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Patel VK, Kuttippurath J, Kashyap R. Increased global cropland greening as a response to the unusual reduction in atmospheric PM₂.₅ concentrations during the COVID-19 lockdown period. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142147. [PMID: 38677610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The devastating effects of COVID-19 pandemic have widely affected human lives and economy across the globe. There were significant changes in the global environmental conditions in response to the lockdown (LD) restrictions made due to COVID-19. The direct impact of LD on environment is analysed widely across the latitudes, but its secondary effect remains largely unexplored. Therefore, we examine the changes in particulate matter (PM₂.₅) during LD, and its impact on the global croplands. Our analysis finds that there is a substantial decline in the global PM₂.₅ concentrations during LD (2020) compared to pre-lockdown (PreLD: 2017-2019) in India (10-20%), East China (EC, 10%), Western Europe (WE, 10%) and Nigeria (10%), which are also the cropland dominated regions. Partial correlation analysis reveals that the decline in PM₂.₅ positively affects the cropland greening when the influence of temperature, precipitation and soil moisture are limited. Croplands in India, EC, Nigeria and WE became more greener as a result of the improvement in air quality by the reduction in particulates such as PM₂.₅ during LD, with an increase in the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) of about 0.05-0.1, 0.05, 0.05 and 0.05-0.1, respectively. As a result of cropland greening, increase in the total above ground biomass production (TAGP) and crop yield (TWSO) is also found in EC, India and Europe. In addition, the improvement in PM₂.₅ pollution and associated changes in meteorology also influenced the cropland phenology, where the crop development stage has prolonged in India for wet-rice (1-20%) and maize (1-10%). Therefore, this study sheds light on the response of global croplands to LD-induced improvements in PM₂.₅ pollution. These finding have implications for addressing issues of air pollution, global warming, climate change, environmental conservation and food security to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar Patel
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | | | - Rahul Kashyap
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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Tomson M, Kumar P, Abhijith KV, Watts JF. Exploring the interplay between particulate matter capture, wash-off, and leaf traits in green wall species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170950. [PMID: 38360301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The study investigated inter-species variation in particulate matter (PM) accumulation, wash-off, and retention on green wall plants, with a focus on leaf characteristics. Ten broadleaf plant species were studied in an experimental green wall. Ambient PM concentrations remained relatively stable throughout the measurement period: PM1: 16.60 ± 9.97 μgm-3, PM2.5: 23.27 ± 11.88 μgm-3, and PM10: 39.59 ± 25.72 μgm-3. Leaf samples were taken before and after three rainfall events, and PM deposition was measured using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Leaf micromorphological traits, including surface roughness, hair density, and stomatal density, exhibited variability among species and leaf surfaces. Notably, I.sempervirens and H.helix had relatively high PM densities across all size fractions. The study underscored the substantial potential of green wall plants for atmospheric PM removal, with higher Wall Leaf Area Index (WLAI) species like A.maritima and T.serpyllum exhibiting increased PM accumulation at plant level. Rainfall led to significant wash-off for smaller particles, whereas larger particles exhibited lower wash-off rates. Leaf micromorphology impacted PM accumulation, although effects varied among species, and parameters such as surface roughness, stomatal density, and leaf size did not consistently affect PM deposition. The composition of deposited particles encompassed natural, vehicular, salt, and unclassified agglomerates, with minimal changes after rainfall. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) assessments revealed that I.sempervirens displayed the highest air pollution tolerance, while O.vulgare had the lowest. APTI showed a moderate positive correlation with PM deposition across all fractions. The study concluded that the interplay of macro and micromorphology in green wall plant species determines their PM removal potential. Further research is needed to identify the key leaf characteristics for optimal green wall species selection for effective PM removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Tomson
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - K V Abhijith
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - John F Watts
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Barwise Y, Kumar P, Abhijith KV, Gallagher J, McNabola A, Watts JF. A trait-based investigation into evergreen woody plants for traffic-related air pollution mitigation over time. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169713. [PMID: 38163588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated influences of leaf traits on particulate matter (PM) wash-off and (re)capture (i.e., net removal) over time. Leaf samples were taken before and after three rainfall events from a range of 10 evergreen woody plants (including five different leaf types), which were positioned with an optical particle counter alongside a busy road. Scanning electron microscopy was used to quantify the density (no./mm2), mass (μg/cm2), and elemental composition of deposited particles. To enable leaf area comparison between scale-like leaves and other leaf types, a novel metric (FSA: foliage surface area per unit branch length) was developed, which may be utilised by future research. Vehicle-related particles constituted 15 % of total deposition, and there was a notable 50 % decrease in the proportion of tyre wear particles after rainfall. T. baccata presented the lowest proportion (11.1 %) of vehicle-related particle deposition but the most consistent performance in terms of net PM removal. Only four of the 10 plant specimens (C. japonica, C. lawsoniana, J. chinensis, and T. baccata) presented effective PM wash-off across all particle size fractions and rainfall intensities, with a generally positive relationship observed between rainfall intensity and wash-off. Mass deposition was more significantly determined by particle size than number density. Interestingly, larger particles were also less easily washed off than smaller particles. Some traits typically considered to be advantageous (e.g., greater hairiness) may in fact hinder net removal over time due to retention under rainfall. Small leaf area is one trait that may promote both accumulation and wash-off. However, FSA was found to be the most influential trait, with an inverse relationship between FSA and wash-off efficacy. This finding poses trade-offs and opportunities for green infrastructure design, which are discussed. Finally, numerous areas for future research are recommended, underlining the importance of systems approaches in developing vegetation management frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yendle Barwise
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland..
