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Hernández Díaz M, Galar Martínez M, García Medina S, Cortés López A, Ruiz Lara K, Cano Viveros S, García Medina AL, Pérez-Pastén Borja R, Rosales Pérez KE, Gómez Oliván LM, Raldúa D, Bedrossiantz J. Polluted water from a storage dam (Villa Victoria, méxico) induces oxidative damage, AChE activity, embryotoxicity, and behavioral changes in Cyprinus carpio larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119282. [PMID: 38823611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The Villa Victoria dam is one of the most important storage reservoirs in Mexico since it distributes water to more than 20 million inhabitants in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City. In this dam, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important food resource for the inhabitants, so the aim of this work was to evaluate the oxidative damage (lipoperoxidation, oxidized proteins, antioxidant enzymes activity and gene expression), AChE, embryotoxicity and behavioral changes in C. carpio embryos and larvae exposed to water from Villa Victoria dam for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The embryotoxicity was evaluated trough the General Morphology Score (GMS) and the teratogenic index. Behavioral changes in basal locomotor activity and thigmotaxis were evaluated in a DanioVision, Noldus ™. An increase in lipid and protein oxidation as well as modification of CAT, SOD and GPx enzymatic activity was observed during the exposure times. The GMS indicated a low development in the embryos, the teratogenic index was less than 1, however teratogenic effects as yolk edema, fin malformation, head malformation and scoliosis were observed. In parallel, an increase in AChE activity and gene expression was observed reflecting changes in distance traveled of the basal locomotor activity and thigmotaxis at the sampling points. In conclusion, pollutants in water from Villa Victoria dam caused oxidative damage, changes in SOD, CAT, GPx and AChE activity as well as embryotoxicity and modifications in the behavior of C. carpio larvae. This study demonstrates the need to implement restoration programs for this reservoir since, contamination in the Villa Victoria dam could eventually endanger aquatic life and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misael Hernández Díaz
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Galar Martínez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Sandra García Medina
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Alejandra Cortés López
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Karina Ruiz Lara
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Selene Cano Viveros
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Alba Lucero García Medina
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Pastén Borja
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738.
| | - Karina Elisa Rosales Pérez
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Intersección de Paseo Colón y Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez Oliván
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Intersección de Paseo Colón y Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Demetrio Raldúa
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, España, Mexico.
| | - Juliette Bedrossiantz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, España, Mexico.
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Aguilar-Aguilar A, de León-Martínez LD, Forgionny A, Acelas Soto NY, Mendoza SR, Zárate-Guzmán AI. A systematic review on the current situation of emerging pollutants in Mexico: A perspective on policies, regulation, detection, and elimination in water and wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167426. [PMID: 37774864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) emerged as a group of new compounds whose presence in the environment has been widely detected in Mexico. In this country, different concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides, dyes, and microplastics have been reported, which vary depending on the region and the analyzed matrix (i.e., wastewater, surface water, groundwater). The evidence of the EPs' presence focuses on the detection of them, but there is a gap in information regarding is biomonitoring and their effects in health in Mexico. The presence of these pollutants in the country associated with lack of proper regulations in the discharge and disposal of EPs. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive view of the current environmental status, policies, and frameworks regarding Mexico's situation. The review also highlights the lack of information about biomonitoring since EPs are present in water even after their treatment, leading to a critical situation, which is high exposure to humans and animals. Although, technologies to efficiently eliminate EPs are available, their application has been reported only at a laboratory scale thus far. Here, an overview of health and environmental impacts and a summary of the research works reported in Mexico from 2014 to 2023 were presented. This review concludes with a concrete point of view and perspective on the status of the EPs' research in Mexico as an alert for government entities about the necessity of measures to control the EPs disposal and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Aguilar-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | | | - Angélica Forgionny
- Grupo de Materiales con Impacto, Mat&mpac, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín 55450, Colombia
| | - Nancy Y Acelas Soto
- Grupo de Materiales con Impacto, Mat&mpac, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín 55450, Colombia
| | - Sergio Rosales Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava No. 201, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Ana I Zárate-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico.
