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Berini F, Montali A, Liguori R, Venturini G, Bonelli M, Shaltiel-Harpaz L, Reguzzoni M, Siti M, Marinelli F, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. Production and characterization of Trichoderma asperellum chitinases and their use in synergy with Bacillus thuringiensis for lepidopteran control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3401-3411. [PMID: 38407453 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite their known negative effects on ecosystems and human health, synthetic pesticides are still largely used to control crop insect pests. Currently, the biopesticide market for insect biocontrol mainly relies on the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). New biocontrol tools for crop protection might derive from fungi, in particular from Trichoderma spp., which are known producers of chitinases and other bioactive compounds able to negatively affect insect survival. RESULTS In this study, we first developed an environmentally sustainable production process for obtaining chitinases from Trichoderma asperellum ICC012. Then, we investigated the biological effects of this chitinase preparation - alone or in combination with a Bt-based product - when orally administered to two lepidopteran species. Our results demonstrate that T. asperellum efficiently produces a multi-enzymatic cocktail able to alter the chitin microfibril network of the insect peritrophic matrix, resulting in delayed development and larval death. The co-administration of T. asperellum chitinases and sublethal concentrations of Bt toxins increased larval mortality. This synergistic effect was likely due to the higher amount of Bt toxins that passed the damaged peritrophic matrix and reached the target receptors on the midgut cells of chitinase-treated insects. CONCLUSION Our findings may contribute to the development of an integrated pest management technology based on fungal chitinases that increase the efficacy of Bt-based products, mitigating the risk of Bt-resistance development. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Centre), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Aurora Montali
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Riccardo Liguori
- Isagro Research Centre affiliated to Gowan Crop Protection Ltd, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Venturini
- Isagro Research Centre affiliated to Gowan Crop Protection Ltd, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Bonelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Liora Shaltiel-Harpaz
- Integrated Pest Management Laboratory Northern R&D, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Moran Siti
- Luxembourg Industries Ltd, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Centre), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Interuniversity Centre for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Centre), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Centre), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Morandini L, Caulier S, Bragard C, Mahillon J. Bacillus cereus sensu lato antimicrobial arsenal: An overview. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127697. [PMID: 38522411 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group contains genetically closed bacteria displaying a variety of phenotypic features and lifestyles. The group is mainly known through the properties of three major species: the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, the animal and human pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the foodborne opportunistic strains of B. cereus sensu stricto. Yet, the actual diversity of the group is far broader and includes multiple lifestyles. Another less-appreciated aspect of B. cereus members lies within their antimicrobial potential which deserves consideration in the context of growing emergence of resistance to antibiotics and pesticides, and makes it crucial to find new sources of antimicrobial molecules. This review presents the state of knowledge on the known antimicrobial compounds of the B. cereus group members, which are grouped according to their chemical features and biosynthetic pathways. The objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the antimicrobial range exhibited by this group of bacteria, underscoring the interest in its potent biocontrol arsenal and encouraging further research in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Caulier
- Laboratory of Plant Health, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- Laboratory of Plant Health, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
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Chanworawit K, Wangsoonthorn P, Deevong P. Characterization of chitinolytic bacteria newly isolated from the termite Microcerotermes sp. and their biocontrol potential against plant pathogenic fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1077-1091. [PMID: 37328422 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chitinolytic bacteria were isolated from guts and shells of the termite Microcerotermes sp. Among the nineteen morphologically different chitinolytic isolates, three isolates with highest extracellular chitinase production ratio (≥2.26) were selected. Based on molecular identification of 16S rRNA gene sequences and biochemical characterizations using API test kits and MALDI-TOF MS, these isolates were closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis (Mc_E02) and Paenibacillus species (Mc_E07 and Mc_G06). Isolate Mc_E02 exhibited the highest chitinase-specific activity (2.45 U/mg protein) at 96 h of cultivation, and the enzyme activity was optimized at pH 7.0 and 45 °C. The isolate showed highest and broad-spectrum inhibitory effect against three phytopathogenic fungi (Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichum capsici, and Fusarium oxysporum). Its 36-kDa chitinase exhibited the biomass reduction and mycelium inhibition against all fungi, with highest effects to Curvularia lunata. This research provides novel information about termite chitinolytic bacteria and their effective chitinase, with potential use as biocontrol tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Chanworawit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pachara Wangsoonthorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pinsurang Deevong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Liu J, Bai H, Song P, Nangong Z, Dong Z, Li Z, Wang Q. Insecticidal Activity of Chitinases from Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 and Its Relationship with the Toxin Complex. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090646. [PMID: 36136584 PMCID: PMC9505380 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 secreted the insecticidal protein toxin complex (Tc). The chi60 and chi70 chitinase genes are located on the gene cluster encoding Tc toxins. To clarify the insecticidal activity of chitinases and their relationship with Tc toxins, the insecticidal activity of the chitinases was assessed on Helicoverpa armigera. Then, the chi60 and chi70 genes of X. nematophila HB310 were knocked out by the pJQ200SK suicide plasmid knockout system. The insecticidal activity of Tc toxin from the wild-type strain (WT) and mutant strains was carried out. The results demonstrate that Chi60 and Chi70 had an obvious growth inhibition effect against the second instar larvae of H. armigera with growth-inhibiting rates of 81.99% and 90.51%, respectively. Chi70 had a synergistic effect with the insecticidal toxicity of Tc toxins, but Chi60 had no synergistic effect with Tc toxins. After feeding Chi60 and Chi70, the peritrophic membrane of H. armigera became inelastic, was easily broken and leaked blue dextran. The Δchi60, Δchi70 and Δchi60-chi70 mutant strains were successfully screened. The toxicity of Tc toxins from the WT, Δchi60, Δchi70 and Δchi60-chi70 was 196.11 μg/mL, 757.25 μg/mL, 885.74 μg/mL and 20,049.83 μg/mL, respectively. The insecticidal activity of Tc toxins from Δchi60 and Δchi70 was 3.861 and 4.517 times lower than that of Tc toxins from the WT, respectively, while the insecticidal activity of Tc toxins from the Δchi60-chi70 mutant strain almost disappeared. These results indicate that the presence of chi60 and chi70 is indispensable for the toxicity of Tc toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ziyan Nangong
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhiping Dong
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qinying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Q.W.)
