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El-Helaly A, Abou-El-Naga AM, Alshehri KM, El-Dein MA. Miracle Tree ( Moringa oleifera) Attuned GFAP and Synaptophysin Levels, Oxidative Stress and Biomarkers in Cerebellar Fluorosis of Pregnant Rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:628-650. [PMID: 38334155 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.628.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Cerebellar fluorosis is a health issue associated with excessive exposure to fluoride (F) either in direct or indirect ways as pesticides, drinking water and caries preventing prescriptions. It is characterized by elevation in oxidative stress, inflammation, demyelination and Purkinje cell loss. <i>Moringa oleifera</i> (M), is a widely cultivated plant used as a health-booster agent in modulating various disorders because of its high content of vitamins and minerals. The beneficial effect of moringa against fluoride-induced cerebellar toxicity in pregnant rats was investigated in this study. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Twenty pregnant rats were administered daily 300 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> <i>M. oleifera</i> aqueous extract incorporated with 10 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> of F intoxication from the 1st day of gestation until the 20th day. Following the termination of the trial, sera were collected and cerebellar tissue was removed for further examinations, along with the assessment of maternity. <b>Results:</b> The <i>M. oleifera</i> significantly normalized serum FSH, LH, progesterone, dopamine and serotonin levels of F-intoxicated mothers. Additionally, <i>M. oleifera</i> markedly prevented the lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation indicated by the tail length and moment in comet assay (-34.4 and -75.3%, respectively, when compared to the fluoride intoxicated group), while sustaining the levels of SOD and CAT revealing its antioxidant activity. The <i>M. oleifera</i> regressed the cerebellar α-amylase (-25.4%) and acetylcholinesterase activity (-40.6%), also attenuated GFAP (-73.4%, p<0.0001), synaptophysin level (216.6%, p<0.0001) and IL-6 expression (-91.2%) comparing to fluoride only treated mothers. <b>Conclusion:</b> Histological and ultrastructural examinations confirmed the recuperating effects of <i>M. oleifera</i> on mothers' cerebellar tissue intoxicated with fluoride indicated by intact folia and restored Purkinje cells number and architecture. The maternal study emphasized the anti-abortifacient activity of moringa against fluoride induced-fetotoxicity.
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González-Alfonso WL, Pavel P, Karina HM, Del Razo LM, Sanchez-Peña LC, Zepeda A, Gonsebatt ME. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic and fluoride induces redox imbalance, inhibits the transsulfuration pathway, and alters glutamate receptor expression in the brain, resulting in memory impairment in adult male mouse offspring. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2371-2383. [PMID: 37482551 PMCID: PMC10404204 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to toxic elements in drinking water, such as arsenic (As) and fluoride (F), starts at gestation and has been associated with memory and learning deficits in children. Studies in which rodents underwent mechanistic single exposure to As or F showed that the neurotoxic effects are associated with their capacity to disrupt redox balance, mainly by diminishing glutathione (GSH) levels, altering glutamate disposal, and altering glutamate receptor expression, which disrupts synaptic transmission. Elevated levels of As and F are common in groundwater worldwide. To explore the neurotoxicity of chronic exposure to As and F in drinking water, pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed to 2 mg/L As (sodium arsenite) and 25 mg/L F (sodium fluoride) alone or in combination. The male litter continued to receive exposure up to 30 or 90 days after birth. The effects of chronic exposure on GSH levels, transsulfuration pathway enzymatic activity, expression of cysteine/cystine transporters, glutamate transporters, and ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits as well as behavioral performance in the object recognition memory task were assessed. Combined exposure resulted in a significant reduction in GSH levels in the cortex and hippocampus at different times, decreased transsulfuration pathway enzyme activity, as well as diminished xCT protein expression. Altered glutamate receptor expression in the cortex and hippocampus and decreased transaminase enzyme activity were observed. These molecular alterations were associated with memory impairment in the object recognition task, which relies on these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L González-Alfonso
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, CDMX, México
| | - Petrosyan Pavel
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, CDMX, México
| | - Hernández-Mercado Karina
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, CDMX, México
| | - Luz M Del Razo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación Y Estudios Avanzados, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Luz C Sanchez-Peña
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación Y Estudios Avanzados, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Angélica Zepeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, CDMX, México
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 70-228, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, CDMX, México.
