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Li J, Yan F, Huang B, Zhang M, Wu X, Liu Y, Ruan R, Zheng H. Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Enzymatic Properties of Alginate Lyase Immobilized on Magnetic Chitosan Microspheres. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04824-z. [PMID: 38158490 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Alginate lyase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of alginate into alginate oligoalginates. To enhance enzyme stability and recovery, a facile strategy for alginate lyase immobilization was developed. Novel magnetic chitosan microspheres were synthesized and used as carriers to immobilize alginate lyase. The immobilization of alginate lyase on magnetic chitosan microspheres was successful, as proven by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectra. Enzyme immobilization exhibited the best performance at an MCM dosage of 1.5 g/L, adsorption time of 2.0 h, glutaraldehyde concentration of 0.2%, and immobilization time of 2.0 h. The optimal pH of the free alginate lyase was 7.5, and this pH value was shifted to 8.0 after immobilization. No difference was observed at the optimal temperature (45 °C) for the immobilized and free enzymes. The immobilized alginate lyase displayed better thermal stability than the free alginate lyase. The Km values of the free and immobilized enzymes were 0.05 mol/L and 0.09 mol/L, respectively. The immobilized alginate lyase retained 72% of its original activity after 10 batch reactions. This strategy was found to be a promising method for immobilizing alginate lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Li
- College of Food Science and Technology and International Institute of Food Innovation and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology and International Institute of Food Innovation and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology and International Institute of Food Innovation and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology and International Institute of Food Innovation and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology and International Institute of Food Innovation and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology and International Institute of Food Innovation and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Hongli Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology and International Institute of Food Innovation and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao M, Song C, Zhang F, Jia X, Ma D. New-style electrokinetic-adsorption remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil using double-group electrodes coupled with chitosan-activated carbon composite membranes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166919. [PMID: 37689188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Global soil cadmium (Cd(II)) contamination threatens the soil environment, food safety, and human health. Conventional electrokinetic remediation (EKR) and enhancement methods usually operate in strong electric fields, leading to strong side reactions and uneven removal. In this work, to remove Cd(II) from soil effectively in a low-voltage electric field, a new-style electrokinetic-adsorption remediation using double-group electrodes coupled with chitosan-activated carbon composite membranes (DE-EKR-CAC) was developed. Chitosan-activated carbon (CAC) composite membranes were synthesized for easy recovery and reuse of adsorbents. The effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and foreign ions on the removal of Cd(II) by the CAC composite membranes were determined. The CAC composite membranes performed well except in a strongly acidic environment (pH = 2.0). The soil pH varied between 3.4 and 5.0 in DE-EKR-CAC, where the CAC composite membranes were applicable. High concentrations of Ca2+ interfered with the adsorption of Cd(II), which means that the selectivity of CAC composite membranes for Cd(II) is not high enough. The Langmuir (R2 = 0.999) and pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 1.0) models revealed the monolayer coverage and chemisorption mechanism, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 40.81 mg/g. Furthermore, SEM, FTIR, and XPS analyses suggest that physical adsorption, complexation of oxygen-containing functional groups, chelation of amino groups, and ion exchange are potential mechanisms for the adsorption of Cd(II) on CAC. DE-EKR-CAC performed better than the group remediated with one set of electrodes, with higher removal efficiencies and more uniform removal. The lowest energy consumption was 3.33 kWh/m3, which is lower than other enhancement methods. Separation of CAC composite membranes from soil is easy, and reuse performance is good. DE-EKR-CAC provides a potential option for Cd(II) removal from soil because of its better performance using low-voltage direct current, low energy consumption, and ease of recycling the adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhao
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Song
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Degang Ma
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
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Xu C, Tong S, Sun L, Gu X. Cellulase immobilization to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: An all-inclusive review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121319. [PMID: 37739542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery plays a crucial role in the production of high-value biofuels and chemicals, with enzymatic hydrolysis being an essential component. The advent of cellulase immobilization has revolutionized this process, significantly enhancing the efficiency, stability, and reusability of cellulase enzymes. This review offers a thorough analysis of the fundamental principles underlying immobilization, encompassing various immobilization approaches such as physical adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking. Furthermore, it explores a diverse range of carrier materials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid/composite materials. The review also focuses on emerging approaches like multi-enzyme co-immobilization, oriented immobilization, immobilized enzyme microreactors, and enzyme engineering for immobilization. Additionally, it delves into novel carrier technologies like 3D printing carriers, stimuli-responsive carriers, artificial