference groups, effect modification was observed by age (Naphthalene, Pyrene), sex (Fluorene, Pyrene), and race/ethnicity (Naphthalene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene). SIGNIFICANCE This study shows exposure to Naphthalene and Pyrene increased, while exposure to Fluorene and Phenanthrene decreased among the non-smoking U.S. general population between 2001 and 2014, suggesting environmental sources of PAHs have changed over the time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hudson-Hanley
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Environmental & Occupational Health Program, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Ellen Smit
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Epidemiology Program, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Adam Branscum
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Biostatistics Program, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Perry Hystad
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Environmental & Occupational Health Program, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Molly L Kile
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Environmental & Occupational Health Program, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Wu Y, Salamova A, Venier M. Using diagnostic ratios to characterize sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Great Lakes atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143240. [PMID: 33243501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterized source profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the Great Lakes atmosphere using nine PAH diagnostic ratios (DRs). The samples were collected from six sites in the Great Lakes basin during 1996-2018 within the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). In general, pyrogenic sources, including coal combustion and vehicular emissions, were the most important contributors to atmospheric profiles, in particular at the urban sites. Diesel emissions accounted for a larger portion of the traffic-originated PAHs than gasoline emissions at all sites, but this compositional pattern was less obvious at the urban sites. Temporal analyses for DRs revealed that the relative contribution of petrogenic sources and volatilization from surfaces has been increasing gradually, and that the gaps in PAH emissions between diesel- and gasoline-engines appeared to be further amplified in recent years. Coal combustion and non-pyrogenic emissions were the main PAH sources for winter and summer air, respectively, but none of the DRs responded to these changes. DRs were generally different between vapor and particle phases. Our findings shed light on spatial and temporal trends of PAH DRs and PAH source characterization in the Great Lakes basin. Additionally, this study confirmed the usefulness of DRs, especially when combined with the PMF analysis, while also highlighting the limitation of multiple DRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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Temporal Distribution and Gas/Particle Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Atmosphere of Strasbourg, France. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gas and particulate phase ambient air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Ʃ16PAHs) were determined in Strasbourg, a large city located in the Alsace region of northeastern France, from May 2018 to March 2020, to study the evolution of their temporal variations and their potential origins. The analysis of PAHs was performed using a global analytical method permitting the quantification of pesticides, PAHs, and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). Filters and Carbon doped silicon carbide NMC@SiC foams were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) followed by a solid-phase extraction (SPE). Afterwards, extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Prior to analysis, a pre-concentration step based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 100 µm fiber. The average total (gas plus particulate) concentration of Ʃ16PAHs varied from 0.51 to 117.31 ng m−3 with a mean of 16.87 ng m−3, with higher concentrations in the cold season of more than 2.5-fold and 6-fold that in the warm season for the gas and particulate phases, respectively. Moreover, low molecular weight (LMW) (2-ring and 3-ring) and medium molecular weight (MMW) (4-ring) PAHs contribute dominantly to the gas phase, while the particulate phase is associated with MMW (4-ring) and high molecular weight (HMW) (5-ring and 6-ring) PAHs. Gas/particle partitioning coefficient (log Kp) was calculated, and values varied between −4.13 and −1.49. It can be seen that the log Kp increased with the molecular weight of the PAHs and that the log Kp is different between cold and warm seasons for HMW PAHs but not for LMW PAHs. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs, which were employed to estimate the primary source of PAHs in Strasbourg, indicate that fuel combustion and biomass/coal burning are the possible origins of PAHs in Strasbourg’s atmosphere.