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Akram F, Jabbar Z, Aqeel A, Haq IU, Tariq S, Malik K. A Contemporary Appraisal on Impending Industrial and Agricultural Applications of Thermophilic-Recombinant Chitinolytic Enzymes from Microbial Sources. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1055-1075. [PMID: 35397055 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of chitinases to degrade the second most abundant polymer, chitin, into potentially useful chitooligomers and chitin derivatives has not only rendered them fit for chitinous waste management but has also made them important from industrial point of view. At the same time, they have also been recognized to have an imperative role as promising biocontrol agents for controlling plant diseases. As thermostability is an important property for an industrially important enzyme, various bacterial and fungal sources are being exploited to obtain such stable enzymes. These stable enzymes can also play a role in agriculture by maintaining their stability under adverse environmental conditions for longer time duration when used as biocontrol agent. Biotechnology has also played its role in the development of recombinant chitinases with enhanced activity, thermostability, fungicidal and insecticidal activity via recombinant DNA techniques. Furthermore, a relatively new approach of generating pathogen-resistant transgenic plants has opened new ways for sustainable agriculture by minimizing the yield loss of valuable crops and plants. This review focuses on the potential applications of thermostable and recombinant microbial chitinases in industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Tariq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Subramanian K, Balaraman D, Panangal M, Nageswara Rao T, Perumal E, R A, Kumarappan A, Sampath Renuga P, Arumugam S, Thirunavukkarasu R, Aruni W, Yousef AlOmar S. Bioconversion of chitin waste through Stenotrophomonas maltophilia for production of chitin derivatives as a Seabass enrichment diet. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4792. [PMID: 35314727 PMCID: PMC8938544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine wastes pose a great threat to the ecosystem leading to severe environmental hazards and health issues particularly the shellfish wastes. The shellfish waste which contains half of the amount of chitin can be efficiently transformed into useful products. Various approaches for the hydrolysis of chitin like physical, chemical, and enzymatic processes are there. Still, the use of enzyme chitinase is well documented as an effective and eco-friendly method. The present study summarizes the isolation of chitinase enzyme producing bacteria from different shrimp waste disposal sites in Parangipettai (India), and the possible use of an enzyme hydrolyzate as an immunostimulant to Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer). The potential chitinase-producing bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. After purification, the chitinase specific activity was 5.01 (U/ml) and the protein content was 72 mg and the recovery rate was 48.06%. The optimum pH and temperature for the chitinolytic activity were 6.5 and at 35-50 °C, respectively. The animal experiment trial was done with our feed supplements which included 0.0 (control), 0.5%, 1% and 2% of chitin degraded product. All the supplementary feed had an optimal 42% (w/w) of crude protein. The feed protein level was 41-43% on average and gross energy was 13-17 kcal/g and the feed was observed to exhibit a significantly higher (p < 0.05) survival rate, condition factor, specific growth rates, and body weight gain was also found to be promising compared to other fishes fed with control diet only. The red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were found to increase significantly after being challenged with infection in animals fed with chitin derivatives from 1st week to 3rd week when compared to the control. The hematocrit (Hct) values were low on the 2nd and 3rd week in infected fish fed with chitin derivatives. This low level was due to infection lyses of the red blood cells and increased nitro blue tetrazolium reduction. The control diet-fed fish showed 70% mortality but the chitin derivative supplemented fishes showed only 20% mortality post-infection. The results of the study encompass that the use of chitin-derivate enriched feed further is taken into large-scale approaches thereby benefitting the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaran Subramanian
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600119, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | | | - Mani Panangal
- Department of Biotechnology, Annai College of Arts & Science, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Tentu Nageswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Krishna University, Machilipatnam, Andra Pradesh, India
| | - Elumalai Perumal
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amutha R
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University PG Extension Center, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alagappan Kumarappan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (Pure Health), Al Qassimi Women's and Children's Hospital, Wasit Street, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pugazhvendan Sampath Renuga
- Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Cuddalore, Tamilnadu, 608002, India
- Department of Zoology, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Thiruvalluvar University, Cheyyar, Tamilnadu, 604407, India
| | - Suresh Arumugam
- Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajasekar Thirunavukkarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600119, India
| | - Wilson Aruni
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Suliman Yousef AlOmar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Kind Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Murugu DK, Onyango AN, Ndiritu AK, Osuga IM, Xavier C, Nakimbugwe D, Tanga CM. From Farm to Fork: Crickets as Alternative Source of Protein, Minerals, and Vitamins. Front Nutr 2021; 8:704002. [PMID: 34447775 PMCID: PMC8382788 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.704002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there is growing interest to integrate cricket-based ingredients (flour) into food products to combat food and nutrition insecurity. However, there is lack of information on in-depth nutrient profile of the two cricket species (Scapsipedus icipe and Gryllus bimaculatus), which are the most widely consumed in Africa. Here we determined the nutrient composition of two cricket species and compared them with published records of key animal and plant sources. Our results revealed that the crude protein contents of S. icipe and G. bimaculatus were similar (56.8 and 56.9%, respectively) and comparable to those of animal protein sources. Both cricket species had balanced amino acid profiles that are superior to that of animal and plant sources, except for histidine and cysteine. The protein digestibility of S. icipe and G. bimaculatus ranged between 80 and 88%, which is comparable to that of common plant foods but slightly lower than that of animal proteins. The iron, Zinc, and potassium contents were considerably higher in both cricket species compared to that of plant and animal sources. The calcium contents of both crickets (S. icipe and G. bimaculatus) was superior to that of plant and animal origin except for kidney beans and eggs, respectively. Riboflavin, thiamine, and folic acid concentrations of S. icipe and G. bimaculatus were superior to that of the conventional sources. Vitamin A levels were significantly higher in S. icipe compared to G. bimaculatus. This implies that S. icipe and G. bimaculatus can adequately contribute to our daily required nutrient intake. Thus, integrating cricket flours into ready-to-eat food products would address some of the most pressing nutritional deficiency challenges that many developing countries have to grapple with, particularly high risk to serious health problems such as anemia, poor pregnancy outcomes, hypertension, increased risk of morbidity and mortality, stunted growth and impaired physical and cognitive development. We conclude that edible crickets present unique opportunities for improving food and nutritional insecurity status of both resource-poor and Western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Murugu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Arnold N Onyango
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alex K Ndiritu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Environmental Health, University of Kabianga, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Isaac M Osuga
- Department of Animal Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cheseto Xavier
