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Guo X, Gong D, Li J, Mo X, Ding X, Chen J, Chen X, Li X, He Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Li Q, Wang H, Wang B. Comprehensive measurement of carbonyls in Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau: Implications for strong atmospheric oxidation capacity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174626. [PMID: 38997034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Carbonyls are ubiquitous in the troposphere and play a crucial role in atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), particularly in photochemistry-active regions such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the composition and evolution of carbonyls over the TP is still poorly understood due to a lack of comprehensive observations and modelling. Here, we conducted an intensive field measurement of 37 carbonyls and their precursors at a suburban site in Lhasa during summer 2022. Markedly higher levels of carbonyls (7.24 ± 3.83 ppbv) were found during ozone pollution episodes, with 36 % higher than those during non-episodes. Formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl (38 %), which primarily originating from photochemical secondary formations. Simulations using the Rapid adaptive Optimization Model for Atmospheric Chemistry (ROMAC) indicated strong AOC in Lhasa, with the daytime maximum of ·OH and ·HO2 of 9.8 × 106 and 4.2 × 108 molecules cm-3, respectively, which were even higher than that in most of the megacities in China. Notably, AOC significantly enhanced with the increasing carbonyls during the episodes, with the concentrations of ·OH and ·HO2 were boosted 21 % and 67 % than those during non-episodes, respectively. Budget analysis revealed that the ·HO2 + NO (88 %) and ·OH + VOC (74 %) pathways dominated the generation and loss of ·OH, respectively. And for ·HO2, they were ·RO2 + NO (67 %) and ·HO2 + NO (83 %). This study provides valuable insights into the strong AOC in the ecologically-fragile and climate-sensitive TP region, and highlighted the crucial role of anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in the active photochemistry of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Guo
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xujun Mo
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ding
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yingyan He
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhuangxi Liu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qinqin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Sun J, Peng Q, Peng Z, Qu L, Zhang Z, Liu W, Ho SSH. Ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical industrial city in southern China: Impacts of aromatic hydrocarbons from new industry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176424. [PMID: 39306127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
New industrial parks, including fine chemical, medical manufacturers, etc., are emerging in modern cities in China, whereas their emissions and impacts have not been fully illuminated. In this study, ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Huizhou were measured in three functional zones, namely new industrial, roadside, and residential zones. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs were as follow: industrial (56.22 ± 15.06 ppbv) > roadside (39.30 ± 12.96 ppbv) > residential (26.03 ± 7.31 ppbv). The ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) of VOCs in the industrial zone were 1.5-2.3 and 1.7-3.1 times those in the other zones, respectively. Aromatics contributed the most to OFP (39.8 % - 44.8 %) and SOAP (78.9 % - 91.0 %), with much less contributions to VOCs mixing ratios (18.3 % - 21.2 %). Naphthalene was the most abundant aromatic species across the three zones and ranked among the top contributors to OFP and SOAP among all VOCs species. Source apportionment identified that new industrial emissions and solvent use was the largest VOCs contributor in the industrial zone (53.9 %), traffic-related emissions dominated in the roadside zone (40.7 %), while new industrial and traffic-related emissions contributed similar in the residential zone (32.9 % and 34.7 %, respectively). The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of hazardous VOCs were above the acceptable threshold, primarily due to new industrial and traffic-related emissions. Our results suggested to strengthen the control of new industrial emissions and aromatics sources in Huizhou city to improve air quality and protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qin Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zezhi Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Changsha Center for Mineral Resources Exploration, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno NV89512, United States.
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3
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Cui Y, Liu B, Yang Y, Kang S, Wang F, Xu M, Wang W, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Primary and oxidative source analyses of consumed VOCs in the atmosphere. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134894. [PMID: 38909463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Consumed VOCs are the compounds that have reacted to form ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. An approach that can apportion the contributions of primary sources and reactions to the consumed VOCs was developed in this study and applied to hourly VOCs data from June to August 2022 measured in Shijiazhuang, China. The results showed that petrochemical industries (36.9 % and 51.7 %) and oxidation formation (20.6 % and 35.6 %) provided the largest contributions to consumed VOCs and OVOCs during the study period, whereas natural gas (5.0 % and 7.6 %) and the mixed source of liquefied petroleum gas and solvent use (3.1 % and 4.2 %) had the relatively low contributions. Compared to the non-O3 pollution (NOP) period, the contributions of oxidation formation, petrochemical industries, and the mixed source of gas evaporation and vehicle emissions to the consumed VOCs during the O3 pollution (OP) period increased by 2.8, 3.8, and 9.3 times, respectively. The differences in contributions of liquified petroleum gas and solvent use, natural gas, and combustion sources to consumed VOCs between OP and NOP periods were relatively small. Transport of petrochemical industries emissions from the southeast to the study site was the primary consumed pathway for VOCs emitted from petrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yufeng Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sicong Kang
- Beijing Make Environment Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuquan Wang
- Beijing Make Environment Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Man Xu
- Shijiazhuang Environmental Prediction Center, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shijiazhuang Environmental Prediction Center, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Cui Y, Hua J, He Q, Guo L, Wang Y, Wang X. Comparison of three source apportionment methods based on observed and initial HCHO in Taiyuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171828. [PMID: 38521281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of formaldehyde (HCHO) is key to reducing the pollution of HCHO and ozone (O3) on the ground level. Using the same datasets applied to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model by (Hua et al., 2023), the initial concentrations of HCHO were estimated using the photochemical age and the sources of observed and initial HCHO were apportioned based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and photochemical age-based parameterization (PCAP) methods. These results suggest that the source of the initial HCHO can better reflect its contribution. The secondary formation contributed to 49.3-69.1 % of initial HCHO at four sites in Taiyuan based on MLR, which was higher (7.4-36.2 %) than the contributions of secondary formation from observed HCHO. The HCHO was mainly affected by anthropogenic secondary (10.8-34.4 %) and background sources (17.4-78.7 %) based on the PCAP method. We compared the results of the HCHO sources from the MLR, PCAP, and PMF models under photochemical loss. There was good agreement among the emission ratios of acetylene-based HCHO obtained by the different methods at the four sites. The correlation analysis of different source apportionment methods illustrated that primary emissions from the PCAP and the MLR model had the greatest correlation (0.22-0.60). Secondary formations from the PMF and MLR models showed good correlations at all four sites, with R values ranging from 0.42 to 0.83. The HCHO peak of diurnal variation simulated by MLR appeared late compared to the other methods, and the difference in daily variation of HCHO from the PMF model was significantly higher than that of PCAP and MLR. The overlapping conclusions of different source apportionment methods should be considered and used to guide efforts to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Jingya Hua
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- Department of Materials Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Polytechnic College, Taiyuan 237016, China.