cellulosomes, and biomimetic carriers. Moreover, the review addresses recent obstacles in cellulase immobilization, including molecular-level immobilization mechanism, diffusion limitations, loss of cellulase activity, cellulase leaching, and considerations of cost-effectiveness and scalability. The knowledge derived from this review is anticipated to catalyze the evolution of more efficient and sustainable biocatalytic systems for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, representing the current state-of-the-art in cellulase immobilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Tong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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Kaur G, Taggar MS, Kalia A. Cellulase-immobilized chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111627-111647. [PMID: 37280490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Devising and consolidating cost-effective and greener technologies for sustainable energy production pertain to some of the most pressing needs of the present times. Bioconversion of abundantly available lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars to produce biofuels involves the cost-extensive requirement of hydrolytic enzymes called cellulases. Cellulases are highly selective and eco-friendly biocatalysts responsible for deconstruction of complex polysaccharides into simple sugars. Currently, immobilization of cellulases is being carried out on magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with suitable biopolymers such as chitosan. Chitosan, a biocompatible polymer, exhibits high surface area, chemical/thermal stability, functionality, and reusability. The chitosan-functionalized magnetic nanocomposites (Ch-MNCs) present a nanobiocatalytic system that enables easy retrieval, separation, and recycling of cellulases, thereby offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach for biomass hydrolysis. These functional nanostructures show enormous potential owing to certain physicochemical and structural features that have been discussed in a comprehensive manner in this review. It provides an insight into the synthesis, immobilization, and application of cellulase immobilized Ch-MNCs for biomass hydrolysis. This review aims to bridge the gap between sustainable utilization and economic viability of employing replenishable agro-residues for cellulosic ethanol production by incorporating the recently emerging nanocomposite immobilization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkanwal Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India.
| | - Monica Sachdeva Taggar
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
| | - Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
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Bai Y, Jing Z, Ma R, Wan X, Liu J, Huang W. A critical review of enzymes immobilized on chitosan composites: characterization and applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1539-1567. [PMID: 37540309 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes with industrial significance are typically used in biological processes. However, instability, high sensitivity, and impractical recovery are the major drawbacks of enzymes in practical applications. In recent years, the immobilization technology has attracted wide attention to overcoming these restrictions and improving the efficiency of enzyme applications. Chitosan (CS) is a unique functional substance with biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and antibacterial properties. Chitosan composites are anticipated to be widely used in the near future for a variety of purposes, including as supports for enzyme immobilization, because of their advantages. Therefor this review explores the effects of the chitosan's structure, molecular weight, degree of deacetylation on the enzyme immobilized, effect of key factors, and the enzymes immobilized on chitosan based composites for numerous applications, including the fields of biosensor, biomedical science, food industry, environmental protection, and industrial production. Moreover, this study carefully investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using these composites as well as their potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bai
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongxian Jing
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Wan
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Huang
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
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Santos MPF, Ferreira MA, Junior ECS, Bonomo RCF, Veloso CM. Functionalized activated carbon as support for trypsin immobilization and its application in casein hydrolysis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1651-1664. [PMID: 37728765 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to immobilize trypsin on activated carbon submitted to different surface modifications and its application in casein hydrolysis. With the aim of determining which support can promote better maintenance of the immobilized enzyme. Results showed that pH 5.0 was obtained as optimal for immobilization and pH 9.0 for the casein hydrolysis reaction for activated carbon and glutaraldehyde functionalized carbon. Among the supports used, activated carbon modified with iron ions in the presence of a chelating agent was the one that showed best results, under the conditions evaluated in this study. Presenting an immobilization yield of 95.15% and a hydrolytic activity of 4.11 U, same as soluble enzyme (3.76 U). This derivative kept its activity stable at temperatures above 40 °C for1 h and when stored for 30 days at 5 °C. Furthermore, it was effective for more than 6 reuse cycles (under the same conditions as the 1st cycle). In general, immobilization of trypsin on metallized activated carbon can be an alternative to biocatalysis, highlighting the advantages of protease immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus P F Santos
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus A Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Agronomy, State University of Southwest Bahia, Estrada Bem Querer, km-04 s/n, Vitória da Conquista, BA, 45083-900, Brazil
| | - Evaldo C S Junior
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil
| | - Renata C F Bonomo
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Veloso
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil.