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Akram F, Akram R, Ikram Ul Haq, Nawaz A, Jabbar Z, Ahmed Z. Biotechnological Eminence of Chitinases: A Focus on Thermophilic Enzyme Sources, Production Strategies and Prominent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1009-1022. [PMID: 33602064 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210218215359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, is a constantly valuable and renewable raw material after cellulose. Due to advancement in technology, industrial interest has grown to take advantage of the chitin. OBJECTIVE Now, biomass is being treated with diverse microbial enzymes or cells for the production of desired products under best industrial conditions. Glycosidic bonds in chitin structure are degraded by chitinase enzymes, which are characterized into number of glycoside hydrolase (GHs) families. METHODS Thermophilic microorganisms are remarkable sources of industrially important thermostable enzymes, having ability to survive harsh industrial processing conditions. Thermostable chitinases have an edge over mesophilic chitinases as they can hydrolyse the substrate at relatively high temperatures and exhibit decreased viscosity, significantly reduced contamination risk, thermal and chemical stability and increased solubility. Various methods are employed to purify the enzyme and increase its yield by optimizing various parameters such as temperature, pH, agitation, and by investigating the effect of different chemicals and metal ions etc. Results: Thermostable chitinase enzymes show high specific activity at elevated temperature which distinguish them from mesophiles. Genetic engineering can be used for further improvement of natural chitinases, and unlimited potential for the production of thermophilic chitinases has been highlighted due to advancement in synthetic biological techniques. Thermostable chitinases are then used in different fields such as bioremediation, medicine, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION This review will provide information about chitinases, biotechnological potential of thermostable enzyme and the methods by which they are being produced and optimized for several industrial applications. Some of the applications of thermostable chitinases have also been briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
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Essghaier B, Zouaoui M, Najjari A, Sadfi N. Potentialities and Characterization of an Antifungal Chitinase Produced by a Halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:513-521. [PMID: 33392674 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The chitinases are gaining much attention based on their role in the defense against pathogen attacks and harmful insects. The partially chitinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis strain J24 exhibited a large antifungal spectrum, and the highest activity was obtained toward Fusarium species in vitro on PDA and in vivo on corn seeds. The chitinase was inducible by the presence of autoclaved Fusarium conidia in the medium culture and it was active at 70 °C and pH 7 and not affected by the tested chemical agents EDTA and SDS. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences encoding chitinase showed the close phylogenetic relation with chitinase from Bacillus paralicheniformis species. Based on the analysis of the putative domain active, the described chitinase from strain J24 was belonging to the GH family-18 and the novelty of its structure was revealed. Here the combination of functional and structural antifungal extremely chitinase proves its importance in biotechnology area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afef Najjari
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najla Sadfi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), Tunis, Tunisia
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10
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Identification and Characterization of a Newly Isolated Chitinase-Producing Strain Bacillus licheniformis SSCL-10 for Chitin Degradation. ARCHAEA (VANCOUVER, B.C.) 2020; 2020:8844811. [PMID: 33223963 PMCID: PMC7669355 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8844811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases or chitinolytic enzymes have different applications in the field of medicine, agriculture, and industry. The present study is aimed at developing an effective hyperchitinase-producing mutant strain of novel Bacillus licheniformis. A simple and rapid methodology was used for screening potential chitinolytic microbiota by chemical mutagenesis with ethylmethane sulfonate and irradiation with UV. There were 16 mutant strains exhibiting chitinase activity. Out of the chitinase-producing strains, the strain with maximum chitinase activity was selected, the protein was partially purified by SDS-PAGE, and the strain was identified as Bacillus licheniformis (SSCL-10) with the highest specific activity of 3.4 U/mL. The induced mutation model has been successfully implemented in the mutant EMS-13 (20.2 U/mL) that produces 5-6-fold higher yield of chitinase, whereas the mutant UV-11 (13.3 U/mL) has 3-4-fold greater chitinase activity compared to the wild strain. The partially purified chitinase has a molecular weight of 66 kDa. The wild strain (SSCL-10) was identified as Bacillus licheniformis using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. This study explores the potential applications of hyperchitinase-producing bacteria in recycling and processing chitin wastes from crustaceans and shrimp, thereby adding value to the crustacean industry.
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11
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Shahbaz U. Chitin, Characteristic, Sources, and Biomedical Application. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1433-1443. [PMID: 32503407 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200605104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin stands at second, after cellulose, as the most abundant polysaccharide in the world. Chitin is found naturally in marine environments as it is a crucial structural component of various marine organisms. METHODS Different amounts of waste chitin and chitosan can be discovered in the environment. Chitinase producing microbes help to hydrolyze chitin waste to play an essential function for the removal of chitin pollution in the Marine Atmosphere. Chitin can be converted by using chemical and biological methods into prominent derivate chitosan. Numerous bacteria naturally have chitin degrading ability. RESULTS Chitin shows promise in terms of biocompatibility, low toxicity, complete biodegradability, nontoxicity, and film-forming capability. The application of these polymers in the different sectors of biomedical, food, agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals could be lucrative. Moreover, the most recent achievement in nanotechnology is based on chitin and chitosan-based materials. CONCLUSION In this review, we examine chitin in terms of its natural sources and different extraction methods, chitinase producing microbes and chitin, chitosan together with its derivatives for use in biomedical and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Shahbaz
- Jiangnan University, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, Jiansu, China
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Mahmood S, Kumar M, Kumari P, Mahapatro GK, Banerjee N, Sarin NB. Novel insecticidal chitinase from the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus nematophila. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:394-401. [PMID: 32422264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila strain ATCC 19061 is an insect pathogen that produces various protein toxins which intoxicate and kill its larval host. In the present study, we have described the cloning, expression and characterization of a 76-kDa chitinase protein of X. nematophila. A 1.9 kb DNA sequence encoding the chitinase gene was PCR amplified and cloned. Further, the chitinase protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by using affinity chromatography. Two highly conserved domains were identified GH18 and ChiA. The purified chitinase protein showed chitobiosidase activity, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and endochitinase activity, when enzyme activity was measured using respective substrates. The purified chitinase protein was found to be orally toxic to the larvae of a major crop pest, Helicoverpa armigera when fed to the larvae mixed with artificial diet. It also had adverse effect on the growth and development of the surviving larvae. Surviving larvae showed 9-fold reduction in weight, as a result the transformation of larvae into pupae was adversely affected. Our results demonstrated that the chitinase protein of X. nematophila has insecticidal property and can prove to be a potent candidate for pest control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saquib Mahmood
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Punam Kumari
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Gagan Kumar Mahapatro
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Nirupama Banerjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neera Bhalla Sarin
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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13
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Partial purification and characterization of chitinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis B307. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03858. [PMID: 32395650 PMCID: PMC7205749 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal conditions required for chitinase production from Bacillus licheniformis B307 strain, obtained from Syrian soil, were studied. Optimization experiments were carried out under submerged fermentation conditions, and colloidal chitin was the source of carbon. Luria broth medium supplied with 0.5% colloidal chitin was the optimum medium for chitinase production. The maximum chitinase yield was obtained at 30 °C, pH6, incubation time 14 days, and 150 rpm. The optimum chitinase activity was achieved at 60 °C and pH6. The chitinase activity with unmodified medium was 1.9 U/mL which then enhanced about eight folds to reach 14.2 U/mL under optimized submerged fermentation conditions. An extracellular chitinase of Bacillus licheniformis B307 was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by concentration with various sizes of concentrator tubes. The chitinase was partially purified 8.24 fold and specific enzyme activity increased 2.08 fold (2 U/mg). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of partial purified chitinase exhibited a molecular weight (Mr) near to 36 and 42kDa. These results make it possible to invest in this strain to produce chitinase to be used as antifungal, food additives and other applications.