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Weitekamp CA, Lein M, Strum M, Morris M, Palma T, Smith D, Kerr L, Stewart MJ. An Examination of National Cancer Risk Based on Monitored Hazardous Air Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:37008. [PMID: 33761274 PMCID: PMC7990519 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hazardous air pollutants, or air toxics, are pollutants known to cause cancer or other serious health effects. Nationwide cancer risk from these pollutants is estimated by the U.S. EPA National Air Toxics Assessment. However, these model estimates are limited to the totality of the emissions inventory used as inputs, and further, they cannot be used to examine spatial and temporal trends in cancer risk from hazardous air pollutants. OBJECTIVES To complement model estimates of nationwide cancer risk, we examined trends in cancer risk using monitoring data from 2013 to 2017 across the 27 U.S. National Air Toxics Trends Stations. METHODS For each monitoring site, we estimated cancer risk by multiplying the annual concentration for each monitored pollutant by its corresponding unit risk estimate. We examined the 5-y average (2013-2017) cancer risk across sites and the population levels and demographics within 1-mi of the monitors, as well as changes in estimated cancer risk over time. Finally, we examined changes in individual pollutant concentrations and their patterns of covariance. RESULTS We found that the total estimated cancer risk is higher for urban vs. rural sites, with the risk at seven urban sites (of 21) above 75 in 1 million. Furthermore, while most pollutant concentrations have not changed over the time period explored, we found 38 site-pollutant combinations that significantly declined and 12 that significantly increased between 2013 and 2017. We also identified a positive correlation between estimated cancer risk and percent of the population within 1-mi of a monitor that is low income. DISCUSSION Long-term trends show that annual mean concentrations of most measured air toxics have declined. Our evaluation of a more recent snapshot in time finds that most pollutant concentrations have not changed from 2013 to 2017. This analysis of cancer risk based on monitored values provides an important complement to modeled nationwide cancer risk estimates and can further inform future approaches to mitigate risk from exposure to hazardous air pollutants. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Weitekamp
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - McKayla Lein
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Madeleine Strum
- Air Quality Assessment Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Morris
- Health and Environmental Impacts Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ted Palma
- Health and Environmental Impacts Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darcie Smith
- Health and Environmental Impacts Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lukas Kerr
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael J. Stewart
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Son CE, Choi SS. The influence of different types of reactant ions on the ionization behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8936. [PMID: 32875612 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be cancer-causing chemicals, and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is used for on-site detection of such hazardous chemicals. In IMS, the ionization behavior of analytes is affected by the types of reactant ions (RIs). In the present work, the influence of different types of RIs on the ionization behaviors of PAHs in an ion mobility spectrometer equipped with a corona discharge ionization source was investigated using various RIs. METHODS Selected PAHs were dissolved in anisole, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, or bromobenzene. The IMS analysis procedure was performed as follows: (a) the PAH solution was dropped onto the smear matrix; (b) the smear matrix was immediately inserted into the sample inlet to minimize evaporation of the solvent; and (c) the IMS analysis was performed. The lowest amount studied was 10 ng. Variations in the IMS spectra with time were investigated. RESULTS PAHs were not ionized by RIs of protonated molecules ([M + H]+ ) such as air/moisture and acetone, but they were ionized by charge transfer reactions with RIs of molecular ions (M•+ ) of solvents such as anisole, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene. The PAH ions were detected following a time delay of ~1-5 s after the sample introduction, and the times at which the maximum intensities for the PAHs were observed were different. The detection limits of PAHs in chlorobenzene were on the whole better than those in other solvents, whereas those in fluorobenzene were worse. The detection limits of pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene were better than those of the other PAHs irrespective of the solvent used. CONCLUSIONS PAH molecules were ionized by charge transfer reactions with RIs of the solvents, and their ions were detected ~1-5 s after sample introduction. The order of the ionization efficiency was chlorobenzene > anisole > bromobenzene > fluorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Eun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
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Jia C, Xue Z, Fu X, Sultana F, Smith LJ, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu B. Impacts of Independence Day fireworks on pollution levels of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the U.S. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140774. [PMID: 32659565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fireworks on Independence Day have been identified as a nationwide but short-term source of particulate matter in the U.S. No study has specifically examined their impacts on ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Based on data between 1990 and 2019 in the Air Quality System, we identified 76 unique events that had PAH measurements on both July 4th days and control days (within 15 days before and after July 4th). We compared concentrations and diagnostic ratios of 16 priority PAHs between event and control days using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and multivariable regressions. A local PAH monitoring campaign was conducted at eight sites in Memphis, Tennessee, to obtain a close observation of PAH changes. The national geometric mean (GM) concentrations of summed 16 PAHs (ΣPAHs) were similar between event and control days (48.1 ng/m3 vs. 52.8 ng/m3, p = 0.98). About a quarter of events had elevated PAH concentrations compared with control days. Higher diagnostic ratios were found on event days, suggesting more contributions from fireworks sources. PAHs on July 4th were unlikely to cause acute or chronic health effects. While the local monitoring showed a 15% increase of ΣPAHs on July 4th, the difference was not significant (p = 0.62). Elevated PAH concentrations occurred at sites near fireworks sources and without major traffics, but did not occur at those in remote areas or near major interstate highways. In conclusion, this study finds that Independence Day fireworks have negligible impacts on atmospheric PAHs at the national level, and are unlikely to pose significant health risks. The firework effect is localized within a limited geographic scale, suggesting potential needs for local monitoring and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Zhuqing Xue
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Xianqiang Fu
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Fariha Sultana
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Larry J Smith
- Shelby County Health Department, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yueqian Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Bian Liu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA.