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Puty B, Bittencourt LO, Lima LAO, Plaça JR, Dionizio A, Buzalaf MAR, Gomes BD, de Oliveira EHC, Lima RR. Unraveling molecular characteristic of fluoride neurotoxicity on U87 glial-like cells: insights from transcriptomic and proteomic approach. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1153198. [PMID: 37362003 PMCID: PMC10289037 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1153198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of fluoride (F) as a neurotoxicant in humans is still controversial in the literature. However, recent studies have raised the debate by showing different mechanism of F-induced neurotoxicity, as oxidative stress, energy metabolism and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we investigated the mechanistic action of two F concentration (0.095 and 0.22 μg/ml) on gene and protein profile network using a human glial cell in vitro model over 10 days of exposure. A total of 823 genes and 2,084 genes were modulated after exposure to 0.095 and 0.22 μg/ml F, respectively. Among them, 168 were found to be modulated by both concentrations. The number of changes in protein expression induced by F were 20 and 10, respectively. Gene ontology annotations showed that the main terms were related to cellular metabolism, protein modification and cell death regulation pathways, such as the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, in a concentration independent manner. Proteomics confirmed the changes in energy metabolism and also provided evidence of F-induced changes in cytoskeleton components of glial cells. Our results not only reveal that F has the potential to modulate gene and protein profiles in human U87 glial-like cells overexposed to F, but also identify a possible role of this ion in cytoskeleton disorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Puty
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Cytogenetics, Environmental Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Alencar Oliveira Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues Plaça
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCT/CNPq) and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Centro de Pesquisa, Inovacão e Desenvolvimento/Fundacão de Amparo á Pesuisa do Estado de São Paulo (CEPID/FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Duarte Gomes
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology Eduardo Oswaldo Cruz, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Bartos M, Gumilar F, Baier CJ, Dominguez S, Bras C, Cancela LM, Minetti A, Gallegos CE. Rat developmental fluoride exposure affects retention memory, leads to a depressive-like behavior, and induces biochemical changes in offspring rat brains. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:222-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sun Y, Wang H, Wang W, Lu J, Zhang J, Luo X, Luan L, Wang K, Jia J, Yan J, Qin L. Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus play key roles in menopausal hot flashes. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:993955. [PMID: 36313017 PMCID: PMC9614233 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.993955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During menopause, when estrogen levels are low, abnormalities in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) of the thermoregulatory center can cause hot flashes. However, the involved neural population has not been identified. Proteomics showed that under low estrogen, differentially expressed proteins in the hypothalamus were associated with glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. RNAscope, Western blotting and qRT-PCR indicated that the number of glutamatergic neurons in the POA was decreased, while the number of GABAergic neurons was increased. Chemogenetics showed that the rat body temperature decreased slowly after glutamatergic neurons were activated and increased quickly after glutamatergic neurons were inhibited, while it increased quickly after GABAergic neurons were activated and decreased slowly after GABAergic neurons were inhibited. RNAscope, immunofluorescence, Western blotting and qRT-PCR further showed that glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 1 expression in the POA was increased, while GAD2 expression in the POA was decreased; that thermosensitive transient receptor potential protein (ThermoTRP) M (TRPM) 2 expression in glutamatergic neurons was decreased, while TRPM8 expression in GABAergic neurons was increased; and that estrogen receptor (ER) α and β expression in the POA was decreased, and ERα and ERβ expressed in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Estrogen therapy corrected these abnormalities. In addition, CUT&Tag and Western blot after injection of agonists and inhibitors of ERs showed that ERα and ERβ were both transcription factors in glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Mechanistically, during menopause, estrogen may regulate the transcription and expression of GADs and ThermoTRPs through ERs, impacting the number and function of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, resulting in unbalanced heat dissipation and production in the POA and ultimately triggering hot flashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hanfei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Liju Luan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Jing Jia,
| | - Junhao Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Junhao Yan,
| | - Lihua Qin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lihua Qin,
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Ren C, Li HH, Zhang CY, Song XC. Effects of chronic fluorosis on the brain. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114021. [PMID: 36049331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the effects of chronic fluorosis on the brain and possible mechanisms. We used PubMed, Medline and Cochraine databases to collect data on fluorosis, brain injury, and pathogenesis. A large number of in vivo and in vitro studies and epidemiological investigations have found that chronic fluorosis can cause brain damage, resulting in abnormal brain structure and brain function.Chronic fluorosis not only causes a decline in concentration, learning, and memory, but also has mental symptoms such as anxiety, tension, and depression. Several possible mechanisms that have been proposed: the oxidative stress and inflammation theory, neural cell apoptosis theory, neurotransmitter imbalance theory, as well as the doctrine of the interaction of fluorine with other elements. However, the specific mechanism of chronic fluorosis on brain damage is still unclear. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms via which chronic fluorosis causes brain damage is of great significance to protect the physical and mental health of people in developing countries, especially those living in the endemic areas of fluorosis. In brief, further investigation concerning the influence of fluoride on the brain should be conducted as the neural damage induced by it may bring about a huge problem in public health, especially considering growing environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, China; Shandong Provincial Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai 264000, China; Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, China.