| | - K V Abhijith
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - John Gallagher
- Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aonghus McNabola
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - John F Watts
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Fang J, Li S, Zhao N, Xu X, Zhou Y, Lu S. Uptake and distribution of the inorganic components NH 4+ and NO 3- in PM 2.5 by two Chinese conifers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167573. [PMID: 37804978 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants can effectively purify PM2.5 in the air, thereby improving air quality. Understanding the mechanisms of the uptake and distribution of PM2.5 in plants is crucial for enhancing their ecological benefits. In this study, the uptake and distribution of the water-soluble inorganic compounds ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) ions in PM2.5 by the two native Chinese conifers Manchurian red pine (Pinus tabuliformis) and Bunge's pine (P. bungeana) were investigated using a one-time aerosol treatment method combined with 15N tracing. The results showed the following: (1) Plants can efficiently uptake NH4+ (0.08-0.21 μg/g) and NO3- (0.03-0.68 μg/g) from PM2.5. Manchurian red pine uptakes these compounds more effectively with increases of 2.01-fold for NH4+ and 1.02-fold for NO3- compared with Bunge's pine. (2) The aboveground organs of the plants uptake and distribute more 15N than the belowground organs. The branches had the highest unit mass uptake (0.08-1.60 μg/g) and rate of distribution (16.91-53.60 %) for NH4+, while the leaves had the highest unit mass uptake (0.15-1.18 μg/g) and rate of distribution (50.78-84.88 %) for NO3-. (3) The ability of the aboveground organs to uptake 15N is influenced by the concentration of PM2.5, which showed an overall increase with increasing concentrations with some fluctuations in specific organs. However, the belowground organs were not affected by the concentration of PM2.5. (4) A larger specific leaf area, root-shoot ratio, branch biomass ratio, coarse root biomass ratio, and lower trunk biomass ratio favors the uptake of NH4+ from PM2.5, whereas these traits had a minimal influence on the uptake of NO3-. Manchurian red pine uptaked significantly more NH4+ compared with Bunge's pine, which benefited from the traits described above. These findings further revealed the mechanism of PM2.5 uptake by plants and its relationship with PM2.5 concentration and plant traits, and provided a scientific basis for how to effectively utilize plants to reduce PM2.5 pollution and purify the environment in areas with different pollution concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Fang
- Forestry College of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shaoning Li
- Forestry College of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yongbin Zhou
- Institute of Modern Agricultural Research, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Life Science and Technology College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China.
| | - Shaowei Lu
- Forestry College of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100093, China.
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Steinparzer M, Schaubmayr J, Godbold DL, Rewald B. Particulate matter accumulation by tree foliage is driven by leaf habit types, urbanization- and pollution levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122289. [PMID: 37532217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution poses a significant threat to human health. Greenery, particularly trees, can act as effective filters for PM, reducing associated health risks. Previous studies have indicated that tree traits play a crucial role in determining the amount of PM accumulated on leaves, although findings have often been site-specific. To comprehensively investigate the key factors influencing PM binding to leaves across diverse tree species and geographical locations, we conducted an extensive analysis using data extracted from 57 publications. The data covers 11 countries and 190 tree species from 1996 to 2021. We categorized tree species into functional groups: evergreen conifers, deciduous conifers, deciduous broadleaves, and evergreen broadleaves based on leaf habit and phylogeny. Evergreen conifers exhibited the highest PM accumulation on leaves, and in general, evergreen leaves accumulated more PM compared to deciduous leaves across all PM size classes. Specific leaf traits, such as epicuticular wax, played a significant role. The highest PM loads on leaves were observed in peri-urban areas along the rural-peri-urban-urban gradient. However, the availability of global data was skewed, with most data originating from urban and peri-urban areas, primarily from China and Poland. Among different climate zones, substantial data were only available for warm temperate and cold steppe climate zones. Understanding the problem of PM pollution and the role of greenery in urban environments is crucial for monitoring and controlling PM pollution. Our systematic review of the literature highlights the variation on PM loading among different vegetation types with varying leaf characteristics. Notably, epicuticular wax emerged as a marker trait that exhibited variability across PM size fractions and different vegetation types. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the importance of greenery in mitigation PM pollution. Our findings underscore the significance of tree traits in PM binding. However, lack of data stresses the need for further research and data collection initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Steinparzer
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Schaubmayr
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas L Godbold
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Rewald
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; Vienna Scientific Instruments GmbH, Alland, Austria.