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Goudarzi G, Alavi N, Babaei AA, Geravandi S, Idani E, Salmanzadeh S, Mohammadi MJ. Investigation of Ambient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Populated Middle Eastern City. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1823857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadali Alavi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Idani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokrolah Salmanzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ma WL, Zhu FJ, Liu LY, Jia HL, Yang M, Li YF. PAHs in Chinese atmosphere Part II: Health risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 200:110774. [PMID: 32460055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in atmosphere, which attracted more attentions due to their influence on human health. In this study, a national scale cancer risk (CR) assessment with atmospheric PAHs were conducted based on one year monitoring program at 11 cities across China. The annual mean concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and BaP equivalency (BaPeq) were 4.56 ± 7.78 ng/m3 and 8.45 ± 14.1 ng/m3, respectively, which were both higher than the new ambient air quality standards of China (GB 3095-2012, 1 ng/m3). Concentrations of BaP and BaPeq in northern Chinese cities were almost 2 times higher than those in southern Chinese cities. The CR values induced by the dermal contact exposure were two orders of magnitude higher than that by the inhalation exposure. Children and adults were the most sensitive age groups with the dermal contact exposure and the inhalation exposure to atmospheric PAHs, respectively. For the total CR values, 99.7% of its values were higher than the reference level of 10-6. No significant difference of the total CR values was observed between northern Chinese and southern Chinese cities for children and adults. In order to quantify the uncertainties of CR assessment, Monte Carlo Simulation was applied based on the specific distributions of the exposure factors cited from the Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population. The results indicated that almost 90% probability of the total CR values were higher than 10-6, indicating potential cancer risk. Sensitive analysis indicated that atmospheric concentration, outdoor exposure fraction, particle amount adhered to skin, and cancer slope factor should be carefully considered in order to increase the accuracy of CR assessment with PAHs in atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Meng Yang
- IJRC-PTS, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; IJRC-PTS, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
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Trusz A, Ghazal H, Piekarska K. Seasonal variability of chemical composition and mutagenic effect of organic PM2.5 pollutants collected in the urban area of Wrocław (Poland). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:138911. [PMID: 32450377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was the assessment of the mutagenicity of chemical pollutants adsorbed on suspended particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the four seasons. Samples were collected from the urban agglomeration of Wroclaw, Poland and evaluated for mutagenicity using two Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation with microsomal fraction S9. The work covered sampling of suspended dusts in four seasons: summer, spring, autumn and winter. The dust samples were collected on glass filters using air aspirator and the organic matter of PM2.5 was extracted using Soxhlet extractor. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAH), nitro-PAH and dinitro-PAH were determined in the extract. Variable degree of air pollution with mutagenic substances was determined at the selected study site. A greater, negative effect of chemical compounds on DNA was determined in dust samples collected in the autumn-winter season in comparison to samples collected in the spring-summer season. In the majority of tests, higher mutagenicity was obtained in analyses conducted on total extracts in comparison to tests conducted in the presence of PAH pollutant fractions. The obtained mutagenic ratio values pointed to the presence of chemical compounds with a character of both promutagens and direct mutagens. Samples collected in the autumn-winter season were observed to have a higher diversity of organic substances absorbed on PM2.5 dusts. Particular samples differed in the total content and percent contribution of particular PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and other organic compounds. In addition, the identified substances included compounds belonging to different chemical classes: aliphatic compounds, cycloalkanes, mono- and bicycling arenes, polycyclic arenes, compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Trusz
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Heba Ghazal
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Piekarska
