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Albaladejo-Riad N, Espinosa-Ruiz C, Esteban MÁ. Effect of silk fibroin microparticles on cellular immunity and liver of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) with and without experimental skin injuries. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:1046-1058. [PMID: 38483166 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) microparticles were administered in the diet of gilthead seabream with or without experimental skin wounds to study the effects on cellular immunity and liver. A commercially available diet was enriched with varying amount of SF: 0, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 (representing the control, SF50 and SF100 diets respectively). The animals were fed for 30 days and half of them were sampled. Similar experimental wounds were then performed on the rest of fish, and they continued to be fed the same diet. At 7 days post-wounding, samples were taken from the wounded fish. Cellular immunity was studied on head kidney leucocytes (phagocytosis, respiratory and peroxidase content) and liver status (histological study and gene expression) were studied. Our results showed that experimental wounds affect both cellular immunity (by decreasing leucocyte respiratory burst and peroxidase activity) and altered liver histology (by inducing vascularisation and congestion of blood vessels). In addition, it influences the expression of genes that serve as markers of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. The highest dose of SF (SF100) increased the phagocytic capacity of leucocytes the most, as well as the expression of genes related to blood vessel formation in the liver. Furthermore, increased expression of antioxidant genes (cat and gsr) and decreased expression of genes related to reticulum endoplasmic stress (grp94 and grp170) and apoptosis (nos and jnk) were detected in these fish fed with SF100 and wounded. In conclusion, fed fish with SF100 had many beneficial effects as cellular immunostimulant and hepatoprotection in wounded fish. Its use could be of great interest for stress management in farmed fish conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Albaladejo-Riad
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Espinosa-Ruiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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2
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Zhang L, Cui Y, Xu J, Qian J, Yang X, Chen X, Zhang C, Gao P. Ecotoxicity and trophic transfer of metallic nanomaterials in aquatic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171660. [PMID: 38490428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Metallic nanomaterials (MNMs) possess unique properties that have led to their widespread application in fields such as electronics and medicine. However, concerns about their interactions with environmental factors and potential toxicity to aquatic life have emerged. There is growing evidence suggesting MNMs can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, and are potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the food chain, posing risks to higher trophic levels and potentially humans. While many studies have focused on the general ecotoxicity of MNMs, fewer have delved into their trophic transfer within aquatic food chains. This review highlights the ecotoxicological effects of MNMs on aquatic systems via waterborne exposure or dietary exposure, emphasizing their accumulation and transformation across the food web. Biomagnification factor (BMF), the ratio of the contaminant concentration in predator to that in prey, was used to evaluate the biomagnification due to the complex nature of aquatic food chains. However, most current studies have BMF values of less than 1 indicating no biomagnification. Factors influencing MNM toxicity in aquatic environments include nanomaterial properties, ion variations, light, dissolved oxygen, and pH. The multifaceted interactions of these variables with MNM toxicity remain to be fully elucidated. We conclude with recommendations for future research directions to mitigate the adverse effects of MNMs in aquatic ecosystems and advocate for a cautious approach to the production and application of MNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhang
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yifei Cui
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingran Qian
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoni Chen
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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Zou J, Li M, Liu Z, Luo W, Han S, Xiao F, Tao W, Wu Q, Xie T, Kong N. Unleashing the potential: integrating nano-delivery systems with traditional Chinese medicine. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8791-8806. [PMID: 38606497 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the potential of integrating nano-delivery systems with traditional Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Chinese medical theory. It highlights the intersections and potential of nano-delivery systems in enhancing the effectiveness of traditional herbal medicine and acupuncture treatments. In addition, it discusses how the integration of nano-delivery systems with Chinese medical theory can modernize herbal medicine and make it more readily accessible on a global scale. Finally, it analyzes the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Meng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Ziwei Liu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Shiqi Han