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7
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Liu G, Zou F, He W, Li J, Xie Y, Ma M, Zheng Y. The controlled degradation of bacterial cellulose in simulated physiological environment by immobilization and release of cellulase. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120906. [PMID: 37173043 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has good network structure, biocompatibility, and excellent mechanical properties, and is widely used in the field of biomaterials. The controllable degradation of BC can further broaden its application. Oxidative modification and cellulases may endow BC with degradability, but these methods inevitably lead to the obvious reduction of its initial mechanical properties and uncontrolled degradation. In this paper, the controllable degradation of BC was realized for the first time by using a new controlled release structure that combines the immobilization and release of cellulase. The immobilized enzyme has higher stability and is gradually released in the simulated physiological environment, and its load can control the hydrolysis rate of BC well. Furthermore, the BC-based membrane prepared by this method retains the favorable physicochemical performance of the original BC, including flexibility and great biocompatibility, and holds good application prospects in drug control release or tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Faxing Zou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Junfei Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Xie
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Ma
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Zheng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.
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Sulej J, Piątek-Gołda W, Grąz M, Szałapata K, Waśko P, Janik-Zabrotowicz E, Osińska-Jaroszuk M. Immobilisation of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Laccase on Chitosan Particles as a Multi-Enzymatic System for the Synthesis of Lactobionic Acid. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:383. [PMID: 37504878 PMCID: PMC10381469 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bioactive compound that has become increasingly popular in medicine in recent years due to its unique properties. This chemical can be formed via the enzymatic oxidation of lactose using fungal oxidoreductive enzymes. This study aimed to intensify the synthesis of LBA using immobilised enzymes (cellobiose dehydrogenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PchCDH) and laccase from Cerrena unicolor (CuLAC)) on chitosan microspheres. We used three different crosslinking agents: genipin, glutaraldehyde, and polyethyleneimine to activate the chitosan. The FTIR and CellDrop techniques were used to characterise the activated microspheres. Quantitative (HPLC) and qualitative (TLC) methods were used to determine the obtained LBA. The results show that the type of activator used influences the efficiency of the binding of the enzyme to the matrix. Furthermore, the amount of LBA formed depends on the type of system used. The use of a system in which one of the enzymes is immobilised on a PEI-activated carrier (PchCDH) and the other is free (CuLAC) proved to be the most optimal, as it yielded almost 100% conversion of lactose to lactobionic acid. Summarising the data obtained the following: lactobionic acid immobilised on chitosan microspheres has great potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sulej
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Piątek-Gołda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Grąz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szałapata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Waśko
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Core Facility of Biospectroscopy, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Janik-Zabrotowicz
- Core Facility of Biospectroscopy, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Osińska-Jaroszuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Zou M, Tian W, Chu M, Lu Z, Liu B, Xu D. Magnetically separable laccase-biochar composite enable highly efficient adsorption-degradation of quinolone antibiotics: Immobilization, removal performance and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163057. [PMID: 36966832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous potential of hybrid technologies for the elimination of quinolone antibiotics has recently attracted considerable attention. This current work prepared a magnetically modified biochar (MBC) immobilized laccase product named LC-MBC through response surface methodology (RSM), and LC-MBC showed an excellent capacity in the removal of norfloxacin (NOR), enrofloxacin (ENR) and moxifloxacin (MFX) from aqueous solution. The superior pH, thermal, storage and operational stability demonstrated by LC-MBC revealed its potential for sustainable application. The removal efficiencies of LC-MBC in the presence of 1 mM 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) for NOR, ENR and MFX were 93.7 %, 65.4 % and 77.0 % at pH 4 and 40 °C after 48 h reaction, respectively, which were 1.2, 1.3 and 1.3 times higher than those of MBC under the same conditions. The synergistic effect of adsorption by MBC and degradation by laccase dominated the removal of quinolone antibiotics by LC-MBC. Pore-filling, electrostatic, hydrophobic, π-π interactions, surface complexation and hydrogen bonding contributed in the adsorption process. The attacks on the quinolone core and piperazine moiety were involved in the degradation process. This study underscored the possibility of immobilization of laccase on biochar for enhanced remediation of quinolone antibiotics-contaminated wastewater. The proposed physical adsorption-biodegradation system (LC-MBC-ABTS) provided a novel perspective for the efficient and sustainable removal of antibiotics in actual wastewater through combined multi-methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Weijun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266234, PR China.
| | - Meile Chu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Bingkun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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10
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Wang Z, Chen H, Qin Y, Lan T. Effect of Fenton oxidized lignin support on immobilized β-glucosidase activity. J Biotechnol 2023; 368:31-41. [PMID: 37028559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Fenton oxidized lignin was prepared to investigate the effect of Fenton oxidation modification on the activity of lignin immobilized β-glucosidase (β-GL). The results demonstrated that Fenton oxidation could significantly improve the activity and stability of immobilized β-GL. This is because the Fenton oxidation increased the electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic forces between lignin and β-GL, resulting in increased lignin adsorption onto β-GL. The Fenton oxidation also changed the chemical structure of lignin, altering the lignin-β-GL binding site and reducing the negative effect of lignin on the β-GL catalytic domain. This research will improve understanding of the effect of Fenton lignin oxidation on immobilized β-GL activity and expand the use of lignin in enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekang Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuyue Qin
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Lan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China; National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Rd., Tianxin District, Changsha, 410004, China.