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3
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Ruiz-Lara K, García-Medina S, Galar-Martínez M, Parra-Ortega I, Morales-Balcázar I, Hernández-Rosas NA, Moreno-Vázquez SE, Hernández-Díaz M, Cano-Viveros S, Olvera-Roldán EO, Gómez-Oliván LM, Gasca-Pérez E, García-Medina AL. The evaluation of liver dysfunction and oxidative stress due to urban environmental pollution in Mexican population related to Madin Dam, State of Mexico: a pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6950-6964. [PMID: 36018407 PMCID: PMC9411834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important causes of disease and premature death in the world is environmental pollution. The presence of pollutants in both water and air contributes to the deterioration of the health of human populations. The Mexico City Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous and affected by air pollution worldwide; in addition, in recent years there has been a growing demand for water, so urban reservoirs such as the Madin dam are vital to meet the demand. However, this reservoir is highly polluted due to the urban settlements around it. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate oxidative stress in clinically healthy subjects by means of the degree of lipoperoxidation, as well as the modification of serum enzyme levels, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase associated with air and drinking water pollutants from three zones of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, two of them related to Madin Dam. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2019 and September 2021 in 142 healthy participants (age range 18-65 years). Healthy subjects were confirmed by their medical history. The results showed that chronic exposure to air (SO2) and water pollutants (Al and Fe) was significantly associated with elevated levels of lipoperoxidation. There was evidence that contamination from the Madín dam can generate oxidative stress and affect the health status of people who receive water from this reservoir or who consume fish that inhabit it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ruiz-Lara
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México.
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México
| | - Israel Parra-Ortega
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Doctor Márquez 162, Delegación Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, 06720, México City, México
| | - Israel Morales-Balcázar
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Doctor Márquez 162, Delegación Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, 06720, México City, México
| | - Nancy Aline Hernández-Rosas
- Universidad Tecnológica de México, S. C. Avenida Central 375, Ejidos Tulpetlac, 55107, Ecatepec de Morelos, México
| | - Sergio Esteban Moreno-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México
| | - Misael Hernández-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México
| | - Selene Cano-Viveros
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México
| | - Eduardo Osel Olvera-Roldán
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Mexico City, México
| | - Eloy Gasca-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México
| | - Alba Lucero García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados E Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala Y Carpio S/N, 11340, Mexico City, México
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Vázquez-Tapia I, Salazar-Martínez T, Acosta-Castro M, Meléndez-Castolo KA, Mahlknecht J, Cervantes-Avilés P, Capparelli MV, Mora A. Occurrence of emerging organic contaminants and endocrine disruptors in different water compartments in Mexico - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136285. [PMID: 36057353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles the studies (2007-2021) regarding the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) in wastewater, surface water and groundwater in Mexico. A total of 174 compounds were detected, including pharmaceuticals, hormones, plasticizers, personal care products, sweeteners, drugs, and pesticides considered as EDs. The levels of EOCs and EDs varied from ng/L to 140 mg/L, depending on the compound, location, and compartment. Raw wastewater was the most studied matrix, showing a greater abundance and number of detected compounds. Nevertheless, surface waters showed high concentrations of bisphenol-A, butylbenzil-phthalate, triclosan, pentachlorophenol, and the hormones estrone, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and 17 β-estradiol, which exceeded the thresholds set by international guidelines. Concentrations of 17 α-ethinylestradiol and triclosan exceeding the above-mentioned limits were reported in groundwater. Cropland irrigation with raw wastewater was the principal activity introducing EOCs and EDs into groundwater. The groundwater abundance of EOCs was considerably lesser than that of wastewater, highlighting the attenuation capacity of soils/aquifers during wastewater infiltration. However, carbamazepine and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide showed higher concentrations in groundwater than those in wastewater, suggesting their accumulation/concentration in soils/pore-waters. Although the contamination of water resources represents one of the most environmental concerns in Mexico, this review brings to light the lack of studies on the occurrence of EOCs in Mexican waters, which is important for public health policies and for developing legislations that incorporates EOCs as priority contaminants in national water quality guidelines. Consequently, the development of legislations will support regulatory compliance for wastewater and drinking water, reducing the human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivón Vázquez-Tapia
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Tania Salazar-Martínez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Mariana Acosta-Castro
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Karen Andrea Meléndez-Castolo
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, 64149, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Pabel Cervantes-Avilés
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Mariana V Capparelli
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Estación El Carmen, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad del Carmen, 24157, Mexico
| | - Abrahan Mora
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico.
