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Cui FJ, Yang YM, Sun L, Zan XY, Sun WJ, Zeb U. Grifola frondosa polysaccharides: A review on structure/activity, biosynthesis and engineering strategies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128584. [PMID: 38056754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the main polymers in edible fungi Grifola frondosa, playing a crucial role in the physiology and representing the healthy benefits for humans. Recent efforts have well elucidated the fine structures and biological functions of G. frondosa polysaccharides. The recently-rapid developments and increasing availability in fungal genomes also accelerated the better understanding of key genes and pathways involved in biosynthesis of G. frondosa polysaccharides. Herein, we provide a brief overview of G. frondosa polysaccharides and their activities, and comprehensively outline the complex process, genes and proteins corresponding to G. frondosa polysaccharide biosynthesis. The regulation strategies including strain improvement, process optimization and genetic engineering were also summarized for maximum production of G. frondosa polysaccharides. Some remaining unanswered questions in describing the fine synthesis machinery were also pointed out to open up new avenues for answering the structure-activity relationship and improving polysaccharide biosynthesis in G. frondosa. The review hopefully presents a reasonable full picture of activities, biosynthesis, and production regulation of polysaccharide in G. frondosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing 334221, PR China.
| | - Yu-Meng Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xin-Yi Zan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing 334221, PR China
| | - Umar Zeb
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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Fan XZ, Yao F, Yin CM, Shi DF, Gao H. Mycelial biomass and intracellular polysaccharides production, characterization, and activities in Auricularia auricula-judae cultured with different carbon sources. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125426. [PMID: 37330093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The carbon source, an essential factor for submerged culture, affects fungal polysaccharides production, structures, and activities. This study investigated the impact of carbon sources, including glucose, fructose, sucrose, and mannose, on mycelial biomass and the production, structural characterization, and bioactivities of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) produced by submerged culture of Auricularia auricula-judae. Results showed that mycelial biomass and IPS production varied with different carbon sources, where using glucose as the carbon source produced the highest mycelial biomass (17.22 ± 0.29 g/L) and IPS (1.62 ± 0.04 g/L). Additionally, carbon sources were found to affect the molecular weight (Mw) distributions, monosaccharide compositions, structural characterization, and activities of IPSs. IPS produced with glucose as the carbon source exhibited the best in vitro antioxidant activities and had the strongest protection against alloxan-damaged islet cells. Correlation analysis revealed that Mw correlated positively with mycelial biomass (r = 0.97) and IPS yield (r = 1.00), while IPS antioxidant activities correlated positively with Mw and negatively with mannose content; the protective activity of IPS was positively related to its reducing power. These findings indicate a critical structure-function relationship for IPS and lay the foundation for utilizing liquid-fermented A. aruicula-judae mycelia and the IPS in functional food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhi Fan
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi for Loess Plateau, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Fen Yao
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Chao-Min Yin
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - De-Fang Shi
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi for Loess Plateau, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Under-forest Economy, Wuhan 430064, China.
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Berovic M, Zhong JJ. Advances in Production of Medicinal Mushrooms Biomass in Solid State and Submerged Bioreactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:125-161. [PMID: 36592190 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Production of mushroom fruit bodies using farming technology could hardly meet the increasing demand of the world market. During the last several decades, there have been various basic and applied studies on fungal physiology, metabolism, process engineering, and (pre)clinical studies. The fundamental aspects of solid-state cultivation of various kinds of medicinal mushroom mycelia in various types of bioreactors were established. Solid-state cultivation of medicinal mushrooms for their biomass and bioactive metabolites production appear very suitable for veterinary use. Development of comprehensive submerged technologies using stirred tank and airlift bioreactors is the most promising technology for fast and large-scale production of medicinal fungi biomass and their pharmaceutically active products for human need. The potentials initiate the development of new drugs and some of the most attractive over-the-counter human and veterinary remedies. This article is to overview the engineering achievements in solid state and submerged cultivations of medicinal mushrooms in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Berovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Preparation and Antioxidant Activity In Vitro of Fermented Tremella fuciformis Extracellular Polysaccharides. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at increasing the capacity of fermented Tremella fuciformis extracellular polysaccharides (TEPS) for possible functional food applications. Thus, strain varieties, fermentation parameters and purification conditions, and the in vitro antioxidant activities of purified EPS fractions were investigated. An EPS high-yield strain Tf526 was selected, and the effects of seven independent fermentation factors (time, temperature, initial pH, inoculum size, shaking speed, carbon, and nitrogen source) on the EPS yield were evaluated. By single factor optimization test, yeast extract and glucose were chosen as nitrogen sources and carbon sources, respectively, and with initial pH of 6.0, inoculum size of 8%, shaking speed of 150 rpm, and culture at 25 °C for 72 h, the optimal yield of TEPS reached 0.76 ± 0.03 mg/mL. Additionally, A-722MP resin showed the most efficient decoloration ratio compared to six other tested resins. Furthermore, optimal decoloration parameters of A-722MP resin were obtained as follows: decoloration time of 2 h, resins dosage of 2 g, and temperature of 30 °C. Decoloration ratio, deproteinization ratio, and polysaccharide retention ratio were 62.14 ± 2.3%, 81.21 ± 2.13%, and 73.42 ± 1.96%, respectively. Furthermore, the crude TEPS was extracted and four polysaccharide fractions were isolated and purified as Tf1-a, Tf1-b, Tf2, and Tf3 by the DEAE-Sepharose FF column and the Sephasryl S100 column. In general, the antioxidant activities of the Lf1-a and Lf1-b were lower compared with Vc at the concentration of 0.1 to 3 mg/mL, but the FRAP assay, DPPH scavenging activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity analysis still revealed that Tf1-a and Tf1-b possess significant antioxidant activities in vitro. At the concentration of 3 mg/mL, the reducing power of Lf1-a and Lf1-b reached 0.86 and 0.70, the maximum DPPH radical were 54.23 ± 1.68% and 61.62 ± 2.73%, and the maximum hydroxyl radicals scavenging rates were 58.76 ± 2.58% and 45.81 ± 1.79%, respectively. Moreover, there were significant correlations (r > 0.8) among the selected concentrations and antioxidant activities of TEPS major fractions Tf1-a and Tf1-b. Therefore, it is expected that Tf1-a and Tf1-b polysaccharide fractions from fermented TEPS may serve as active ingredients in functional foods.