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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Na G, Gao Y, Li R, Gao H, Hou C, Ye J, Jin S, Zhang Z. Occurrence and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmosphere and soil from 2013 to 2019 in the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111173. [PMID: 32510355 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-term monitoring is essential for revealing pollution trends, but relevant studies in the Antarctic remain limited. In this study, a seven-year continuous monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere and soil was carried out at the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. Average concentrations of Σ15PAHs were 7134.491 pg/m3 and 61.093 ng/g in air and soil, respectively. A declining trend was observed for Σ15PAHs in air during the 2013-2019 summer, but this was not found in soil. Potential sources of PAHs in the Fildes Peninsula were identified by PMF modeling, correlation analysis, air mass back-trajectories and component analysis. The results showed that PAHs in the gas phase were more easily influenced by long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) than in the particle phase. Moreover, temperature played a key role in the PAHs concentration in particle phase. Occurrence of Σ15PAHs in soil was mainly attributed to local sources including fossil fuel combustion and spilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Yunze Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chao Hou
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
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Morakinyo OM, Mukhola MS, Mokgobu MI. Concentration levels and carcinogenic and mutagenic risks of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban-industrial area in South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2163-2178. [PMID: 31848784 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over the health effects of exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) led the South African Government to establish the national standard for PM2.5 in the year 2012. However, there is currently no exposure limit for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PM2.5-bound PAHs. The understanding of the concentration levels and potential health risks of exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs is important in ensuring a suitable risk assessment and risk management plans. This study, therefore, determined the concentration levels and carcinogenic and mutagenic health risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs. A hundred and forty-four PM2.5 samples were collected over 4 months during the winter and summer seasons of 2016 in an industrial area. The concentrations of 16 PAHs were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and their carcinogenic and mutagenic risks were determined using the Human Health Risk Assessment model. The mean winter (38.20 ± 8.4 μg/m3) and summer (22.3 ± 4.1 μg/m3) concentrations of PM2.5 levels were lower than the stipulated 40 μg/m3 daily limit. The daily inhalation and ingestion exposure to PAHs for all age groups were higher than the daily exposure through the dermal contact. Children and adults are more likely to inhale and ingest PAHs in PM2.5 than infants. The excess cancer risk and excess mutagenic risk values were below the priority risk level (10-4). There is a potential risk of 1-8 per million persons developing cancer from exposure to benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene over a lifetime of 70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Wang X, Wang J, Du T, Kou H, Du X, Lu X. Zn (II)-imidazole derived metal azolate framework as an effective adsorbent for double coated solid-phase microextraction of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Talanta 2020; 214:120866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Huang YD, Hou J, Xu T, Yin WJ, Cheng J, Zheng HY, Yuan J. Non-linear relationships between seasonal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels among Chinese young students. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126352. [PMID: 32443248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Limited data are available on seasonal associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure with oxidative DNA damage. We conducted a pilot study with 20 postgraduates, and measured urinary levels of mono-hydroxyl PAHs (OH-PAHs) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) for 7 consecutive days in the four seasons. We assessed the relationships of urinary OH-PAHs with urinary 8-OHdG in the whole year as well as cold- and warm-seasons. Summed OH-PAHs (∑OH-PAHs) were higher in cold season than in warm season. Each ln-unit (ln-transformed unit) increase in ∑OH-PAHs in the whole year corresponded to a 34%, 16% or 23% increase in urinary 8-OHdG levels at lag0, lag1 or lag2 day as well as a 26% increase in urinary 8-OHdG levels at lag0-2 days (cumulative effects). Each ln-unit increase in ∑OH-PAHs corresponded to a 36%, 26% or 46% increase in urinary 8-OHdG levels in cold season at lag0 day, lag1 day or lag2 day as well as a 36% increase in urinary 8-OHdG in warm season at lag0 day. Distributed non-linear cumulative lag models (DLNMs) indicated that each ln-unit increase in ∑OH-PAHs within the range of 5.7-8.1 nmol/mmol Cr had a stronger effect (coefficient β: 1.11-2.97 nmol/mmol Cr) on urinary 8-OHdG rather than non-cumulative DLNMs (coefficient β: 1.08-1.43 nmol/mmol Cr) as well as the non-linear dose-response relationships of ∑OH-PAHs with urinary 8-OHdG. PAHs exposure exhibited the lagged and cumulative effects on urinary 8-OHdG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China.
