1
|
Castillo NA, James WR, Santos RO, Rezek R, Cerveny D, Boucek RE, Adams AJ, Trabelsi S, Distrubell A, Sandquist M, Fick J, Brodin T, Rehage JS. Identifying pathways of pharmaceutical exposure in a mesoconsumer marine fish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135382. [PMID: 39088947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical uptake involves processes that vary across aquatic systems and biota. However, single studies examining multiple environmental compartments, microhabitats, biota, and exposure pathways in mesoconsumer fish are sparse. We investigated the pharmaceutical burden in bonefish (Albula vulpes), pathways of exposure, and estimated exposure to a human daily dose. To evaluate exposure pathways, the number and composition of pharmaceuticals across compartments and the bioconcentration in prey and bonefish were assessed. To evaluate bioaccumulation, we proposed the use of a field-derived bioaccumulation factor (fBAF), due to variability inherent to natural systems. Exposure to a human daily dose was based on bonefish daily energetic requirements and consumption rates using pharmaceutical concentrations in prey. Pharmaceutical number and concentration were highest in prey, followed by bonefish, water and sediment. Fifteen pharmaceuticals were detected in common among bonefish, prey, and water; all of which bioconcentrated in prey and bonefish, and four bioaccumulated in bonefish. The composition of detected pharmaceuticals was compartment specific, and prey were most similar to bonefish. Bonefish were exposed to a maximum of 1.2 % of a human daily dose via prey consumption. Results highlight the need for multicompartment assessments of exposure and consideration of prey along with water as a pathway of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Castillo
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - W R James
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R O Santos
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Rezek
- Department of Marine Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - D Cerveny
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden; Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - R E Boucek
- Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A J Adams
- Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL, USA; Florida Atlantic University Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - S Trabelsi
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Distrubell
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Sandquist
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J S Rehage
- Earth and Environment Department, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Robinson RFA, Mills GA, Grabic R, Bořík A, Fones GR. Quantification and risk assessment of polar organic contaminants in two chalk streams in Hampshire, UK using the Chemcatcher passive sampler. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173316. [PMID: 38782290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater systems are facing a number of pressures due to the inputs of polar organic contaminants from a range of sources including agriculture, domestic and industry. The River Itchen and River Test are two sensitive chalk streams in Southern England that are experiencing a decline in invertebrate communities. We used Chemcatcher passive samplers to measure time-weighted average concentrations (14 days) of polar pollutants at nine sites on the River Itchen and eight sites on the River Test over a 12-month period. Sampler extracts were analysed using a targeted LC/MS method. In total, 121 plant protection products and pharmaceutical and personal care products were quantified (range of log Kow from - 1.5 to 7). Concentrations (sub ng L-1 to >500 ng L-1) in both rivers showed spatial and temporal variations. A greater number of compounds and higher concentrations were found in the River Test. The chemical profile was dominated by inputs from wastewater treatment plants and legacy plant protection products. On the River Itchen, high concentrations (∼100 ng L-1) of caffeine were observed directly downstream of a fish farm. Using the NORMAN database, the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) freshwater values were exceeded by only five contaminants (2-hydroxy-terbuthylazine, alprazolam, azithromycin, diclofenac and imidacloprid). In addition, venlafaxine was detected above its EU Watch List concentration. These exceedances were mainly downstream of direct inputs from treatment plants. These compounds are known to have ecotoxicological effects on a range of aquatic biota including macroinvertebrates. Of concern is the ubiquitous presence of the ectoparasiticide imidacloprid, highlighting the need to control its use. The impact of the cocktail of pollutants found in this study on the long-term effects on chalk stream ecosystems remains unknown and needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosamund F A Robinson
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bořík
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Guo C, Wu R, Hou S, Liu Y, Zhao J, Jiang M, Xu J, Wu F. Global occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of psychopharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface water environment: A meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 263:122165. [PMID: 39084090 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Psychopharmaceuticals and illicit drugs (PIDs) in aquatic environments can negatively impact ecosystem and human health. However, data on the sources, distribution, drivers, and risks of PIDs in global surface waters are limited. We compiled a dataset of 331 records spanning 23 PIDs in surface waters and sediments across 100 countries by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 108 studies published between 2005 and 2022. Most PIDs were sewage-derived, as wastewater treatment rarely achieved complete removal. The highest total PID levels were in Ethiopia, Australia, and Armenia, with many highly contaminated samples from low- and middle-income countries with minimal prior monitoring. Socioeconomic factors (population, GDP) and environmental variables (water stress) influenced the distribution of PIDs. 3,4-Methylenedioxy amphetamine hydrochloride (MDA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and 11- Δ9‑hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCOH) posed the greatest ecological risks, especially in Oceania and North America. PIDs in surface waters present risks to aquatic organisms. Our findings elucidate the current status and future directions of PID research in surface waters and provide a scientific foundation for evaluating ecological risks and informing pollution control policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rongshan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Song Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jianglu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Minyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ijzerman MM, Raby M, Letwin NV, Kudla YM, Anderson JD, Atkinson BJ, Rooney RC, Sibley PK, Prosser RS. New insights into pesticide occurrence and multicompartmental monitoring strategies in stream ecosystems using periphyton and suspended sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170144. [PMID: 38242468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Streams are susceptible to pesticide pollutants which are transported outside of the intended area of application from surrounding agricultural fields. It is essential to monitor the occurrence and levels of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems to comprehend their effects on the aquatic environment. The common sampling strategy used for monitoring pesticides in stream ecosystems is through the collection and analysis of grab water samples. However, grab water sampling may not effectively monitor pesticides due to its limited ability to capture temporal and spatial variability, potentially missing fluctuations and uneven distribution of pesticides in aquatic environments. Monitoring using periphyton and sediment sampling may offer a more comprehensive approach by accounting for accumulative processes and temporal variations. Periphyton are a collective of microorganisms that grow on hard surfaces in aquatic ecosystems. They are responsive to chemical and biological changes in the environment, and therefore have the potential to act as a cost-effective, integrated sampling tool to monitor pesticide exposures in aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess pesticides detected through periphyton, suspended sediment, and conventional grab water sampling methods and identify the matrix that offers a more comprehensive characterization of a stream's pesticide exposure profile. Ten streams across Southern Ontario were sampled in 2021 and 2022. At each stream site, water, sediment and periphyton, colonizing both artificial and natural substrates, were collected and analyzed for the presence of ~500 pesticides. Each of the three matrices detected distinctive pesticide exposure profiles. The frequency of detection in periphyton, sediment and water matrices were related to pesticides' log Kow and log Koc (P < 0.05). In addition, periphyton bioconcentrated 22 pesticides above levels observed in the ambient water. The bioconcentration factors of pesticides in periphyton can be predicted from their log Kow (simple linear regressions, P < 0.05). The results demonstrate that sediment and periphyton accumulate pesticides in stream environments. This highlights the importance of monitoring pesticide exposure using these matrices to ensure a complete and comprehensive characterization of exposure in stream ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moira M Ijzerman
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Raby
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas V Letwin
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yaryna M Kudla
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna D Anderson
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brian J Atkinson
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Rooney
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Paul K Sibley
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan S Prosser
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maskrey BH, Dean K, Morrell N, Younger A, Turner AD, Katsiadaki I. Seasonal profile of common pharmaceuticals in edible bivalve molluscs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116128. [PMID: 38377862 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are recognised as environmental contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) due to their increasing presence in the aquatic environment, along with high bioactivity linked to their therapeutic use. Therefore, information on environmental levels is urgently required. This study examined the presence of a range of common pharmaceuticals in oysters and mussels intended for human consumption from England and Wales using stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. A range of compounds were detected in bivalve tissue, with the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor antidepressant sertraline being most abundant, reaching a maximum concentration of 22.1 ng/g wet weight shellfish tissue. Levels of all pharmaceuticals showed seasonal and geographical patterns. A dietary risk assessment revealed that the levels of pharmaceuticals identified in bivalve molluscs represent a clear hazard, but not a risk for the consumer. This study highlights the requirement for further monitoring of the presence of pharmaceuticals and other CECs in bivalve molluscs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Morrell
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Younger
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu X, Luo T, Wang D, Zhao Y, Jin Y, Yang G. The occurrence of typical psychotropic drugs in the aquatic environments and their potential toxicity to aquatic organisms - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165732. [PMID: 37495145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Psychotropic drugs (PDs) and their bioactive metabolites often persist in aquatic environments due to their typical physical properties, which made them resistant to removal by traditional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Consequently, such drugs and/or their metabolites are frequently detected in both aquatic environments and organisms. Even at low concentrations, these drugs can exhibit toxic effects on non-target organisms including bony fish (zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnows) and bivalves (freshwater mussels and clams). This narrative review focuses on the quintessential representatives of three different categories of PDs-antiepileptics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. The data regarding their concentrations occurring in the environment, patterns of distribution, the degree of enrichment in various tissues of aquatic organisms, and the toxicological effects on them are summarized. The toxicological assessments of these drugs included the evaluation of their effects on the reproductive, embryonic development, oxidative stress-related, neurobehavioral, and genetic functions in various experimental models. However, the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PDs to aquatic organisms and their potential health risks to humans remain unclear. Most studies have focused on the effects caused by acute short-term exposure due to limitations in the experimental conditions, thus making it necessary to investigate the chronic toxic effects at concentrations that are in coherence with those occurring in the environment. Additionally, this review aims to raise awareness and stimulate further research efforts by highlighting the gaps in the understanding of the mechanisms behind PD-induced toxicity and potential health risks. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of developing advanced remediation methods for the removal of PDs in WWTPs and encourages a broader discussion on mitigating their environmental impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghai Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China; Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Egli M, Rapp-Wright H, Oloyede O, Francis W, Preston-Allen R, Friedman S, Woodward G, Piel FB, Barron LP. A One-Health environmental risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern in London's waterways throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108210. [PMID: 37778289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had huge impacts on global urban populations, activity and health, yet little is known about attendant consequences for urban river ecosystems. We detected significant changes in occurrence and risks from contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in waterways across Greater London (UK) during the pandemic. We were able to rapidly identify and monitor large numbers of CECs in n = 390 samples across 2019-2021 using novel direct-injection liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for scalable targeted analysis, suspect screening and prioritisation of CEC risks. A total of 10,029 measured environmental concentrations (MECs) were obtained for 66 unique CECs. Pharmaceutical MECs decreased during lockdown in 2020 in the R. Thames (p ≤ 0.001), but then increased significantly in 2021 (p ≤ 0.01). For the tributary rivers, the R. Lee, Beverley Brook, R. Wandle and R. Hogsmill were the most impacted, primarily via wastewater treatment plant effluent and combined sewer overflows. In the R. Hogsmill in particular, pharmaceutical MEC trends were generally correlated with NHS prescription statistics, likely reflecting limited wastewater dilution. Suspect screening of ∼ 1,200 compounds tentatively identified 25 additional CECs at the five most impacted sites, including metabolites such as O-desmethylvenlafaxine, an EU Watch List compound. Lastly, risk quotients (RQs) ≥ 0.1 were calculated for 21 compounds across the whole Greater London freshwater catchment, of which seven were of medium risk (RQ ≥ 1.0) and three were in the high-risk category (RQ ≥ 10), including imidacloprid (RQ = 19.6), azithromycin (15.7) and diclofenac (10.5). This is the largest spatiotemporal dataset of its kind for any major capital city globally and the first for Greater London, representing ∼ 16 % of the population of England, and delivering a foundational One-Health case study in the third largest city in Europe across a global pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Egli
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Rapp-Wright
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Olukemi Oloyede
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William Francis
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit (SAHSU), Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rhys Preston-Allen
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Dept. Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Brackhurst Road SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Stav Friedman
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guy Woodward
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Dept. Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Brackhurst Road SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Frédéric B Piel
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit (SAHSU), Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Leon P Barron
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; Dept. Analytical & Environmental Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wronski AR, Brooks BW. Global occurrence and aquatic hazards of antipsychotics in sewage influents, effluent discharges and surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121042. [PMID: 36646406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing reports of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, aquatic hazard information remains limited for many contaminants, particularly for sublethal, chronic responses plausibly linked to molecular initiation events that are largely conserved across vertebrates. Here, we critically examined available refereed information on the occurrence of 67 antipsychotics in wastewater effluent and surface waters. Because the majority of sewage remains untreated around the world, we also examined occurrence in sewage influents. When sufficient information was available, we developed probabilistic environmental exposure distributions (EEDs) for each compound in each matrix by geographic region. We then performed probabilistic environmental hazard assessments (PEHAs) using therapeutic hazard values (THVs) of each compound, due to limited sublethal aquatic toxicology information for this class of pharmaceuticals. From these PEHAs, we determined predicted exceedances of the respective THVs for each chemical among matrices and regions, noting that THV values of antipsychotic contaminants are typically lower than other classes of human pharmaceuticals. Diverse exceedances were observed, and these aquatic hazards varied by compound, matrix and geographic region. In wastewater effluent discharges and surface waters, sulpiride was the most detected antipsychotic; however, percent exceedances of the THV were minimal (0.6%) for this medication. In contrast, we observed elevated aquatic hazards for chlorpromazine (30.5%), aripiprazole (37.5%), and perphenazine (68.7%) in effluent discharges, and for chlorprothixene (35.4%) and flupentixol (98.8%) in surface waters. Elevated aquatic hazards for relatively understudied antipsychotics were identified, which highlight important data gaps for future environmental chemistry and toxicology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Wronski