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Yang X, Zhang G, Pan G, Fan G, Zhang H, Ge X, Du M. Significant contribution of carbonyls to atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) during the winter haze pollution over North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:377-388. [PMID: 38105063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbonyl compounds play significant roles in the cycling of radicals and have exhibited surprisingly high levels in winter that were well correlated to particulate matter, for which the reason have not been clearly elucidated. Here we measured carbonyl compounds and other trace gasses together with PM2.5 over urban Jinan in North China Plain during the winter. Markedly higher carbonyl concentrations (average: 14.63 ± 4.21 ppbv) were found during wintertime haze pollution, about one to three-times relative to those on non-haze days, with slight difference in chemical composition except formaldehyde (HCHO). HCHO (3.68 ppbv), acetone (3.17 ppbv), and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) (2.83 ppbv) were the three most abundant species, accounting for ∼75% of the total carbonylson both haze and non-haze days. Results from observational-based model (OBM) with atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) indicated that AOC significantly increased with the increasing carbonyls during the winter haze events. Carbonyl photolysis have supplied key oxidants such as RO2 and HO2, and thereby enhancing the formation of fine particles and secondary organic aerosols, elucidating the observed haze-carbonyls inter-correlation. Diurnal variation with carbonyls exhibiting peak values at early-noon and night highlighted the combined contribution of both secondary formation and primary diesel-fuel sources. 1-butene was further confirmed to be the major precursor for HCHO. This study confirms the great contribution of carbonyls to AOC, and also suggests that reducing the emissions of carbonyls would be an effective way to mitigate haze pollution in urban area of the NCP region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan 250101, China; Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guang Pan
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Guolan Fan
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Houyong Zhang
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Xuan Ge
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Mingyue Du
- Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan 250101, China
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Zhang L, Wang L, Ji D, Xia Z, Nan P, Zhang J, Li K, Qi B, Du R, Sun Y, Wang Y, Hu B. Explainable ensemble machine learning revealing the effect of meteorology and sources on ozone formation in megacity Hangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171295. [PMID: 38417501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Megacity Hangzhou, located in eastern China, has experienced severe O3 pollution in recent years, thereby clarifying the key drivers of the formation is essential to suppress O3 deterioration. In this study, the ensemble machine learning model (EML) coupled with Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), and positive matrix factorization were used to explore the impact of various factors (including meteorology, chemical components, sources) on O3 formation during the whole period, pollution days, and typical persistent pollution events from April to October in 2021-2022. The EML model achieved better performance than the single model, with R2 values of 0.91. SHAP analysis revealed that meteorological conditions had the greatest effects on O3 variability with the contribution of 57 %-60 % for different pollution levels, and the main drivers were relative humidity and radiation. The effects of chemical factors on O3 formation presented a positive response to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and a negative response to nitrogen oxides (NOx). Oxygenated compounds (OVOCs), alkenes, and aromatic of VOCs subgroups had higher contribution; additionally, the effects of PM2.5 and NOx were also important and increased with the O3 deterioration. The impact of seven emission sources on O3 formation in Hangzhou indicated that vehicle exhaust (35 %), biomass combustion (16 %), and biogenic emissions (12 %) were the dominant drivers. However, for the O3 pollution days, the effects of biomass combustion and biogenic emissions increased. Especially in persistent pollution events with highest O3 concentrations, the magnitude of biogenic emission effect elevated significantly by 156 % compared to the whole situations. Our finding revealed that the combination of the EML model and SHAP analysis could provide a reliable method for rapid diagnosis of the cause of O3 pollution at different event scales, supporting the formulation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Big Data (2022P10005), Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Dan Ji
- Suichang Meteorological Bureau, Suichang 323000, China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Big Data (2022P10005), Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Peifan Nan
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Bing Qi
- Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Rongguang Du
- Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Liu G, Ma X, Li W, Chen J, Ji Y, An T. Pollution characteristics, source appointment and environmental effect of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Implication for air quality management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170836. [PMID: 38346658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Same as other bay areas, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is also suffering atmospheric composite pollution. Even a series of atmospheric environment management policies have been conducted to win the "blue sky defense battle", the atmospheric secondary pollutants (e.g., O3) originated from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) still threaten the air quality in GBA. However, there lacks a systematic summary on the emission, formation, pollution and environmental effects of OVOCs in this region for further air quality management. This review focused on the researches related to OVOCs in GBA, including their pollution characteristics, detection methods, source distributions, secondary formations, and impacts on the atmosphere. Pollution profile of OVOCs in GBA revealed that the concentration percentage among total VOCs from Guangzhou and Dongguan cities exceeded 50 %, while methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the top four highest concentrated OVOCs. The detection technique on regional atmospheric OVOCs (e.g., oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs)) underwent an evolution of off-line derivatization method, on-line spectroscopic method and on-line mass spectrometry method. The OVOCs in GBA were mainly from primary emissions (up to 80 %), including vehicle emissions and biomass combustion. The anthropogenic alkenes and aromatics in urban area, and natural isoprene in rural area also made a significant contribution to the secondary emission (e.g., photochemical formation) of OVOCs. About 20 % in average of ROx radicals was produced from photolysis of formaldehyde in comparison with O3, nitrous acid and rest OVOCs, while the reaction between OVOCs and free radical accelerated the NOx-O3 cycle, contributing to 15 %-60 % cumulative formation of O3 in GBA. Besides, the heterogeneous reactions of dicarbonyls generated 21 %-53 % of SOA. This review also provided suggestions for future research on OVOCs in terms of regional observation, analytical method and mechanistic study to support the development of a control and management strategy on OVOCs in GBA and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Wang Y, Cui J, Qiao X, Sun M, Zhang J. Real-world emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds from on-road vehicles in Beijing and Zhengzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170135. [PMID: 38237788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds have a profound role in atmospheric chemistry, which can cause the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. On-road vehicle emissions are an important source of carbonyl compounds, but systematic knowledge of real-world emission characteristics is still scarce. In this study, a total of 181 on-road vehicles of 16 types in Beijing and Zhengzhou, China, were tested using portable emission measurement system under real-world driving conditions. The total carbonyl compound emission factors of gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, motorcycles, and agricultural transport vehicles were 24.9 ± 11.4 mg/km, 42.5 ± 21.5 mg/km, 20.4 ± 6.8 mg/km, and 78.3 ± 34.3 mg/km, respectively. Vehicles fueled with E10 ethanol gasoline had significantly higher carbonyl compound emission factors compared to E0 gasoline vehicles. It was observed that the continuous tightening of emission standards has effectively reduced the emissions of carbonyl compounds from on-road vehicles. The carbonyl compound emission factors on highways were 1.3-1.9 times lower than those on general roads. The total carbonyl compound emissions from on-road vehicles in Beijing and Zhengzhou in 2019 were estimated to be 3.5 kt and 3.1 kt, with corresponding ozone formation potentials of 24.4 kt and 21.4 kt, respectively. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde and acetone were the most significant contributors to total carbonyl compound emissions, and among them, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were the main contributors to total ozone formation potential. Our results provide updated and supplementary information on on-road vehicle emission factors for carbonyl compounds and can facilitate the improvement of emission inventories and help in the development of control strategies to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia'nan Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing 100161, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Wang F, Ho SSH, Man CL, Qu L, Wang Z, Ning Z, Ho KF. Characteristics and sources of oxygenated VOCs in Hong Kong: Implications for ozone formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169156. [PMID: 38065490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and their potential contribution to ozone (O3) generation, we conducted 3-h high-resolution observations during the summertime of 2022 and the wintertime of 2021. This study focused on a total of 28 OVOCs in five different chemical classes, which were encompassed at two representative sites in Hong Kong, including a roadside and an urban area. During the summertime, the total concentrations of quantified OVOCs (∑OVOCs) were 45 ± 12 and 63 ± 20 μg m-3 at the roadside and urban sites, respectively, whereas the ∑OVOCs decreased by 31 ± 11 % and 38 ± 13 %, respectively, during the wintertime. Among the classes of OVOCs, carbonyls and alcohols were the two predominant at both sites, with relatively higher concentration levels of acetone, methanol, butanaldehyde, and acrolein. The sources of OVOCs have significant spatial and temporal characteristics. Spatially, OVOCs were predominately attributed to primary emission and background at the roadside site, whereas they were a combination of primary emission, secondary formation, and background at the urban site. Temporally, background sources dominated the summertime OVOCs, while the contribution of primary emissions increased for the wintertime OVOCs. The O3 formation potential (OFP) for the OVOCs was calculated. The OFPs were 67 ± 16 and 119 ± 31 μg m-3 at the roadside and urban sites during the summertime, whereas the winter OFPs declined 30 % at the roadside and 38 % at the urban site. The background sources of carbonyls and alcohols at the roadside and of carbonyls and acrylates in the urban area were the major contributors to the summer OFP. Controlling the OVOC sources from local non-combustion sources such as gasoline-fuel evaporation and volatile chemical-containing products could lead to a reduction of OVOCs in the background and subsequently mitigate the OFP. This is beneficial for local O3 reduction in Hong Kong and surrounding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Company, Lai Chi Kok, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Futian, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chung Ling Man