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5
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Xu X, Pose-Boirazian T, Eibes G, McCoubrey LE, Martínez-Costas J, Gaisford S, Goyanes A, Basit AW. A customizable 3D printed device for enzymatic removal of drugs in water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 208:117861. [PMID: 34837812 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The infiltration of drugs into water is a key global issue, with pharmaceuticals being detected in all nearly aqueous systems at often alarming concentrations. Pharmaceutical contamination of environmental water supplies has been shown to negatively impact ecological equilibrium and pose a risk to human health. In this study, we design and develop a novel system for the removal of drugs from water, termed as Printzyme. The device, fabricated with stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing, immobilises laccase sourced from Trametes Versicolor within a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel. We show that SLA printing is a sustainable method for enzyme entrapment under mild conditions, and measure the stability of the system when exposed to extremes of pH and temperature in comparison to free laccase. When tested for its drug removal capacity, the 3D printed device substantially degraded two dissolved drugs on the European water pollution watch list. When configured in the shape of a torus, the device effectively removed 95% of diclofenac and ethinylestradiol from aqueous solution within 24 and 2 h, respectively, more efficiently than free enzyme. Being customizable and reusable, these 3D printed devices could help to efficiently tackle the world's water pollution crisis, in a flexible, easily scalable, and cost-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Tomás Pose-Boirazian
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gemma Eibes
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura E McCoubrey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jose Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK.
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Sánchez-Aceves L, Pérez-Alvarez I, Gómez-Oliván LM, Islas-Flores H, Barceló D. Long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of ibuprofen and aluminum alters oxidative stress status on Danio rerio. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109071. [PMID: 33992815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous presence of multiple pollutants in aqueous environments have been extensively demonstrated, the ecological impact of chemical cocktails has not been studied in depth. In recent years, environmental studies have mainly focused on the risk assessment of individual chemical substances neglecting the effects of complex mixtures even though it has been demonstrated that combined effects exerted by pollutants might represent a greater hazard to the biocenosis. The current study evaluates the effects on the oxidative stress status induced by individual forms and binary mixtures of ibuprofen (IBU) and aluminum (Al) on brain, gills, liver and gut tissues of Danio rerio after long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1-11 μg L-1 and 0.05 mg L-1- 6 mg L-1, respectively). Lipid peroxidation (LPO), Protein carbonyl content (PCC) and activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) were evaluated. Moreover, concentrations of both toxicants and the metabolite 2-OH-IBU were quantified on test water and tissues. Results show that ibuprofen (IBU) and aluminum (Al) singly promote the production of radical species and alters the oxidative stress status in all evaluated tissues of zebrafish, nevertheless, higher effects were elicited by mixtures as different interactions take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livier Sánchez-Aceves
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Itzayana Pérez-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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Assessment of Water Quality in A Tropical Reservoir in Mexico: Seasonal, Spatial and Multivariable Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147456. [PMID: 34299908 PMCID: PMC8305193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural activities are highly related to the reduction of the availability of water resources due to the consumption of freshwater for crop irrigation, the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In this study, the water quality of the Adolfo López Mateos (ALM) reservoir was evaluated. This is one of the most important reservoirs in Mexico since the water stored is used mainly for crop irrigation in the most productive agricultural region. A comprehensive evaluation of water quality was carried out by analyzing the behavior of 23 parameters at four sampling points in the period of 2012-2019. The analysis of the spatial behavior of the water quality parameters was studied by spatial distribution graphs using the Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation. Pearson correlation was performed to better describe the behavior of all water quality parameters. This analysis revealed that many of these parameters were significantly correlated. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was carried out and showed the importance of water quality parameters. Ten principal components were obtained, which explained almost 90% of the total variation of the data. Additionally, the comprehensive pollution index showed a slight water quality variation in the ALM reservoir. This study also demonstrated that the main source of contamination in this reservoir occurs near sampling point one. Finally, the results obtained indicated that a contamination risk in the waterbody and further severe ecosystem degradations may occur if appropriate management is not taken.