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu S, Wang J, Wang B, Xin M, Lin C, Gu X, Lian M, Li Y. Comprehensive profiling of the distribution, risks and priority of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: A large-scale study from rivers to coastal seas. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119591. [PMID: 36638740 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have captured global concern due to their detrimental effects on aquatic organisms. Thirty PPCPs were analyzed in the water of the Jiaozhou Bay watershed, the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) in China to investigate the distribution and risk of PPCPs from rivers to coastal seas, which are not yet well documented. The results showed the prevalence of the target PPCPs with a downward trend in detection frequencies and total concentrations from rivers (675 ng/L on average) to bay (166 ng/L) and to coastal seas (103 ng/L). Antibiotics and personal care products (PCPs) were dominated by amoxicillin (AMOX) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively, while the dominant estrogens were inconsistent in different regions. Spatially, the total PPCP concentrations were higher in the ECS than that in the YS due to the larger quantity of sewage flowing into the ECS. Additionally, higher total PPCP concentrations were appeared in the southeastern waters outside the Yangtze estuary and Hangzhou Bay of the ECS. The PPCP mixtures might pose medium to high risk to aquatic organisms in general. The total risk quotient (RQT) of antibiotics and PCPs to algae was higher than that to crustacean and fish, while estrogens may cause the greatest damage to fish. Despite the higher PPCP concentrations in river water than in seawater, the RQT of PPCPs in bay water was generally higher than that in river water, which may be associated with the susceptibility of marine organisms. Furthermore, the high-risk pollutants that need special concern in different regions were clarified, showing that AMOX, 17ß-estradiol, and estriol deserve the highest-priority in rivers, bay, and coastal waters, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang Gu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Maoshan Lian
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yun Li
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang ED, Owen SF, Hogstrand C, Bury NR. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Uptake by Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Oct2 (slc22a2) Transporter Expressed in Xenopus laevis Oocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2993-2998. [PMID: 36102855 PMCID: PMC9827845 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) across the gill epithelium of fish is via either a passive or facilitated transport process, with the latter being more important at the lower concentrations more readily observed in the environment. The solute carrier (SLC) 22A family, which includes the organic cation transporter OCT2 (SLC22A2), has been shown in mammals to transport several endogenous chemicals and APIs. Zebrafish oct2 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and the uptake of ranitidine, propranolol, and tetraethylammonium characterized. Uptake of ranitidine and propranolol was time- and concentration-dependent with a km and Vmax for ranitidine of 246 µM and 45 pmol/(oocyte × min) and for propranolol of 409 µM and 190 pmol/(oocyte × min), respectively. Uptake of tetraethylammonium (TEA) was inhibited by propranolol, amantadine, and cimetidine, known to be human OCT2 substrates, but not quinidine or ranitidine. At external media pH 7 and 8 propranolol uptake was 100-fold greater than at pH 6; pH did not affect ranitidine or TEA uptake. It is likely that cation uptake is driven by the electrochemical gradient across the oocyte. Uptake kinetics parameters, such as those derived in the present study, coupled with knowledge of transporter localization and abundance and API metabolism, can help derive pharmacokinetic models. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2993-2998. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth D. Chang
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Christer Hogstrand
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Nic R. Bury
- School of Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gkotsis G, Nika MC, Nikolopoulou V, Alygizakis N, Bizani E, Aalizadeh R, Badry A, Chadwick E, Cincinelli A, Claßen D, Danielsson S, Dekker R, Duke G, Drost W, Glowacka N, Göckener B, Jansman HAH, Juergens M, Knopf B, Koschorreck J, Krone O, Martellini T, Movalli P, Persson S, Potter ED, Rohner S, Roos A, O' Rourke E, Siebert U, Treu G, van den Brink NW, Walker LA, Williams R, Slobodnik J, Thomaidis NS. Assessment of contaminants of emerging concern in European apex predators and their prey by LC-QToF MS wide-scope target analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107623. [PMID: 36379200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Apex predators are good indicators of environmental pollution since they are relatively long-lived and their high trophic position and spatiotemporal exposure to chemicals provides insights into the persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties of chemicals. Although monitoring data from apex predators can considerably support chemicals' management, there is a lack of pan-European studies, and longer-term monitoring of chemicals in organisms from higher trophic levels. The present study investigated the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in 67 freshwater, marine and terrestrial apex predators and in freshwater and marine prey, gathered from four European countries. Generic sample preparation protocols for the extraction of CECs with a broad range of physicochemical properties and the purification of the extracts were used. The analysis was performed utilizing liquid (LC) chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), while the acquired chromatograms were screened for the presence of more than 2,200 CECs through wide-scope target analysis. In total, 145 CECs were determined in the apex predator and their prey samples belonging in different categories, such as pharmaceuticals, plant protection products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, their metabolites and transformation products. Higher concentration levels were measured in predators compared to prey, suggesting that biomagnification of chemicals through the food chain occurs. The compounds were prioritized for further regulatory risk assessment based on their frequency of detection and their concentration levels. The majority of the prioritized CECs were lipophilic, although the presence of more polar contaminants should not be neglected. This indicates that holistic analytical approaches are required to fully characterize the chemical universe of biota samples. Therefore, the present survey is an attempt to systematically investigate the presence of thousands of chemicals at a European level, aiming to use these data for better chemicals management and contribute to EU Zero Pollution Ambition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gkotsis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Nika
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Varvara Nikolopoulou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Erasmia Bizani
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Badry
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Chadwick