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Company, Lai Chi Kok, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Futian, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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10
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Yuan Q, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Hui L, Wang M, Xia M, Zou Z, Wei W, Ho KF, Wang Z, Lai S, Zhang Y, Wang T, Lee S. Origin and transformation of volatile organic compounds at a regional background site in Hong Kong: Varied photochemical processes from different source regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168316. [PMID: 37949123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important gaseous constituents in the troposphere, impacting local and regional air quality, human health, and climate. Oxidation of VOCs, with the participation of nitrogen oxides (NOx), leads to the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3). Accurately apportioning the emission sources and transformation processes of ambient VOCs, and effectively estimation of OH reactivity and ozone formation potential (OFP) will play an important role in reducing O3 pollution in the atmosphere and improving public health. In this study, field measurements were conducted at a regional background site (Hok Tsui; HT) in Hong Kong from October to November 2020 with proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). VOC data coupled with air mass back trajectory cluster analysis and receptor modelling were applied to reveal the pollution pattern, emission sources and transformation of ambient VOCs at HT in autumn 2020. Seven sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, namely vehicular + industrial, solvent usage, primary oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), secondary OVOCs 1, secondary OVOCs 2 (aged), biogenic emissions, and background + biomass burning. Secondary formation and vehicular + industrial emissions are the vital sources of ambient VOCs at HT supersite, contributing to 20.8 % and 46.7 % of total VOC mixing ratios, respectively. Integrated with backward trajectory analysis and correlations of VOCs with their oxidation products, short-range transport of air masses from inland regions of southeast China brought high levels of total VOCs but longer-range transport of air masses brought more secondary OVOCs in aged air masses. Photolysis of OVOCs was the most important contributor to OH reactivity and OFP, among which aldehyde was the dominant contributor. The results of this study highlight the photochemical processing of VOCs from different source regions which should be considered in strategy making for pollution reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Zhouxing Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Senchao Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong.
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11
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Li ZJ, He LY, Ma HN, Peng X, Tang MX, Du K, Huang XF. Sources of atmospheric oxygenated volatile organic compounds in different air masses in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122871. [PMID: 37926416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
As precursors of photochemical secondary pollutants, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) play an important role in atmospheric photochemistry. In this study, 23 OVOCs were monitored using a commercial proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer at an urban site in Shenzhen, China. During the campaign, the mean total concentration of OVOCs was 23.3 ± 15.5 ppb (mean ± standard deviation), with a total ozone formation potential (TOFP) of 87.3 ± 58.7 ppb. Aldehydes contributed the most to the concentration and TOFP of OVOCs, followed by ketones, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. Formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the three most abundant atmospheric carbonyls. An optimized photochemical age-based parameterization method was locally applied for the source apportionment of OVOCs. OVOCs in Shenzhen primarily originated from biogenic sources during the summer. Secondary anthropogenic sources were also important contributors of most carbonyl compounds. The campaign was divided into four periods. Two periods were dominated by the east wind from the relatively clean coastal areas, with the mean concentration of anthropogenic OVOCs largely decreasing during the Chinese National Day holidays. The other two periods were dominated by northwest wind and northeast wind, respectively, with larger OVOC contributions from anthropogenic sources, suggesting that pollution transport from the inland was a main contributor to OVOCs. This study highlights the important contributions of both local and regional OVOC sources in urban atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Li
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hao-Nan Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Meng-Xue Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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12
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Li R, Gao Y, Han Y, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Fu H, Wang G. Elucidating the mechanisms of rapid O 3 increase in North China Plain during COVID-19 lockdown period. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167622. [PMID: 37806584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) levels in North China Plain (NCP) suffered from rapid increases during the COVID-19 period. Many previous studies have confirmed more rapid NOx reduction compared with VOCs might be responsible for the O3 increase during this period, while the comprehensive impacts of each VOC species and NOx on ambient O3 and their interactions with meteorology were not revealed clearly. To clarify the detailed reasons for the O3 increase, a continuous campaign was performed in a typical industrial city of NCP. Meanwhile, the machine-learning technique and the box model were employed to reveal the mechanisms of O3 increase from the perspective of meteorology and photochemical process, respectively. The result suggested that the ambient O3 level in Tangshan increased from 18.7 ± 4.63 to 45.6 ± 8.52 μg/m3 (143%) during COVID-19 lockdown, and the emission reduction and meteorology contributed to 54 % and 46 % of this increment, respectively. The lower wind speed (WS) coupled with regional transport played a significant role on O3 increase (30.8 kg/s). The O3 sensitivity verified that O3 production was highly volatile organic compounds (VOC)-sensitive (Relative incremental reactivity (RIR): 0.75), while the NOx showed the negative impact on O3 production in Tangshan (RIR: -0.59). It suggested that the control of VOCs rather than NOx might be more effective in reducing O3 level in Tangshan because it was located on the VOC-limited regime. Besides, both of ozone formation potential (OFP) analysis and observation-based model (OBM) demonstrated that the alkenes (36.3 ppb) and anthropogenic oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (15.2 ppb) showed the higher OFP compared with other species, and their reactions released a large number of HO2 and RO2 radicals. Moreover, the concentrations of these species did not experience marked decreases during COVID-19 lockdown, which were major contributors to O3 increase during this period. This study also underlined the necessity of priority controlling alkenes and OVOCs across the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
| | - Yining Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tangshan Ecological Environment Publicity and Education Center, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Tangshan Ecological Environment Publicity and Education Center, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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13
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Chai W, Wang M, Li J, Tang G, Zhang G, Chen W. Pollution characteristics, sources, and photochemical roles of ambient carbonyl compounds in summer of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122403. [PMID: 37595733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Ambient carbonyls are important precursors of radicals and ground-level ozone (O3). In this study, sources, precursors, and impacts on radicals and O3 of carbonyls were investigated based on online observations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site in Beijing during June 2021. Carbonyls accounted for 36% and 42% of mixing ratios and OH reactivity for total measured VOCs, respectively. Formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl, with the mean level of 4.13 ± 2.28 ppb. Source apportionment results based on the multi linear regression (MLR) method suggested that secondary production contributed 41%, 25%, 36%, and 30% of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, and acetone, respectively. Key precursors of carbonyls were then identified based on the calculation of their production rates. It was found that alkenes contributed 59%-80% of aldehydes production. Impacts of carbonyls on HOx radicals (OH and HO2) and O3 production were explored using a box model based on observations (OBM). Photolysis of HONO, formaldehyde, and O3 were the dominant primary sources of HOx radicals during daytime of O3 pollution days, with average relative contributions of 52%, 28%, and 19% to the total primary production rate of HOx, respectively. Aldehydes accounted for 32% (20% from formaldehyde) of average HOx removal rates. The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) values of NOx determined by the OBM were negative, suggesting that the O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity was in the VOCs-limited regime. Using the observed concentrations of carbonyls as constraints of OBM, the absolute values of RIR for NOx tended to increase but those for anthropogenic VOCs tended to decrease. Formaldehyde showed the largest RIR value for anthropogenic VOCs during O3 pollution days. These findings indicated the important impacts of carbonyls on O3 production and O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Chai