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Fan Xiao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Na Kong
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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Mu D, Zhou L, Shi L, Liu T, Guo Y, Chen H, Luo H, Ma J, Zhang H, Xiong P, Tian L. Quercetin-crosslinked chitosan nanoparticles: a potential treatment for allergic rhinitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4021. [PMID: 38369554 PMCID: PMC10874938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) remains a major health problem worldwide. Compared with traditional oral drugs, nasal administration avoids first-pass metabolism and achieve faster and more effective efficacy. In this study, we used the ion crosslinking method to prepare quercetin-chitosan nasal adaptive nanomedicine (QCS) delivery system and evaluated in the treatment of allergic rhinitis mice models. The obtained positively charged nanoparticles with a particle size of 229.2 ± 0.2 nm have excellent characteristics in encapsulation efficiency (79.604%), drug loading rate (14.068%), drug release (673.068 μg) and stability(> 7 days). Excitingly, QCS treatment significantly reduced the number of sneezing and nasal rubbing events in AR mice, while reducing the levels of inflammatory factors such as immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin (IL)-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and (IL)-6 to alleviate AR symptoms. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining also showed the damaged nasal mucosa was improved. These experimental results suggest that QCS can effectively suppress allergic inflammation in a mouse model and hold promise as a therapeutic option for allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehong Mu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Shi
- Department of Nanchong Vocational College of Science and Technology, Nanchong, 637200, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Clinical Medicine School of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine School of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Luo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizheng Xiong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China.
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Ban Q, Chi W, Wang X, Wang S, Hai D, Zhao G, Zhao Q, Granato D, Huang X. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Attenuates the Adverse Reactions Triggered by Selenium Nanoparticles without Compromising Their Suppressing Effect on Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in Mice Bearing Hepatocarcinoma 22 Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093904. [PMID: 37175313 PMCID: PMC10180376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that selenium and polyphenols are two types of the most reported compounds in tumor chemoprevention due to their remarkable antitumor activity and high safety profile. The cross-talk between polyphenols and selenium is a hot research topic, and the combination of polyphenols and selenium is a valuable strategy for fighting cancer. The current work investigated the combination anti-peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) effect of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in mice bearing murine hepatocarcinoma 22 (H22) cells. Results showed that SeNPs alone significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation and extended the survival time of mice bearing H22 cells. Still, the potential therapeutic efficacy is accompanied by an approximately eighty percent diarrhea rate. When EGCG was combined with SeNPs, EGCG did not affect the tumor proliferation inhibition effect but eliminated diarrhea triggered by SeNPs. In addition, both the intracellular selectively accumulated EGCG without killing effect on cancer cells and the enhanced antioxidant enzyme levels in ascites after EGCG was delivered alone by intraperitoneal injection indicated that H22 cells were insensitive to EGCG. Moreover, EGCG could prevent SeNP-caused systemic oxidative damage by enhancing serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase levels in healthy mice. Overall, we found that H22 cells are insensitive to EGCG, but combining EGCG with SeNPs could protect against SeNP-triggered diarrhea without compromising the suppressing efficacy of SeNPs on PC in mice bearing H22 cells and attenuate SeNP-caused systemic toxicity in healthy mice. These results suggest that EGCG could be employed as a promising candidate for preventing the adverse reactions of chemotherapy including chemotherapy-induced diarrhea and systemic toxicity in cancer individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Ban
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenjing Chi
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shiqiong Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dan Hai
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guangshan Zhao
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhao