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Postal Code: CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Daniela Claßen
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Sara Danielsson
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René Dekker
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Guy Duke
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, 3 S Parks Rd, OX1 3QY Oxford, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Drost
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Natalia Glowacka
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Hugh A H Jansman
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Environmental Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3-3 A, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Juergens
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Burkhard Knopf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Oliver Krone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania Martellini
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Paola Movalli
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sara Persson
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elaine D Potter
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Rohner
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Roos
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily O' Rourke
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Postal Code: CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ursula Siebert
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele Treu
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Wageningen University & Research, Division of Toxicology, Stippeneng 4, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lee A Walker
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Williams
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Faria M, Bellot M, Soto O, Prats E, Montemurro N, Manjarrés D, Gómez-Canela C, Raldúa D. Developmental exposure to sertraline impaired zebrafish behavioral and neurochemical profiles. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1040598. [PMID: 36467683 PMCID: PMC9716079 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of people suffering from mental health problems is rising, with anxiety and depression now the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric conditions. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are one of the most prescribed pharmaceuticals to treat these conditions, which has led to their common detection in many aquatic ecosystems. As the monoaminergic system shows a high degree of structural conservation across diverse animal phyla, a reasonable assumption is that the environmental levels of SSRIs in surface water can lead to adverse effects on fish and other aquatic wildlife. For instance, Sertraline (SER), a widely prescribed SSRI, has been shown to induce adverse effects in fish, albeit most of the reports used exposure concentrations exceeding those occurring in natural environments. Therefore, there is still a great lack of knowledge regarding SERs effects in fish species, especially during early life stages. This study describes the evaluation of developmental exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to environmentally relevant concentrations of SER (from 0.01 to 10 μg/L), using a battery of key survival behaviors and further relating them with the expression of genes and neurochemical profiles of the monoaminergic system. We found that developmental exposure to SER did not affect embryo morphogenesis and growth. However, concentrations as low as 0.1 μg/L induced hypolocomotion and delayed learning. The observed behavioral impairment was associated with augmented serotonin levels rather than other neurochemicals and molecular markers, highlighting the relationship between serotonin signaling and behavior in zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Faria
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Bellot
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry (Chromatography Section), School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Soto
- Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Prats
- Research and Development Center (CID-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Manjarrés
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry (Chromatography Section), School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Demetrio Raldúa
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bulbul M, Bhattacharya S, Ankit Y, Yadav P, Anoop A. Occurrence, distribution and sources of phthalates and petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical estuarine sediments (Mandovi and Ashtamudi) of western Peninsular India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113679. [PMID: 35714689 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides baseline information on the concentration levels, distribution characteristics and pollution sources of environmental contaminants, such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs or phthalates) and petroleum hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the tropical estuaries (Mandovi and Ashtamudi) from western Peninsular India. Total PAEs (∑5PAEs), hopanes, steranes and diasteranes concentrations from Ashtamudi estuary ranged from 7.77 to 1478.2 ng/g, n.d.-363.2 ng/g, n.d.-121.5 ng/g and n.d.-116.6 ng/g, respectively. Likewise, PAEs (∑6PAEs), steranes and diasteranes concentrations from Mandovi estuary ranged from 60.1 to 271.9 ng/g, 2.33-40.1 ng/g and 2.28-23.0 ng/g, respectively. The PAEs comprising di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), an isomer peak for DBP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate were dominant in Ashtamudi estuary sediments, while PAEs including diethyl phthalate, DIBP, DBP and its isomer, DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate were detected in the Mandovi sediment samples. The results of this study show an insignificant correlation of TOC with PAEs, and indicates that the varying spatial distributions of the PAEs in both the estuaries can be the result of discharge sources. The higher concentration of PAE congeners was noticed in Ashtamudi, a Ramsar wetland site, that can be attributed to land-based plastic waste. The petroleum biomarkers were abundantly present in Mandovi estuary due to anthropogenic activities such as boating and spillage from oil tankers. The findings of the present study will serve as a reference point for future investigation of organic contaminants in Indian estuaries, and calls for attention towards implementing effective measures in controlling the pervasion of the PAEs and petroleum biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehta Bulbul
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India.