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Lyu J, Chen D, Zhang X, Yan J, Shen G, Yin S. Coagulation effect of atmospheric submicron particles on plant leaves: Key functional characteristics and a comparison with dry deposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161582. [PMID: 36640873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Submicron particles have become a new focus in research on air pollution control. The abilities of urban tree species to retain particles can be used to alleviate urban haze pollution. However, research has focused mostly on plants and environmental conditions rather than on particle itself. Particle migration and transformation at the leaf-air interface are the key to dust retention. Submicron particles coagulate when they are retained by leaves. In this study, NaCl was used to simulate submicron particles. The average sizes of the particles on the leaves of 10 greening tree species in Shanghai in different seasons were measured using the sweep-resuspension method to characterize the coagulation effect. Thereafter, the effects of leaf characteristics were investigated and analyzed in relation to dry deposition velocity. The results indicated that the particles on the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, Osmanthus fragrans, Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant. "Kaizuca," Cinnamomum camphora, and Metasequoia glyptostroboides were large. The seasonal variability of the sizes of the particles on the leaves of different tree species varied. The average particle size was positively correlated with wax content and negatively correlated with single leaf area; however, the other factors correlated with particle size varied by season. For example, in April, the average particle size was positively correlated with tensile strength, wind resistance, adaxial epidermal roughness, and water potential, whereas the effects of stomatal conductance were more complex. Non-significant correlation was identified between coagulation and dry deposition although both were positively correlated with roughness and wax content. This study explored the effects of leaf characteristics on coagulation. The results may serve as a theoretical foundation for explaining the microscopic process underlying dust retention in plants and may provide a clearer scientific basis for the prevention and control of submicron particle pollution and the selection of urban greening tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dele Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangrong Shen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
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Guidi Nissim W, Castiglione S, Guarino F, Pastore MC, Labra M. Beyond Cleansing: Ecosystem Services Related to Phytoremediation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1031. [PMID: 36903892 PMCID: PMC10005053 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytotechnologies used for cleaning up urban and suburban polluted soils (i.e., brownfields) have shown some weakness in the excessive extent of the timeframe required for them to be effectively operating. This bottleneck is due to technical constraints, mainly related to both the nature of the pollutant itself (e.g., low bio-availability, high recalcitrance, etc.) and the plant (e.g., low pollution tolerance, low pollutant uptake rates, etc.). Despite the great efforts made in the last few decades to overcome these limitations, the technology is in many cases barely competitive compared with conventional remediation techniques. Here, we propose a new outlook on phytoremediation, where the main goal of decontaminating should be re-evaluated, considering additional ecosystem services (ESs) related to the establishment of a new vegetation cover on the site. The aim of this review is to raise awareness and stress the knowledge gap on the importance of ES associated with this technique, which can make phytoremediation a valuable tool to boost an actual green transition process in planning urban green spaces, thereby offering improved resilience to global climate change and a higher quality of life in cities. This review highlights that the reclamation of urban brownfields through phytoremediation may provide several regulating (i.e., urban hydrology, heat mitigation, noise reduction, biodiversity, and CO2 sequestration), provisional (i.e., bioenergy and added-value chemicals), and cultural (i.e., aesthetic, social cohesion, and health) ESs. Although future research should specifically be addressed to better support these findings, acknowledging ES is crucial for an exhaustive evaluation of phytoremediation as a sustainable and resilient technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II n◦ 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Guarino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II n◦ 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pastore
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Via Bonardi 3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Seo I, Park CR, Yoo G. Particulate matter resuspension from simulated urban green floors using a wind tunnel-mounted closed chamber. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14674. [PMID: 36785709 PMCID: PMC9921991 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Green areas are thought to reduce particulate matter (PM) concentrations in urban environments. Plants are the key to PM reduction via various mechanisms, although most mechanisms do not lead to the complete removal of PM. Ultimately, PM falls into the soil via wind and rainfall. However, the fallen PM can re-entrain the atmosphere, which can affect plants capacity to reduce PM. In this study, we simulated an urban green floor and measured the resuspension of PM from the surface using a new experimental system, a wind tunnel-mounted closed chamber. Methods The developed system is capable of quantifying the resuspension rate at the millimeter scale, which is measured by using the 1 mm node chain. This is adequate for simulating in situ green floors, including fallen branches and leaves. This addressed limitations from previous studies which focused on micrometer-scale surfaces. In this study, the surfaces consisted of three types: bare sand soil, broadleaves, and coniferous leaves. The resuspended PM was measured using a light-scattering dust detector. Results The resuspension rate was highest of 14.45×10-4 s-1 on broad-leaved surfaces and lowest on coniferous surfaces of 5.35×10-4 s-1 (p < 0.05) and was not proportional to the millimeter-scale surface roughness measured by the roller chain method. This might be due to the lower roughness density of the broad-leaved surface, which can cause more turbulence for PM resuspension. Moreover, the size distribution of the resuspended PM indicated that the particles tended to agglomerate at 2.5 µm after resuspension. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the management of fallen leaves on the urban green floor is important in controlling PM concentrations and that the coniferous floor is more effective than the broadleaved floor in reducing PM resuspension. Future studies using the new system can be expanded to derive PM management strategies by diversifying the PM types, surfaces, and atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhye Seo