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Gurkan Ayyildiz E, Esen F. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Two Sites, in Bursa, Turkey: Determination of Concentrations, Gas-Particle Partitioning, Sources, and Health Risk. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:350-366. [PMID: 31901971 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using particle and gas-phase air samples collected in the Ovaakca and Cumalikizik region of Bursa, between May and September 2017. The concentration of Σ16PAH measured in the gas phase, for Ovaakca and Cumalikizik, were 5.32 ± 1.98 and 4.91 ± 3.41 ng m-3, respectively; and for the particle phase, 0.81 ± 0.56 and 1.84 ± 1.82 ng m-3, respectively. The coefficient of gas-particle partitioning was related to the excessive cooled vapor pressure. The determined slope values were - 0.319 (Ovaakca) and - 0.505 (Cumalikizik), which showed the strong effect of organic carbon absorption and the distance to the equilibrium. These experimental values were compared with the results obtained using the octanol/air and Dual partition models, and Dual partition model showed more accurate values than the octanol/air model. The relations between temperature and concentration in the gas phase of PAHs were evaluated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The results indicated the influence of long-range transport of the atmospheric concentrations of PAHs at the regions. Diagnostic ratio analysis showed that biomass burning, coal combustion, and vehicular emissions contributed greatly to the atmospheric PAHs in the regions. In principal component analysis analysis, wood-burning was found to be the predominant parameter in addition to PAH sources determined with diagnostic ratios. In this study, the lifetime risk of lung cancer was calculated according to the mean and max BaP-TEQ values. When calculated according to the average values, while both regions were acceptable risk levels (Ovaakca: 2.6 × 10-6 and Cumalikizik: 8.6 × 10-6), at low-risk level was determined according to max BaP-TEQ values only in the Cumalikizik region (1.93 × 10-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Gurkan Ayyildiz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Esen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey.
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Norouzian Baghani A, Bahmani Z, Sorooshian A, Farzadkia M, Nabizadeh R, Delikhoon M, Barkhordari A, Rezaei Kalantary R, Golbaz S, Kermani M, Ashournejad Q, Shahsavani A. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 emitted from the largest composting facility in the Middle East. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1737823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdullah Barkhordari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Golbaz
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Qadir Ashournejad
- Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xing X, Chen Z, Tian Q, Mao Y, Liu W, Shi M, Cheng C, Hu T, Zhu G, Li Y, Zheng H, Zhang J, Kong S, Qi S. Characterization and source identification of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban, suburban, and rural ambient air, central China during summer harvest. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110219. [PMID: 31972455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterization and source identification of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are conducted in urban Wuhan (WH), suburban Pingdingshan (PDS), and rural Suizhou (SZ) in China during summer harvest. This study analyzes 16 priority PAHs with 38 PM.2.5 samples in June. PAHs had similar physical-chemical properties like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which had been listed as Priority Pollutants. The concentration and detection frequency of OCPs and PCBs were considerably lower than those of PAHs in PM2.5. Results indicate that PDS adjoining the highway has the highest PM2.5-bound PAHs. SZ possesses the lowest concentration of PAHs. Principal component analysis and multivariate linear regression model and molecular diagnostic ratio distinguish the sources. Vehicle emissions and coal combustion are extracted in three sites, while the source of PDS also includes gas combustion. SZ was affected by gas combustion and petroleum. The potential source contribution function and the concentration-weighted trajectory track the potential pollution area. The sampling places might be affected by the local sources and short distance transmission cannot be neglected. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) model evaluates the exposure risk of PAHs. According to the ILCR model, WH and PDS are exposed to harmful PAHs. By contrast, SZ is a substantially safe place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Xing
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zhanle Chen
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qian Tian
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Yao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Gehao Zhu
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Mueller A, Ulrich N, Hollmann J, Zapata Sanchez CE, Rolle-Kampczyk UE, von Bergen M. Characterization of a multianalyte GC-MS/MS procedure for detecting and quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH derivatives from air particulate matter for an improved risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:112967. [PMID: 31610516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A correct description of the concentration and distribution of particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is important for risk assessment of atmospheric particulate matter. A new targeted GC-MS/MS method was developed for analyzing 64 PAHs including compounds with a molecular weight >300, as well as nitro-, methyl-, oxy- and hydroxyl derivatives in a single analysis. The instrumental LOD ranged between 0.03 and 0.7 pg/μL for PAHs, 0.2-7.9 pg/μL for hydroxyl and oxy PAHs, 0.1-7.4 pg/μL for nitro PAHs and 0.06-0.3 pg/μL for methyl-PAHs. As an example for the relevance of this method samples of PM10 were collected at six sampling sites in Medellin, Colombia, extracted and the concentration of 64 compounds was determined. The 16 PAHs from the EPA priority list contributed only from 54% to 69% to the sum of all analyzed compounds, PAH with high molecular weight accounted for 