| | | | - Yadav Ankit
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Pushpit Yadav
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Ambili Anoop
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Picone M, Distefano GG, Marchetto D, Russo M, Baccichet M, Brusò L, Zangrando R, Gambaro A, Volpi Ghirardini A. Long-term effects of neonicotinoids on reproduction and offspring development in the copepod Acartia tonsa. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 181:105761. [PMID: 36206640 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NEOs) are neurotoxic pesticides acting as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. NEOs' efficacy against pest insects has favoured their spreading use in agriculture, but their proven effectiveness against non-target insects in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems also raised concern over their environmental impact. Crustaceans were often studied for the impacts of NEOs due to their economic values and nervous' system similarity with insects. However, most studies on crustaceans focused on acute effects or exposure of early-life stages, while long-term effects were seldom explored. The present study aimed to assess the potential long-term effects of four commercially available NEOs on the reproduction and offspring of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa, a key species in the food webs of several coastal and estuarine environments. NEOs were confirmed as potent interferents of copepod reproduction. The first-generation compound acetamiprid significantly inhibited egg production and hatching ratio at 10 ng L-1, while larval survival and development were affected at 81 ng L-1. Similarly, the first-generation compound thiacloprid significantly inhibited the hatching ratio and larval development at 9 ng L-1, while it did not affect egg production and larval survival. Second-generation compounds were less toxic than acetamiprid and thiacloprid: clothianidin affected significantly only larval development of the offspring at 62 ng L-1, while thiamethoxam was not toxic at both the tested concentrations (8 ng L-1 and 84 ng L-1). These data evidenced that effects on copepods may occur at concentrations below the chronic aquatic life benchmarks reported by USEPA for acetamiprid (2100 ng L-1) and thiacloprid (970 ng L-1), suggesting that long-term effects of NEOs have been underestimated. A comparison with environmental concentrations evidenced that NEO-mediated effects on copepods are more liable in coastal areas receiving discharge from wastewater treatment plants or diffuse inputs from agricultural land during pesticide application periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Picone
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Giuseppe Distefano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Davide Marchetto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Martina Russo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Marco Baccichet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Luca Brusò
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Diaz-Camal N, Cardoso-Vera JD, Islas-Flores H, Gómez-Oliván LM, Mejía-García A. Consumption and ocurrence of antidepressants (SSRIs) in pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic, their environmental impact and innovative removal methods: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154656. [PMID: 35318057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are pharmaceuticals whose consumption has increased significantly. They are prescribed as first-line treatment in mental disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, and anxiety; also, they are indicated as adjuvants in diseases such as fibromyalgia and bulimia nervosa. In addition to being linked to the illegal market to be consumed as recreational drugs. The relevance of this review lies in the fact that worldwide consumption has increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the depression and anxiety that originated in the population. As a consequence of this increase in consumption, concentrations of SSRIs in the environment have increased, and these have become a relevant issue for toxicologists due to the effects that they could generate in different organisms, both aquatic and terrestrial. For this reason, the objective of this article was to do a critical evaluation of the existing data on the characteristics and physicochemical properties of SSRIs, consumption data during the COVID-19 pandemic, its occurrence in the environment and the reports of toxic effects that have been generated in different organisms; we also conclude with an updated review of different methods that have been used for their removal. With this analysis, it can be concluded that, despite SSRIs are pharmaceutical products widely studied since their launching to the market, still currently under investigation to clarify their mechanisms of action to understand the different effects on the organisms, adverse reactions, as well as possible toxicological effects on non-target organisms. On the other hand, it has been proven that although it is already possible to eliminate a significant percentage of SSRIs in the laboratory, due to their physicochemical characteristics and their behavior in complex mixtures in the environment, they have not yet been eradicated, showing a persistence in the soil, subsoil and surface waters of the entire planet that may represent a future risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidya Diaz-Camal
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Daniel Cardoso-Vera