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11
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Sulman AM, Matveeva VG, Bronstein LM. Cellulase Immobilization on Nanostructured Supports for Biomass Waste Processing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3796. [PMID: 36364572 PMCID: PMC9656580 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiocatalysts, i.e., enzymes immobilized on nanostructured supports, received considerable attention because they are potential remedies to overcome shortcomings of traditional biocatalysts, such as low efficiency of mass transfer, instability during catalytic reactions, and possible deactivation. In this short review, we will analyze major aspects of immobilization of cellulase-an enzyme for cellulosic biomass waste processing-on nanostructured supports. Such supports provide high surface areas, increased enzyme loading, and a beneficial environment to enhance cellulase performance and its stability, leading to nanobiocatalysts for obtaining biofuels and value-added chemicals. Here, we will discuss such nanostructured supports as carbon nanotubes, polymer nanoparticles (NPs), nanohydrogels, nanofibers, silica NPs, hierarchical porous materials, magnetic NPs and their nanohybrids, based on publications of the last five years. The use of magnetic NPs is especially favorable due to easy separation and the nanobiocatalyst recovery for a repeated use. This review will discuss methods for cellulase immobilization, morphology of nanostructured supports, multienzyme systems as well as factors influencing the enzyme activity to achieve the highest conversion of cellulosic biowaste into fermentable sugars. We believe this review will allow for an enhanced understanding of such nanobiocatalysts and processes, allowing for the best solutions to major problems of sustainable biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrina M. Sulman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Standardization, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia
| | - Valentina G. Matveeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Standardization, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia
- Regional Technological Centre, Tver State University, Zhelyabova St., 33, 170100 Tver, Russia
| | - Lyudmila M. Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Av., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80303, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Optimization of Biocatalytic Steps via Response Surface Methodology to Produce Immobilized Peroxidase on Chitosan-Decorated AZT Composites for Enhanced Reusability and Storage Stability. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Vasilescu C, Marc S, Hulka I, Paul C. Enhancement of the Catalytic Performance and Operational Stability of Sol-Gel-Entrapped Cellulase by Tailoring the Matrix Structure and Properties. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100626. [PMID: 36286127 PMCID: PMC9602319 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial cellulase Cellic CTec2 was immobilized by the entrapment technique in sol–gel matrices, and sol–gel entrapment with deposition onto magnetic nanoparticles, using binary or ternary systems of silane precursors with alkyl- or aryl-trimethoxysilanes, at different molar ratios. Appropriate tailoring of the sol–gel matrix allowed for the enhancement of the catalytic efficiency of the cellulase biocatalyst, which was then evaluated in the hydrolysis reaction of Avicel microcrystalline cellulose. A correlation between the catalytic activity with the properties of the sol–gel matrix of the nanobiocatalysts was observed using several characterization methods: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy (FM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA). The homogeneous distribution of the enzymes in the sol–gel matrix and the mass loss profile as a function of temperature were highlighted. The influence of temperature and pH of the reaction medium on the catalytic performance of the nanobiocatalysts as well as the operational stability under optimized reaction conditions were also investigated; the immobilized biocatalysts proved their superiority in comparison to the native cellulase. The magnetic cellulase biocatalyst with the highest efficiency was reused in seven successive batch hydrolysis cycles of microcrystalline cellulose with remanent activity values that were over 40%, thus we obtained promising results for scaling-up the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Vasilescu
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Organic and Natural Compounds, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
- Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Romanian Academy Timisoara Branch, Mihai Viteazu 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Simona Marc
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Organic and Natural Compounds, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iosif Hulka
- Research Institute for Renewable Energy, Politehnica University Timisoara, Gavril Musicescu 138, 300501 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Paul
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Organic and Natural Compounds, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence:
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14
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Chen HY, Lin CH, Hou CY, Lin HW, Hsieh CW, Cheng KC. Production of Siamenoside I and Mogroside IV from Siraitia grosvenorii Using Immobilized β-Glucosidase. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196352. [PMID: 36234889 PMCID: PMC9571938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Siraitia grosvenorii is a type of fruit used in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies have shown that the conversion of saponins was often carried out by chemical hydrolysis, which can be problematic because of the environmental hazards it may cause and the low yield it produces. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a continuous bioreactor with immobilized enzymes to produce siamenoside I and mogroside IV. The results show that the immobilization process of β-glucosidase exhibited the best relative activity with a glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration of 1.5%, carrier activation time of 1 h and binding enzyme time of 12 h. After the immobilization through GA linkage, the highest relative activity of β-glucosidase was recorded through the reaction with the substrate at 60 °C and pH 5. Subsequently, the glass microspheres with immobilized β-glucosidase were filled into the reactor to maintain the optimal active environment, and the aqueous solution of Siraitia grosvenorii extract was introduced by controlling the flow rate. The highest concentration of siamenoside I and mogroside IV were obtained at a flow rate of 0.3 and 0.2 mL/min, respectively. By developing this immobilized enzyme system, siamenoside I and mogroside IV can be prepared in large quantities for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yueh Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-W.H.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-W.H.); (K.-C.C.)