8.8%-18.9%. Benzo(a)pyrene equivalents (BaPeq) were calculated for the estimation of the life time cancer (LCR). The LCR according to the samples ranged from 2.75 × 10-5 to 1.4 × 10-4 by a calculation with toxic equivalent factors (TEF) and 5.7 × 10-5 to 3.8 × 10-4 with potency equivalent factor (PEF). By using the new relative potency factors (RPF) recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) the LCR ranged from 1.3 × 10-4 to 7.2 × 10-4. Hence, it was around six times higher than the well-known TEF. The novel method enables the reliable quantification of a more comprehensive set of PAHs bound on PM and thus will facilitate and improve the risk assessment of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mueller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Hollmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carmen E Zapata Sanchez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin, Facultad de Minas, Departamento de Geociencias y Medioambiente, Carrera 80 Nr 65-223, Bl M3, Calaire, 050041 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ulrike E Rolle-Kampczyk
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Shen R, Wang Y, Gao W, Cong X, Cheng L, Li X. Size-segregated particulate matter bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over China: Size distribution, characteristics and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:116-123. [PMID: 31174111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with size-segregated particulate matter at 10 sampling sites over China which can be grouped into North China and South China, including urban site, sub-urban site, farmland site and background site, from January 2013 to December 2014 were analyzed by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. This is the first time for comprehensive studies on the size-segregated PAHs at the national level. The spatial variations of particulate PAHs showed that Xinaghe (XH), Yucheng (YC) and Shenyang (SHY) in North China had higher particulate PAHs mass concentrations than other sampling sites. The seasonal variations of PAHs exhibited the highest mass concentrations in winter, which could be caused by the increase in emission, lower temperatures and weaker solar radiation. Particulate PAHs were found to be dominant in fine size range of <1.1 μm, the same as individual PAH compounds. The dominant species in particulate PAHs are benzo[b + k]fluoranthene (BBKF), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP) and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP), indicating that fossil fuel combustion could be an important source for PAHs over China. BaP, a carcinogen to humans, also had much higher mass concentrations at XH, SHY and YC in North China than other sites. Toxicity equivalent quantities (TEQ) and the lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) analysis showed that XH, SHY and YC in North China suffered more serious health risk from PAHs than other sites. In addition, higher TEQ and higher ECR were found in the size range of <1.1 μm, indicating that finer particles are associated with higher toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoguang Cong
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Linglong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Han J, Liang Y, Zhao B, Wang Y, Xing F, Qin L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) geographical distribution in China and their source, risk assessment analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:312-327. [PMID: 31091495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China, the huge amounts of energy consumption caused severe carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentration in the soil and ambient air. This paper summarized that the references published in 2008-2018 and suggested that biomass, coal and vehicular emissions were categorized as major sources of PAHs in China. In 2016, the emitted PAHs in China due to the incomplete combustion of fuel was about 32720 tonnes, and the contribution of the emission sources was the sequence: biomass combustion > residential coal combustion > vehicle > coke production > refine oil > power plant > natural gas combustion. The total amount of PAHs emission in China at 2016 was significantly decreased due to the decrease of the proportion of crop resides burning (indoor and open burning). The geographical distribution of PAHs concentration demonstrated that PAHs concentration in the urban soil is 0.092-4.733 μg/g. At 2008-2012, the serious PAHs concentration in the urban soil occurred in the eastern China, which was shifted to western China after 2012. The concentration of particulate and gaseous PAHs in China is 1-151 ng/m3 and 1.08-217 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of particle-bound PAHs in the southwest and eastern region are lower than that in north and central region of China. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis demonstrates that ILCR in the soil and ambient air in China is below the acceptable cancer risk level of 10-6 recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which mean that there is a low potential PAHs carcinogenic risk for the soil and ambient air in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China; Hubei Provincial Industrial Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Yangshuo Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Futang Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Linbo Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