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Xian H, Tang M, Chen Y, Lian Z, Li Y, Peng X, Hu D. Indigenous Fish-Based Assessment of Genotoxic Potentials of the Helong Reservoir in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1919-1927. [PMID: 33760286 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the genotoxic potential of water from the Helong Reservoir, which was designated as a strategic drinking water source by the Guangdong Provincial Government of China in October 2016. Four kinds of common indigenous fish samples (Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus molitorella, red tilapia, and Oreochromis niloticus) were collected at 6 sampling sites during the period from July to November 2020. Fish from the clean drinking water source of the upper reaches of the Liuxihe Reservoir in Guangzhou were collected as the control. Both the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay and the micronucleus test were used to detect DNA damage and the micronucleus rate in erythrocytes of fish samples, respectively. The results indicated that there was a significant increase in comet tail length, Olive tail moment, and micronucleus rates of all fish samples compared with those of the control (p < 0.05). The order of sensitivity to DNA damage and micronucleus formation was Labeo rohita > Cirrhinus molitorella > red tilapia > Oreochromis niloticus. The results of the 2 kinds of experiments were in perfect agreement with each other. We conclude that there are obvious genotoxic effects from the water in the Helong Reservoir. As a strategic drinking water source, the safety of the Reservoir water quality should be considered. The local government should put the restoration of the Helong Reservoir water quality on the agenda as soon as possible. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1919-1927. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Xian
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meilin Tang
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Lian
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowu Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dalin Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Gutiérrez-Noya VM, Gómez-Oliván LM, Ramírez-Montero MDC, Islas-Flores H, Galar-Martínez M, García-Medina S. Survival and malformations rates, oxidative status in early life stages of Cyprinus carpio due to exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of paracetamol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144585. [PMID: 33454465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol (PCM) is among the most consumed analgesic and antipyretic drugs worldwide. Due to its high consumption, this drug has been reported ubiquitously on different water bodies, posing a real threat to aquatic organisms. Until now, several studies have pointed out that PCM may induce oxidative stress, histological damage and developmental disorders on different aquatic species. Nonetheless, there is still a huge knowledge gap about the toxic effects that PCM may induce in species of commercial interest such as the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The aim of this study was to evaluate survival and malformation rates induced by PCM (0.5 μg/L - 3.5 μg/L) in early life stages of common carp. Furthermore, oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated at 72 and 96 h post fecundation. PCM reduced the survival rate of the embryos of up to 90%, as concentration increased. LC50 and EC50m were 1.29 μg/L and 2.84 μg/L, respectively. Biomarkers of cellular oxidation and antioxidant enzymes were modified in a concentration-dependent way with respect to the control group (p < 0.05). The main developmental alterations observed were lordosis, scoliosis, craniofacial malformations, hypopigmentation, growth retardation, pericardial edema and rachyschisis. These data indicate that environmentally realistic concentrations of PCM could be hazardous and affects the development in early stages of C. carpio. Moreover, our findings also indicate that C. carpio embryos may be a useful in vivo model to evaluate embryonic and teratogenic effects of drugs such as PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Margarita Gutiérrez-Noya
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - María Del Carmen Ramírez-Montero
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
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10
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Hermosillo-Ochoa E, Picos-Corrales LA, Licea-Claverie A. Eco-friendly flocculants from chitosan grafted with PNVCL and PAAc: Hybrid materials with enhanced removal properties for water remediation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Emerging Contaminants: Analysis, Aquatic Compartments and Water Pollution. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS VOL. 1 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69079-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Sánchez-Ocampo EM, Azuela GE, Shibayama Salas M, Galar-Martínez M, Gómez-Oliván LM. Alterations in viability and CYP1A1 expression in SH SY5Y cell line by pollutants present in Madín Dam, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137500. [PMID: 32120108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently one of the problems facing global development is the availability of water. Although water is abundant the planet only a small portion is for human use and consumption. The problem is exacerbated due to different factors, mainly: meteorological phenomena, the presence of contaminants in the water and the increase in the number of inhabitants. Potential effects of pollutants not only can affect freshwater biota but also can be implicated in cancer development and neurodegenerative diseases in humans. The study was conducted in the Madín Dam, a reservoir of economic importance for the geographical area in which it is located, as well as catering to the population of nearby areas, and is a place where recreational activities such as fishing and kayaking are carried out. The aim of this study was to identify the toxic effects that the pollutants present in the water of the Madín Dam can generate on a human cell line (SH SY5Y) evaluating the cell viability and the participation of the Aril Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and Pregnane X receptor (PXR) through of the expression of the CYP1A1 and CYP3A4 (canonical genes). In one of the five sites analyzed, cell viability was up to 50%, in this site a decrease in the normal expression of CYP1A1 was observed (p < 0.05) and the CYP3A4 gene was not expressed in the cells SH SY5Y. These results show that the SH SY5Y cell line is a good biomarker for assessing the human toxicity of environmental pollutants and relating it to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Michelle Sánchez-Ocampo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Mineko Shibayama Salas
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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13