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14
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Alves EA, Schmaltz S, Tres MV, Zabot GL, Kuhn RC, Mazutti MA. Process development to obtain a cocktail containing cell-wall degrading enzymes with insecticidal activity from Beauveria bassiana. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Li J, Zheng J, Liang Y, Yan R, Xu X, Lin J. Expression and characterization of a chitinase from Serratia marcescens. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 171:105613. [PMID: 32097727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A chitinase gene from Serratia marcescens was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and the properties of recombinant chitinase rCHI-2 were characterized. The optimum catalytic pH of rCHI-2 was 6.0. It was stable in the pH range of 6.0-9.0 and could maintain more than 90% of its relative enzyme activity after incubation at 37 °C for 1 h. The optimum catalytic temperature of the enzyme was 55 °C and 85% of enzyme activity was remained after incubation at 45 °C for 1 h. The activation energy of the thermal inactivation of the enzyme was 10.9 kJ/mol and the Michaelis-Menten constant was 3.2 g/L. The purified rCHI-2 was found to be highly stable at 45 °C with half-life (t1/2) of 289 min and thermodynamic parameters ΔH*, ΔG* and ΔS* revealed high affinity of rCHI-2 for chitin. Hg2+ was found to be able to inhibit the enzyme activity reversibly, while IC50 and inhibition constant of Hg2+ on the enzyme were 34.8 μmol/L and 44.6 μmol/L, respectively. Moreover, rCHI-2 could specifically hydrolyze colloidal chitin into GlcNAc2 as the major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yanhui Liang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Renxiang Yan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Xinqi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
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16
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Subrahmanyam G, Kumar A, Sandilya SP, Chutia M, Yadav AN. Diversity, Plant Growth Promoting Attributes, and Agricultural Applications of Rhizospheric Microbes. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND BIODIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38453-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Identification and characterization of a serine protease from Bacillus licheniformis W10: A potential antifungal agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 145:594-603. [PMID: 31891703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis W10 is a strain of biocontrol bacteria that was obtained from plant rhizosphere screening. In this study, we purified, identified, and carried out bioinformatics analysis of the W10 antifungal protein from Bacillus licheniformis. Mass spectrometry analysis was carried out by passing the antifungal protein through a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Mascot searches of the tandem mass spectrometry data identified this antifungal protein as a serine protease, and the 1347 bp gene encoding this protein was cloned. Bioinformatics analysis of this protein indicated that it contains 448 amino acid residues, has a molecular weight of 48,794.16 Da and an isoelectric point of 6.04, and is a hydrophilic protein. In the secondary and tertiary structure of this protein, the proportion of α-helices and β-folds is similar, and the protein possesses a Peptidase_S8 conserved domain. Using BApNA as a substrate, it was found that the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) can inhibit the W10 antifungal protein. PMSF concurrently reduced the inhibitory effects of the antifungal protein on Botrytis cinerea, showing that the W10 antifungal protein possesses serine protease activity. The W10 antifungal protein has good thermal stability. The study implies potential of this enzyme for biocontrol of fungal plant pathogens.
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18
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Liu J, NanGong Z, Zhang J, Song P, Tang Y, Gao Y, Wang Q. Expression and characterization of two chitinases with synergistic effect and antifungal activity from Xenorhabdus nematophila. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:106. [PMID: 31267229 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 secreted the insecticidal protein toxin complex. Two chitinase genes, chi60 and chi70, were found in X. nematophila toxin complex locus. In order to clarify the function of two chitinases, chi60 and chi70 genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli Transetta (DE3). As a result, we found that the Chi60 and Chi70 belonged to glycoside hydrolases (GH) family 18 with a molecular mass of 65 kDa and 78 kDa, respectively. When colloidal chitin was treated as the substrate, Chi60 and Chi70 were proved to have the highest enzymatic activity at pH 6.0 and 50 °C. Chi60 and Chi70 had obvious growth inhibition effect against the second larvae of Helicoverpa armigera with growth inhibiting rate of 81.99% and 90.51%. Chi70 had synergistic effect with the insecticidal toxicity of Bt Cry 1Ac, but the Chi60 had no synergistic effect with Bt Cry 1Ac. Chi60 and Chi70 showed antifungal activity against Alternaria brassicicola, Verticillium dahliae and Coniothyrium diplodiella. The results increased our understanding of the chitinases produced by X. nematophila and laid a foundation for further studies on the mechanism of the chitinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyan NanGong
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Luanping State-Owned Forestry Farm Management of Chengde City, Chengde, 068250, China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yin Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
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19
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Subbanna ARNS, Chandrashekara C, Stanley J, Mishra KK, Mishra PK, Pattanayak A. Bio-efficacy of chitinolytic Bacillus thuringiensis isolates native to northwestern Indian Himalayas and their synergistic toxicity with selected insecticides. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 158:166-174. [PMID: 31378353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticidal properties of Bacillus thuringiensis and its associated toxic proteins is an ever-growing science with potential implications in biological pest management. In the present study 80 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates native to Uttarakhand Himalayas were evaluated for chitinolytic activity and potent ones (11 isolates) were further subjected to multiphasic characterization for their antifungal, insecticidal and synergistic properties with selected chemical insecticides. Although all the 11 potent isolates were biologically active, only three isolates (VLBt27, VLBt109 and VLBt238) showed >90% inhibition in radial growth of 3 out of 4 tested plant pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria pori and Pyricularia oryzae). The key antagonism was manifested in the form of disruptions in growing tips and uneven mycelial thickenings. In insect bioassays (against Helicoverpa armigera, Mythimna separata and Thysanoplusia orichalcea), no considerable direct mortality was observed. However, the larval weight reduction was prominent in four isolates (VLBt27, VLBt38, VLBt109 and VLBt135) which accounts to >75% in first instar larvae of H. armigera. Joint action of these four isolates with chemical insecticides showed an overall additive interaction against Brevicoryne brassicae and synergism against H. armigera. All the isolates were compatible with tested insecticides at their field recommended doses except for chlorpyriphos with around 130 kDa protein as chitinase. The study identified VLBt27 and VLBt109, two native isolates of B. thuringiensis with potential antagonistic activity and synergism as well. These isolates have possible implications as single strategy against two diverse pest problems (pathogenic fungi and phytophagous insect) of agriculture with a view of reduced pesticide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R N S Subbanna
- ICAR, Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture (ICAR-VPKAS), Almora, Uttarakhand 263 601, India.