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Zhenjiang Mental Health Center, The Fifth People's Hospital of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212000, China
| | - Cai-Yi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital, No.379 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221000, China; Department of Emergency psychology, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221000, China; Department of Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliate Hospital, No.99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221000, China
| | - Xi-Cheng Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, China; Shandong Provincial Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai 264000, China.
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Wang G, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen J, Feng C, Yun S, Cheng Y, Cheng F, Cao J. Sex-specific effects of fluoride and lead exposures on histology, antioxidant physiology, and immune system in the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:396-414. [PMID: 35088223 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride and Pb are both toxic to organisms; however, their combination effects and the corresponding toxic mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, male and female zebrafish (1:1) were evaluated to understand the effects of F and Pb alone and combined on growth, tissue microstructure, oxidative stress, and immune system functions of the liver. Four different groups and two exposure periods were compared: control group (C group), 80 mg/L fluoride group (F group), 60 mg/L lead group (Pb group), and 80 mg/L fluoride + 60 mg/L lead group (F + Pb group) for 45 and 90 days. The results indicated that F and Pb reduced growth performances; F + Pb treatment inhibited the growth performance traits of male zebrafish more than those of female zebrafish. Histopathological examination revealed large areas with focal necrosis, hepatocytes with karyolysis, and pycnotic nuclei in zebrafish exposed to F and Pb. The oxidative balance indices in the liver in the F and Pb groups were disturbed. F + Pb co-exposure aggravated oxidative stress in a time-dependent manner. The most serious oxidative stress was observed in the male zebrafish of the F + Pb group. Moreover, F and Pb exposure of male zebrafish increased pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression, which was decreased after 90 days of exposure. These results demonstrated that both F and Pb could damage the liver via downstream alterations in the activities of immune-related enzymes and in the levels of immune-related genes. F and Pb showed synergistic or additive effects. Male zebrafish were found to be more sensitive to F and Pb than female zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianjie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Cuiping Feng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Shaojun Yun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Feier Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinling Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Dondossola ER, Pacheco SD, Visentin SC, Mendes NV, Baldin SL, Bernardo HT, Scussel R, Rico EP. Prolonged fluoride exposure alters neurotransmission and oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain. Neurotoxicology 2022; 89:92-98. [PMID: 35065950 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is an essential chemical found in dental preparations, pesticides and drinking water. Excessive fluoride exposure is related to toxicological and neurological disruption. Zebrafish are used in translational approaches to understand neurotoxicity in both biomedical and environmental areas. However, there is no complete knowledge about the cumulative effects of fluoride on neurotransmission systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether prolonged exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF) alters cholinergic and glutamatergic systems and oxidative stress homeostasis in the zebrafish brain. Adult zebrafish were used, divided into four experimental groups, one control group and three groups exposed to NaF at 30, 50 and 100 mg.L-1 for a period of 30 days. After NaF at 30 mg.L-1 exposure, there were significant decreases in acetylcholinesterase (29.8%) and glutamate uptake (39.3%). Furthermore, thiobarbituric acid-reactive species were decreased at NaF 50 mg.L-1 (32.7%), while the group treated with NaF at 30 mg.L-1 showed an increase in dichlorodihydrofluorescein oxidation (41.4%). NaF at 30 mg.L-1 decreased both superoxide dismutase (55.3%) and catalase activities (26.1%). The inhibitory effect observed on cholinergic and glutamatergic signalling mechanisms could contribute to the neurodegenerative events promoted by NaF in the zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ronconi Dondossola
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Suzielen Damin Pacheco
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Sulingue Casagrande Visentin
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Niuany Viel Mendes
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Samira Leila Baldin
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Henrique Teza Bernardo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rahisa Scussel