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Effect of low-intensity magnetic field on the growth and metabolite of Grifola frondosa in submerged fermentation and its possible mechanisms. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Argyropoulos D, Psallida C, Sitareniou P, Flemetakis E, Diamantopoulou P. Biochemical Evaluation of Agaricus and Pleurotus Strains in Batch Cultures for Production Optimization of Valuable Metabolites. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050964. [PMID: 35630408 PMCID: PMC9147170 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of various biochemical compounds such as proteins, glucans and glucanases, from the mycelium of four strains of Basidiomycetes species, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus subrufescens, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus, during batch culture in shaking flasks, was studied. Fungi were cultured for 26 days in defined media with glucose as carbon source and were primarily evaluated for their ability to consume glucose and produce mycelial mass and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS). Results showed that on the 26th day of cultivation, P. ostreatus produced the maximum biomass (16.75 g/L), whereas P. eryngii showed the maximum IPS concentration (3.82 g/L). All strains presented a similar pattern in total protein production, with A. bisporus having the highest percentage of total proteins (36%, w/w). The calculated correlation coefficients among ribonucleic acid (RNA) vs. biomass (0.97) and RNA vs. protein (0.97) indicated a very strong relation between RNA and biomass/protein synthesis. The studied strains exhibited an increase in total glucan and glucanase (β-1,6) production during cultivation, with A. bisporus reaching the highest glucan percentage (8%, w/w) and glucanase activity (12.7 units/g biomass). Subsequently, processed analytical data were used in contour-graph analysis for data extrapolation to optimize future continuous culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Argyropoulos
- Genetic Identification Laboratory, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Dimitra, 1 S. Venizelou Street, 14123 Lykovryssi, Greece; (D.A.); (C.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Charoula Psallida
- Genetic Identification Laboratory, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Dimitra, 1 S. Venizelou Street, 14123 Lykovryssi, Greece; (D.A.); (C.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Paraskevi Sitareniou
- Genetic Identification Laboratory, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Dimitra, 1 S. Venizelou Street, 14123 Lykovryssi, Greece; (D.A.); (C.P.); (P.S.)
- Laboratory of Edible Fungi, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Dimitra, 1 S. Venizelou Street, 14123 Lykovryssi, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiota Diamantopoulou
- Laboratory of Edible Fungi, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Dimitra, 1 S. Venizelou Street, 14123 Lykovryssi, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-2845940
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Data-Mining Techniques: A New Approach to Identifying the Links among Hybrid Strains of Pleurotus with Culture Media. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100882. [PMID: 34682303 PMCID: PMC8538256 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a data set of mycelial and cultural characteristics of hybrid strains of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor were analyzed using three data-mining techniques: the K-medoids clustering algorithm, PCA biplot and the association rules algorithm. The characteristics evaluated were as follows: maximum velocity; lag phase; biomass; and exopolysaccharides content in the cultivation of 50 hybrid strains of Pleurotus ostreatus and 50 hybrid strains of Pleurotus djamor. Different mixtures of culture media were used to supplement Ecuadorian agricultural products. Data of the parameters obtained in the experimental methods were grouped into four clusters, obtaining a presentation of the hybrid strains of Pleurotus with a higher relation to each characteristic measured. Data-mining tools showed the hybrid strains cultivated on solid-culture media (M1 = malt extract agar and rice flour) and liquid-culture media (L1 = maltose, yeast extract and rice flour) presented the highest mycelial and cultural characteristics. These results are good indicators to improve the industrial production of edible fungi by using rice flour in the cultivation, contributing to the mushroom market and circular economy.