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Mejía-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Distefano GG, Zangrando R, Basso M, Panzarin L, Gambaro A, Volpi Ghirardini A, Picone M. The ubiquity of neonicotinoid contamination: Residues in seabirds with different trophic habits. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112637. [PMID: 34973939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are one of the most diffusely used classes of pesticides whose level of danger toward non-target invertebrate and vertebrate species has raised increasing concern in the last decades. Among vertebrates, birds are particularly susceptible to unintentional neonicotinoid poisoning since they can be exposed through different pathways, including ingestion of dressed seeds, sucking of contaminated pollen, ingestion of sprayed insects, predation on contaminated aquatic and terrestrial preys. In the present study, we investigated the possible exposure of seabirds by measuring the residues of five neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam) in samples of pooled feathers collected from fledglings of the strictly piscivorous Sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis) and the mixotrophic species Mediterranean gull (Ichthyaetus melanocephalus). At least one neonicotinoid was quantified in all the Mediterranean gull samples (n = 11) and 89% of the analysed Sandwich tern samples (n = 36). The active principles with the highest quantification rates were imidacloprid (100% in Mediterranean gulls and 58% in Sandwich terns) and clothianidin (100% in Mediterranean gulls and 61% in Sandwich terns), while thiacloprid was the less frequently detected pesticide (<20% of samples in both species). Mean concentrations ± standard error for imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam were 8.8 ± 1.4, 4.5 ± 0.19 and 0.16 ± 0.02 ng g-1 for the Mediterranean gull, and 5.8 ± 0.55, 0.60 ± 0.08 and 0.36 ± 0.03 ng g-1for the Sandwich tern, respectively. Our data evidenced the exposure of seabirds to neonicotinoids and the further need to investigate the extent of neonicotinoid contamination in non-agricultural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Giuseppe Distefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy; Istituto di Scienze Polari (ISP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Torino 155, I-30170 Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Lucio Panzarin
- Associazione Naturalistica Sandonatese, c/o Centro Didattico Naturalistico il Pendolino, via Romanziol 130, 30020, Noventa di Piave, Venezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Marco Picone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico via Torino 155, I-30170, Mestre, Venezia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Inhibition of Larval Development of Marine Copepods Acartia tonsa by Neonocotinoids. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040158. [PMID: 35448419 PMCID: PMC9026078 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NEOs) are neurotoxic pesticides widely used in agriculture due to their high effectiveness against pest insects. Despite their widespread use, very little is known about their toxicity towards marine organisms, including sensitive and ecologically relevant taxa such as copepods. Thus, we investigated the toxicity of five widely used NEOs, including acetamiprid (ACE), clothianidin (CLO), imidacloprid (IMI), thiacloprid (THI), and thiamethoxam (TMX), to assess their ability to inhibit the larval development of the copepod Acartia tonsa. The more toxic NEOs were ACE (EC50 = 0.73 μg L−1), TMX (EC50 = 1.71 μg L−1) and CLO (EC50 = 1.90 μg L−1), while the less toxic compound was IMI (EC50 = 8.84 μg L−1). Early life-stage mortality was unaffected by NEOs at all of the tested concentrations. The calculated toxicity data indicated that significant effects due to ACE (EC20 = 0.12 μg L−1), THI (EC20 = 0.88 μg L−1) and TMX (EC20 = 0.18 μg L−1) are observed at concentrations lower than established chronic aquatic life benchmarks reported by USEPA for freshwater invertebrates. Nevertheless, since environmental concentrations of NEOs are generally lower than the threshold concentrations we calculated for A. tonsa, the effects may be currently of concern only in estuaries receiving wastewater discharges or experiencing intense runoff from agriculture.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu S, Wang B, Xin M, Wang J, Gu X, Lian M, Li Y, Lin C, Ouyang W, Liu X, He M. Insights into the spatiotemporal occurrence and mixture risk assessment of household and personal care products in the waters from rivers to Laizhou Bay, southern Bohai Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152290. [PMID: 34902407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Household and personal care products (HPCPs) are a kind of contaminants closely related to daily life, capturing worldwide concern. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt focusing on the spatiotemporal occurrence and mixture risk of HPCPs in the waters from rivers to Laizhou Bay. Nine HPCPs were quantitated in 216 water samples gathered from Laizhou Bay and its adjacent rivers in 2018, 2019, and 2021 to reveal the spatiotemporal occurrence and mixture ecological risks in Laizhou Bay. Eight HPCPs were detected with detection frequencies ranging from 74% to 100%. The total concentrations were in the ranges 105-721 ng L-1 in river water and 51.3-332 ng L-1 in seawater. The HPCPs were dominated by p-hydroxybenzoic and triclosan, which together contributed over 75% of the total HPCPs. The average level of the total HPCP concentration in the summer of 2018 (96.1 ng L-1) was slightly exceed that in the spring of 2019 (91.6 ng L-1), which is associated with the higher usage of HPCPs and enhanced tourism during summer. However, the highest total concentrations were found in spring of 2021 (124 ng L-1 in average), which was attribute to a higher level of methylparaben, a predominant paraben used as preservatives in commercial pharmaceuticals of China. Influenced by riverine inputs and ocean currents, higher HPCP concentrations in Laizhou Bay were found nearby the estuary of Yellow River and the southern part of the bay. Triclosan should be given constant concern considering its medium to high risks (RQ > 0.1) in nearly 80% of the water samples. The cumulative risk assessment in two approaches revealed that HPCP mixtures generally elicit medium or high risk to three main aquatic taxa. Considering the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19, the levels and risks of multiple HPCPs in natural waters requires constant attention in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- MNR Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- MNR Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Maoshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bani A, Randall KC, Clark DR, Gregson BH, Henderson DK, Losty EC, Ferguson RM. Mind the gaps: What do we know about how multiple chemical stressors impact freshwater aquatic microbiomes? ADV ECOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Badry A, Treu G, Gkotsis G, Nika MC, Alygizakis N, Thomaidis NS, Voigt CC, Krone O. Ecological and spatial variations of legacy and emerging contaminants in white-tailed sea eagles from Germany: Implications for prioritisation and future risk management. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106934. [PMID: 34662799 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of chemicals in the European Union (EU) has resulted in environmental emissions and wildlife exposures. For approving a chemical within the EU, producers need to conduct an environmental risk assessment, which typically relies on data generated under laboratory conditions without considering the ecological and landscape context. To address this gap and add information on emerging contaminants and chemical mixtures, we analysed 30 livers of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from northern Germany with high resolution-mass spectrometry coupled to liquid and gas chromatography for the identification of >2400 contaminants. We then modelled the influence of trophic position (δ15N), habitat (δ13C) and landscape on chemical residues and screened for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties using an in silico model to unravel mismatches between predicted PBT properties and observed exposures. Despite having generally low PBT scores, most detected contaminants were medicinal products with oxfendazole and salicylamide being most frequent. Chemicals of the Stockholm Convention such as 4,4'-DDE and PCBs were present in all samples below toxicity thresholds. Among PFAS, especially PFOS showed elevated concentrations compared to other studies. In contrast, PFCA levels were low and increased with δ15N, which indicated an increase with preying on piscivorous species. Among plant protection products, spiroxamine and simazine were frequently detected with increasing concentrations in agricultural landscapes. The in silico model has proven to be reliable for predicting PBT properties for most chemicals. However, chemical exposures in apex predators are complex and do not solely rely on intrinsic chemical properties but also on other factors such as ecology and landscape. We therefore recommend that ecological contexts, mixture toxicities, and chemical monitoring data should be more frequently considered in regulatory risk assessments, e.g. in a weight of evidence approach, to trigger risk management measures before adverse effects in individuals or populations start to manifest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Badry
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Treu
- Umweltbundesamt, Department Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Georgios Gkotsis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Nika
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Alfred-Kowalke Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Krone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Egli M, Hartmann A, Rapp Wright H, Ng KT, Piel FB, Barron LP. Quantitative Determination and Environmental Risk Assessment of 102 Chemicals of Emerging Concern in Wastewater-Impacted Rivers Using Rapid Direct-Injection Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:5431. [PMID: 34576902 PMCID: PMC8466042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid source identification and environmental risk assessment (ERA) of hundreds of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in river water represent a significant analytical challenge. Herein, a potential solution involving a rapid direct-injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of 102 CECs (151 qualitatively) in river water is presented and applied across six rivers in Germany and Switzerland at high spatial resolution. The method required an injection volume of only 10 µL of filtered sample, with a runtime of 5.5 min including re-equilibration with >10 datapoints per peak per transition (mostly 2 per compound), and 36 stable isotope-labelled standards. Performance was excellent from the low ng/L to µg/L concentration level, with 260 injections possible in any 24 h period. The method was applied in three separate campaigns focusing on the ERA of rivers impacted by wastewater effluent discharges (1 urban area in the Basel city region with 4 rivers, as well as 1 semi-rural and 1 rural area, each focusing on 1 river). Between 25 and 40 compounds were quantified directly in each campaign, and in all cases small tributary rivers showed higher CEC concentrations (e.g., up to ~4000 ng/L in total in the R. Schwarzach, Bavaria, Germany). The source of selected CECs could also be identified and differentiated from other sources at pre- and post- wastewater treatment plant effluent discharge points, as well as the effect of dilution downstream, which occurred over very short distances in all cases. Lastly, ERA for 41 CECs was performed at specific impacted sites, with risk quotients (RQs) at 1 or more sites estimated as high risk (RQ > 10) for 1 pharmaceutical (diclofenac), medium risk (RQ of 1-10) for 3 CECs (carbamazepine, venlafaxine, and sulfamethoxazole), and low risk (RQ = 0.1-1.0) for 7 CECs (i.e., RQ > 0.1 for 11 CECs in total). The application of high-throughput methods like this could enable a better understanding of the risks of CECs, especially in low flow/volume tributary rivers at scale and with high resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Egli
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| | - Alicia Hartmann
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Helena Rapp Wright
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| | - Keng Tiong Ng
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| | - Frédéric B. Piel
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| | - Leon P. Barron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; (M.E.); (A.H.); (H.R.W.); (K.T.N.); (F.B.P.)
| |
Collapse
|