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Xianqing Huang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Effect of Quercetin Nanoparticles on Hepatic and Intestinal Enzymes and Stress-Related Genes in Nile Tilapia Fish Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030663. [PMID: 36979642 PMCID: PMC10045288 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanotechnology has become an important research field involved in the improvement of animals’ productivity, including aquaculture. In this field, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained interest as antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agents. On the other hand, their extensive use in other fields increased natural water pollution causing hazardous effects on aquatic organisms. Quercetin is a natural polyphenolic compound of many plants and vegetables, and it acts as a potent antioxidant and therapeutic agent in biological systems. The current study investigated the potential mitigative effect of quercetin nanoparticles (QNPs) against AgNPs-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia via investigating liver function markers, hepatic antioxidant status, apoptosis, and bioaccumulation of silver residues in hepatic tissue in addition to the whole-body chemical composition, hormonal assay, intestinal enzymes activity, and gut microbiota. Fish were grouped into: control fish, fish exposed to 1.98 mg L−1 AgNPs, fish that received 400 mg L−1 QNPs, and fish that received QNPs and AgNPs at the same concentrations. All groups were exposed for 60 days. The moisture and ash contents of the AgNP group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. In contrast, the crude lipid and protein decreased in the whole body. AgNPs significantly increased serum levels of ALT, AST, total cholesterol, and triglycerides and decreased glycogen and growth hormone (*** p < 0.001). The liver and intestinal enzymes’ activities were significantly inhibited (*** p < 0.001), while the oxidative damage liver enzymes, intestinal bacterial and Aeromonas counts, and Ag residues in the liver were significantly increased (*** p < 0.001, and * p < 0.05). AgNPs also significantly upregulated the expression of hepatic Hsp70, caspase3, and p53 genes (* p < 0.05). These findings indicate the oxidative and hepatotoxic effects of AgNPs. QNPs enhanced and restored physiological parameters and health status under normal conditions and after exposure to AgNPs.
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Dong R, Pan J, Zhao G, Zhao Q, Wang S, Li N, Song L, Huang X, Miao S, Ying J, Wu F, Wang D, Cheng K, Granato D, Ban Q. Antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic properties of Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu leaves in experimental animals: modulation of thioredoxin and glutathione systems, renal water reabsorption, and gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1168049. [PMID: 37187875 PMCID: PMC10176510 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1168049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Excessive calorie intake and physical inactivity have dramatically increased nutrient overload-associated disease, becoming a global public health issue. Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu (CHI) is a homology plant of food and medicine in China and shows several health benefits. Methods This work investigated the antioxidant activity, the alleviating effects, and the mechanism of action on diabetes and hyperlipidemia of CHI leaves. Results and discussion Results showed that CHI leaves infusion displayed in vitro antioxidant activity measured by ABTS and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods. In wild-type Kunming mice, CHI leaves infusion consumption activated the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase as well as thioredoxin reductase 1. In alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic mice, CHI leaves infusion ameliorated diabetic symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and hyperglycemia, in a dose-dependent and time-course manners. The mechanism involved CHI leaves up-regulating renal water reabsorption associated protein - urine transporter A1-and promoting the trafficking of urine transporter A1 and aquaporin 2 to the apical plasma membrane. Despite this, in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic golden hamsters, CHI leaves powder did not significantly effect on hyperlipidemia and body weight gain. This might be attributed to CHI leaves powder increasing the calorie intake. Interestingly, we found that CHI leaves extract containing a lower dose of total flavonoid than CHI leaves powder pronouncedly reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum in golden hamsters fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, CHI leaves extract elevated the diversity of gut microbiota and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014. It also decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus at the genus level in golden hamsters fed a high-fat diet. Overall, CHI leaves benefit oxidative stress prevention and metabolic syndrome amelioration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Dong
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry Science and Technology, Lishui Vocational and Technical College, Lishui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Pan
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Guangshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Innovation Team of Food Nutrition and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guangshan Zhao,
| | - Qiuyan Zhao
- Innovation Team of Food Nutrition and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiqiong Wang
- Innovation Team of Food Nutrition and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Li
- Innovation Team of Food Nutrition and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lianjun Song
- Innovation Team of Food Nutrition and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianqing Huang