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Diamantopoulou P, Gardeli C, Papanikolaou S. Impact of olive mill wastewaters on the physiological behavior of a wild-type new Ganoderma resinaceum isolate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20570-20585. [PMID: 33410062 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new wild-type Ganoderma resinaceum isolate was cultivated on glucose-enriched liquid cultures with olive mill wastewaters (OMWs) in initial phenolic compounds concentrations 0.0 (control), 0.5, 0.8, and 1.5 g/l. The effect of the fungus on the reduction of phenolics and color was assessed, whereas biomass production, glucose consumption, intra-cellular (IPS) and extra-cellular (EPS) polysaccharides biosynthesis, antioxidant activity of the biomass, and laccase synthesis were monitored. Results showed that significant phenolic reduction (94.5%) and decolorization (76.5%) occurred, 14.6 g/l of biomass was produced, glucose was almost totally consumed, EPS were produced in sufficient amounts (0.79 g/l), whereas the presence of OMWs enhanced the synthesis of IPS (maximum absolute values 4.0-5.2 g/l corresponding to 35-42% w/w). Kinetic analysis demonstrated that EPS and IPS values fluctuated with time, regardless of the available amount of glucose in the media, showing a maximum in the 17th day of culture. Laccase was highly synthesized in the middle of the fermentation, reaching the maximum value of 14 U/ml. Little growth was however observed at 1.5 g/l phenolics. Strong correlation between total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity has been noticed in the methanolic extracts of the mycelium. Results strongly suggest the potentiality of G. resinaceum utilization in the OMW waste treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Diamantopoulou
- Laboratory of Edible Fungi, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products (ITAP), Hellenic Agricultural Organization - Demeter, 1 Sofokli Venizelou Street, 14123 - Lykovryssi, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Chrysavgi Gardeli
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Seraphim Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855, Athens, Greece
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Wu JY, Siu KC, Geng P. Bioactive Ingredients and Medicinal Values of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Foods 2021; 10:foods10010095. [PMID: 33466429 PMCID: PMC7824844 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa), generally known as hen-of-the-woods or maitake in Japanese and hui-shu-hua in Chinese, is an edible mushroom with both nutritional and medicinal properties. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of research findings on its bioactive constituents, potential health benefits and major structural characteristics. Since the discovery of the D-fraction more than three decades ago, many other polysaccharides, including β-glucans and heteroglycans, have been extracted from the G. frondosa fruiting body and fungal mycelium, which have shown significant antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Another class of bioactive macromolecules in G. frondosa is composed of proteins and glycoproteins, which have shown antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant and other activities. A number of small organic molecules such as sterols and phenolic compounds have also been isolated from the fungus and have shown various bioactivities. It can be concluded that the G. frondosa mushroom provides a diverse array of bioactive molecules that are potentially valuable for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. More investigation is needed to establish the structure–bioactivity relationship of G. frondosa and to elucidate the mechanisms of action behind its various bioactive and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Geng
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3400-8807
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Ogidi CO, Ubaru AM, Ladi-Lawal T, Thonda OA, Aladejana OM, Malomo O. Bioactivity assessment of exopolysaccharides produced by Pleurotus pulmonarius in submerged culture with different agro-waste residues. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05685. [PMID: 33336098 PMCID: PMC7734227 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus spp. are white-rot fungi that utilize different agro-wastes to produce useful biologically active compounds. In this study, exopolysaccharides (EPS) were produced by Pleurotus pulmonarius in submerged culture supplemented with different agro-wastes. Functional groups in EPS were revealed using Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity of EPS was tested against microorganisms using agar well diffusion. Scavenging potentials of EPS was tested against 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), iron (Fe2+) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals. In vitro prebiotic activity of EPS was carried out. The highest yield (5.60 g/L) of EPS was produced by P. pulmonarius in submerged culture supplemented with groundnut shell (20.0 g/L). The functional groups in EPS were hydroxyl (-OH), methyl (-CH3), ketone (-RCOH) and carbonyl group (-C=O). EPS displayed zones of inhibition (5.00-14.00 mm) against tested microorganisms. Scavenging activity of EPS ranged from 65.70-81.80% against DPPH. EPS supported the growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Streptococcus thermophiles with values ranged from 3.04 × 104-3.40 × 104 cfu/ml and 2.50 × 104-2.81 × 104 cfu/ml, respectively. Submerged culture of P. pulmonarius with addition of agro-wastes enhanced yield of EPS. The EPS exhibited bio-functional properties like antimicrobial, antioxidant and prebiotic activities. Hence, agrowastes can be recycled in submerged fermentation with fungi to produce promising biomaterials for biopharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Olusola Ogidi
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, PMB 555, Odeomu, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Mascot Ubaru
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, PMB 555, Odeomu, Nigeria
| | - Temilayo Ladi-Lawal
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, PMB 555, Odeomu, Nigeria
| | - Oluwakemi Abike Thonda
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, PMB 555, Odeomu, Nigeria
| | | | - Olu Malomo
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, PMB 555, Odeomu, Nigeria