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ryul Park
- Urban Forests Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Yoo
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Chen S, Yu H, Teng X, Dong M, Li W. Composition and size of retained aerosol particles on urban plants: Insights into related factors and potential impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158656. [PMID: 36096224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of plants in alleviating aerosol pollution has drawn extensive attention. Most studies focus on compositions of aerosol particles on urban plants, while the leaf traits related to particle retention have not yet been intensively studied. This study selected five typical urban plants (Loropetalum chinense, Rhododendron simsii, Euonymus japonicus, Photinia × fraseri, Osmanthus fragrans), and employed scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ion chromatography, aiming to investigate the accumulation features of aerosol particles and the relationships between leaf traits and particle retention. Results show that aerosol particles were mainly retained on the adaxial leaf surface, the fine particles (Φ ≤ 2.5 μm) were the predominant components (77.8 % by number) on the leaves, and the dominant water-soluble ions of particles were Ca2+, SO42-, and NO3-. By comparison, E. japonicus and P. fraseri were efficient in the retention of fine and coarse particles (2.5 <Φ ≤ 10 μm), but L. chinense was capable to retain more large particles (Φ > 10 μm). The correlation analysis indicates that leaf traits are closely related to the accumulation of aerosol particles. The result shows that plant leaves with larger stomatal area, lower stomatal density, smaller specific leaf area and higher in epicuticular wax content can retain more aerosol particles. This result indicates that the leaves are capable of retaining aerosol particles via the synergy of multiple leaf traits, such as higher wax content and the fewer but larger stomata on their leaf surfaces. This study is helpful to understand the interactions between leaf traits and particle retention, and it further contributes to the selection of potential dust-retaining plants, which is of great significance for the alleviation of urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xiaomi Teng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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10
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Chen D, Yin S, Zhang X, Lyu J, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Yan J. A high-resolution study of PM 2.5 accumulation inside leaves in leaf stomata compared with non-stomatal areas using three-dimensional X-ray microscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158543. [PMID: 36067857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves retain atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on their surfaces, helping PM removal and risk reduction of respiratory tract infection. Several processes (deposition, resuspension, rainfall removal) can influence the PM accumulation on leaves and different leaf microstructures (e.g., trichomes, epicuticular waxes) can also be involved in retaining PM. However, the accumulation and distribution of PM on leaves, particularly at the stomata, are unclear, and the lack of characterization methods limits our understanding of this process. Thus, in this study, we aimed to explore the pathway through which PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) enters plant leaves, and the penetration depth of PM2.5 along the entry route. Here, an indoor experiment using diamond powder as a tracer to simulate PM2.5 deposition on leaves was carried out. Then, the treated and non-treated leaves were scanned by using three-dimensional (3D) X-ray microscopy. Next, the grayscale value of the scanned images was used to compare PM2.5 accumulation in stomatal and non-stomatal areas of the treated and non-treated leaves, respectively. Finally, a total PM2.5 volume from the abaxial epidermis was calculated. The results showed that, first, a large amount of PM2.5 accumulates within leaf stomata, whereas PM2.5 does not accumulate at non-stomatal areas. Then, the penetration depth of PM2.5 in stomata of most tree species was 5-14 μm from the abaxial epidermis. For the first time, 3D X-ray microscope scanning was used to confirm that a pathway by which PM2.5 enters the leaves is through the stomata, which is fundamental for further research on how PM2.5 translocates and interacts with tissues and cells in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dele Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xuyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junyao Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
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11