| | - C Chandrashekara
- ICAR, Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture (ICAR-VPKAS), Almora, Uttarakhand 263 601, India
| | - J Stanley
- ICAR, Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture (ICAR-VPKAS), Almora, Uttarakhand 263 601, India
| | - K K Mishra
- ICAR, Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture (ICAR-VPKAS), Almora, Uttarakhand 263 601, India
| | - P K Mishra
- ICAR, Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture (ICAR-VPKAS), Almora, Uttarakhand 263 601, India
| | - A Pattanayak
- ICAR, Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture (ICAR-VPKAS), Almora, Uttarakhand 263 601, India
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20
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Berini F, Casartelli M, Montali A, Reguzzoni M, Tettamanti G, Marinelli F. Metagenome-Sourced Microbial Chitinases as Potential Insecticide Proteins. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1358. [PMID: 31275279 PMCID: PMC6591435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial chitinases are gaining interest as promising candidates for controlling plant pests. These enzymes can be used directly as biocontrol agents as well as in combination with chemical pesticides or other biopesticides, reducing their environmental impact and/or enhancing their efficacy. Chitinolytic enzymes can target two different structures in insects: the cuticle and the peritrophic matrix (PM). PM, formed by chitin fibrils connected to glycoproteins and proteoglycans, represents a physical barrier that plays an essential role in midgut physiology and insect digestion, and protects the absorptive midgut epithelium from food abrasion or pathogen infections. In this paper, we investigate how two recently discovered metagenome-sourced chitinases (Chi18H8 and 53D1) affect, in vitro and in vivo, the PM integrity of Bombyx mori, a model system among Lepidoptera. The two chitinases were produced in Escherichia coli or, alternatively, in the unconventional – but more environmentally acceptable – Streptomyces coelicolor. Although both the proteins dramatically altered the structure of B. mori PM in vitro, when administered orally only 53D1 caused adverse and marked effects on larval growth and development, inducing mortality and reducing pupal weight. These in vivo results demonstrate that 53D1 is a promising candidate as insecticide protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berini
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Montali
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
| | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Laboratory of Human Morphology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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21
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Ni M, Wu Q, Wang J, Liu WC, Ren JH, Zhang DP, Zhao J, Liu DEW, Rao YH, Lu CG. Identification and comprehensive evaluation of a novel biocontrol agent Bacillus atrophaeus JZB120050. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:777-785. [PMID: 30199317 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1505072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus spp. have long been used as biocontrol agents because of their efficient broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. We identified a novel strain of Bacillus atrophaeus, named JZB120050, from soil. B. atrophaeus JZB120050 had a strong inhibitory effect against Botrytis cinerea and many other phytopathogens. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that B. atrophaeus JZB120050 produced many secondary metabolites, such as alkanes, alkenes and acids; some of which were related to pathogen inhibition. Enzyme activity analysis showed that B. atrophaeus JZB120050 secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including chitinase, glucanase and protease, which degraded fungal cell walls. Both the novel glucanase gene bglu and chitinase gene chit1 were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and the products showed strong enzyme activity. In addition, B. atrophaeus JZB120050 secreted siderophores and formed a significant biofilm. Future studies should focus on these antimicrobial factors to facilitate widespread application in the field of agricultural biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ni
- a Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Qiong Wu
- a Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Junli Wang
- b Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Wei C Liu
- a Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jian H Ren
- c Suzhou BioNovoGene Metabolomics Platform , Suzhou , China
| | - Dian P Zhang
- a Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Juan Zhao
- a Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - DE W Liu
- a Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ying H Rao
- a Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Cai G Lu
- a Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing , China
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22
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Gomaa EZ, El-Mahdy OM. Improvement of Chitinase Production by Bacillus thuringiensis NM101-19 for Antifungal Biocontrol through Physical Mutation. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Microbial and viral chitinases: Attractive biopesticides for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:818-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Screening and Characterisation of Chitinolytic Microorganisms with Potential to Control White Root Disease of Hevea brasiliensis. J RUBBER RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03449151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Djenane Z, Nateche F, Amziane M, Gomis-Cebolla J, El-Aichar F, Khorf H, Ferré J. Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity and the Entomocidal Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from Algeria. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E139. [PMID: 28406460 PMCID: PMC5408213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work represents the first initiative to analyze the distribution of B. thuringiensis in Algeria and to evaluate the biological potential of the isolates. A total of 157 isolates were recovered, with at least one isolate in 94.4% of the samples. The highest Bt index was found in samples from rhizospheric soil (0.48) and from the Mediterranean area (0.44). Most isolates showed antifungal activity (98.5%), in contrast to the few that had antibacterial activity (29.9%). A high genetic diversity was made evident by the finding of many different crystal shapes and various combinations of shapes within a single isolate (in 58.4% of the isolates). Also, over 50% of the isolates harbored cry1, cry2, or cry9 genes, and 69.3% contained a vip3 gene. A good correlation between the presence of chitinase genes and antifungal activity was observed. More than half of the isolates with a broad spectrum of antifungal activity harbored both endochitinase and exochitinase genes. Interestingly, 15 isolates contained the two chitinase genes and all of the above cry family genes, with some of them harboring a vip3 gene as well. The combination of this large number of genes coding for entomopathogenic proteins suggests a putative wide range of entomotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahia Djenane
- Microbiology Group, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, EL ALIA, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
- ERI BIOTECMED and Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, BURJASSOT, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, University Dr Yahia Frès, 26000 Médéa, Algeria.