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Sun T, Wang R, Sun D, Li S, Xu H, Qiu Y, Lei P, Sun L, Xu X, Zhu Y. High-efficiency production of Tremella aurantialba polysaccharide through basidiospore fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124268. [PMID: 33099097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a spore fermentation method instead of fruiting body extraction for the production of Tremella aurantialba polysaccharide (TAPS). The purified spore strain Tremella aurantialba NX-20 was isolated for TAPS fermentation. The fermented TAPS and the extracted TAPS had the same monosaccharide composition but higher molecular weight. The conditions for TAPS fermentation by NX-20 were optimized, which were 25 °C, pH 7, 10% initial inoculum and 5 days. To further reduce the processing steps and costs of the medium, tofu wastewater (TW) was used to replace defatted soybean meal (DSM). In a 7.5 L fermentation tank, 40 g/L glucose with 10-fold diluted TW was used as the medium. For TAPS fermentation, a maximum yield of 15.02 ± 0.40 g/L was achieved. In conclusion, this study provides a feasible strategy for the efficient preparation of TAPS through spore fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dafeng Sun
- Kunming Edible Fungi Institute of All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yibin Qiu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Liang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaoqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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12
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A critical review on submerged production of mushroom and their bioactive metabolites. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:337. [PMID: 32670737 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are ubiquitous in nature. Even though humankind has been consuming mushrooms for ages, their medicinal and nutraceutical properties are not used to its fullest potential in the present market. Edible mushrooms are not only a cheap and nutritious option to mitigate malnutrition, but they also produce effective biomass. Submerged fermentation (SmF) is not only a cost-effective method to produce biomass along with exquisite bioactive metabolites but it also reduces the chances of contamination and the time of production. Therefore, this study unveils the bioactive metabolites being produced by mushrooms. Moreover, it also showcases the recent advances in the areas of bio-active compounds and their judicious implementations in daily life and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, there is a distinct lack in utilizing the potential benefits of bioactive compounds from mushroom unless in vivo and in vitro studies are demonstrated.
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Production, structure, and bioactivity of polysaccharide isolated from Tremella fuciformis XY. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:173-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Oliveros CV, Chegwin Angarita C, Ardila Barrantes HD. Condiciones para el análisis de proteínas del micelio de Lentinula edodes obtenido por fermentación en estado líquido. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v48n3.74843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinula edodes es una seta comestible con potencial para el desarrollo de nutraceúticos. Sin embargo, son incipientes los trabajos enfocados en su producción biotecnológica y el desarrollo de herramientas analíticas que permitan profundizar en su composición. En esta investigación se estudió la producción de biomasa del hongo en el tiempo mediante fermentación en estado líquido y se seleccionaron las condiciones que permiten la obtención de extractos para la aplicación de herramientas para análisis proteómicos. Los métodos de extracción de proteínas, ácido tricloroacético (TCA)-Acetona y TCA-Acetona-Fenol, fueron comparados en términos del rendimiento de extracción y los perfiles de separación usando electroforesis en 1D (SDS-PAGE) y 2D (IEF-SDS PAGE). Se determinó que a los 10 días de crecimiento se obtiene la mayor producción de biomasa y proteína total. La extracción con TCA-Acetona-Fenol presentó un mayor rendimiento, mayor resolución y número de bandas en la electroforesis 1D. En 2DE los dos métodos permitieron la extracción de proteínas con puntos isoeléctricos en el rango de pH 3-10, pero el método TCA-Acetona-Fenol conllevó a una extracción diferencial, favoreciendo el rango de 33 a 113 kDa. Estos resultados se constituyen en una primera aplicación de técnicas de separación electroforética para futuros estudios proteómicos
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Fooladi T, Soudi MR, Alimadadi N, Savedoroudi P, Heravi MM. Bioactive exopolysaccharide from Neopestalotiopsis sp. strain SKE15: Production, characterization and optimization. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:127-139. [PMID: 30710587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal exopolysaccharides are powerful resources of medicinal applications. Neopestalotiopsis sp. SKE15 was isolated and identified according to phenotypical and genotypical analyses (GenBank Accession No. MG649986). The exopolysaccharide (EPS) was produced by cultivation of mycelia in broth culture and extracted. The production was optimized to 2.02 g/l after selection of agitation, temperature, FeSO4 and K2HPO4 concentrations as the most influencing factors using Placket-Burman design and then by applying response surface methodology. Analytical Tools showed that the EPS is composed of a polysaccharide (1.5-2.1 × 106 Da) and its probable low molecular weight derivatives, in a wide range of chain lengths, among them an oligosaccharide of about 1970 Da was dominant. GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis revealed the EPS was mainly constructed from d-glucose, sorbitol and D-galactose. The EPS showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assays showed strong antioxidant activity of the EPS. A challenge with three different cancerous cell lines showed cytotoxic activity of the EPS at final concentration of 100 and 200 μg/ml. Further investigation on medicinal applications of the biopolymer is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Fooladi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Soudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nayyereh Alimadadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Savedoroudi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, District 1, Daneshjou Boulevard, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Momhed Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