- Experimental Physiology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Ferreira MKM, Aragão WAB, Bittencourt LO, Puty B, Dionizio A, Souza MPCD, Buzalaf MAR, de Oliveira EH, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lima RR. Fluoride exposure during pregnancy and lactation triggers oxidative stress and molecular changes in hippocampus of offspring rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111437. [PMID: 33096359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to high concentrations of fluoride (F) can damage mineralized and soft tissues such as bones, liver, kidney, intestine, and nervous system of adult rats. The high permeability of the blood-brain barrier and placenta to F during pregnancy and lactation may be critical to neurological development. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of F exposure during pregnancy and lactation on molecular processes and oxidative biochemistry of offspring rats' hippocampus. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups in accordance with the drinking water received: G1 - deionized water (control); G2 - 10 mg/L of F and G3 - 50 mg/L of F. The exposure to fluoridated water began on the first day of pregnancy and lasted until the 21st day of breastfeeding (when the offspring rats were weaned). Blood plasma samples of the offspring rats were collected to determine F levels. Hippocampi samples were collected for oxidative biochemistry analyses through antioxidant capacity against peroxyl (ACAP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and nitrite (NO2-) levels. Also, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression (RT-qPCR) and proteomic profile analyses were performed. The results showed that exposure to both F concentrations during pregnancy and lactation increased the F bioavailability, triggered redox imbalance featured by a decrease of ACAP, increase of LPO and NO2- levels, BDNF overexpression and changes in the hippocampus proteome. These findings raise novel questions regarding potential repercussions on the hippocampus structure and functioning in the different cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Bruna Puty
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.
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Yuan J, Li Q, Ommati MM, Niu R, Wang J. Detrimental Effects of Sodium Fluoride on the Expression of Insulin Receptor in the Olfactory Bulb and Hippocampus of Male Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:216-223. [PMID: 32016826 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure is associated with lowered cognitive function ability, intelligence quotient, and mental decline, especially in children. The brain insulin receptor (IR) signaling system is related to neuronal plasticity and consequent cognitive ability. In our previous study, NaF exposure decreased IR expressions in olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus after Y-maze test in male mice. In order to further explore whether the Y-maze test affected IR gene and protein expression levels in the OB and hippocampus under the NaF exposure, healthy male mice were randomly allotted into four groups and challenged with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L NaF for three continuous months. The results showed that femur fluorine content of the NaF-exposed groups increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. NaF significantly decreased brain protein content and organ coefficient of the treated male mice. The protein and mRNA expression levels of the IR were significantly decreased in the OB and hippocampus of the NaF-treated mice. Interestingly, indicators (brain protein content and organ coefficient) measured in the present study were significantly lower than our previous study indicators (mice tested Y-maze test), especially the expression levels of IR protein and mRNA in the same concentration groups. Taken together, these results indicated that Y-maze test could promote the expression levels of IR protein and mRNA in the OB and hippocampus, while NaF had a stronger inhibitory effect, which resulted in adverse effects on the expression levels of IR in the OB and hippocampus of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Sciences and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Qi Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Sciences and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Sciences and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Sciences and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Sciences and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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11
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Abstract
Although actively disputed and questioned, it has been proposed that chronic exposure to inorganic fluoride (F-) is toxic for brain. The major question for this review was whether an excessive F- intake is causally related to adverse neurological and cognitive health conditions in human beings and animals. The paper systematically and critically summarizes the findings of the studies showing positive associations between F- intoxication and various intellectual defects, as well as of those which attempted to clarify the nature of F- neurotoxicity. Many works provide support for a link between pre- and postnatal F- exposure and structural and functional changes in the central nervous system responsible for neurological and cognitive disorders. The mechanisms suggested to underlie F- neurotoxicity include the disturbances in synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity, premature death of neurons, altered activities of components of intracellular signaling cascades, impaired protein synthesis, deficit of neurotrophic and transcriptional factors, oxidative stress, metabolic changes, inflammatory processes. However, the majority of works have been performed on laboratory rodents using such F- doses which are never exist in the nature even in the regions of endemic fluorosis. Thus, this kind of treatment is hardly comparable with human exposure even taking into account the higher rate of F- clearance in animals. Of special importance are the data collected on humans chronically consuming excessive F- doses in the regions of endemic fluorosis or contacting with toxic F- compounds at industrial sites, but those works are scarce and often criticized due to low quality. New, expertly performed studies with repeated exposure assessment in independent populations are needed to prove an ability of F- to impair neurological and intellectual development of human beings and to understand the molecular mechanisms implicated in F--induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Agalakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - O V Nadei