- Innovation Team of Food Nutrition and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuxing Miao
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhui Ying
- College of Forestry Science and Technology, Lishui Vocational and Technical College, Lishui, China
| | - Fangying Wu
- College of Forestry Science and Technology, Lishui Vocational and Technical College, Lishui, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Dongxu Wang,
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
- Kejun Cheng,
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity and Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Daniel Granato,
| | - Qiuyan Ban
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Qiuyan Ban,
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Xu Y, Zhao Y, Liu S, Lv S, Chen L, Wang W, Feng Y, Fu F, Xu H. Zinc Oxide Particles Can Cause Ovarian Toxicity by Oxidative Stress in Female Mice Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4947-4960. [PMID: 36275479 PMCID: PMC9579868 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s373147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) participate in all aspects of our lives, but with their wide application, more and more disadvantages are exposed. The goal of this study was to investigate the toxicity of ZnO NPs in female mice ovaries and explore its potential mechanism. Methods In this study, adult female mice were orally exposed to 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg ZnO NPs for 7 days. We explored the underlying mechanisms via the intraperitoneal injection of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of oxidative stress, and salubrinal (Sal), an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Results The results indicated that serum estradiol and progesterone levels declined greatly with increasing ZnO NPs dosage. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining revealed increased atretic follicles and exfoliated follicular granulosa cells. Moreover, at the transcriptional level, antioxidant-related genes such as Keap1 and Nrf2, and ER stress-related genes PERK, eIF2α, and ATF4 were markedly upregulated. In addition, the expression of Caspase12, Caspase9, and Caspase3, which are genes related to apoptosis, was also upregulated in all ZnO NPs treatment groups. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content was remarkably up-regulated, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was down-regulated. The 400 mg/kg ZnO NPs treatment group suffered the most substantial harm. However, ovarian damage was repaired when NAC and Sal were added to this group. Conclusion ZnO NPs had toxic effects on the ovary of female mice, which were due to oxidative stress, ER stress, and the eventual activation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sidi Lv
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanzhen Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueying Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Fen Fu, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Mingde Rode, Nanchang, 330000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-791-8631-1753, Email
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People’s Republic of China,Hengyi Xu, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-791-8830-4447-ext-9520, Fax +86-791-8830-4400, Email
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Babaei M, Tayemeh MB, Jo MS, Yu IJ, Johari SA. Trophic transfer and toxicity of silver nanoparticles along a phytoplankton-zooplankton-fish food chain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156807. [PMID: 35750161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the bioconcentration metrics, organ-specific distribution, and trophic consequences of silver nanoparticles along a Dunaliella salina-Artemia salina-Poecilia reticulata food chain. To this end, accumulation, tissue-specific distribution, bioconcentration and biomagnification factors, and trophic toxicity of AgNPs were quantitatively investigated along di- and tri-trophic food chains. Overall, silver accumulation increased markedly in intestine and liver tissues, carcass, and embryos of guppy fish with rising exposure concentrations and reducing trophic levels. Following trophic and waterborne exposure, AgNPs illustrated a regular tendency in following order: intestine > liver > embryos > carcass. BCF displayed values of 826, 131, and ≈ 1000 for microalgae, brine shrimp, and guppy fish, respectively. Moreover, BMF showed values <1.00 for 48-h post-hatched nauplii and guppy fish received AgNPs-exposed phytoplankton, yet >1.00 for the liver and whole body of guppy fish treated with AgNPs-exposed nauplii through algae and water, indicating that AgNPs could be biomagnified from the second to third trophic level, but not from the first to second or third levels. Furthermore, the waterborne and trophic exposure of AgNPs considerably induced oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity. Together, this study demonstrated that AgNPs could be biomagnified across trophic chain and consequently cause trophic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Babaei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Behzadi Tayemeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran.
| | - Mi Seong Jo
- Aerosol Toxicology Research Center, HCTm, Co., Icheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Il Je Yu
- HCT, Co. Ltd, Icheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran.