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Wu F, Jia X, Yin L, Cheng Y, Miao Y, Zhang X. The Effect of Hemicellulose and Lignin on Properties of Polysaccharides in Lentinus edodes and Their Antioxidant Evaluation. Molecules 2019; 24:E1834. [PMID: 31086063 PMCID: PMC6539561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinus edodes, whose polysaccharides possess diverse bioactivities, commonly grows on hardwood sawdust composed of hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose. In this study the effect of hemicellulose and lignin on the growth of mycelia, as well as the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from L. edodes mycelia (LEPs) were investigated. The antioxidant properties of LEPs were evaluated through radical scavenging assays in vitro and through the Caenorhabditis elegans model in vivo. The results showed that hemicellulose at a concentration of 4% increased the yield of the mycelia biomass to twice that of the control group. Meanwhile, when cultured with 4.0% hemicellulose, the polysaccharide content of the mycelia was raised by 112.2%. In addition, the appropriate concentration of lignin could stimulate mycelia growth and polysaccharide biosynthesis in L. edodes. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that a higher content of xylose was found when mycelia were cultured with higher concentrations of hemicellulose. The molecular structure, including the molecular weight distribution and configuration type, was affected by hemicellulose and lignin. Antioxidant assays indicated that LEPs supplemented with hemicellulose and/or lignin possessed higher radical scavenging abilities in vitro and exhibited a thermal resistance effect on C. elegans, implying that the antioxidant effect is potent in vivo. In summary, the addition of hemicellulose and lignin improved the biosynthesis and bioactivity of LEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 40, No.17 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xin Jia
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 40, No.17 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lijun Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 40, No.17 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 40, No.17 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuxin Miao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 40, No.17 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 40, No.17 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China.
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Si J, Meng G, Wu Y, Ma HF, Cui BK, Dai YC. Medium composition optimization, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lingzhi. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:1186-1196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Jaros D, Köbsch J, Rohm H. Exopolysaccharides from Basidiomycota: Formation, isolation and techno-functional properties. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:743-752. [PMID: 32624868 PMCID: PMC6999363 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This Mini Review gives an overview of and respective references for the production and properties of exopolysaccharides from Basidiomycota in submerged cultivation. Media and conditions that are usually applied in laboratory culture are summarized, and the lack of studies related to up-scaling is addressed. Procedures for isolation and purification of the exopolysaccharides from the fermentation media are reviewed, and challenges related to exopolysaccharide quantification are discussed. Finally, the techno-functional properties of the respective exopolysaccharides, and potential applications in foods are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Jaros
- Chair of Food EngineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Johannes Köbsch
- Chair of Food EngineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Harald Rohm
- Chair of Food EngineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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Khamrai M, Banerjee SL, Kundu PP. A sustainable production method of mycelium biomass using an isolated fungal strain Phanerochaete chrysosporium (accession no: KY593186): Its exploitation in wound healing patch formation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Rühl M, Lange K, Kües U. Laccase production and pellet morphology of Coprinopsis cinerea transformants in liquid shake flask cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7849-7863. [PMID: 30032435 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Laccase production and pellet formation of transformants of Coprinopsis cinerea strain FA2222 of C. cinerea laccase gene lcc1 subcloned behind the gpdII-promoter from Agaricus bisporus were compared with a control transformant carrying no extra laccase gene. At the optimum growth temperature of 37 °C, maximal laccase yields of 2.9 U/ml were obtained by the best lcc1 transformant pYSK7-26 in liquid shake flask cultures. Reduction in temperature to 25 °C increased laccase yields up to 9.2 U/ml. The control transformant had no laccase activities at 37 °C but native activity at 25 °C (3.5 U/ml). Changing the temperature had severe effects on the morphology of the mycelial pellets formed during cultivation, but links of distinct pellet morphologies to native or recombinant laccase production could not be established. Automated image analysis was used to characterise pellet formation and morphological parameters (pellet area, diameter, convexity and mycelial structure). Cross sections of selected pellets showed that they differentiated in an outer rind and an inner medulla of loosened hyphae. Pellets at 25 °C had a small and dense outer zone and adopted with time a smooth surface. Pellets at 37 °C had a broader outer zone and a fringy surface due to generation of more and larger protuberances in the rind that when released can serve for production of further pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rühl
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karin Lange
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
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Li H, Jiao X, Zhou W, Sun Y, Liu W, Lin W, Liu A, Song A, Zhu H. Enhanced production of total flavones from Inonotus baumii by multiple strategies. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:103-112. [PMID: 28857662 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1365248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As one kind of important secondary metabolites produced by Inonotus baumii, flavones can be applied in food, medicine, and other industries due to their biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activity. To enhance total flavone production in submerged fermentation of I. baumii, three different strategies, optimization of fermentation parameters by statistical designs including Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology, addition of precursors and elicitors, and two-phase culture, were used. The production of total flavones (PTF) reached 1532.83 mg/L when the optimized medium was used. All precursors and elicitors can increase the PTF. The maximum PTF (2184.06 mg/L, up to 1.57-fold) was obtained with the addition of both AgNO3 and glutathione in fermentation media. Interestingly, when 0.5% (w/v) DM130 macroporous resin as adsorbent was added to fermentation broth on day 4 of culture, the highest production reached 2407.79 mg/L with this two-phase culture strategy. These methods can be further applied to large-scale industrial production and broaden the application of flavones.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CCD design, central composite design
- CSL, corn steep liquor
- DMW, dry mycelial weight
- GSH, glutathione
- Inonotus baumii
- PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.