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15
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Sadaqat B, Sha C, Dar MA, Dhanavade MJ, Sonawane KD, Mohamed H, Shao W, Song Y. Modifying Thermostability and Reusability of Hyperthermophilic Mannanase by Immobilization on Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Chitosan Beads. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070999. [PMID: 35883557 PMCID: PMC9312517 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the purified β-mannanase (Man/Cel5B) from Thermotoga maritima was immobilized on glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan beads. The immobilization of Man/Cel5B on chitosan beads was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. After immobilization, the protein loading efficiency and immobilization yield were found to be 73.3% and 71.8%, respectively. The optimum pH for both free and immobilized enzymes was found to be pH 5.5. However, the optimum temperature of immobilized Man/Cel5B increased by 10 °C, from 85 °C (free Man/Cel5B) to 95 °C (Immobilized). The half-life of free and immobilized enzymes was found to be 7 h and 9 h, respectively, at 85 °C owing to the higher thermostability of immobilized Man/Cel5B. The increase in thermostability was also demonstrated by an increase in the energy of deactivation (209 kJmol−1) for immobilized enzyme compared to its native form (92 kJmol−1), at 85 °C. Furthermore, the immobilized Man/Cel5B displayed good operational stability as it retained 54% of its original activity after 15 repeated catalytic reactions concerning its free form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Sadaqat
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (B.S.); (H.M.)
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.S.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Chong Sha
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.S.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Mudasir Ahmad Dar
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.S.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Maruti J. Dhanavade
- Department of Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Dr Patangrao Kadam Mahavidyalaya College, Sangli 416416, India;
| | - Kailas D. Sonawane
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India;
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (B.S.); (H.M.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Weilan Shao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.S.); (M.A.D.)
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (B.S.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (Y.S.)
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16
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Gao N, Du W, Zhang M, Ling G, Zhang P. Chitosan-modified biochar: Preparation, modifications, mechanisms and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:31-49. [PMID: 35390400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The chitosan-modified biochar composite, as a carbohydrate polymer, has received increasing attention and becomes a research hotspot. It is a promising impurity adsorption material, which has potential application value in the agricultural environment fields such as soil improvement and sewage purification. The composite can combine the advantages of biochar with chitosan, and the resulting composite usually exhibits a great improvement in its surface functional groups, adsorption sites, stability, and adsorption properties. In addition, compared to other adsorbents, the composite truly achieves the concept of "waste control by waste". In this paper, the preparation method, composite classification, adsorption mechanism, and models of biochar modified by chitosan are introduced, meanwhile, we also review and summarize their effects on the decontamination of wastewater and soil. In addition to common heavy metal ions, we also review the adsorption and removal of some other organic/inorganic pollutants, including (1) drug residues; (2) dyes; (3) phosphates; (4) radionuclides; (5) perfluorochemicals, etc. Moreover, challenges and prospects for the composite are presented and further studies are called for the chitosan-biochar composite. We believe that the composite will lead to further achievements in the field of environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenzhen Du
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Manyue Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guixia Ling
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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17
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Wang Z, Fan C, Zheng X, Jin Z, Bei K, Zhao M, Kong H. Roles of Surfactants in Oriented Immobilization of Cellulase on Nanocarriers and Multiphase Hydrolysis System. Front Chem 2022; 10:884398. [PMID: 35402378 PMCID: PMC8983819 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.884398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants, especially non-ionic surfactants, play an important role in the preparation of nanocarriers and can also promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. A broad overview of the current status of surfactants on the immobilization of cellulase is provided in this review. In addition, the restricting factors in cellulase immobilization in the complex multiphase hydrolysis system are discussed, including the carrier structure characteristics, solid-solid contact obstacles, external diffusion resistance, limited recycling frequency, and nonproductive combination of enzyme active centers. Furthermore, promising prospects of cellulase-oriented immobilization are proposed, including the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction of surfactants and cellulase in the oil-water reaction system, the reversed micelle system of surfactants, and the possible oriented immobilization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunzhen Fan
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyong Zheng
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhan Jin
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Bei