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Esmaeilbeigi M, Behzadi Tayemeh M, Johari SA, Ghorbani F, Sourinejad I, Yu IJ. In silico modeling of the antagonistic effect of mercuric chloride and silver nanoparticles on the mortality rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) based on response surface methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54733-54744. [PMID: 35306655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, in silico modeling was designed to examine the antagonistic effect of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the mortality rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) based on response surface methodology (RSM). Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) with an average weight of 0.75 ± 0.16 g were used in this study. An interaction between HgCl2 and AgNPs was evaluated using DLS, TEM, and EDX mapping. In addition, RSM was applied to determine and predict the mortality rate of zebrafish induced by HgCl2 in the presence of non-lethal concentrations of AgNPs and to optimize dependent and independent variables. Following exposure to HgCl2, in vitro observations showed an increase in the hydrodynamic size of AgNPs and the formation of irregular nanoparticles. EDX mapping analysis also demonstrated the deposition of Hg ions on the surface of AgNPs, indicating the interaction between HgCl2 and AgNPs (i.e., the amalgamation of Hg and AgNPs). Moreover, in silico and in vivo findings illustrated that the mortality rate of zebrafish increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the mortality rate reduced greatly in the presence of AgNPs during 96-h exposure. Statistically significant correlation and regression were also observed for the mortality rate between the actual and predicted values based on the ANOVA results, showing that the proposed model fits well. The most critical conditions of mortality rate were occurred by HgCl2 concentration of 0.23 mg L-1 and AgNP concentration of 0.04 mg L-1 that yielding maximum fish mortality rate of 96.541%. Additionally, the obtained value for model desirability was equal to 1.000 (i.e., the highest possible value). In conclusion, this statistical model could accurately describe the relationship between independent and dependent variables, and consequently boost substantially the experimental design of ecotoxicological studies by reducing the number of model organisms, toxic and chemical substances, time, and budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Esmaeilbeigi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran
| | - Mohammad Behzadi Tayemeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran.
| | - Farshid Ghorbani
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, 6617715177, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Iman Sourinejad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Il Je Yu
- HCT CO., LTD, Icheon, Republic of Korea
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11
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Albaladejo-Riad N, Espinosa Ruiz C, Esteban MÁ. Dietary administration of silk microparticles improves the epidermal and dermal regeneration after a skin wounding in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:92-106. [PMID: 35378308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of dietary supplementation with silk fibroin (SF) microparticles on the wound healing process in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) skin was studied. A control diet was enriched with different SF levels: 0 (control), 50 (SF50 diet), and 100 (SF100 diet) mg Kg-1 to form three experimental diets and was fed to seabream for 30 days. Experimental wounds were performed and after 7 days post-wounding (dpw) skin mucus immunity, macroscopic wound closure, and skin regeneration were studied at a microscopic and genetic level. Results indicated that fish fed SF100 did not suffer the decreases in protease and IgM levels observed in the skin mucus of wounded fish fed with the control diet. Macroscopic findings illustrated that dietary SF100 significantly improved the wound closure ratio compared to those reared in the control group. At a microscopic level, changes in the shape of keratocyte cells were evident in the wounded fish. In addition, the intercellular spaces present between epidermal cells and their proliferation in the epidermis, as well as the presence of blood vessels in the dermis were significantly statistically higher in the skin of fish fed the SF100 diet and sampled at 7 dpw compared to those observed in the skin of fish fed the control or SF50 diets. Moreover, regarding the RNA: DNA ratio, statistically significant increases and decreases were observed in fish fed the control and SF100 diet, respectively, in non-wounded and wounded fish. Interestingly, dietary SF100 supplementation improved skin cell proliferation, enhanced the inflammatory phase, and increased the expression of important genes involved in tissue repair and extracellular matrix formation. In conclusion, the SF100 diet can be considered as an appropriate feed additive to improve wound healing in gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Albaladejo-Riad
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa Ruiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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The combination of nanotechnology and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) inspires the modernization of TCM: review on nanotechnology in TCM-based drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1306-1325. [PMID: 34260049 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fast development of combination of nanotechnology with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) broadens the field of application of TCM. Besides, it increases the research ideas and contributes to TCM modernization. As expected, TCM will be developed into the nanodrug delivery system by nanotechnology with careful design, which will enhance the medicinal value of TCM to cure and prevent disease based on benefits brought by nanometer scale. Here, formulations, relevant preparations methods, and characteristics of nano-TCM were introduced. In addition, the main excellent performances of nano-TCM were clearly elaborated. What is more, the review was intended to address the studies committed to application of nanotechnology in TCM over the years, including development of Chinese medicine active ingredients, complete TCM, and Chinese herbal compounds based on nanotechnology. Finally, this review discussed the safety of nano-TCM and presented future development trends in the way to realize the modernization of TCM. Overall, using the emerging nanotechnology in TCM is promising to promote progress of TCM in international platform. Recent researches on modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) urged by nanotechnology are introduced, and formulations, advantages, and applications of nano-TCM are reviewed to provide strong proofs.