| | - Farida Nateche
- Microbiology Group, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, EL ALIA, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Meriam Amziane
- Microbiology Group, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, EL ALIA, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Joaquín Gomis-Cebolla
- ERI BIOTECMED and Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, BURJASSOT, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fairouz El-Aichar
- Microbiology Group, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, EL ALIA, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Hassiba Khorf
- Microbiology Group, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, EL ALIA, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Juan Ferré
- ERI BIOTECMED and Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, BURJASSOT, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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26
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Hollensteiner J, Wemheuer F, Harting R, Kolarzyk AM, Diaz Valerio SM, Poehlein A, Brzuszkiewicz EB, Nesemann K, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Braus GH, Daniel R, Liesegang H. Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus weihenstephanensis Inhibit the Growth of Phytopathogenic Verticillium Species. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2171. [PMID: 28149292 PMCID: PMC5241308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt causes severe yield losses in a broad range of economically important crops worldwide. As many soil fumigants have a severe environmental impact, new biocontrol strategies are needed. Members of the genus Bacillus are known as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) as well as biocontrol agents of pests and diseases. In this study, we isolated 267 Bacillus strains from root-associated soil of field-grown tomato plants. We evaluated the antifungal potential of 20 phenotypically diverse strains according to their antagonistic activity against the two phytopathogenic fungi Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium longisporum. In addition, the 20 strains were sequenced and phylogenetically characterized by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) resulting in 7 different Bacillus thuringiensis and 13 Bacillus weihenstephanensis strains. All B. thuringiensis isolates inhibited in vitro the tomato pathogen V. dahliae JR2, but had only low efficacy against the tomato-foreign pathogen V. longisporum 43. All B. weihenstephanensis isolates exhibited no fungicidal activity whereas three B. weihenstephanensis isolates showed antagonistic effects on both phytopathogens. These strains had a rhizoid colony morphology, which has not been described for B. weihenstephanensis strains previously. Genome analysis of all isolates revealed putative genes encoding fungicidal substances and resulted in identification of 304 secondary metabolite gene clusters including 101 non-ribosomal polypeptide synthetases and 203 ribosomal-synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides. All genomes encoded genes for the synthesis of the antifungal siderophore bacillibactin. In the genome of one B. thuringiensis strain, a gene cluster for zwittermicin A was detected. Isolates which either exhibited an inhibitory or an interfering effect on the growth of the phytopathogens carried one or two genes encoding putative mycolitic chitinases, which might contribute to antifungal activities. This indicates that chitinases contribute to antifungal activities. The present study identified B. thuringiensis isolates from tomato roots which exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against Verticillium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hollensteiner
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Wemheuer
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Anna M Kolarzyk
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Stefani M Diaz Valerio
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Elzbieta B Brzuszkiewicz
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Kai Nesemann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Susanna A Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Liesegang
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
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Paulsen SS, Andersen B, Gram L, Machado H. Biological Potential of Chitinolytic Marine Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14120230. [PMID: 27999269 PMCID: PMC5192467 DOI: 10.3390/md14120230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinolytic microorganisms secrete a range of chitin modifying enzymes, which can be exploited for production of chitin derived products or as fungal or pest control agents. Here, we explored the potential of 11 marine bacteria (Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae) for chitin degradation using in silico and phenotypic assays. Of 10 chitinolytic strains, three strains, Photobacterium galatheae S2753, Pseudoalteromonas piscicida S2040 and S2724, produced large clearing zones on chitin plates. All strains were antifungal, but against different fungal targets. One strain, Pseudoalteromonas piscicida S2040, had a pronounced antifungal activity against all seven fungal strains. There was no correlation between the number of chitin modifying enzymes as found by genome mining and the chitin degrading activity as measured by size of clearing zones on chitin agar. Based on in silico and in vitro analyses, we cloned and expressed two ChiA-like chitinases from the two most potent candidates to exemplify the industrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Skøtt Paulsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Henrique Machado
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Tang M, Sun X, Zhang S, Wan J, Li L, Ni H. Improved catalytic and antifungal activities ofBacillus thuringiensiscells with surface display of Chi9602ΔSP. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:106-118. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - X. Sun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - S. Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - J. Wan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - L. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - H. Ni
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
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Zha HG, Milne RI, Zhou HX, Chen XY, Sun H. Identification and cloning of class II and III chitinases from alkaline floral nectar of Rhododendron irroratum, Ericaceae. PLANTA 2016; 244:805-818. [PMID: 27189006 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Class II and III chitinases belonging to different glycoside hydrolase families were major nectarins in Rhododendron irroratum floral nectar which showed significant chitinolytic activity. Previous studies have demonstrated antimicrobial activity in plant floral nectar, but the molecular basis for the mechanism is still poorly understood. Two chitinases, class II (Rhchi2) and III (Rhchi3), were characterized from alkaline Rhododendron irroratum nectar by both SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Rhchi2 (27 kDa) and Rhchi3 (29 kDa) are glycoside hydrolases (family 19 and 18) with theoretical pI of 8.19 and 7.04. The expression patterns of Rhchi2 and Rhchi3 were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Rhchi2 is expressed in flowers (corolla nectar pouches) and leaves while Rhchi3 is expressed in flowers. Chitinase in concentrated protein and fresh nectar samples was visualised by SDS-PAGE and chitinolytic activity in fresh nectar was determined spectrophotometrically via chitin-azure. Full length gene sequences were cloned with Tail-PCR and RACE. The amino acid sequence deduced from the coding region for these proteins showed high identity with known chitinases and predicted to be located in extracellular space. Fresh R. irroratum floral nectar showed significant chitinolytic activity. Our results demonstrate that class III chitinase (GH 18 family) also exists in floral nectar. The functional relationship between class II and III chitinases and the role of these pathogenesis-related proteins in antimicrobial activity in nectar is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guang Zha
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Anhui, 245041, China.
| | - Richard I Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Hong-Xia Zhou
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Anhui, 245041, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Chen
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Anhui, 245041, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
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Sha L, Shao E, Guan X, Huang Z. Purification and partial characterization of intact and truncated chitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis HZP7 expressed in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:279-84. [PMID: 26463368 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain the effect of chitin-binding domain (ChBD) and fibronectin type III domain (FN3) on the characterization of the intact chitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis. RESULTS An intact chitinase gene (chi74) from B. thuringiensis HZP7 and its truncated genes (chi54, chi63 and chi66) were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The expression products were analyzed after purification. All chitinases were active from pH 4-7.5 and from 20 to 80 °C with identical optimal: pH 5.5 and 60 °C. The activity of colloid chitin degradation for Chi74 was the highest, followed by Chi66, Chi63 and Chi54. Ag(+) reduced the activity of Chi74, Chi54, Chi63 and Chi66, but Mg(2+) enhanced them. The effect of Ag(+) and Mg(2+) was more significant on the activity of Chi54 than on the activities of Chi63, Chi66 and Chi74. CONCLUSION ChBDChi74 and FN3Chi74 domains play a role in exerting enzymatic activity and can improve the stability of chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sha
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China. .,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ensi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China. .,School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
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YvoA and CcpA Repress the Expression of chiB in Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6548-57. [PMID: 26162881 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01549-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis produces chitinases, which are involved in its antifungal activity and facilitate its insecticidal activity. In our recent work, we found that a 16-bp sequence, drechiB (AGACTTCGTGATGTCT), downstream of the minimal promoter region of the chitinase B gene (chiB) was a critical site for the inducible expression of chiB in B. thuringiensis Bti75. In this work, we show that a GntR family transcriptional regulator (named YvoABt), which is homologous to YvoA of Bacillus subtilis, can specifically bind to the drechiB oligonucleotide sequences in vitro by using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays. The results of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting indicated that deletion of yvoA caused an ∼7.5-fold increase in the expression level of chiB. Furthermore, binding of purified YvoABt to its target DNA could be abolished by glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P). We also confirmed, in the presence of the phosphoprotein Hpr-Ser₄₅-P, that purified CcpABt bound specifically to the promoter of chiB, which contains the "crechiB" sequence (ATAAAGCGTTTACA). According to the results of qRT-PCR and Western blotting, deletion of ccpA resulted in a 39-fold increase in the chiB expression level, and glucose no longer influenced the expression of chiB. We confirm that chiB is negatively controlled by both CcpABt and YvoABt in Bti75.