- PB design, Plackett–Burman design
- PTF, production of total flavones
- RSM, response surface methodology
- VB1, vitamin B1
- YE, yeast extract
- precursors and elicitors
- response surface methodology
- total flavone production
- two-phase culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jiao
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Wanlong Zhou
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Sun
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Lin
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Liu
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Aihuan Song
- b Scientific Research Department, Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Zhu
- a Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology , China University of Petroleum (East China) , Qingdao , People's Republic of China.,c College of Chemistry and Materials , Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou , People's Republic of China
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22
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de Souza RA, Kamat NM. Three dimensional typological studies using scanning electron microscopy for characterization of Termitomycespellets obtained from submerged growth conditions. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:25-35. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1379611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- RA de Souza
- Mycological Laboratory, Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao, Goa, 403206, India
| | - NM Kamat
- Mycological Laboratory, Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao, Goa, 403206, India
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23
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Domingos M, Souza-Cruz PBD, Ferraz A, Prata AMR. A new bioreactor design for culturing basidiomycetes: Mycelial biomass production in submerged cultures of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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He X, Wang X, Fang J, Chang Y, Ning N, Guo H, Huang L, Huang X, Zhao Z. Polysaccharides in Grifola frondosa mushroom and their health promoting properties: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:910-921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Process Parameters Affecting the Synthesis of Natural Flavors by Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) during the Production of a Non-Alcoholic Beverage. BEVERAGES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages3020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Nutrient Recovery of Starch Processing Waste to Cordyceps militaris: Solid State Cultivation and Submerged Liquid Cultivation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:274-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kirsch LDS, de Macedo AJP, Teixeira MFS. Production of mycelial biomass by the Amazonian edible mushroom Pleurotus albidus. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:658-64. [PMID: 27266626 PMCID: PMC4927658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible mushroom species are considered as an adequate source of food in a healthy diet due to high content of protein, fiber, vitamins, and a variety of minerals. The representatives of Pleurotus genus are characterized by distinct gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal properties among the edible mushrooms commercialized worldwide. In the present study, the growth of mycelial biomass of Pleurotus albidus cultivated in submerged fermentation was evaluated. Saccharose, fructose, and maltose were the three main carbon sources for mycelial biomass formation with corresponding yields of 7.28 g L−1, 7.07 g L−1, and 6.99 g L−1. Inorganic nitrogen sources did not stimulate growth and the optimal yield was significantly higher with yeast extract (7.98 g L−1). The factorial design used to evaluate the influence of saccharose and yeast extract concentration, agitation speed, and initial pH indicated that all variables significantly influenced the production of biomass, especially the concentration of saccharose. The greater amount of saccharose resulted in the production of significantly more biomass. The highest mycelial biomass production (9.81 g L−1) was reached in the medium formulated with 30.0 g L−1 saccharose, 2.5 g L−1 yeast extract, pH 7.0, and a speed of agitation at 180 rpm. Furthermore, P. albidus manifested different aspects of morphology and physiology under the growth conditions employed. Media composition affected mycelial biomass production indicating that the diversification of carbon sources promoted its improvement and can be used as food or supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa de Souza Kirsch
- Culture Collection DPUA (Parasitology Department of Amazonas University) / Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Porto de Macedo
- Culture Collection DPUA (Parasitology Department of Amazonas University) / Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria Francisca Simas Teixeira
- Culture Collection DPUA (Parasitology Department of Amazonas University) / Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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Duvnjak D, Pantić M, Pavlović V, Nedović V, Lević S, Matijašević D, Sknepnek A, Nikšić M. Advances in batch culture fermented Coriolus versicolor medicinal mushroom for the production of antibacterial compounds. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Control of Grifola frondosa Morphology by Agitation and Aeration for Improving Mycelia and Exo-Polymer Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:459-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Chen X, Wu JY, Gui X. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides in mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1 with different carbon sources. Chin J Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Pedri ZC, Lozano LMS, Hermann KL, Helm CV, Peralta RM, Tavares LBB. Influence of nitrogen sources on the enzymatic activity and grown by Lentinula edodes in biomass Eucalyptus benthamii. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:940-7. [PMID: 26675911 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose is the most abundant environmental component and a renewable organic resource in soil. There are some filamentous fungi which developed the ability to break down and use cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as an energy source. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of three nitrogen resources (ammonium sulfate, saltpetre, soybean) in the holocellulolitic activity of Lentinula edodes EF 50 using as substrate sawdust E. benthamii. An experimental design mixture was applied with repetition in the central point consisting of seven treatments (T) of equal concentrations of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate and soybean. The enzymatic activity of avicelase, carboxymetilcellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanases and manganese peroxidase was determined. The humidity, pH, water activity (aw) and qualitative analysis of mycelial growth in 8 times of cultivation were evaluated. The results showed negative effect on enzyme production in treatments with maximum concentration of ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate. The treatments with cooked soybean flour expressed higher enzymatic activities in times of 3, 6 and 9 days of culture, except in the activity of manganese peroxidase. The highest production was observed in the treatment with ammonium sulfate, and soybean (83.86 UI.L-1) at 20 days of cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Pedri