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jingyan Li
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Guigang Tang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Guohan Zhang
- The Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Station of DEEY in Kunming, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Wentai Chen
- Nanjing Intelligent Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211800, China
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14
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Hui L, Feng X, Yuan Q, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zheng P, Lee S, Wang Z. Abundant oxygenated volatile organic compounds and their contribution to photochemical pollution in subtropical Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122287. [PMID: 37562529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are ubiquitous pollutants in the urban and regional atmosphere, promote the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols, thereby significantly affecting the air quality and human health. The ambient VOCs at a coastal suburban site in Hong Kong were continuously measured using proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) from November 2020 to December 2020. 83 VOC species, including 23 CxHy, 53 CxHyO1-3, and 7 nitrogen-containing species, were measured during the campaign, with a mean concentration of 36.75 ppb. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) accounted for most (77.4%) of the measured species, including CxHyO1 (50.7%) and CxHyO2 (25.1%). The measured VOC species exhibited distinct temporal and diurnal variations. High concentrations of isoprene and OVOCs were measured in autumn with more active photochemistry, whereas large evening peaks of aromatics from local and regional primary emissions were prominent in winter. The OH reactivity and O3 formation potential (OFP) of key precursors were quantified. OVOCs contributed about half of the total OH reactivity and OFP, followed by alkenes and aromatics, and the contribution of aromatics increased significantly in winter. The potential source contribution function was used to investigate the potential source regions associated with high VOC concentrations. Through positive matrix factorization analysis, six major sources were identified based on fingerprint molecules. The contributions of biogenic sources and secondary formation to the observed species were notable in late autumn, whereas vehicle emissions and solid fuel combustion had higher contributions in winter. The findings highlight the important role of OVOCs in photochemical pollution and provide valuable insights for the development of effective pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Penggang Zheng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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15
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Yang X, Zhang G, Hu S, Wang J, Zhang P, Zhong X, Song H. Summertime carbonyl compounds in an urban area in the North China plain: Identification of sources, key precursors and their contribution to O 3 formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121908. [PMID: 37257807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds are critical components of volatile organic compounds. They significantly participate in the photochemical formation of atmospheric ozone and thus threaten human health. This study measured 15 C1-C8 carbonyl compounds at an urban site in Linyi, a typically industrialised city in the North China Plain (NCP). Formaldehyde (3.89 ppbv), acetaldehyde (1.66 ppbv) and acetone (2.03 ppbv) were found to be the top three carbonyl compounds, accounting for 76.11% of the total concentration of carbonyl compounds. Anthropogenic secondary formation was recognised as the main source of the top five carbonyl compounds, which included formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde, and accounted for 46-54% of all sources. Alkenes were the most important precursors of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, suggesting that reducing the emission of alkenes from anthropogenic sources is an effective way to control carbonyl compound pollution in Linyi. Furthermore, the photolysis of carbonyl compounds played a significant role (68-75%) as sources of HO2• and RO2• and thus made a significant contribution (14.6%) to the photochemical formation of O3. This study highlights the importance of anthropogenic secondary formation as a source of carbonyl compounds and provides a scientific basis for O3 pollution control in carbonyl compound-enriched cities in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan, 250101, China; Shandong Jinan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Ji'nan, 250101, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shuhao Hu
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan, 250101, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan, 250101, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan, 250101, China
| | - Xuelian Zhong
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan, 250101, China
| | - Hengyu Song
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan, 250101, China
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16
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Chen Y, Shi Y, Ren J, You G, Zheng X, Liang Y, Simayi M, Hao Y, Xie S. VOC species controlling O 3 formation in ambient air and their sources in Kaifeng, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27595-w. [PMID: 37219773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of ozone has been in a rising crescendo in the last decade while the fine particles (PM2.5) is gradually decreasing but still at a high level in central China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the vital precursors of ozone and PM2.5. A total of 101 VOC species were measured in four seasons at five sites from 2019 to 2021 in Kaifeng. VOC sources and geographic origin of sources were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory transport model. The source-specific OH loss rates (LOH) and ozone formation potential (OFP) were calculated to estimate the effects of each VOC source. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs (TVOC) were 43.15 parts per billion (ppb), of which the alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, halocarbons, and oxygenated VOCs respectively accounted for 49%, 12%, 11%, 14%, and 14%. Although the mixing ratios of alkenes were comparatively low, they played a dominant role in the LOH and OFP, especially ethene (0.55 s-1, 7%; 27.11 μg/m3, 10%) and 1,3-butadiene (0.74 s-1, 10%; 12.52 μg/m3, 5%). The vehicle-related source which emitted considerable alkenes ranked as the foremost contributing factor (21%). Biomass burning was probably influenced by other cities in the western and southern Henan and other provinces, Shandong and Hebei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuqi Shi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Ren
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guiying You
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xudong Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Maimaiti Simayi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yufang Hao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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17
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Xiang W, Wang W, Du L, Zhao B, Liu X, Zhang X, Yao L, Ge M. Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023; 39:326-341. [PMID: 37303472 PMCID: PMC10147539 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants' toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone's toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 P. R. China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
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18
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Rao R, Ma S, Gao B, Bi F, Chen Y, Yang Y, Liu N, Wu M, Zhang X. Recent advances of metal-organic framework-based and derivative materials in the heterogeneous catalytic removal of volatile organic compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:55-72. [PMID: 36621129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the environmental hazards of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are well known, heterogeneous catalysis has become one of the most popular methods to treat VOCs due to its environmental friendliness and simplicity of operation. Although a large number of reports have reviewed the application of catalytic oxidation for the degradation of VOCs, relatively few reports are based on this direction of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF derivatives. Herein, this paper reviews the recent applications of heterogeneous catalytic technologies in the degradation of VOCs, including photocatalysis, thermal catalysis and other catalytic approaches. The applications of MOFs and their derivatives in VOCs degradation, such as the progress of MOF-derived metal oxides in the treatment of toluene, were highlighted. The mechanisms of VOCs degradation by different catalytic approaches were systematically presented. Finally, we presented the views and directions of VOCs treatment technology development. We hope that this reaction type-oriented review will provide important insights into MOFs and MOF-derived materials for VOCs pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhi Rao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shuting Ma
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Fukun Bi
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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19