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hainan Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Santos MPF, Porfírio MCP, Junior ECS, Bonomo RCF, Veloso CM. Pepsin immobilization: Influence of carbon support functionalization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:67-79. [PMID: 35090943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the matrices for enzyme immobilization, activated carbon has been standing out in immobilization processes due to its properties and to its characteristics that provide superficial modification by inserting new functional groups capable of binding the enzymes forming covalent bonds. In this study the effect of different modification methods of activated carbon (functionalization with genipin, metallization, metallization in the presence of chelating agent, and functionalization with glutaraldehyde) on efficiency of pepsin immobilization was evaluated. The effect of immobilization pH and the reaction medium on hydrolysis activity of bovine casein was also evaluated. The functionalization of activated carbon using iron ions allowed an immobilization capacity of 98.93 mg·g-1, with immobilization efficiency greater than 99%, and enzyme activity of 2.30 U, which was higher than the other modifications, and closer to the enzyme in the native form activity (3.32 U). In general, the carbon surface modifications were responsible for forming more stable bonds between support and enzyme, improving its proteolytic activity (from 1.84 to 2.30 U) when compared to traditional immobilization methods by adsorption and covalent binding using glutaraldehyde (from 1.04 to 1.1 U).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus P F Santos
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil
| | - Marjorie C P Porfírio
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil
| | - Evaldo C S Junior
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil
| | - Renata C F Bonomo
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Veloso
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil.
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19
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20
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Kothakota A, Pandiselvam R, Siliveru K, Pandey JP, Sagarika N, Srinivas CHS, Kumar A, Singh A, Prakash SD. Modeling and Optimization of Process Parameters for Nutritional Enhancement in Enzymatic Milled Rice by Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Foods 2021; 10:2975. [PMID: 34945526 PMCID: PMC8700668 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study involves information about the concentrations of nutrients (proteins, phenolic compounds, free amino acids, minerals (Ca, P, and Iron), hardness) in milled rice processed with enzymes; xylanase and cellulase produced by Aspergillus awamori, MTCC 9166 and Trichoderma reese, MTCC164. Brown rice was processed with 60-100% enzyme (40 mL buffer -undiluted) for 30 to 150 min at 30 °C to 50 °C followed by polishing for 20-100 s at a safe moisture level. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used for process optimization of enzymes. The MLR correlation coefficient (R2) varied between 0.87-0.90, and the sum of square (SSE) was placed within 0.008-8.25. While the ANN R2 (correlation coefficient) varied between 0.97 and 0.9999(1), MSE changed from 0.005 to 6.13 representing that the ANN method has better execution across MLR. The optimized cellulase process parameters (87.2% concentration, 80.1 min process time, 33.95 °C temperature and 21.8 s milling time) and xylanase process parameters (85.7% enzyme crude, 77.1 min process time, 35 °C temperature and 20 s) facilitated the increase of Ca (70%), P (64%), Iron (17%), free amino acids (34%), phenolic compounds (78%) and protein (84%) and decreased hardness (20%) in milled rice. Scanning electron micrographs showed an increased rupture attributing to enzymes action on milled rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Chowki 671124, Kerala, India;
| | - Kaliramesh Siliveru
- Department of Grain Science & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Jai Prakash Pandey
- Department of Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (J.P.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Nukasani Sagarika
- Department of Food Process Engineering, College of Food Processing Technology & Bio-Energy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388110, Gujarat, India;
| | | | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnager 263145, India;
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (J.P.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Shivaprasad D. Prakash
- Department of Grain Science & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
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21
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Immobilization of a peroxidase from Moringa oleifera Lam. roots (MoPOX) on chitosan beads enhanced the decolorization of textile dyes. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Hannan F, Islam F, Huang Q, Farooq MA, Ayyaz A, Fang R, Ali B, Xie X, Zhou W. Interactive effects of biochar and mussel shell activated concoctions on immobilization of nickel and their amelioration on the growth of rapeseed in contaminated aged soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:130897. [PMID: 34470145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mussel shell (MS) and biochar (BC) are commonly used for the remediation of metal contaminated soil. However, less research has been focused to examine the efficacy of their combinations to reduce metal toxicity in crop plants. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of BC, MS and their activated concoctions on the soil properties, enzyme activities and nickel (Ni) immobilization in aged Ni contaminated soil. Moreover, the growth, photosynthetic pigments and anti-oxidative machnery of Brassica napus plants has also been investigated in order to determine amendments efficiency in reducing soil Ni toxicity for plants. The results showed that the application of Ni adversely affected soil health and trigged stress responses by inducing oxidative stress in B. napus. However, the incorporation of amendments reduced the bioavailability of Ni, and the concoctions of BC and MS showed promising results in the immobilization of Ni. Among various combinations of BC and MS, treatment with BC + MS (3:1) significantly reduced Ni uptake, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced antioxidant defense of B. napus plants. Results showed that amendment's combinations stimulated the transcriptional levels of ROS scavenging enzymes and suppressed the expression level of Ni transporters. The morphological and physical characterization techniques (i.e. SEM, BET, EDS, FTIR and X-ray diffraction analyses) showed that amendment's combinations had relatively higher Ni adsorption capacity, indicating that BC and MS concoctions are efficient immobilizing agents for minimizing Ni availability, preventing oxidative toxicity and promoting growth and biomass production in rapeseed plants under metal stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhir Hannan
