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Ezeh CC, Onyema VO, Obi CJ, Moneke AN. A systematic review of the impacts of oil spillage on residents of oil-producing communities in Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34761-34786. [PMID: 38714616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Oil spillage is common in oil-producing communities of Nigeria, and it impacts negatively on the residents of these communities. This study analysed available research data on oil spillage incidents in these communities to determine their main causes and impacts on the residents. This study highlights the immediate and long-term consequences of oil spills on residents of oil-host communities in Nigeria. A systematic review of published studies was carried out, and 22 studies were identified from the literature search. The main causes of oil spills were identified as sabotage (87%), leakage from corroded pipelines (62%), and equipment failure (45%). Others were mystery spills and operational failures. Unemployment, abject poverty, marginalization, and inaction of government regulatory agencies are enabling factors for sabotage and vandalism of oil pipelines. It was found that exposure to oil spills impacts directly and indirectly on residents of oil-host communities, with accompanying health, socioeconomic, and environmental implications. Oil spills in these communities impact on all facets of their life, thereby infringing on their rights to existence and survival. The major interventions were targeted at improving health services, education, infrastructure, skill acquisition, and employment. These in turn reduced the occurrence of violence, insurgency, and human trafficking in the oil-producing communities. It is recommended that government regulatory agencies should be revamped and repositioned to effectively perform their duties. Interventions should be targeted at addressing the causes of agitation by indigenes by involving them in the decision-making process. Also, appropriate remediation strategies should be adopted to clean up the oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka C Ezeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Centre for Environmental Management and Control, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Vanessa O Onyema
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonye J Obi
- Centre for Environmental Management and Control, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Anene N Moneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
- Centre for Environmental Management and Control, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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George II, Nawawi MGM, Mohd ZJ, Farah BS. Environmental effects from petroleum product transportation spillage in Nigeria: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1719-1747. [PMID: 38055166 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nigeria has struggled to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs) on environmental sustainability, transportation, and petroleum product distribution for decades, endangering human and ecological health. Petroleum product spills contaminate soil, water, and air, harming humans, aquatic life, and biodiversity. The oil and gas industry contributes to environmental sustainability and scientific and technological advancement through its supply chain activities in the transport and logistics sectors. This paper reviewed the effects of petroleum product transportation at three accident hotspots on Nigeria highway, where traffic and accident records are alarming due to the road axis connecting the southern and northern regions of the country. The preliminary data was statistically analysed to optimise the review process and reduce risk factors through ongoing data monitoring. Studies on Nigeria's petroleum product transportation spills and environmental impacts between the years 2013 and 2023 were critically analysed to generate updated information. The searches include Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Five hundred and forty peer-reviewed studies were analysed, and recommendations were established through the conclusions. The findings show that petroleum product transport causes heavy metal deposition in the environment as heavy metals damage aquatic life and build up in the food chain, posing a health risk to humans. The study revealed that petroleum product spills have far-reaching environmental repercussions and, therefore, recommended that petroleum product spills must be mitigated immediately. Furthermore, the study revealed that better spill response and stricter legislation are needed to reduce spills, while remediation is necessary to lessen the effects of spills on environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna Ignatius George
- Department of Petroleum Engineering (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
- Transport Technology Center, Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, NITT, P. M. B. 1147, Kaduna State, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Mohd Ghazali Mohd Nawawi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Zaidi Jafaar Mohd