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Su TH, Lin CS, Lu SY, Lin JC, Wang HH, Liu CP. Effect of air quality improvement by urban parks on mitigating PM 2.5 and its associated heavy metals: A mobile-monitoring field study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116283. [PMID: 36261989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Field mobile monitoring of PM2.5, equipped with a highly accurate device, was performed for two types of urban parks in Taiwan. Measurements were taken in the morning and evening rush hours, on certain weekdays and weekends, every month over a year. We designed six calculation schemes of the rate of PM2.5 mitigation by urban parks to comprehensively compare the average and maximum mitigation effects in relation to the vegetation barriers. The mitigation rate, from the lowest (2.51%) to the highest (35.57%) depended on the calculation schemes. The Taipei Botanical Garden (TBG) with a dense, multilevel forest has a stable PM2.5 mitigation effect and strong ability to improve air quality inside the park under severe PM2.5 pollution. In contrast, Zhonghe No.4 Park (ZHP), an open park with mostly a single-storied stand, has variable PM2.5 mitigation effect, leading to either quick dissipation or accumulation of PM2.5 inside the park. Furthermore, the dry deposition of PM and the associated heavy metals were investigated using camphor trees as bioaccumulators. Dry deposition flux of the leaf-deposited PM2.5 exhibited similar results in ZHP; whereas, noticeable higher results were observed inside TBG. In addition, most of the PM2.5 deposition flux from field estimations were similar to those in i-Tree Eco when considering the loss of mass due to the dissolution through water filtration, indicating that i-Tree Eco may be reliable to model the removal of PM2.5 in the parks in Taiwan. Moreover, we examined nine heavy metals' content in the deposited PM, and most of the detectable elements were significantly higher outside both parks, demonstrating the mitigation effects of urban parks in reducing not only the PM2.5 concentration but also the toxicity of the pollutant. This study provides direct evidence of the important ecosystem services, namely air quality improvement and biomonitoring effect, derived from urban parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hao Su
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, 100051, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Lin
- Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Zhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Yue Lu
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, 100051, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chiung-Pin Liu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, 402202, Taiwan.
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12
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Feng J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Chan KC, Liu CH, Chao CY, Fu SC. Particle resuspension from a flow-induced fluttering flexible substrate. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Zhang X, Lyu J, Chen WY, Chen D, Yan J, Yin S. Quantifying the capacity of tree branches for retaining airborne submicron particles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119873. [PMID: 35926735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human health risks brought by fine atmospheric particles raise scholarly and policy awareness about the role of urban trees as bio-filters of air pollution. While a large number of empirical studies have focused on the characteristics of vegetation leaves and their effects on atmospheric particle retention, the dry deposition of particles on branches, which plays a significant role in capturing and retaining particles during the defoliation period and contributes substantially to total removal of atmospheric particles, is under-investigated. To fill in this knowledge gap, this case study examined the dry deposition velocities (Vd) of submicron particulate matters (PM1) on the branches of six common deciduous species in Shanghai (China) using laboratory experiments. And the association between Vd and key branch anatomical traits (including surface roughness, perimeter, rind width proportion, lenticel density, peeling, and groove/ridge characteristics) was explored. It was found that surface roughness would increase Vd, as a rougher surface significantly increases turbulence, which is conducive to particle diffusion. By contrast, peeling, branch perimeter, and lenticel density would decrease Vd. Peeling represents the exfoliated remains on the branch surfaces which may flutter considerably with airflow, leading to particle resuspension and low Vd. When branch perimeter increases, the boundary layer of branches thickens and a wake area appears, increasing the difficulty of particles to reach branch surface, and reducing Vd. While lenticels can increase the roughness of branch surface, their pointy shape would uplift airflow and cause a leeward wake area, lowering Vd. This finely wrought study contributes to a better understanding of branch dry deposition during leaf-off seasons and potential of deciduous trees serving as nature-based air filters all year round in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junyao Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wendy Y Chen
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Dele Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
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14
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Wang Z, Yan J, Zhang P, Li Z, Guo C, Wu K, Li X, Zhu X, Sun Z, Wei Y. Chemical characterization, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of PM 2.5 in a typical industrial region in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:71696-71708. [PMID: 35604610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the chemical characteristics, source contributions, and health risks of pollution events associated with high PM2.5 in typical industrial areas of North China, manual sampling and analysis of PM2.5 were conducted in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2019 in Pingyin County, Jinan City, Shandong Province. The results showed that the total concentration of 29 components in PM2.5 was 53.4 ± 43.9 μg·m-3, including OC/EC, water-soluble ions, inorganic elements, and metal elements. The largest contribution was from the NO3- ion, at 14.6 ± 14.2 μg·m-3, followed by organic carbon (OC), SO42-, and NH4+, with concentrations of 9.3 ± 5.5, 9.1 ± 6.4, and 8.1 ± 6.8 μg·m-3, respectively. The concentrations of OC, NO3-, and SO42- were highest in winter and lowest in summer, whereas the NH4+ concentration was highest in winter and lowest in spring. Typical heavy metals had higher concentrations in autumn and winter, and lower concentrations in spring and summer. The annual average sulfur oxidation rate (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) were 0.30 ± 0.14 and 0.21 ± 0.12, respectively, with the highest SO2 emission and conversion rates in winter, resulting in the SO42- concentration being highest in winter. The average concentration of secondary organic carbon in 2019 was 2.8 ± 1.9 μg·m-3, and it comprised approximately 30% of total OC. The concentrations of 18 elements including