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Xu J, Jia C, He J, Xu H, Tang YT, Ji D, Yu H, Xiao H, Wang C. Biomass burning and fungal spores as sources of fine aerosols in Yangtze River Delta, China - Using multiple organic tracers to understand variability, correlations and origins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:155-165. [PMID: 31078087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research is restricted regarding impacts of biomass burning (BB) on fine aerosol (PM2.5), due mainly to lack of specific BB tracers. This study aims to characterize the variability, distributions, and contributions of BB and fungal spores as sources of PM2.5 using a multiple organic tracer approach. PM2.5 samples were collected at four representative sites in Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China every 6 days for one year. In the laboratory, samples were analyzed for three anhydrides (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan), two sugar alcohols (arabitol and mannitol), water-soluble inorganic ions, and elemental/organic carbon (EC/OC). Levoglucosan was the most abundant BB tracer (mean concentration = 81 ng/m3), and fungal spore tracers arabitol and mannitol had similar abundances (5.6 and 5.7 ng/m3, respectively). Anhydrides and sugar alcohols had high within-group correlations, indicating their respective common sources. Concentrations of tracers displayed large temporal variations but small spatial variations, suggesting strong seasonality in BB and fungal spore sources. BB sources were burning of grass, pine needles, hardwood and crop straw, which were originated from transboundary/cross-region transport and local fire spots. PCA analyses revealed that the common sources of fine aerosols in YRD were secondary inorganic aerosols, soil dust, BB and fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Xu
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre (IDIC), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Jun He
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre (IDIC), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China.
| | - Honghui Xu
- Zhejiang Meteorological Science Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, PR China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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44
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Nian Q, Wang X, Wang M, Zuo G. A hybrid material composed of graphitic carbon nitride and magnetite (Fe3O4) for magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace levels of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:497. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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45
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Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by nanofiltration membranes: Rejection and fouling mechanisms. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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46
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Zhang J, Yang L, Ledoux F, Courcot D, Mellouki A, Gao Y, Jiang P, Li Y, Wang W. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in rural and suburban areas in Shandong and Henan Provinces during the 2016 Chinese New Year's holiday. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:782-791. [PMID: 31039473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fourteen nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 samples were collected during the 2016 Chinese New Year's holiday (CNY) at one suburban and three rural sites in Shandong and Henan Provinces. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were highest at the suburban site. The rural PAH concentrations in Qingzhou (QZ), Heze (HZ), and Liaocheng (LC) were higher than those measured at many other urban sites, indicating that PAHs pollution was notably higher in the suburban and rural sites during this festive period. Elevated PAH concentrations were observed during fireworks periods, but fireworks burning was not a significant or direct PAHs or NPAHs source based on molecular profiles and diagnostic ratios. The measured PAHs and NPAHs at the sampling sites mainly originated from coal and biomass burning. The increased concentrations during CNY's Eve may be related to behavioural changes during the period. Secondary formation of NPAHs mainly occurred via OH radical chemistry at all four sites. Fireworks burning did not increase secondary formation of NPAHs. ∑BaPeq concentrations exhibited strong correlations with PAHs concentrations, and the highest and lowest concentrations were observed in QZ and Xiping (XP), respectively. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was calculated to be between 10-6 and 10-4 for 1-70 years old persons, with the highest risks observed in the adult (30-70 years) and the toddler (1-6 years) groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, China.
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - EA 4492. SFR Condorcet CNRS 3417, Universite du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - EA 4492. SFR Condorcet CNRS 3417, Universite du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivité Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071, Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Coupling Genome-wide Transcriptomics and Developmental Toxicity Profiles in Zebrafish to Characterize Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Hazard. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102570. [PMID: 31130617 PMCID: PMC6566387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are diverse environmental pollutants associated with adverse human health effects. Many studies focus on the carcinogenic effects of a limited number of PAHs and there is an increasing need to understand mechanisms of developmental toxicity of more varied yet environmentally relevant PAHs. A previous study characterized the developmental toxicity of 123 PAHs in zebrafish. Based on phenotypic responses ranging from complete inactivity to acute mortality, we classified these PAHs into eight bins, selected 16 representative PAHs, and exposed developing zebrafish to the concentration of each PAH that induced 80% phenotypic effect. We conducted RNA sequencing at 48 h post fertilization to identify gene expression changes as a result of PAH exposure. Using the Context Likelihood of Relatedness algorithm, we inferred a network that links the PAHs based on coordinated gene responses to PAH exposure. The 16 PAHs formed two broad clusters: Cluster A was transcriptionally more similar to the controls, while Cluster B consisted of PAHs that were generally more developmentally toxic, significantly elevated cyp1a transcript levels, and induced Ahr2-dependent Cyp1a protein expression in the skin confirmed by gene-silencing studies. We found that cyp1a transcript levels were associated with transcriptomic response, but not with PAH developmental toxicity. While all cluster B PAHs predominantly activated Ahr2, they also each enriched unique pathways like ion transport signaling, which likely points to differing molecular events between the PAHs downstream of Ahr2. Thus, using a systems biology approach, we have begun to evaluate, classify, and define mechanisms of PAH toxicity.