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Hua J, Cui Y, Guo L, Li H, Fan J, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu K, He Q, Wang X. Spatial characterization of HCHO and reapportionment of its secondary sources considering photochemical loss in Taiyuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161069. [PMID: 36584945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays an important role in atmospheric ozone (O3) formation. To accurately identify the sources of HCHO, carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at three urban sites (Taoyuan, TY-U; Jinyuan, JY-U; Xiaodian, XD-U) and a suburban site (Shanglan, SL-B) in Taiyuan during a high O3 period (from July 20 to August 3, 2020). The average mixing ratio of HCHO at XD-U (8.1 ± 2.8 ppbv) was comparable to those at TY-U (7.4 ± 2.1 ppbv) and JY-U (7.0 ± 2.3 ppbv) but higher (p < 0.01) than that at SL-B (4.9 ± 2.3 ppbv). HCHO contributed to 54.3-59.9 % of the total ozone formation potentials (OFPs) of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) at four sites. The diurnal variation of HCHO concentrations reached a peak value at 12:00-15:00, which may be attributed to the strong photochemical reaction. To obtain more accurate source results of HCHO under the condition of photochemical loss, the initial concentrations of NMHCs were estimated based on photochemical age parameterization and incorporated into the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model (termed IC-PMF). According to the IC-PMF results, secondary formation (SF) contributed the most to HCHO at XD-U (35.6 %) and SL-B (25.1 %), whereas solvent usage (SU) (40.9 %) and coking sources (CS) (36.0 %) were the major sources at TY-U and JY-U, respectively. Compared to the IC-PMF, the conventional PMF analysis based on the observed data underestimated the contributions of SU (100.5-154.2 %) and biogenic sources (BS) (28.5-324.7 %). Further reapportionment of secondary HCHO by multiple linear regression indicated that SU dominated the sources of HCHO at SL-B (28.3 %) and TY-U (41.7 %), while industrial emissions (IE) and CS contributed the most to XD-U (26.6 %) and JY-U (43.0 %) in Taiyuan from north to south, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Hua
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yang Cui
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jie Fan
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Kankan Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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20
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Li Y, Li H, Zhang X, Ji Y, Gao R, Wu Z, Yin M, Nie L, Wei W, Li G, Wang Y, Luo M, Bai H. Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of atmospheric carbonyls during multiple ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing: Insights into control strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160769. [PMID: 36526184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyls have attracted continuous attention due to their critical roles in atmospheric chemistry and their potential hazards to the ecological environment and human health. In this study, atmospheric carbonyls were measured during several ground-level-ozone (O3) pollution episodes at three urban sites (CRAES, IEP and BJUT) in Beijing in 2019 and 2020. Comparative analysis revealed that the carbonyl concentrations were 20.25 ± 6.91 ppb and 13.43 ± 5.13 ppb in 2019 and 2020 in Beijing, respectively, with a significant spatial trend from north to south, and carbonyl levels in urban Beijing were in an upper-intermediate range in China, and higher than those in other countries reported in the literature. A particularly noteworthy phenomenon is the consistency of carbonyl concentrations with variations in O3 concentrations. On O3 polluted days, the carbonyl concentrations were 1.3-1.5 times higher than those on non-O3 polluted days. Secondary formation contributed more to formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde (AA) on O3 polluted days, while the anthropogenic emissions were more significant for acetone (AC) on non-O3 polluted days. Vehicle exhaust and solvent utilization were the main primary contributors to carbonyls. Due to reduced anthropogenic emissions caused by the COVID-19 lockdown and the "Program for Controlling Volatile Organic Compounds in 2020" in China, the contributions of primary emissions to carbonyls decreased in 2020 in Beijing. Human cancer risks to exposed populations from FA and AA increased with elevated O3 levels, and the risks still remained on non-O3 polluted days. The residents around the BJUT site might experience relatively higher human cancer risks than those around the other two sites. The findings in this study confirmed that atmospheric carbonyl pollution and its potential human health hazards cannot be ignored in urban Beijing; therefore, more strict control strategies for atmospheric carbonyls are urgently needed to better protect human health in Beijing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Manfei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guohao Li
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hongxiang Bai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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21
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Cheng Y, Huang XF, Peng Y, Tang MX, Zhu B, Xia SY, He LY. A novel machine learning method for evaluating the impact of emission sources on ozone formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120685. [PMID: 36400136 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ozone air pollution is one of the most important environmental challenges in China today, and it is particularly significant to identify pollution sources and formulate control strategies. In present study, we proposed a novel method of positive matrix factorization-SHapley Additive explanation (PMF-SHAP) for evaluating the impact of emission sources on ozone formation, which can quantify the main emission sources of ozone pollution. In this method, we first used the PMF model to identify the source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and then quantified various emission sources using a combination of machine learning (ML) models and the SHAP algorithm. The R2 of the optimal ML model in this method was as high as 0.96, indicating that the prediction performance was excellent. Furthermore, we explored the impact of different emission sources on ozone formation, and found that ozone formation in Shenzhen was more affected by VOCs, of which vehicle emission sources may have the greatest impact. Our results suggest that the appropriate combination of traditional models with ML models can well address environmental pollution problems. Moreover, the conclusions obtained based on the PMF-SHAP method were different from the traditional ozone formation potential (OFP) results, providing valuable clues for related mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yan Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Meng-Xue Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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22
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Li X, Li B, Guo L, Feng R, Fang X. Research progresses on VOCs emission investigations via surface and satellite observations in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1968-1981. [PMID: 36000414 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of severe pollution of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols in China. Fully understanding the VOCs emission is crucial for making regulations to improve air quality. This study reviews the published studies on atmospheric VOCs concentration observations in China and observation-based estimation of China's VOCs emission strengths and emission source structures. The results reveal that direct sampling and stainless-steel-tank sampling are the most commonly used methods for online and offline observations in China, respectively. The GC-MS/FID is the most commonly used VOCs measuring instrument in China (in 60.8% of the studies we summarized). Numerous studies conducted observation campaigns in urban areas (76.2%) than in suburban (17.1%), rural (18.1%), and background areas (14.3%) in China. Moreover, observation sites are largely set in eastern China (83.8%). Though there are published studies reporting observation-based China's VOCs emission investigation, these kinds of studies are still limited, and gaps are found between the results of top-down investigation and bottom-up inventories of VOCs emissions in China. In order to enhance the observation-based VOCs emission investigations in China, this study suggests future improvements including: (1) development of VOCs detection techniques, (2) strengthening of atmospheric VOCs observations, (3) improvement of the accuracy of observation-based VOCs emission estimations, and (4) facilitation of better VOCs emission inventories in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Liya Guo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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23
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Hsu CY, Chang YT, Lin CJ. How a winding-down oil refinery park impacts air quality nearby? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107533. [PMID: 36150296 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is always difficult to compare, let alone estimate, the difference of air pollutant concentrations before and after closure of a major source because the pollutants cannot be traced or predicted after entering the ambient. Indeed, we are not aware of any studies specifically related to the air pollutants impacted by a winding-down source. In this work, we applied nine years (2010-2018) online measurement of air pollutants (including PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, O3 and VOCs) to investigate (i) the temporal behavior of air pollutants before and after closure of an oil refinery park by using pair-wise statistics and correlations between wind speed and direction, and (ii) the source impacts on O3 concentrations using PMF coupled with multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis (PMF-MLR). Example applications are presented at two monitoring sites (A and B) close to the Kaohsiung Oil Refinery (KOR), located in the southern industrial city of Taiwan. The results show that the KOR shutdown changed air pollutant concentrations to a certain extent in these study areas. We also conclude that, instead of using propylene-equivalent and ozone formation potential (OFP) concentrations, it is better to estimate the formation of O3 based on PMF-MLR analysis as developed in this study. The PMF analysis has identified various VOCs sources at both sites including solvent usage, petrochemical industrial sources, industrial emissions, vehicle-related sources, vegetation emissions and aged air-masses. Also, the MLR model shows that both the background sources and petrochemical industrial sources may significantly change O3 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan Dist, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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24