Na, Mg, and Al were between 2.3 ± 1.6 and 888.1 ± 415.2 ng·m-3, with Ni having the lowest concentration and K the highest. The health risk assessment for typical heavy metals showed that Pb poses a potential carcinogenic risk for adults, whereas As may pose a carcinogenic risk for adults, children, and adolescents. The non-carcinogenic risk coefficients for all heavy metals were lower than 1.0, indicating that the non-carcinogenic risk was negligible. Positive matrix factorization analysis indicated that coal-burning emissions contributed the largest fraction of PM2.5, accounting for 35.9% of the total. The contribution of automotive emissions is similar to that of coal, at 32.1%. The third-largest contributor was industrial sources, which accounted for 17.2%. The contributions of dust and other emissions sources to PM2.5 were 8.4% and 6.4%, respectively. This study provides reference data for policymakers to improve the air quality in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jiayi Yan
- The Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Linyi, Shandong province, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Puzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhaobin Sun
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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15
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Zhang Z, Gong J, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhang T, Meng H, Liu X. Analysis of the influencing factors of atmospheric particulate matter accumulation on coniferous species: measurement methods, pollution level, and leaf traits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62299-62311. [PMID: 35397023 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban trees, especially their leaves, have the potential to capture atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and improve air quality. However, the amount of PM deposited on leaf surfaces detected by different methods varies greatly, and quantitative understanding of the relationship between PM retention capacity and various microstructures of leaf surfaces is still limited. In this study, three measurement methods, including the leaf washing (LW) method, aerosol regeneration (AR) method, and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) method, were used to determine the PM retention capacity of leaf surfaces of three coniferous species. Additionally, we analyzed the leaf traits and elemental composition of PM on leaves collected from different sites. The results showed that Pinus tabulaeformis and Abies holophylla were more efficient species in capturing PM than Juniperus chinensis, but different measurement methods could affect the detected results of PM accumulation on leaf surfaces. The concentrations of trace elements accumulated on leaf surfaces differed considerably between different sites. The greatest accumulation of elements that occurred on the leaf surface was at the Shenfu Highway site exposed to high PM pollution levels and the smallest accumulation at the Dongling park site. The stomatal density and contact angle were highly correlated with the PM retention capacity of leaf surfaces of the tested species (Pearson coefficient: r = 0.87, p < 0.01 and r = - 0.70, p < 0.05), while the roughness and groove width were not significantly correlated (Pearson coefficient: r = 0.16 and r = - 0.03). This study suggests that a methodological standardization for measuring PM is urgently required and this could contribute to selecting greening tree species with high air purification capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Landscape Planning Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Jialian Gong
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Landscape Planning Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Landscape Planning Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Weikang Zhang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Landscape Planning Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding, and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, 110866, Shenyang, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Landscape Planning Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Landscape Planning Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Landscape Planning Laboratory, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
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16
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Su Z, Lin L, Chen Y, Hu H. Understanding the distribution and drivers of PM 2.5 concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta from 2015 to 2020 using Random Forest Regression. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:284. [PMID: 35296936 PMCID: PMC8926105 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of PM2.5 is critical for the establishment of PM2.5 prediction models and the prevention and control of regional air pollution. In this study, the Yangtze River Delta is taken as the research object. Spatial cluster and outlier method was used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution and variation of surface PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta from 2015 to 2020, and Random Forest was utilized to analyze the drivers of PM2.5 in this area. The results indicated that (1) based on the spatial cluster distribution of PM2.5, the northwest and north of Yangtze River Delta region were mostly highly concentrated and surrounded by high concentrations of PM2.5, while lowly concentrated and surrounded by low concentrations areas were distributed in the southern; (2) the relationship between PM2.5 concentrations and drivers in the Yangtze River Delta was modeled well and the explanatory rate of drivers to PM2.5 were more than 0.9; (3) temperature, precipitation, and wind speed were the main driving forces of PM2.5 emission in the Yangtze River Delta. It should be noted that the repercussion of wildfire on PM2.5 was gradually prominent. When formulating air pollution control measures, the local government normally considers the impact of weather and traffic conditions. In order to reduce PM2.5 pollution caused by biomass combustion, the influence of wildfire should also be taken into account, especially in the fire season. Meanwhile, high leaf area was conducive to improving air quality, and the increasing green area will help reduce air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangwen Su