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad A Farooq
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ahsan Ayyaz
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rouyi Fang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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23
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Cirujano FG, Dhakshinamoorthy A. Challenges and Opportunities for the Encapsulation of Enzymes over Porous Solids for Biodiesel Production and Cellulose Valorization into Glucose. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco G. Cirujano
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMOL) Universidad de Valencia 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
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24
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Qamar SA, Qamar M, Bilal M, Bharagava RN, Ferreira LFR, Sher F, Iqbal HMN. Cellulose-deconstruction potential of nano-biocatalytic systems: A strategic drive from designing to sustainable applications of immobilized cellulases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:1-19. [PMID: 34146557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials along with an added value of polymers-based support carriers have gained high interest and considered ideal for enzyme immobilization. The recently emerged nanoscience interface in the form of nanostructured materials combined with immobilized-enzyme-based bio-catalysis has now become research and development frontiers in advance and applied bio-catalysis engineering. With the involvement of nanoscience, various polymers have been thoroughly developed and exploited to nanostructured engineer constructs as ideal support carriers/matrices. Such nanotechnologically engineered support carriers/matrix possesses unique structural, physicochemical, and functional attributes which equilibrate principal factors and strengthen the biocatalysts efficacy for multipurpose applications. In addition, nano-supported catalysts are potential alternatives that can outstrip several limitations of conventional biocatalysts, such as reduced catalytic efficacy and turnover, low mass transfer efficiency, instability during the reaction, and most importantly, partial, or complete inhibition/deactivation. In this context, engineering robust and highly efficient biocatalysts is an industrially relevant prerequisite. This review comprehensively covered various biopolymers and nanostructured materials, including silica, hybrid nanoflower, nanotubes or nanofibers, nanomembranes, graphene oxide nanoparticles, metal-oxide frameworks, and magnetic nanoparticles as robust matrices for cellulase immobilization. The work is further enriched by spotlighting applied and industrially relevant considerations of nano-immobilized cellulases. For instance, owing to the cellulose-deconstruction features of nano-immobilized cellulases, the applications like lignocellulosic biomass conversion into industrially useful products or biofuels, improved paper sheet density and pulp beat in paper and pulp industry, fruit juice clarification in food industry are evident examples of cellulases, thereof are discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahpara Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, U.P., India
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE 49032-490, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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25
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Hannan F, Huang Q, Farooq MA, Ayyaz A, Ma J, Zhang N, Ali B, Deyett E, Zhou W, Islam F. Organic and inorganic amendments for the remediation of nickel contaminated soil and its improvement on Brassica napus growth and oxidative defense. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125921. [PMID: 34492853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In-situ stabilization has been considered an effective way to remediate metal contaminated soil. Thus, pot experiments were undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of multiple stabilization agents such as biochar (BC), mussel shell (MS), zeolite (ZE) and limestone (LS) on the immobilization of Ni, physicochemical features and enzyme activities in polluted soil. Results showed that the sole application of Ni adversely affected the rapeseed growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidative defense. However, the addition of amendments to the contaminated soil significantly reduced Ni bioavailability. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Ni related ligands and FTIR showed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulfur functional groups, as well as complexation and adsorption of Ni on amendments. Among multiple amendments, biochar significantly enhanced plant biomass attributes and total chlorophyll content. Moreover, addition of amendments also strengthened the antioxidant defense by decreasing Ni induced oxidative stress (H2O2 and O2.-), increased macronutrient availability, reduced Ni uptake and improved soil health. The qPCR analysis showed that the Ni transporters were significantly suppressed by amendments, which is correlated with the lower accumulation of Ni in rapeseed. The present study showed that immobilizing agents, especially biochar, is an effective amendment to immobilize Ni in soil, which restricts its entry into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhir Hannan
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad A Farooq
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ahsan Ayyaz
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junyi Ma
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Elizabeth Deyett
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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26