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Gutiérrez-Noya VM, Gómez-Oliván LM, Ramírez-Montero MDC, Islas-Flores H, Galar-Martínez M, Dublán-García O, Romero R. Ibuprofen at environmentally relevant concentrations alters embryonic development, induces teratogenesis and oxidative stress in Cyprinus carpio. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136327. [PMID: 31923683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) that is used in various conditions. The prescriptions and the global consumption of this drug are very high and its annual production oscillates in millions of tons, this generates that the IBU is present in many waterbodies because it is discharged through the municipal, hospital and industrial effluents. For the above, the purpose of this work was to determine if IBU at environmentally relevant concentrations was capable of inducing alterations to embryonic development, teratogenic effects and oxidative stress in oocytes and embryos of Cyprinus carpio. Oocytes of common carp were exposed to IBU concentrations between 1.5 and 11.5 μg L-1 (environmentally relevant). LC50 and EC50 of malformations were determined to calculate the teratogenic index (TI). Also, main alterations to embryonic development and teratogenic effects were evaluated. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining biomarkers of cellular oxidation and antioxidation using the same concentrations at 72 and 96 hpf in embryos of Cyprinus carpio. The results showed a LC50 of 4.17 μg L-1, EC50 of 1.39 μg L-1 and TI of 3.0. The main embryonic development disorders and teratogenic effects were delayed hatching, hypopigmentation, pericardial edema, yolk deformation, and developmental delay. Biomarkers of cellular oxidation and antioxidants were increased with respect to the control in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of the study allow us to conclude that IBU at environmentally relevant concentrations is capable of inducing embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in a fish of commercial interest like Cyprinus carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Margarita Gutiérrez-Noya
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - María Del Carmen Ramírez-Montero
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Octavio Dublán-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rubi Romero
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, CP 50200 Toluca, Mexico
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14
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Enzymatic decontamination of paraoxon-ethyl limits long-term effects in planarians. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3843. [PMID: 32123261 PMCID: PMC7052158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are highly toxic molecules used as insecticides that inhibit cholinesterase enzymes involved in neuronal transmission. The intensive use of OP for vector control and agriculture has led to environmental pollutions responsible for severe intoxications and putative long-term effects on humans and wild animals. Many in vivo models were studied over the years to assess OP acute toxicity, but the long-term effects are poorly documented. Planarian, a freshwater flatworm having a cholinergic system, has emerged as a new original model for addressing both toxicity and developmental perturbations. We used Schmidtea mediterranea planarians to evaluate long-term effects of paraoxon-ethyl at two sublethal concentrations over three generations. Toxicity, developmental perturbations and disruption of behavior were rapidly observed and higher sensitivity to paraoxon-ethyl of next generations was noticed suggesting that low insecticide doses can induce transgenerational effects. With the view of limiting OP poisoning, SsoPox, an hyperthermostable enzyme issued from the archaea Saccharolobus solfataricus, was used to degrade paraoxon-ethyl prior to planarian exposure. The degradation products, although not lethal to the worms, were found to decrease cholinesterase activities for the last generation of planarians and to induce abnormalities albeit in lower proportion than insecticides.
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SanJuan-Reyes N, Gómez-Oliván LM, Pérez-Pastén Borja R, Luja-Mondragón M, Orozco-Hernández JM, Heredia-García G, Islas-Flores H, Galar-Martínez M, Escobar-Huérfano F. Survival and malformation rate in oocytes and larvae of Cyprinus carpio by exposure to an industrial effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108992. [PMID: 31830696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are used for the prevention or treatment of diseases, and due to their manufacturing process they are continuously released to water bodies. One of the pharmacological groups detected in aquatic environments is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) at trace concentrations. This study evaluated the survival and malformation rate in oocytes and larvae of Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) after exposure to different proportions of an industrial effluent. Initially, the industrial effluent was sampled from an NSAID manufacturing plant located in the city of Toluca, State of Mexico, subsequently the physicochemical characterization and determination of the concentration of chemical compounds present were carried out. On the other hand, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and the effective concentration 50 (EC50) were calculated to determine the teratogenic index (TI), as well as the alterations to the embryonic development and the teratogenic effects on oocytes and larvae of C. carpio at the following proportions of the industrial effluent: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1%, following the Test Guideline 236, which describes a Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity test, the exposure times were 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-fertilization. The contaminants detected were NaClO (2.6 mg L-1) and NSAIDs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen and paracetamol in the range of 1.09-2.68 mg L-1. In this study the LC50 was 0.275%, the EC50 0.133% and the TI 2.068. Several malformations were observed in all proportions of the industrial effluent evaluated, however the most severe such as spina bifida and paravertebral hemorrhage were observed at the highest effluent proportion. The industrial effluent evaluated in this study represents a risk for organisms that are in contact with it, since it contains chemical compounds that induce embryotoxic and teratogenic effects as observed in oocytes and larvae of C. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Calzada Manuel Stampa s/n, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07738, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Pastén Borja
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Calzada Manuel Stampa s/n, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - Marlenne Luja-Mondragón
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Heredia-García
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Calzada Manuel Stampa s/n, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07738, Mexico
| | - Francisco Escobar-Huérfano
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
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