- Programa de Pós-graduação, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - L M S Lozano
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - K L Hermann
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - C V Helm
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Colombo, PR, Brazil
| | - R M Peralta
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - L B B Tavares
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
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32
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Changes in some nutritional components of soymilk during fermentation by the culinary and medicinal mushroom Grifola frondosa. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Wu CY, Wu TX. Effect of the main ingredients ofRhizoma gastrodiaeon mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide productions by submerged culture ofGrifola frondosa. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Wu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Tian-Xiang Wu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
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34
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Shang HM, Song H, Shen SJ, Yao X, Wu B, Wang LN, Jiang YY, Ding GD. Effects of dietary polysaccharides from the submerged fermentation concentrate of Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. on fat deposition in broilers. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:267-274. [PMID: 24771556 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was conducted to investigate the lipid-lowering effect of polysaccharides from the submerged fermentation concentrate of Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. (HFCP) in broilers. A total of 480 female Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four dietary treatments, each consisting of six pens as replicates, and fed diets containing 0 (control), 1, 3 or 5 g kg(-1) HFCP. RESULTS The results revealed that the average daily gain of broilers increased (linear (L), P < 0.01; quadratic (Q), P < 0.01) when the HFCP levels increased. The serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased (Q, P < 0.05) while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level increased (Q, P < 0.05) when the HFCP levels increased. The caecum Escherichia coli count and pH decreased (Q, P < 0.01) while the lactobacilli count and bifidobacteria count increased (L, P < 0.05; Q, P < 0.05) when the HFCP levels increased. The propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations increased (L, P < 0.001; Q, P < 0.001) while the abdominal fat rate and liver fat content decreased (L, P < 0.01; Q, P < 0.05) when the HFCP levels increased. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with HFCP may lead to the development of low abdominal fat of broilers as demanded by health-conscious consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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Influence of fermentation concentrate of Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. on performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality in broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Kim JE, Park SJ, Yu MH, Lee SP. Effect of Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium Extract on the Inhibition of Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. J Med Food 2014; 17:1086-94. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sam-Pin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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37
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Effects of dietary polysaccharides from the submerged fermentation concentrate of Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. on performance, gut microflora, and cholesterol metabolism in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Fraga I, Coutinho J, Bezerra RM, Dias AA, Marques G, Nunes FM. Influence of culture medium growth variables on Ganoderma lucidum exopolysaccharides structural features. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:936-46. [PMID: 25037434 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work the effect of carbon and nitrogen levels and initial pH of the wheat extract culture medium of submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum on the amount, purity and structural features of exopolysaccharides (EPS) were studied. A low peptone level (1.65 g L(-1)) favored mycelium biomass, EPS purity, but a higher supply of peptone (4.80 g L(-1)) is needed for maximum EPS production. The carbohydrate composition of the EPS and structural features also changed significantly according to the different growing conditions, being observed significant differences in the (1 → 3)/(1 → 4)-Glcp ratio and also on the branching degree of EPS. As the biological activities of EPS are highly dependent on the polysaccharide structural features, this variability can have implications on the EPS biological activities, but can also be used advantageously to produce tailor made polysaccharides with specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fraga
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Coutinho
- CQ-Vila Real, Chemistry Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui M Bezerra
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Albino A Dias
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Guilhermina Marques
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- CQ-Vila Real, Chemistry Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
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39
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Giavasis I. Bioactive fungal polysaccharides as potential functional ingredients in food and nutraceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 26:162-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Diamantopoulou P, Papanikolaou S, Komaitis M, Aggelis G, Philippoussis A. Patterns of major metabolites biosynthesis by different mushroom fungi grown on glucose-based submerged cultures. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:1385-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Timsina BA, Sorensen JL, Weihrauch D, Piercey-Normore MD. Effect of aposymbiotic conditions on colony growth and secondary metabolite production in the lichen-forming fungus Ramalina dilacerata. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:731-43. [PMID: 24295912 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brinda A Timsina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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42
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Zeng F, Zhao C, Pang J, Lin Z, Huang Y, Liu B. Chemical properties of a polysaccharide purified from solid-state fermentation of Auricularia auricular and its biological activity as a hypolipidemic agent. J Food Sci 2013; 78:H1470-5. [PMID: 23909573 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble crude polysaccharide was extracted by hot water from Auricularia auricular mycelium grown under solid-state fermentation (SSF). The crude polysaccharide was purified by DEAE Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance ((1) H NMR) spectroscopy were used to investigate the structure of the purified A. auricular polysaccharide (AAP-I) and revealed that it is α-glycosidically linked. After 14 and 28 days of AAP-I orally administered, the AAP-I significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice in which hyperlipidemia had been induced by a high fat diet (P < 0.05). The results revealed that AAP-I from SSF of A. auricular mycelium possesses potent hypolipidemic properties. The polysaccharide may be useful as a functional food additive and a hypolipidemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ. Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Natl. Engineering Research Center of Juncao, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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43