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Applicative Insights on Nascent Role of Biochar Production, Tailoring and Immobilization in Enzyme Industry -A Review. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Rajnish KN, Samuel MS, John J A, Datta S, Chandrasekar N, Balaji R, Jose S, Selvarajan E. Immobilization of cellulase enzymes on nano and micro-materials for breakdown of cellulose for biofuel production-a narrative review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1793-1802. [PMID: 34058212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is a very abundant polymer that is found in nature. Cellulose has been used as a raw material for production of biofuels for many years. However, there are multiple processing steps that are required so that cellulose can be used as a raw material for biofuel production. One of the most important steps is the breakdown of cellulose into intermediate sugars which can then be a viable substrate for biofuel production. Cellulases are enzymes which play a role in the catalysis of the breakdown of cellulose into glucose. Nanomaterials and micromaterials have been gaining a lot of attention over the past few years for its potential in immobilizing enzymes for industrial procedures. Immobilization of enzymes on these nanomaterials has been observed to be of great value due to the improvement in thermal stability, pH stability, regenerative capacity, increase in activity and the reusability of enzymes. Similarly, there have been multiple reports of cellulase enzymes being immobilized on various nanoparticles. The immobilization of these cellulase enzymes have resulted in very efficient processing and provide a great and economic solution for the processing of cellulose for biofuel production. Hence in this paper, we review and discuss the various advantages and disadvantages of enzymes on various available nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Narayanan Rajnish
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Melvin S Samuel
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashwini John J
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saptashwa Datta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narendhar Chandrasekar
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramachandran Balaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan
| | - Sujin Jose
- School of Physics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Ethiraj Selvarajan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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28
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Li C, Feng X, Sun L, Zhou L, Sun J, Wang Z, Liao D, Lan P, Lan X. Non-covalent and covalent immobilization of papain onto Ti 3C 2 MXene nanosheets. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 148:109817. [PMID: 34116748 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Papain was immobilized onto Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets by physical adsorption and physical adsorption combined with covalent crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets were prepared by hydrofluoric acid etching method. The resulting products were well characterized by SEM, BET, XRD, FTIR, XPS. The optimized immobilization conditions are pH 6.5, immobilization time of 20 h, immobilization temperature of 10℃, and 10 mL 2 mg mL-1 papain, the amount of papain immobilized was 156 mg g-1, the activity of the immobilized papain determined was 1701 U∙g-1. The immobilized papain exhibited enhanced pH and temperature endurances, immobilized papain also showed improved storage stability (39.25 % and 65.57 % after 20 days of storage at 4 °C). papain reusability was significantly improved after immobilization and it retained more than 50 % of its initial activity after 5 repeated cycles. Interestingly, the results of immobilized enzymes demonstrated that the immobilization of enzymes on Ti3C2 MXene is feasible. Such approach could be transferred to other support systems for anchoring enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhi Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhen Feng
- Medical College, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqin Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zefen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dankui Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongdiao Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530008, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Melo MN, Pereira FM, Rocha MA, Ribeiro JG, Diz FM, Monteiro WF, Ligabue RA, Severino P, Fricks AT. Immobilization and characterization of horseradish peroxidase into chitosan and chitosan/PEG nanoparticles: A comparative study. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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30
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Fülöp L, Ecker J. An overview of biomass conversion: exploring new opportunities. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9586. [PMID: 32765969 PMCID: PMC7382363 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling biomass is indispensable these days not only because fossil energy sources are gradually depleted, but also because pollution of the environment, caused by the increasing use of energy, must be reduced. This article intends to overview the results of plant biomass processing methods that are currently in use. Our aim was also to review published methods that are not currently in use. It is intended to explore the possibilities of new methods and enzymes to be used in biomass recycling. The results of this overview are perplexing in almost every area. Advances have been made in the pre-treatment of biomass and in the diversity and applications of the enzymes utilized. Based on molecular modeling, very little progress has been made in the modification of existing enzymes for altered function and adaptation for the environmental conditions during the processing of biomass. There are hardly any publications in which molecular modeling techniques are used to improve enzyme function and to adapt enzymes to various environmental conditions. Our view is that using modern computational, biochemical, and biotechnological methods would enable the purposeful design of enzymes that are more efficient and suitable for biomass processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Fülöp
- Department of Chemistry, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - János Ecker
- Department of Chemistry, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
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