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Li Y, Liu Y, Hou M, Huang H, Fan L, Ye D. Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Xinxiang, China, during the 2021 summer ozone pollution control. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156746. [PMID: 35718178 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted in Xinxiang, China, during the implementation of Xinxiang's ozone pollution control period (CP) in June 2021. To evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures, three study periods were determined by combining meteorological conditions and the implementation time of the control measures: before, during, and after the CP of ozone pollution (BCP, CP, and ACP, respectively). The average concentrations of VOCs during the three periods were 41.20 ± 4.99 ppbv, 33.64 ± 5.65 ppbv, and 37.42 ± 2.59 ppbv, respectively, with the same top three components, namely oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), alkanes, and halogenated hydrocarbons (XVOCs). However, the concentrations of these three components decreased substantially during the CP (by 19 %, 18 %, and 11 %, respectively). The ozone formation potential (OFP) during the BCP was 144.47 ppbv, which was 1.2 times and 1.3 times higher than those during the ACP and CP periods, respectively. During the CP, the proportion of alkenes that contributed to the OFP decreased significantly by 24 %. Five types of VOCs sources were determined by positive matrix factorization (PMF): (1) solvent use, (2) biogenic, (3) secondary formation, (4) industrial process, and (5) vehicle exhaust and fuel evaporation sources. The VOCs emissions from industrial processes decreased by 54 % during the CP, whereas those from vehicle exhaust and fuel evaporation sources decreased by 36 %, indicating the effectiveness of emission control measures and the importance of these two sources for VOCs control in Xinxiang. In terms of regional transport, the results of the spatial analysis revealed that Hebi and Anyang in the northeast and Zhengzhou and Pingdingshan in the southwest, affected significantly the VOCs of Xinxiang. These results highlight the importance of controlling VOCs emissions in Xinxiang. Furthermore, attention should be paid to controlling the regional transport of surrounding cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsong Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mo Hou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haomin Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liya Fan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Daiqi Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, Guangzhou 510006, China
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25
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Li J, Xie X, Li L, Wang X, Wang H, Jing S, Ying Q, Qin M, Hu J. Fate of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds in the Yangtze River Delta Region: Source Contributions and Impacts on the Atmospheric Oxidation Capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11212-11224. [PMID: 35925776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQv5.2) was implemented to investigate the sources and sinks of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during a high O3 and high PM2.5 season in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, based on constraints from observations. The model tends to overpredict non-oxygenated VOCs and underpredict OVOCs, which has been improved with adjusted emissions of all VOCs. The OVOCs in the YRD are dominated by ketones, aldehydes, and alcohols. Ketones and aldehydes mainly originate from direct emissions and secondary formation in the northern YRD, and primarily originate from secondary formation in the southern part influenced by biogenic emissions. The concentration of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) produced by OVOCs is 0.5-1.5 μg/m3, with 40-80% originated from organic nitrates, 20-70% originated from dicarbonyls, and 0-20% originated from isoprene epoxydiols. The influences of OVOCs on the atmospheric oxidation capacity are dominated by the OH• pathway during the day (∼350%) and by the NO3• pathway at night (∼150%). Consequently, O3 is enhanced by 30-70% in the YRD. Aerosols are also enhanced by 50-140%, 20-80%, and ∼20% for SOA, nitrate, and sulfate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
| | - Momei Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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26
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Yang Y, Liu B, Hua J, Yang T, Dai Q, Wu J, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Global review of source apportionment of volatile organic compounds based on highly time-resolved data from 2015 to 2021. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107330. [PMID: 35671590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly time-resolved data for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can now be monitored. Source analyses of such high time-resolved concentrations provides key information for controlling VOC emissions. This work reviewed the literature on VOCs source analyses published from 2015 to 2021, and assesses the state-of-the-art and the existing issues with these studies. Gas chromatography system and direct-inlet mass spectrometry are the main monitoring tools. Quality control (QC) of the monitoring process is critical prior to analysis. QC includes inspection and replacement of instrument consumables, calibration curve corrections, and reviewing the data. Approximately 54% published papers lacked details on the quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of QC measures. Among the reviewed works, the number of monitored species varied from 5 to 119, and fraction of papers with more than 90 monitored species increased yearly. US EPA PMF v5.0 was the most commonly used (∼86%) for VOC source analyses. However, conventional source apportionment directly uses the measured VOCs and may be problematic given the impacts of dispersion and photochemical losses, uncertainty setting of VOCs data, factor resolution, and factor identification. Excluding species with high-reactivity or estimation of corrected concentrations were often applied to reduce the influence of photochemical reactions on the results. However, most reports did not specify the selection criteria or the specific error fraction values in the uncertainty estimation. Model diagnostic indexes were used in 99% of the reports for PMF analysis to determine the factor resolution. Due to lack of known local source profiles, factor identification was mainly achieved using marker species and characteristic species ratios. However, multiple sources had high-collinearity and the same species were often used to identify different sources. Vehicle emissions and fuel evaporation were the primary contributors to VOCs around the world. Contribution of coal combustion in China was substantially higher than in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Jing Hua
- Tianjin Ecology and Environment Bureau, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Zhang X, Wu Z, He Z, Zhong X, Bi F, Li Y, Gao R, Li H, Wang W. Spatiotemporal patterns and ozone sensitivity of gaseous carbonyls at eleven urban sites in southeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153719. [PMID: 35149078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous carbonyls are essential trace gases for tropospheric chemistry and contribute significantly to the formation of ambient air ozone (O3) in densely populated regions, especially in China. Pollution characterization and the analysis of O3, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (O3-NOX-VOCs) sensitivities of carbonyls were investigated from October 22 to 28, 2018 at eleven urban sites in nine cities in Fujian Province, southeastern China. The total mixing ratios of 15 kinds of gaseous carbonyls (Σ15OVOCs) was 12.15 ± 2.53 ppbv in Fujian Province. The concentrations in the eastern coastal regions were higher than those in the western mountainous regions. Formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the top three species of Σ15OVOCs concentration. Photochemical formation during the daytime and vehicle emission during the rush hours significantly contributed to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The shoe-making industry is well developed in Putian, where the acetone mixing ratio was significantly higher than in other cities. The O3-NOX-VOCs sensitivities at all urban sites were in VOC-limited or transitional regimes based on the ratios of formaldehyde to NO2; from morning to afternoon, the VOC-limited sensitivity decreased, and the NOX-limited sensitivity increased gradually. Formaldehyde contributed the most significant O3 formation potential (OFP) proportion of the Σ15OVOCs. The OFP of carbonyl species accounted for half of the total VOCs in Fuzhou and Putian, suggesting that more attention needs to be given to gaseous carbonyls control. Overall, the links inferred by this study provide evidence and clues to mitigate the increasing ambient O3 concentration on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuefen Zhong
- Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Fang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Atmospheric Carbonyl Compounds in the Central Taklimakan Desert in Summertime: Ambient Levels, Composition and Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Although carbonyl compounds are a key species with atmospheric oxidation capacity, their concentrations and sources have not been sufficiently characterized in various atmospheres, especially in desert areas. In this study, atmospheric carbonyl compounds were measured from 16 May to 15 June 2018 in Tazhong in the central Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Concentrations, chemical compositions, and sources of carbonyl compounds were investigated and compared with those of different environments worldwide. The average concentration of total carbonyls during the sampling period was 11.79 ± 4.03 ppbv. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls, with average concentrations of 6.08 ± 2.37, 1.68 ± 0.78, and 2.52 ± 0.68 ppbv, respectively. Strong correlations between formaldehyde and other carbonyls were found, indicating same or similar sources and sinks. A hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory was used to analyze 72 h back trajectories. The values of C1/C2 (formaldehyde to acetaldehyde, 3.22–4.59) and C2/C3 (acetaldehyde to propionaldehyde, 15.00–17.03) from different directions and distances of the trajectories were consistent with the characteristics of a remote area. Relative to various environments, the carbonyl concentration in the Tazhong desert site was lower than that in urban areas and higher than that in suburban and remote areas, implying contributions from local primary and secondary sources. The obtained data can be used to improve the source and sink estimation of carbonyls at the regional scale.