- College of Applied Chemical Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363000, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Yimin Chen
- College of Applied Chemical Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Honghao Hu
- College of Applied Chemical Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
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17
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The Nature and Size Fractions of Particulate Matter Deposited on Leaves of Four Tree Species in Beijing, China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) in different size fractions (PM0.1–2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM>10) accumulation on four tree species (Populus tomentosa, Platanus acerifolia, Fraxinus chinensis, and Ginkgo biloba) at two sites with different pollution levels was examined in Beijing, China. Among the tested tree species, P. acerifolia was the most efficient species in capturing PM, followed by F. chinensis, G. biloba, and P. tomentosa. The heavily polluted site had higher PM accumulation on foliage and a higher percentage of PM0.1–2.5 and PM2.5–10. Encapsulation of PM within cuticles was observed on leaves of F. chinensis and G. biloba, which was further dominated by PM2.5. Leaf surface structure explains the considerable differences in PM accumulation among tree species. The amounts of accumulated PM (PM0.1–2.5, PM2.5–10, and PM>10) increased with the increase of stomatal aperture, stomatal width, leaf length, leaf width, and stomatal density, but decreases with contact angle. Considering PM accumulation ability, leaf area index, and tolerance to pollutants in urban areas, we suggest P. acerifolia should be used more frequently in urban areas, especially in “hotspots” in city centers (e.g., roads/streets with heavy traffic loads). However, G. biloba and P. tomentosa should be installed in less polluted areas.
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18
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Cao Z, Wu X, Wang T, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Wang D, Chang Y, Wei Y, Yan G, Fan Y, Yue C, Duan J, Xi B. Characteristics of airborne particles retained on conifer needles across China in winter and preliminary evaluation of the capacity of trees in haze mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150704. [PMID: 34600981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To fully understand the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) retained on plant leaves (PMR) and the effect of vegetation on haze on a large spatial scale, we investigated needle samples collected from 78 parks and campuses in 31 cities (30 provincial cities) of China and developed a comprehensive method to characterise PMR. Both the PMR load (including water-insoluble particulate matter (WIPM), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIS) and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM)), with a mean value of 554 ± 345 mg m-2 leaf area, and component profiles of PMR showed obvious spatial variation across the cities. Though haze pollution levels vary greatly among the 31 cities, the PM retention capacity of needles does not depend on haze level because PMR generally reaches saturation before precipitation in winter. The water-soluble component (WSC, the sum of WSIS and WSOM) accounted for 52.3% of PMR on average, among which WSIS and WSOM contributed 21.4% and 30.9% to PMR, respectively. The dominant ions of WSIS in PMR in the cities were Ca2+, K+ and NO3-, indicating that raised dust, biomass combustion and traffic exhaust are significant sources of PM in China. Compared with previous reports, the particle size distributions of PMR and PM across China were consistent, with fine PM (PM2.5) constituting a substantial proportion (43.8 ± 17.0%) of PMR. These results prove that trees can effectively remove fine particles from the air, thereby reducing human exposure to inhalable PM. We proposed a method to estimate the annual amount of PMR on Cedrus deodara, with an average value of 11.9 ± 9.6 t km-2 canopy yr-1 in China. Compared with the load of dust fall (atmospheric particles naturally falling on the ground, average of 138 ± 164 t km-2 land area yr-1 in China), we conclude that trees play a significant role in mitigating haze pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yahui Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Youhua Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu Chang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ya Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chen Yue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Benye Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Particulate Matter (PM) Adsorption and Leaf Characteristics of Ornamental Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Cultivars and Two Common Indoor Plants (Hedera helix L. and Epipremnum aureum Lindl. & Andre). HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a serious threat to human health, climate, and ecosystems. Furthermore, owing to the combined influence of indoor and outdoor particles, indoor PM can pose a greater threat than urban PM. Plants can help to reduce PM pollution by acting as biofilters. Plants with different leaf characteristics have varying capacities to capture PM. However, the PM mitigation effects of plants and their primary factors are unclear. In this study, we investigated the PM adsorption and leaf characteristics of five ornamental sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) cultivars and two common indoor plants (Hedera helix L. and Epipremnum aureum Lindl. & Andre) exposed to approximately 300 μg m−3 of fly ash particles to assess the factors influencing PM adsorption on leaves and to understand the effects of PM pollution on the leaf characteristics of plants. We analyzed the correlation between PM adsorption and photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr), leaf area (LA), leaf width/length ratio (W/L), stomatal density (SD), and stomatal pore size (SP). A Pearson’s correlation analysis and a principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate the effects of different leaf characteristics on PM adsorption. The analysis indicated that leaf gas exchange factors, such as Pn and Tr, and morphological factors, such as W/L and LA, were the primary parameters influencing PM adsorption in all cultivars and species tested. Pn, Tr, and W/L showed a positive correlation with PM accumulation, whereas LA was negatively correlated.