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Joshi M, Patel H, Gupte S, Gupte A. Nutrient improvement for simultaneous production of exopolysaccharide and mycelial biomass by submerged cultivation of Schizophyllum commune AGMJ-1 using statistical optimization. 3 Biotech 2013; 3:307-318. [PMID: 28324588 PMCID: PMC3723862 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) of fungal origin have attracted special attention from researchers due to their multifarious applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, optimization of the process parameters for the production of exopolysaccharide by Schizophyllum commune AGMJ-1 was studied using one factor at a time (OFAT) method, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). OFAT method revealed xylose and yeast extract to be the most effective carbon and nitrogen sources and pH 5.3 as an optimum for maximum EPS production. Xylose, yeast extract and KCl were screened as statistically significant variables for EPS production using PBD. RSM based on the central composite design estimated that maximum EPS (4.26 g L−1), mycelial biomass (14 g L−1) and specific yield (0.45 g g−1) were obtained when concentration of xylose, yeast extract and KCl were set at 2.5 g % (w/v), 0.83 g % (w/v) and 6.53 mg % (w/v), respectively, in the production medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Joshi
- Department of Microbiology, Natubhai V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India
| | - Harshad Patel
- Department of Microbiology, VP and RPTP Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India
| | - Shilpa Gupte
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 121, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshaya Gupte
- Department of Microbiology, Natubhai V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India.
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44
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Housseiny MM, Abo-Elmagd HI, Ibrahim GE. Preliminary studies on microbial polysaccharides from different Penicilliumspecies as flavour stabiliser in cloudy apple juice. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manal M. Housseiny
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department; Faculty of Education; Ain Shams University; Heliopolis; Roxy; Cairo; 11757; Egypt
| | - Heba I. Abo-Elmagd
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department; Faculty of Education; Ain Shams University; Heliopolis; Roxy; Cairo; 11757; Egypt
| | - Gamil E. Ibrahim
- Chemistry of Flavour & aroma department; National Research center; Egypt
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45
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Zou Y, Yang Y, Zeng B, Gu Z, Han Y. Comparison of Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Melanins from Fruit-Bodies and Fermentation Broths of Auricularia auricula. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2011.567433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- College of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Liaoning Dalian, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenxin Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongbin Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
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46
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Kim JE, Kim HJ, Lee SP. Hyperglycemic effect of submerged culture extract of Ceriporia lacerata in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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47
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Fontana RC, da Silveira MM. Production of polygalacturonases by Aspergillus oryzae in stirred tank and internal- and external-loop airlift reactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 123:157-163. [PMID: 22940313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The production of endo- and exo-polygalacturonase (PG) by Aspergillus oryzae was assessed in stirred tank reactors (STRs), internal-loop airlift reactors (ILARs) and external-loop airlift reactors (ELARs). For STR production, we compared culture media formulated with either pectin (WBE) or partially hydrolyzed pectin. The highest enzyme activities were obtained in medium that contained 50% pectin in hydrolyzed form (WBE5). PG production in the three reactor types was compared for WBE5 and low salt WBE medium, with additional salts added at 48, 60 and 72h (WBES). The ELARs performed better than the ILARs in WBES medium where the exo-PG was the same concentration as for STRs and the endo-PG was 20% lower. These results indicate that PG production is higher under experimental conditions that result in higher cell growth with minimum pH values less than 3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselei Claudete Fontana
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caixa Postal 1352, CEP 95001-970, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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48
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49
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Taskin M, Ozkan B, Atici O, Aydogan MN. Utilization of chicken feather hydrolysate as a novel fermentation substrate for production of exopolysaccharide and mycelial biomass from edible mushroom Morchella esculenta. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:597-602. [PMID: 22136136 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.640309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the usability of chicken feather hydrolysate (Chicken feather peptone (CFP)) as substrate for mycelial biomass and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) production from edible mushroom Morchella esculenta. The ability of CFP to support biomass and EPS production in edible mushroom M. esculenta was compared to those of two commercial peptones (Tryptone peptone (TP) and Fish peptone (FP)). The maximum biomass (16.3 g/l) and EPS (4.8 g/l) concentrations were achieved with TP. Second, high biomass (15.9 g/l) and EPS (4.6 g/l) concentrations were obtained with CFP. Also, biomass and EPS concentrations in CFP medium were statistically near to those in the TP medium. CFP and TP resulted in not only uniform pellets with smaller size (5 mm) but also faster mycelial growth compared to FP. This study showed for the first time that CFP could be effectively used as a novel EPS production substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Taskin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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50
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Study on the effects of different culture conditions on the morphology of Agaricus blazei and the relationship between morphology and biomass or EPS production. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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