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Zhou X, Li Z, Zhang T, Wang F, Tao Y, Zhang X. Multisize particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in arid and semiarid areas of Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118875. [PMID: 35074457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical components, sources, and interactions of particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a field campaign was implemented during the spring of 2018 in nine cities in northwestern (NW) China. PM was mainly contributed by organic matter and water-soluble inorganic ions (41% for PM10 and approximately 60% for PM2.5 and PM1). Two typical haze patterns were observed: anthropogenic pollution type (AP-type), wherein contributions of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) increased, and dust pollution type (DP-type), wherein contributions of Ca2+ increased and SNA decreased. Source appointment suggested that regional sources contributed close to half to PM2.5 pollution (40% for AP-type and 50% for DP-type). Thus, sources from regional transport are also important for haze and dust pollution. The ranking of VOC concentrations was methanol > acetaldehyde > formic acid + ethanol > acetone. Compared with other cities, there are higher oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and lower aromatics in NW China. The relationships between VOCs and PM were discussed. The dominating secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation potential precursors were C10-aromatics, xylene, and styrene under low-nitrogen oxide (NOx) conditions, and benzene, C10-aromatics, and toluene dominated under high-NOx conditions. The quadratic polynomial was the most suitable fitting model for their correlation, and the results suggested that VOC oxidations explained 6.1-10.8% and 9.9-20.7% of SOA formation under high-NOx and low-NOx conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Tingjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Feiteng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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30
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Li X, Zhang C, Zhao X, Li Y, He Z, Liu P, Liu C, Liu J, Zhang Y, Mu Y. Abiotic degradation of field wheat straw as a notable source of atmospheric carbonyls in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151366. [PMID: 34740656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds (carbonyls) play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry, but their atmospheric sources are not fully identified. Here we show unexpectedly high carbonyl emissions from extensive field returning wheat straw over the North China Plain (NCP). The emission rates of carbonyls exhibit distinct diurnal variations with the noontime peak value of total carbonyls greater than 135 μg∙kg-1 (dry straw weight) ∙h-1. The carbonyl emission is mainly attributed to biomass abiotic degradation processes that are affected by air temperature and sunlight intensity. Given that the photolysis of carbonyls is the major primary source of ROx radicals in the troposphere, carbonyl emissions would lead to increasing atmospheric oxidants. The mean daytime O3 concentration over the NCP increases by 12.3% when coupling carbonyl emissions from wheat straw with the current emission inventory through the model simulation. It might be one of the important reasons for the occurrence of the most serious O3 pollution in June when winter wheat is intensively harvested in the region. Further studies are warranted to explore the influence of field returning wheat straw on regional air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanzhao Li
- Wuxi CAS Photonics Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Zhouming He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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31
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Li M, Zheng Y, Li J, Grabow JU, Xu X, Gou Q. Aqueous microsolvation of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone: Competition between intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19919-19926. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02404g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rotational spectra of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone and its monohydrate were investigated by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy complementary by quantum chemical calculations. One conformer of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone, with the intramolecular O-H···O hydrogen bond,...
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32
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Ma Y, Fu S, Gao S, Zhang S, Che X, Wang Q, Jiao Z. Update on volatile organic compound (VOC) source profiles and ozone formation potential in synthetic resins industry in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118253. [PMID: 34597734 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic resin industry plays an important role in Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from industrial sources. However, owing to various products and their different emission characteristics, it is extremely difficult to study the source profiles of synthetic resins. In this study, the product-based pollution characteristics of VOCs from eight synthetic resin enterprises were investigated in Shanghai, China. Up to 133 VOCs were identified, including 106 based on the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) and the Toxic Organics (TO-15) methods, and the remaining 27 were identified based on the new mass spectrometry analysis method. Aromatics (39.7%) and oxygenated VOCs (29.9%) accounted for a relatively high proportion in the synthetic resin industry. The product-based source profiles of each process unit are compiled. Generally, 1,4-dioxane, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, benzene, styrene, propane, and dichloromethane are the most abundant species in synthetic resin. Furthermore, the product-based ozone formation potentials (OFPs) and sources reactivity (SR) were calculated, the synthetic resin industry SR range from 0.3 g g-1 to 4.6 g g-1. Results suggest that toluene, benzene, styrene, propylene, ethylene, and oxygenated VOCs (including 1,4-dioxane, methyl isobutyl ketone, and aldehyde) should be preferentially controlled to reduce the OFPs. A three-level classification was established to evaluate the degree of photochemical pollution in different industries. Emission factors were calculated and ranked for eight synthetic resins. A VOC emission inventory of Chinese synthetic resin from 2005 to 2018 was compiled. It is estimated that the Chinese synthetic resin emitted 23.96 Gg of VOCs in 2018. In this study, a product-based VOC source profile and emission inventory of the synthetic resin industry were established for the first time. Finally, combined with product types, processes, and processing equipment, feasible recommendations for reducing VOC emissions in the synthetic resin industry are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shaqi Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, National Environmental Protection Shanghai Dianshan Lake Science Observatory Research Station, Shanghai, 200235, China.
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiang Che
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, National Environmental Protection Shanghai Dianshan Lake Science Observatory Research Station, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qiaoming Wang
- Shanghai Chemical Environmental Monitoring Station, Shanghai, 200042, China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Zhang Z, Man H, Qi L, Wang X, Liu H, Zhao J, Wang H, Jing S, He T, Wang S, He K. Measurement and minutely-resolved source apportionment of ambient VOCs in a corridor city during 2019 China International Import Expo episode. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149375. [PMID: 34375262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, real-time measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) was conducted at an urban site in Changzhou, a typical corridor city in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China, by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) during 2019 China International Import Expo (CIIE) episode. An improved method based on Air Quality Index (AQI) value is applied to identify polluted and clean periods. Diurnal pattern of VOC levels revealed elevated photochemical reactivity during polluted periods. Five VOC sources were identified by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, including secondary formation (22.71 ± 12.33%), biogenic (21.50% ± 11.76%), solvent usage (20.50 ± 10.07%), vehicle exhaust (18.32 ± 8.32%), and industrial process and fuel usage (16.96 ± 13.21%). The mean contribution of vehicular exhaust was 10.84% higher during the nighttime than the daytime under polluted days. The biogenic source contributed more during clean periods, while the secondary formation presented the opposite. Spatial analysis displayed that the VOC concentration was higher in the S and SSE. In terms of the regional transport, short-distance air masses from the northeast and the south within the YRD region led to high VOC levels and biogenic VOC derived from the ocean might affect the entire region. Stringent emission control policies enforced over the YRD for 2019 CIIE provided an excellent opportunity to determine the source-receptor response. As joint control area, the VOC level of Changzhou exhibited a substantial reduction and the VOC amounts emitted by solvent usage showed the biggest decrease (-58%). The findings of this study highlight the superiority of high time-resolved data in identifying the dynamic variation pattern (with the change of time and wind) of VOC levels and emission intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanyang Man
- Digital Fujian Internet-of-things Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Lijuan Qi
- College of Eco-environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Junchao Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tao He