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Akocak PB, Churey JJ, Worobo RW. Antagonistic effect of chitinolytic Pseudomonas and Bacillus on growth of fungal hyphae and spores of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus. FOOD BIOSCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Karthik N, Binod P, Pandey A. Purification and characterisation of an acidic and antifungal chitinase produced by a Streptomyces sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 188:195-201. [PMID: 25824594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An extremely acidic extracellular chitinase produced by a Streptomyces sp. was purified 12.44-fold by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel-permeation chromatography and further characterised. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be about 40 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were pH 2 and 6, and 50 °C respectively. The enzyme showed high stability in the acidic pH range of 2-6 and temperature stability of up to 50 °C. Additionally, the effect of some cations and other chemical compounds on the chitinase activity was studied. The activity of the enzyme was considerably retained under salinity conditions of up to 3%. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme were determined to be 6.74 mg mL(-1) and 61.3 U mg(-1) respectively using colloidal chitin. This enzyme exhibited antifungal activity against phytopathogens revealing a potential biocontrol application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Karthik
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
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Xie CC, Shi J, Jia HY, Li PF, Luo Y, Cai J, Chen YH. Characterization of regulatory regions involved in the inducible expression of chiB in Bacillus thuringiensis. Arch Microbiol 2014; 197:53-63. [PMID: 25362505 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the chiB gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Bti75 was defined as inducible by the use of transcriptional fusions with the bgaB reporter gene. The transcription start site of the chiB gene was identified as the C base located 132 base pairs upstream of the start codon. Analysis of 5' and 3' deletions of the chiB promoter region revealed that the sequence from position -192 to +36 with respect to the transcription start site was necessary for wild-type levels of inducible expression of the chiB gene. The minimal promoter region for the expression of chiB gene was identified as the sequence from position -100 to +12. Furthermore, a 16-bp sequence (designated dre) downstream of the minimal promoter region of chiB was shown to be required for chitin induction. To confirm the function of this 16-bp sequence, 25 base substitutions were introduced into the dre site. Most of the mutations resulted in constitutive expression, or the efficiency of induction decreased. All mutations identified the dre sequence as a critical site for the inducible expression of chiB. In addition, the dre site was shown to interact with a sequence-specific DNA binding factor of strain Bti75 cultured in the absence of the inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Zheng L, Yang X, Liu H, Guo J. Isolation and characterization of an antifungal protein from Bacillus licheniformis HS10. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:48-52. [PMID: 25445597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis HS10 is a good biocontrol agent against Pseudoperonospora cubensis which caused cucumber downy disease. To identify and characterize the antifungal proteins produced by B.licheniformis HS10, the proteins from HS10 were isolated by using 30-60% ammonium sulfate precipitation, and purified with column chromatography on DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow, RESOURCE Q and Sephadex G-75. And the SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis results demonstrated that the antifungal protein was a monomer with molecular weight of about 55 kDa, identified as carboxypeptidase. Our experiments also showed that the antifungal protein from B. licheniformis HS10 had significantly inhibition on eight different kinds of plant pathogenic fungi, and it was stable with good biological activity at as high as 100°C for 30 min and in pH value ranged from 6 to 10. The biological activity was negatively affected by protease K and 10mM metal cations except Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- College of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou Experimental Station, Guangzhou 510140, China; Tropical Energy and Ecology Research Centre of CATAS, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Xiaona Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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G. C. P, Yoo HY, Cho SS, Choi YH, Yoo JC. An Extracellular Chitinase from Streptomyces sp. CS147 Releases N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as Principal Product. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:372-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liang TW, Hsieh TY, Wang SL. Purification of a thermostable chitinase from Bacillus cereus by chitin affinity and its application in microbial community changes in soil. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Swiontek Brzezinska M, Jankiewicz U, Burkowska A, Walczak M. Chitinolytic microorganisms and their possible application in environmental protection. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:71-81. [PMID: 23989799 PMCID: PMC3889922 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the latest research findings on the applications of microbial chitinases to biological control. Microorganisms producing these enzymes can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases that pose a serious threat to global crop production. Currently, efforts are being made to discover producers of chitinolytic enzymes. The potential exists that natural biofungicides will replace chemical fungicides or will be used to supplement currently used fungicides, which would reduce the negative impact of chemicals on the environment and support the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland,
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Characterization of the chitinase gene in Bacillus thuringiensis Mexican isolates. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 58:483-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cordero-Ramírez JD, López-Rivera R, Figueroa-Lopez AM, Mancera-López ME, Martínez-Álvarez JC, Apodaca-Sánchez MÁ, Maldonado-Mendoza IE. Native soil bacteria isolates in Mexico exhibit a promising antagonistic effect against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 53:838-47. [PMID: 23417777 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sinaloa state accounts for 23% of Mexico's tomato production. One constraint on this important crop is the Fusarium crown and root rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, which has been reported to reduce crop yield by up to 50%. In this study, we set out to identify bacterial populations which could be used to control this disease through natural antagonism. Five tomato rhizospheric soil samples were collected, dried for 1-week, and homogenized. Sub-samples were used to prepare an aqueous solution used to isolate microorganisms in pure cultures. Organisms were purified and grown separately, and used to generate a collection of 705 bacterial isolates. Thirty-four percent from this bank (254 strains) was screened against Forl, finding 27 bacteria displaying in vitro Forl growth inhibition levels from 5% to 60%. These isolates belonged to the genus Bacillus and their 16Sr DNA sequences showed that they are closely related to seven species and they were putatively designated as: B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, B. thuringiensis, B. megaterium, and B. pumilus. One isolate belonged to the genus Acinetobacter. Two B. subtilis isolates (144 and 151) and one B. cereus isolate (171) showed the best antagonistic potential against FCRRT when evaluated on seedlings. Plate and activity assays indicate that these isolates include a diverse repertoire of functional antagonistic traits that might explain their ability to control FCRRT. Moreover, bacteria showed partial hemolytic activity, and future research will be directed at ensuring that their application will be not harmful for humans and effective against Forl in greenhouse or field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Damián Cordero-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Sinaloa, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Singh RK, Kumar DP, Solanki MK, Singh P, Srivastva AK, Kumar S, Kashyap PL, Saxena AK, Singhal PK, Arora DK. Optimization of media components for chitinase production by chickpea rhizosphere associated Lysinibacillus fusiformis B-CM18. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 53:451-60. [PMID: 22733389 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase producing strain B-CM18 was isolated from chickpea rhizosphere and identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis B-CM18. It showed in vitro antifungal activity against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens and was found to produce several PGPR activities. Further, a multivariate response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of different factors on chitinolytic activity and optimizing enzyme production. A central composite design was employed to achieve the highest chitinase production at optimum values of the process variables, viz., temperature (20-45 °C), sodium chloride (2-7%), starch (0.1-1%) and yeast extract (0.1-1%), added in the minimal medium supplemented with colloidal chitin (1-10%; w:w). The fit of the model (R(2) = 0.5692) was found to be significant. The production medium to achieve the highest chitinase production (101 U ml(-1) ) was composed of the minimal medium composed of chitin (6.09%), NaCl (4.5%), starch (0.55%) and yeast extract (0.55%) with temperature (32.5 °C). The results show that the optimization strategy led to an increase in chitinase production by 56.1-fold. The molecular mass of the chitinase was estimated to be 20 kDa by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Further, purified chitinase showed strong antifungal activity against test pathogens. Overall, these results may serve as a base line data for enhancing the chitinolytic potential of bacterial antagonists for bio-management of chickpea pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Singh
- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India -275101
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Xiao L, Liu C, Xie CC, Cai J, Chen YH. The direct repeat sequence upstream of Bacillus chitinase genes is cis-acting elements that negatively regulate heterologous expression in E. coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:280-6. [PMID: 22500893 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore the influence of the direct repeat sequence (DRS) in Bacillus chitinase genes on heterogonous expression in Escherichia coli, we cloned and sequenced the entire open reading frame (ORF) and upstream sequences of the chitinase B (chiB) and chitinase MY75 (chiMY75) from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis. A pair of 8-bp DRS was found upstream of each chi gene. Chi ORFs with a series of truncated DRS were cloned and transformed into E. coli XL-Blue. The activity of the transformants without the DRS were significantly higher in chitinase assays than transformants containing the DRS. SDS-PAGE showed that part and full deletion of the DRS increased chi gene expression by approximately 1.7 and 3.8-fold, respectively. Northern blotting revealed deletion of the DRS regions increased chiB and chiMY75 mRNA expression. Specific binding of DNA-binding factors in the E. coli cell lyaste was observed to both the chiB and chiMY75 promoter regions and DRS elements. This is the first investigation to demonstrate that heterologous expression of Bacillus chi genes in E. coli is negatively regulated by their upstream DRS regions, which act as cis-acting elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, PR China
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Anil K, Podile AR. HarpinPss-mediated enhancement in growth and biological control of late leaf spot in groundnut by a chlorothalonil-tolerant Bacillus thuringiensis SFC24. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:194-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Construction of a promoter-probe vector for Bacillus thuringiensis: the identification of cis-acting elements of the chiA locus. Curr Microbiol 2012; 64:492-500. [PMID: 22367329 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression and application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) chitinase genes have been extensively investigated. However, little information is available regarding the regulation of chitinase gene expression in Bt. In this study, a shuttle promoter-probe vector was constructed incorporating the thermostable β-galactosidase gene bgaB of B. stearothermophilus as the reporter for the study of Bt promoters. Using this plasmid, the activity of the chiA gene promoter in Bt was investigated. Deletion analysis of the putative chiA promoter region revealed that the sequence located ~75 bp DNA from positions -116 to -42, with respect to the translation start site, is the core promoter of chiA gene. Furthermore, a site for chitin induction was identified near position -36. This site for negative regulation was indicated downstream of the RNA polymerase binding sites of the promoter of chiA. The expression of chiA started in cell grown for about 6 h and reached the maximum after 60 h of incubation. Induction of chiA expression by chitin was demonstrated by an increase in β-galactosidase activity of ~2.5-fold.
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Abstract
Chitinases, which can hydrolyze chitin, occur in a wide range of microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The derivatives of chitin are potentially useful in several areas such as food processing, medicines, and biological control in agriculture. Some bacteria can uptake and utilize chitin as carbon source by secreting chitinase. The chitin is degraded into chito-oligosaccharides [(GlcNAc)n] or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) by chitinases, and then the chitin derivatives are transferred into cells by specific transport systems of bacteria. The intracellular chitin derivatives activate or suppress the transcription of a series of chi genes and affect the amount of chitinase. The expression of chitinase genes are strictly regulated by various regulatory factors and responsive cis-acting elements. The present review will focus on the transport system and the regulation of chitinase genes expression in bacteria.
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Ghorbel-Bellaaj O, Manni L, Jellouli K, Hmidet N, Nasri M. Optimization of protease and chitinase production by Bacillus cereus SV1 on shrimp shell waste using statistical experimental design. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the chitinase. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Liu M, Tian Y, Hu X. Comparative Characterization of Chitinases from Silkworm (Bombyx mori) and Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 61:267-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Neeraja C, Anil K, Purushotham P, Suma K, Sarma P, Moerschbacher BM, Podile AR. Biotechnological approaches to develop bacterial chitinases as a bioshield against fungal diseases of plants. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 30:231-41. [PMID: 20572789 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.487258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal diseases of plants continue to contribute to heavy crop losses in spite of the best control efforts of plant pathologists. Breeding for disease-resistant varieties and the application of synthetic chemical fungicides are the most widely accepted approaches in plant disease management. An alternative approach to avoid the undesired effects of chemical control could be biological control using antifungal bacteria that exhibit a direct action against fungal pathogens. Several biocontrol agents, with specific fungal targets, have been registered and released in the commercial market with different fungal pathogens as targets. However, these have not yet achieved their full commercial potential due to the inherent limitations in the use of living organisms, such as relatively short shelf life of the products and inconsistent performance in the field. Different mechanisms of action have been identified in microbial biocontrol of fungal plant diseases including competition for space or nutrients, production of antifungal metabolites, and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinases and glucanases. This review focuses on the bacterial chitinases that hydrolyze the chitinous fungal cell wall, which is the most important targeted structural component of fungal pathogens. The application of the hydrolytic enzyme preparations, devoid of live bacteria, could be more efficacious in fungal control strategies. This approach, however, is still in its infancy, due to prohibitive production costs. Here, we critically examine available sources of bacterial chitinases and the approaches to improve enzymatic properties using biotechnological tools. We project that the combination of microbial and recombinant DNA technologies will yield more effective environment-friendly products of bacterial chitinases to control fungal diseases of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilukoti Neeraja
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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