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48
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Li R, Hua P, Zhang J, Krebs P. A decline in the concentration of PAHs in Elbe River suspended sediments in response to a source change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:438-446. [PMID: 30716635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the analysis of the long-term trends and source apportionment of PAHs in the suspended sediments of the Elbe River in Saxony, Germany, from 2001 to 2016. The results of the Mann-Kendall trend test indicated that the concentrations of total and individual PAHs exhibited decreasing trends during the 16-year study period. According to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model, primary sources for every four-year period were identified as oil burning, biomass burning, and vehicular emissions from gasoline and diesel-powered engines. The changes in the sources were consistent with the trends in vehicle numbers and energy consumption during the last 16 years. Furthermore, the results of total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (TEQ) values indicated potential cancer risks. The results of the mean hazard quotient (MHQ) suggested that PAHs exhibited a 21% probability of being toxic to benthic organisms and to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifei Li
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Xue Z, Jia C. A Model-to-Monitor Evaluation of 2011 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7010013. [PMID: 30857354 PMCID: PMC6468659 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Environmental research has widely utilized the ambient concentrations of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) modeled by the National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) program; however, limited studies have evaluated the model’s performance. This study aims to evaluate the model-to-monitor agreement of the 2011 NATA data with the monitoring data reported to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Air Quality System (AQS). Concentrations of 27 representative HAPs measured at 274 sites in the U.S. in 2011 were merged with NATA data by census tract. The comparison consisted of two steps for each HAP: first, the model-monitor difference at each site was compared with the limit of quantitation (LOQ); second, the modeled annual average was compared to the 95% confidence interval of the monitored annual average. Nationally, NATA could predict national medians of most HAPs well; however, it was unable to capture high concentrations. At individual sites, a large portion of model-monitor differences was below the LOQs, indicating they were unquantifiable. Model-to-monitor agreement displayed inconsistent patterns in terms of chemical groups or EPA regions and was strongly impacted by the comparison methods. The substantial non-agreements of NATA predictions with monitoring data require caution in environmental epidemiology and justice studies that are based on NATA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Xue
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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50
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Shen R, Liu Z, Chen X, Wang Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Li X. Atmospheric levels, variations, sources and health risk of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during winter over the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:581-590. [PMID: 30476838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during winter 2015 at three urban sites, including Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, and one background site (Xinglong) over the North China Plain (NCP) were investigated. The spatial variations of PAHs showed the same trends with PM2.5 mass concentrations, i.e. the highest PAHs concentrations was in Shijiazhuang, followed by Tianjin, Beijing and the lowest PAHs concentrations was in Xinglong. The diurnal variations of PAHs exhibited PAHs concentrations during nighttime were higher than those during daytime. The dominant species in PAHs were fluranthene and benzo[b + k]fluoranthene, indicating that diesel vehicle emission, coal combustion and biomass burning could be important and potential sources for PAHs over the NCP. There results were supported by diagnostic ratios analysis. But coefficient of divergence analysis showed that a high extent of spatial contrast among four sampling sites, except between Beijing and Tianjin. Analysis of toxicity equivalent quantities (TEQ) and the lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) from inhalation exposure to PAHs showed that 818, 1517, 5129 and 182 cases per 100,000 people exposed in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Xinglong, respectively, which were much higher than the threshold value suggested by US-EPA, i.e. 1 case per 100,000 people, and indicating that the NCP suffered from very serious health risk from PAHs, especially in Shijiazhuang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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