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13
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Seyedi J, Kalbassi MR, Esmaeilbeigi M, Tayemeh MB, Amiri Moghadam J. Toxicity and deleterious impacts of selenium nanoparticles at supranutritional and imbalance levels on male goldfish (Carassius auratus) sperm. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 66:126758. [PMID: 33857859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium has a major role in male reproduction and antioxidative mechanisms. Although deficiency of this element can result in damages to the body's organs, this metalloid can induce deleterious effects in organisms by causing oxidative stress. This study assessed the spermatotoxicity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in goldfish (Carassius auratus) based on genotoxicity, antioxidant status, sperm quality, and histopathology. METHODS The fish with an average weight of 70 g (n = 288) were divided into four experimental groups (three replicates) and fed three times a day with SeNPs at different levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg kg diet for 30 and 60 days. RESULTS After 30 and 60 days of feeding trial, compared to the control group, spermatocrit percentage markedly decreased at 1 mg kg SeNPs on day 30 as well as at 0.5 and 1 mg kg on day 60 (p < 0.05). Computer-assisted sperm analysis parameters especially VCL, VSL, and VAP decreased in response to SeNPs (p < 0.05). Percentage of fast speed progressive sperm cells was highest in fish fed with 0.1 mg kg SeNPs following the dietary experiment and significantly reduced in a SeNPs dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In addition, the levels of Malondialdehyde and Glutathione peroxidase were significantly elevated in seminal plasma of all SeNPs-treated groups (p < 0.05). On day 60, DNA damage of sperm was greatly increased at 1 mg kg SeNPs (p < 0.05). Moreover, the highest percentage of spermatocyte and spermatid were observed at the highest dose of SeNPs while the highest percentage of spermatozoa was recorded at the lowest and moderate SeNPs doses. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that non-optimal doses of SeNPs could reduce sperm quality, induce oxidative stress, and DNA damage in sperm, and disrupt testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Seyedi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kalbassi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran.
| | - Milad Esmaeilbeigi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran
| | - Mohammad Behzadi Tayemeh
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran
| | - Jamshid Amiri Moghadam
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V. Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
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14
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Sandner G, König A, Wallner M, Weghuber J. Alternative model organisms for toxicological fingerprinting of relevant parameters in food and nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5965-5982. [PMID: 33683153 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the field of (food) toxicology, there is a strong trend of replacing animal trials with alternative methods for the assessment of adverse health effects in humans. The replacement of animal trials is not only driven by ethical concerns but also by the number of potential testing substances (food additives, packaging material, contaminants, and toxicants), which is steadily increasing. In vitro 2D cell culture applications in combination with in silico modeling might provide an applicable first response. However, those systems lack accurate predictions of metabolic actions. Thus, alternative in vivo models could fill the gap between cell culture and animal trials. In this review, we highlight relevant studies in the field and spotlight the applicability of alternative models, including C. elegans, D. rerio, Drosophila, HET-CAM and Lab-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sandner
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
| | - Alice König
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria.,FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
| | - Melanie Wallner
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria.,FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria.,FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
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15
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Seyedi J, Tayemeh MB, Esmaeilbeigi M, Joo HS, Langeroudi EK, Banan A, Johari SA, Jami MJ. Fatty acid alteration in liver, brain, muscle, and oocyte of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to silver nanoparticles and mitigating influence of quercetin-supplemented diet. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110611. [PMID: 33358875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