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Pei Y, Qin J, Wang J, Hu Y. Fe-based metal organic framework derivative with enhanced Lewis acidity and hierarchical pores for excellent adsorption of oxygenated volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148132. [PMID: 34111790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of Fe-based metal organic framework derived materials were prepared by thermal treating MIL-100(Fe) in nitrogen atmosphere for adsorption removal of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) such as methanol, formaldehyde and acetone under dynamic conditions. The experimental results showed that the partially carbonized M-350 material obtained by calcining MIL-100(Fe) at 350 °C exhibited the best adsorption performance and high stability. The breakthrough adsorption capacity of M-350 for methanol was 61.5% higher than that of pure MIL-100 (Fe), and it was 24.7, 6.5 and 2.6 times higher than that of commercial activated carbon, ZSM-5 and SAPO-34 adsorbents, respectively. The excellent adsorption performance was attributed to the exposure of abundant coordinatively unsaturated iron metal sites acting as Lewis acid sites through high temperature calcination, which had a strong affinity for OVOCs. Meanwhile, a hierarchical porous structure and high specific surface area further promoted the adsorption. This work provides new insights into the further development of metal organic frameworks based functional materials for VOCs removal and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Pei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Junxian Qin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yun Hu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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35
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Zhu B, Huang XF, Xia SY, Lin LL, Cheng Y, He LY. Biomass-burning emissions could significantly enhance the atmospheric oxidizing capacity in continental air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117523. [PMID: 34380222 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of photochemical pollution. However, a substantial fraction of VOCs, namely, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), have not been sufficiently characterized to evaluate their sources in air pollution in China. In this study, a total of 119 VOCs, including 60 OVOCs in particular, were monitored to provide a more comprehensive picture based on different online measurement techniques, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and online gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), at a receptor site in southeastern China during a photochemically active period. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and photochemical age-based parameterization were combined to identify and quantify different sources of major VOCs during daytime hours, with the advantage of including VOC decay processes. The results revealed the unexpected role of biomass burning (21%) in terms of ozone (O3) formation potential (OFP) when including the contributions of OVOCs and large contributions (30-32%) of biomass burning to aldehydes, as more OVOCs were measured in this study. We argue that biomass burning could significantly enhance the continental atmospheric oxidizing capacity, in addition to the well-recognized contributions of primary pollutants, which should be seriously considered in photochemical models and air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Seasonal Variations of Carbonyls and Their Contributions to the Ozone Formation in Urban Atmosphere of Taiyuan, China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ambient carbonyls are critical precursors of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). To better understand the pollution characteristics of carbonyls in Taiyuan, field samplings were conducted, and 13 carbonyls were detected in an urban site of Taiyuan for the four seasons. The total concentration of carbonyls in the atmosphere was 19.67 ± 8.56 μg/m3. Formaldehyde (7.70 ± 4.78 μg/m3), acetaldehyde (2.95 ± 1.20 μg/m3) and acetone (5.57 ± 2.41 μg/m3) were the dominant carbonyl compounds, accounting for more than 85% of the total carbonyls. The highest values for formaldehyde and acetone occurred in summer and autumn, respectively, and the lowest occurred in winter. The variations for acetaldehyde were not distinct in the four seasons. Formaldehyde and acetone levels increased obviously in the daytime and decreased at night, while acetaldehyde did not show significant diurnal variations. Higher temperature and stronger sunlight intensity could facilitate the photochemical reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and enhance the O3 levels in summer. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde contributed 70–95% of carbonyls’ ozone formation potential (OFP) caused by carbonyls with the highest totals of 268.62 μg/m3 and 38.14 μg/m3, respectively. The highest concentrations of carbonyls from south and southwest winds in summer suggest that the coke industries in the southern Taiyuan Basin should be, firstly, controlled for the alleviation of ozone pollution.
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Xia SY, Wang C, Zhu B, Chen X, Feng N, Yu GH, Huang XF. Long-term observations of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in an urban atmosphere in southern China, 2014-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116301. [PMID: 33360596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important precursors and intermediate products of atmospheric photochemical reactions, which can promote the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, there have been few studies on the sources of and long-term variation in ambient OVOCs. This study combined sensitive, near real-time measurements of VOCs by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) with an improved photochemical age parameterization method to quantify daytime sources of OVOCs in an urban atmosphere in China from 2014 to 2019, permitting the observation of the impacts of emission control strategies that were implemented during this period. Temporal variation in six key OVOCs (methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), formic acid, and acetic acid) were observed. The sum of concentrations of OVOCs was averagely 13% higher during the dry season (November to April), when winds transported polluted air masses to Shenzhen from the continent, than during the wet season, and peak diurnal levels occurred during the daytime year-round due to photochemical production and higher daytime anthropogenic emissions. The average dry season concentration of OVOCs declined from a peak of 30.3 ppb in 2015 to 18.7 ppb in 2019. The results of source apportionment showed that primary anthropogenic sources contributed the most to methanol, MEK, and acetic acid (32-51%); the dominant sources of acetaldehyde and formic acid were both primary and secondary anthropogenic sources; and biomass burning contributed a small fraction (5-11%) to the six OVOCs. From 2014 to 2019, contributions from primary anthropogenic sources of OVOCs decreased significantly by 50-60% due to intensive pollution control measures in Shenzhen, whereas pollution control measures had no observable impact on secondary OVOCs, indicating their formation was not limited by availability of their primary VOC precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ning Feng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guang-He Yu
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Wang F, Du W, Lv S, Ding Z, Wang G. Spatial and Temporal Distributions and Sources of Anthropogenic NMVOCs in the Atmosphere of China: A Review. ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2021; 38:1085-1100. [PMID: 33948045 PMCID: PMC8085794 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-021-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the key precursors of O3, anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) have been studied intensively. This paper performed a meta-analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of NMVOCs, their roles in photochemical reactions, and their sources in China, based on published research. The results showed that both non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) in China have higher mixing ratios in the eastern developed cities compared to those in the central and western areas. Alkanes are the most abundant NMHCs species in all reported sites while formaldehyde is the most abundant among the OVOCs. OVOCs have the highest mixing ratios in summer and the lowest in winter, which is opposite to NMHCs. Among all NMVOCs, the top eight species account for 50%-70% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP) with different compositions and contributions in different areas. In devolved regions, OFP-NMHCs are the highest in winter while OFP-OVOCs are the highest in summer. Based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and solvent usage in China are the main sources for NMHCs. However, the emission trend analysis showed that solvent usage and industrial emissions will exceed vehicle exhaust and become the two major sources of NMVOCs in near future. Based on the meta-analysis conducted in this work, we believe that the spatio-temporal variations and oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric OVOCs, as well as generating a higher spatial resolution of emission inventories of NMVOCs represent an area for future studies on NMVOCs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Zhijian Ding
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 200062 China
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Wang Y, Yuan Y, Wang Q, Liu C, Zhi Q, Cao J. Changes in air quality related to the control of coronavirus in China: Implications for traffic and industrial emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139133. [PMID: 32402905 PMCID: PMC7202850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Measures taken to control the disease (Covid-19) caused by the novel coronavirus dramatically reduced the number of vehicles on the road and diminished factory production. For this study, changes in the air quality index (AQI) and the concentrations of six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3) were evaluated during the Covid-19 control period in northern China. Overall, the air quality improved, most likely due to reduced emissions from the transportation and secondary industrial sectors. Specifically, the transportation sector was linked to the NO2 emission reductions, while lower emissions from secondary industries were the major cause for the reductions of PM2.5 and CO. The reduction in SO2 concentrations was only linked to the industrial sector. However, the reductions in emissions did not fully eliminate air pollution, and O3 actually increased, possibly because lower fine particle loadings led to less scavenging of HO2 and as a result greater O3 production. These results also highlight need to control emissions from the residential sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- School of Humanities, Economics and Law, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Humanities, Economics and Law, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - ChenGuang Liu
- School of Humanities, Economics and Law, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Qiang Zhi
- School of Government Administration, Central University of Finance and Economics, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
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