- Department of Petroleum Engineering (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bayero Salih Farah
- Office of the Director General Chief Executive, Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, NITT, P. M. B. 1147, Kaduna State, Zaria, Nigeria
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Musa SS, Haruna UA, Emery M, Shallangwa MM, Hamid MR, Buwa GM, Lucero-Prisno DE. The public health implications of the oil discovery in Northern Nigeria. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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Ibor OR, Nnadozie P, Ogarekpe DM, Idogho O, Anyanti J, Aizobu D, Onyezobi C, Chukwuka AV, Adeogun AO, Arukwe A. Public health implications of endocrine disrupting chemicals in drinking water and aquatic food resources in Nigeria: A state-of-the-science review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159835. [PMID: 36334666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This state-of-the-science review is aimed at identifying the sources, occurrence, and concentrations of EDCs, including potential public health risks associated with drinking water and aquatic food resources from Nigerian inland waters. A total of 6024 articles from scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online) were identified, out of which, 103 eligible articles were selected for this study. Eleven (11) classes of EDCs (OCPs, PCBs, PBDEs, PAHs, BPA, OTs, PEs, PCs, PPCPs, sterols and n-alkanes) were identified from drinking waters, river sediments and aquatic food species from Nigerian rivers, showing that OCPs were the most studied and reported EDCs. Analytical methods used were HPLC, LC-MS/MS, GC-FID, GC-ECD and GC-MS with all EDCs identified to originate from anthropogenic sources. Carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects were the highest (54.4 %) toxicological effects identified, while reproductive/endocrine disruptive effects (15.2 %) and obesogenic effects (4.3 %) were the least identified toxicological effects. The targeted hazard quotient (THQ) and cancer risk (CR) were generally highest in children, compared to the adult populations, indicating age-specific toxicity. PEs produced the highest THQ (330.3) and CR (1.2) for all the EDCs in drinking water for the children population, suggesting enhanced vulnerability of this population group, compared to the adult population. Due to associated public health, wildlife and environmental risk of EDCs and their increasing concentrations in drinking water and food fish species from Nigerian inland waters, there is an urgent need for focused and strategic interventions, sensitization and policy formulation/implementation towards public health and aquatic food safety in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | | | - Dinah M Ogarekpe
- Center for Disaster Risk Management, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Azubuike V Chukwuka
- National Environmental Standards Regulations and Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Nigeria
| | | | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Eddie-Amadi BF, Ezejiofor AN, Orish CN, Orisakwe OE. Zn and Se abrogate heavy metal mixture induced ovarian and thyroid oxido-inflammatory effects mediated by activation of NRF2-HMOX-1 in female albino rats. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 4:100098. [PMID: 36624872 PMCID: PMC9823124 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid is vital for the proper functioning of the female reproductive system since it regulates the metabolism and development of ovary. This is an evaluation of the essential trace elements ETE on the heavy metals mixture HMM mediated oxido-inflammatory effects in the ovary and thyroid of female albino rats. Eight groups (5 female rats /group) were treated as follows for 60 days: Group 1: Deionized water only; Group 2: (Pb, Hg, Mn and Al); Group 3: HMM + ZnCl2, 0.80 mg/kg; Group 4: HMM + Na2SeO3, 1.50 mg/kg; Group 5: HMM + ZnCl2, 0.80 mg/kg and Na2SeO3, 1.50 mg/kg combined. On day 60 animals were euthanized, ovary and thyroid were harvested and used for, MDA, NO, antioxidants, TNF-α, IL-6, HMOX-1, Caspase-3, NF-KB, NRF2, HM and histopathology. There was significant bioaccumulation of Pb, Al, Hg and MN; elevated IL-6 and TNF-α, MDA and NO, caspase-3 and NRF2, NFKB and HMOX-1 with significant decrease in antioxidants in the HMM only group in comparison to the control. Co-treatment with ETE reversed most of these effects. ETE may ameliorate HMM -induced ovarian and thyrotoxicity in female albino rats by blunting oxido-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boma F. Eddie-Amadi
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research (ACE-CEFOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Anthonet N. Ezejiofor
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Chinna N. Orish
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Orish E. Orisakwe
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research (ACE-CEFOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria,Corresponding author at: African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria.