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Terzaghi E, Posada-Baquero R, Di Guardo A, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Microbial degradation of pyrene in holm oak (Quercus ilex) phyllosphere: Role of particulate matter in regulating bioaccessibility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147431. [PMID: 33964783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we first measured the mineralization of pyrene on leaves of urban holm oak (Quercus ilex) by autochthonous microorganisms and an inoculated PAH degrading bacterium (i.e., Mycobacterium gilvum), selected as a model phyllosphere species, as well as the leaf-water (KLW) and leaf-air (KLA) partition coefficients for this chemical. Mineralization was investigated in two different experimental systems in terms of leaf and microorganism environment. Additionally, the influence on pyrene partitioning and mineralization when particulate matter (PM) was present on the leaf surface or removed was studied. Mineralization of 14C-labeled pyrene by autochthonous microorganisms was lower than 1% after approximately two weeks, while M. gilvum mineralized 5% to 17% of pyrene. These extents corresponded to mineralization half-lives that ranged between ~30 to ~200 days. We proposed that PM present at the leaf surface reduced the accumulation of pyrene by inner compartments (cuticle) distantly located from microbial cells and enhanced the bioaccessibility of pyrene, speeding up microbial activity and therefore mineralization. These results highlight that plant-phyllosphere microorganism interaction is more complex than currently established and deserves additional studies to further comprehend the air purification ecosystem service of phyllosphere microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Terzaghi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy.
| | - Rosa Posada-Baquero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologıá de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), E-41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Josè-J Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologıá de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), E-41080 Seville, Spain
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Analysis of Particulate Matter Concentration Intercepted by Trees of a Latin-American Megacity. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Urban areas with trees provide several ecosystem services to citizens. There is a growing interest in ecosystem services for the removal of air pollutants such as particulate matter. The objective of this paper is to show a study on the variation of intercepted particulate matter concentration (IPMC) by tree leaves in the megacity of Bogotá (Colombia). The relationship between IPMC and PM2.5 concentrations observed in air quality stations in two urban zones with different air pollutions was studied. Influences of climate and leaf morphology variables on IPMC were also analyzed. The species under study were Ligustrum-lucidum, Eucalyptus-ficifolia, Tecoma-stans, Callistemon-citrinus, Lafoensia-acuminata, and Quercus-humboldtii. The results showed that leaf IPMC decreased as the PM2.5 concentration increased. Species that best described this trend were Ligustrum-lucidum and Lafoensia-acuminata. These two species also showed the largest IPMC in their leaves. Indeed, species that showed the largest leaf area were those with the highest IPMC. On average, it was observed that for each 5.0 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration the IPMCs of the species Ligustrum-lucidum and Lafoensia-acuminata decreased by 33.6% and 23.1%, respectively. When wind speed increased, there was also an increase in PM2.5 concentrations and a reduction in the leaf IPMCs.
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Zhang X, Lyu J, Zeng Y, Sun N, Liu C, Yin S. Individual effects of trichomes and leaf morphology on PM 2.5 dry deposition velocity: A variable-control approach using species from the same family or genus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116385. [PMID: 33433344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban green infrastructure is closely linked to the alleviation of pollution from atmospheric particulate matter. Although particle deposition has been shown to depend on leaf characteristics, the findings from earlier studies are sometimes ambiguous due to the lack of controlling variables. In this study, we investigated the impact of leaf morphological characteristics on PM2.5 dry deposition velocity by employing a control-variable approach. We focused on four indices: trichome density, petiole length, aspect ratio (width-to-length ratio), and fractal deviation. For each index, tree species were chosen from the same family or genus to minimize the influence of other factors and make a group of treatments for an individual index. The dry deposition velocities of PM2.5 were determined through application of an indirect method. The results revealed that the presence of leaf trichomes had a positive effect on PM2.5 dry deposition velocity, and a higher trichome density also led to a greater particle deposition velocity. Lower leaf aspect ratio, shorter petioles, and higher leaf fractal deviation were associated with greater PM2.5 dry deposition velocity. The control-variable approach allows to investigate the correlation between deposition velocity and a certain leaf characteristic independently while minimizing the effects of others. Thus, our study can clarify how a single leaf characteristic affects particle deposition velocity, and expound its potential mechanism more scientifically than the published studies. Our research points out the importance of controlling variables, and also provides ideas for future researches on related factors to be found. Meanwhile the results would help provide insight into design improvements or adaptive management for the alleviation of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junyao Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China.
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