No to less effort has been made to assess the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to lipid composition in biological systems and also to discover a mitigating agent against their oxidative stress. Hence, this research evaluated the antioxidant capability of quercetin (Qu) against silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) toxicity towards the lipid contents of ovarian, nervous, and hepatic systems as well as skeletal muscles. To this end, zebrafish (n = 180) were assigned into four experimental dietary groups: negative and positive controls, without Qu supplementation; Qu-200, 200 mg Qu per kg diet; and Qu-400, 400 mg Qu per kg diet. At the end of the feeding trial (40 days), the experimental groups, except the negative control, were exposed to sublethal concentration of AgNPs (0.15 mg L-1) for 96 h. As to the liver tissue of the positive and Qu-200 treatments, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA) decreased 3 times, as well as total high unsaturated fatty acids (∑HUFA) reduced about 30% and 50%, respectively. However, the brain ∑HUFA, predominated by DHA, enhanced in Qu-400 treatment. Interestingly, ∑MUFA, ∑PUFA, and ∑HUFA increased in the muscle of all treated groups, especially Qu-200 and Qu-400. The oocyte ∑MUFA content increased in the positive and Qu-200 treatments, whereas ∑HUFA reduced about 25%, 25%, and 20%, respectively, in the positive, Qu-200, and Qu-400 groups. Generally, the findings suggest that unsaturated acyl chains, particularly HUFAs, in the liver tissue and oocyte cell are highly susceptible to peroxidation or degeneration by AgNPs. More broadly, in the context of ecotoxicological risk assessment, the alteration in HUFAs and PUFAs of the liver and oocyte could impact on maternal and offspring health and consequently alter long-term population dynamics of aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Seyedi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran.
| | | | - Milad Esmaeilbeigi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran.
| | - Hamid Salari Joo
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran.
| | | | - Ashkan Banan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Jami
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran.
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Vineetha VP, Devika P, Prasitha K, Anilkumar TV. Tinospora cordifolia ameliorated titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced toxicity via regulating oxidative stress-activated MAPK and NRF2/Keap1 signaling pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108908. [PMID: 33022381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TNP) has been suggested for use in fish farms to prevent or alleviate bacterial diseases owing to its bactericidal property. Unfortunately, the interaction of TNP with cells impaired the host defenses of fish resulting in increased mortality during bacterial challenges. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) as a dietary supplement in ameliorating TNP induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fishes were exposed to environmentally relevant concentration (10 mg/L) of TNP for 14 days and the effect of TCE supplemented feed at 3 different doses (5, 10, and 15 g/kg) was studied. TCE signally increased the weight gain, specific growth rate, and decreased feed conversion ratio in fish. TCE significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the toxic effects caused by TNP by increasing the antioxidant (CAT, SOD, GPx) activity and decreasing the levels of serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, ACP), macromolecular oxidation, excessive ROS production, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, INF-γ, TNF-α, PGE-2). TNP bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations in gill, liver, and kidney were also significantly alleviated by TCE supplementation. TCE perceptibly regulated the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP60, -70), MAPKs (pERK1/2, pp38), antioxidant (NRF2, Keap1, HO-1), apoptotic (p53, PDRG1), and anti-apoptotic (AKT, Bcl2) proteins in fish. Regarding disease resistance, the TCE co-treated groups showed reduced cumulative mortality and higher relative percent survival with A. hydrophila. Our results suggest that TNP-induced apoptosis is mediated by the MAPK/NRF2/Keap1 pathway and underlines the therapeutic potential of TCE in aqua-farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi 682506, Kerala, India.
| | - Pillai Devika
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnakumar Prasitha
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Thapasimuthu Vijayamma Anilkumar
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala, India
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