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Okoye OC, Awunor N. Is exposure to hydrocarbons associated with chronic kidney disease in young Nigerians? A case-control study. FRONTIERS IN NEPHROLOGY 2022; 2:1010080. [PMID: 37675025 PMCID: PMC10479625 DOI: 10.3389/fneph.2022.1010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Although environmental exposure to hydrocarbons has been linked to non-communicable diseases, its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still an emerging area. Epidemiological studies associating CKD with prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons have mostly focused on occupational exposure, with fewer studies on environmental exposure from residing in contaminated areas. The aim of this study was to determine any association between long-term exposure to petrochemical products and the risk of CKD by comparing the residence and occupational history of young patients with CKD and non-CKD controls. Materials and methods A case-control study of 74 cases and 74 age- and sex-matched non-CKD controls was carried out. Cases were patients with CKD who were aged 18-44 years and diagnosed with suspected chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). Patients were recruited from an outpatient nephrology clinic and medical wards. Patients with CKD from traditional causes were excluded. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPwise approach to the non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) instrument. To assess exposure, a detailed work history and all residential addresses where the patients have lived for at least 5 years were recorded. 'Exposed' status was regarded as long-term residence in a known oil-polluted area and jobs involving crude oil exploration, processing, transportation and sales, and cleanup of crude oil hazards. Absence of a history of chronic exposure or any form of exposure was regarded as 'less exposed'. Results There were 52 (70.3%) cases categorized as exposed, compared with 21 (28.4%) controls (p < 0.001). There were 34 (45.9%) cases born near petrochemical refineries and plants, compared with 11 (14.9%) controls (p ≤ 0.001). There were 34 (45.9%) cases residing near petrochemical refineries and plants, compared with 8 (10.9%) controls (p ≤ 0.001). When asked 'Do you think you have been significantly exposed to crude oil?', 15 (20.3%) cases and 2 (2.7%) controls answered 'yes' (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Our findings suggest an association between exposure to petrochemicals and CKD in young Nigerians diagnosed with suspected CGN. Exposure is significantly associated with a higher mean age, waist circumference, and blood sugar levels; however, other traditional risk factors for CKD were not considerably more prevalent in this unique patient population. These findings should prompt more emphasis on occupational history, residential history, and other relevant environmental exposures in the assessment of patients at risk for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu Chinedum Okoye
- Department of Medicine, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria
| | - Nyemike Awunor
- Department of Community Medicine, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria
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Lele CK, Oluba OM, Adeyemi OS. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown and health risk modeling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Onne, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:166. [PMID: 36446906 PMCID: PMC9708509 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The people living in Onne are highly vulnerable to PAH exposure due to constant exposure to black soot through oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. This work aims to determine the PAHs profile of selected soils in Onne, to determine the health risks associated with PAHs exposure through the soil, and to determine the impact of reduced industrial and other activities on the PAHs profile and associated public health risks. This study evaluated 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) pollutants in soil samples from the four (4) major clans in Onne using a gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. The results showed a differential presence of PAHs during and after the lockdown. Of the 16 priority PAHs, 10 and 8 PAHs were respectively detected during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. High molecular weight PAHs such as benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(a)anthracene were major contributors during the lockdown, while low molecular weight PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene were present at higher levels after the lockdown. An assessment of health risk by incremental lifetime cancer risks revealed that the entire population of Onne might be at risk of cancer development across periods, though a higher risk was presented during the lockdown. In addition, children under the age of 18 may be at greater risk. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous report on the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on soil PAH profile and health risks, with particular attention to the Onne industrial host community. Earlier work considered the ecological risks of heavy metals on dumpsites in Onne. Taken together, the PAH-contaminated soil in Onne poses an immediate health concern. Therefore, reduced anthropological activities, as evident during the COVID-19 lockdown, may play a role in exposure and cancer risk reduction. While there may not be another lockdown due to the challenging impacts associated with a physical lockdown, firmly controlled economic activity can be a solution if embraced by stakeholders. The COVID-19-lockdown was encumbered with restricted movements and security checks, which limited the number of samples collected. However, the Local Government Council (Department of the Environment) granted permission for the researchers to work with a minimal threat to their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Kelechi Lele
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Olarewaju Michael Oluba
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
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Lele CK, Olarewaju MO, Adeyemi OS. Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Potability of Borehole Water in Onne, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2118336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charity Kelechi Lele
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- SDG 06 Group – Clean Water and Sanitation, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Michael Oluba Olarewaju
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- SDG 06 Group – Clean Water and Sanitation, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- Landmark University SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-Being Research Group), Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- SDG 06 Group – Clean Water and Sanitation, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
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Ja'afaru MI, Abbas T, Ajunwa OM, Olaifa K. Characterization and statistical optimization of biosurfactant production using Bacillus subtilis isolated from automotive oil-contaminated soil in Yola, Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Okoye OC, Carnegie E, Mora L. Air Pollution and Chronic Kidney Disease Risk in Oil and Gas- Situated Communities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604522. [PMID: 35479765 PMCID: PMC9035494 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at synthesising epidemiological data on the association between long-term air pollution and kidney-related outcomes in oil and natural gas (ONG) situated communities. Methods: We synthesised studies using the PRISMA 2020 guideline. We searched databases including Medline, Cochrane Library, CIHANL, CAB Abstracts, Greenlife, African Journal Online, Google Scholar and Web of Science, from inception to April 2021. Heterogeneity across studies and publication bias were assessed. Results: Twenty-five studies were systematically reviewed but only 14 were included in the meta-analysis and categorised based on the outcome studied. Residents of exposed communities have increased risk for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.44–2.01), lower eGFR (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.48–0.67) and higher serum creatinine (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.06–1.82) compared to less exposed or unexposed populations. The risks for hypertension and kidney cancer between the two populations were not significantly different. Conclusion: We report an increased risk for CKD and kidney dysfunction in populations residing near petrochemical plants, although from a limited number of studies. The scientific community needs to explore this environment and non-communicable disease relationship, particularly in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu Chinedum Okoye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
- School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ogochukwu Chinedum Okoye,
| | - Elaine Carnegie
- School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Mora
- Urban Innovation, Business School, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Okoye EA, Bocca B, Ruggieri F, Ezejiofor AN, Nwaogazie IL, Domingo JL, Rovira J, Frazzoli C, Orisakwe OE. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples of soil, feed and food collected in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria: A probabilistic human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111619. [PMID: 34265352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed compounds with two or more fused aromatic ring, being some of them classified as carcinogenic. In the present study, the concentrations of 16 PAHs and the sum of them (∑PAHs) were determined in samples of food, feed, plant and soil collected in six different heavily polluted areas (Choba, Khana, Trans Amadi, Eleme, Uyo and Yenagoa) of the Niger Delta Region (Nigeria). Principal component analysis (PCA) was then used to identify groups of variables (PAHs) and groups of samples that were the best in rendering the environmental pollution in that Region of Nigeria. In addition, PAHs food consumption and the derived carcinogenic risks were assessed in a probabilistic way. The highest ∑PAHs (mg/kg) were: 16.7 in cow meat, 8.06 in goat meat, 25.4 in chicken meat, 7.72 in fish, 28.70 in fish feed, 15.3 in chicken feed, 8.42 in plant, and 8.80 in soil. In most of the Nigerian areas, cooked cow meat, chicken and chicken feed presented the highest impact regarding PAHs contamination. The highest intake of PAHs was through meat consumption, with a very high and unassumable carcinogenic risk, which is quite above 10-5 for some PAHs, including benzo [a]pyrene. The results of the present survey highlight the importance of reducing PAHs content in food, specially in meat, in the Niger Delta region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Amaka Okoye
- African Centre of Excellence for Oilfield Chemicals Research (ACE-CEFOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ruggieri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anthonett N Ezejiofor
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), Nigeria; Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Ify L Nwaogazie
- African Centre of Excellence for Oilfield Chemicals Research (ACE-CEFOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department for Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Aging Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Orish E Orisakwe
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), Nigeria; Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
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Egbuna C, Amadi CN, Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC, Ezzat SM, Awuchi CG, Ugonwa PO, Orisakwe OE. Emerging pollutants in Nigeria: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:103638. [PMID: 33757839 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants represent a group of synthetic or naturally occurring compounds that are not normally monitored within the environment but can enter into the environment and cause different adverse ecological and health effects. This systematic review identified the various emerging pollutants in Nigeria. The following databases, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, and African Journals OnLine (AJOL) were searched to identify studies on pollutants of emerging concerns in Nigeria. A total of 933 articles were identified out of which 30 articles were selected to be eligible for the study. Over 250 emerging pollutants were identified and divided into 9 major groups which are personal care products, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, mycotoxins, radionuclides and electromagnetic radiations (Gamma radiation) and other pollutants of emerging concerns such as microbes, microplastics, and particulate matter. These pollutants are found in water bodies and underground waters, soils and sediments, biological systems, and ambient air at different concentrations with seasonal variations. Some of these pollutants act as endocrine disruptors, β-adrenergic receptors agonist blockers, oxidative stress inducers and can cause genetic alterations in DNA and epigenetic reprogramming through global DNA methylation, gene-specific CpG methylation and microRNA expression. Emerging pollutants of public health concern in Nigeria are on the increase and are threat to both ecological and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka Egbuna
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli Campus, Anambra State -431124, Nigeria
| | - Cecilia N Amadi
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley C Patrick-Iwuanyanwu
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt
| | | | - Peter Okechukwu Ugonwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli Campus, Anambra State -431124, Nigeria
| | - Orish E Orisakwe
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
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