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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12
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Bartos M, Gumilar F, Gallegos CE, Bras C, Dominguez S, Cancela LM, Minetti A. Effects of Perinatal Fluoride Exposure on Short- and Long-Term Memory, Brain Antioxidant Status, and Glutamate Metabolism of Young Rat Pups. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:405-414. [PMID: 31220985 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819857558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to fluoride (F) during the development affects central nervous system of the offspring rats which results in the impairment of cognitive functions. However, the exact mechanisms of F neurotoxicity are not clearly defined. To investigate the effects of perinatal F exposure on memory ability of young rat offspring, dams were exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L F during gestation and lactation. Additionally, we evaluated the possible underlying neurotoxic mechanisms implicated. The results showed that the memory ability declined in 45-day-old offspring, together with a decrease of catalase and glutamate transaminases activity in specific brain areas. The present study reveals that exposure to F in early stages of rat development leads to impairment of memory in young offspring, highlighting the alterations of oxidative stress markers as well as the activity of enzymes involved in the glutamatergic system as a possible mechanisms of neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bartos
- Toxicology Lab. INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Gumilar
- Toxicology Lab. INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina E Gallegos
- Toxicology Lab. INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Bras
- Toxicology Lab. INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Dominguez
- Toxicology Lab. INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana M Cancela
- IFEC, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Minetti
- Toxicology Lab. INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Yuan J, Li Q, Niu R, Wang J. Fluoride exposure decreased learning ability and the expressions of the insulin receptor in male mouse hippocampus and olfactory bulb. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:71-76. [PMID: 30818196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is one of the common environmental pollutants. Internal exposure to fluoride is related to the lowered cognitive function and intelligence, particularly for children. Determination of protein content in brain tissue is a means to reflect the functional development of the central nervous system. Insulin and insulin receptor (IR) signaling systems are associated with cognitive ability. The present research focused on the assessment of the expressions of IR protein and mRNA in hippocampus and olfactory bulb (OB), as well as learning and memory ability of male Kunming mice. Mice were exposed to 50, 100, and 150 mg/L NaF for 90 continuous days. The results showed that learning and memory abilities as well as protein content of male mice brain was significantly decreased by fluoride. Fluoride could inhibit the protein and mRNA expressions of the IR in the hippocampus and OB of mice. IRs mainly distributed in the olfactory nerve layer of the outermost layer of the OB, and most distributed in the hippocampal cornu ammon 3 (CA3) region, followed by the dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu ammon 1 (CA1) regions. These findings suggested that inhibition of the IR protein and mRNA expressions in the hippocampus and OB by fluoride might in part affect learning and memory ability in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Yuan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Qi Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
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14
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Kinawy AA. Synergistic oxidative impact of aluminum chloride and sodium fluoride exposure during early stages of brain development in the rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10951-10960. [PMID: 30788699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum is widely used in industry and in cooking utensils, especially in countries with low economic and social standards. Fluoride is also used in industry, a major component of toothpaste and is added to the drinking water in many countries to fight teeth decay and cavities. Consequently, the coexistence of aluminum and fluoride is highly probable. Growing evidence indicates that environmental pollutants during the early stages of embryonic development may reprogram the offspring's brain capabilities to encounter oxidative stress during the rest of their postnatal life. This study investigated the impact of sodium fluoride (NaF, 0.15 g/L) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3, 500 mg/L) added, individually or in combination, to the deionized drinking water starting from day 6 of gestation until just after weaning, or until the age of 70 days postnatal life. A significant decline was observed in tissue contents of vitamin C, reduced glutathione, GSH/GSSH ratio, and the total protein, as well as in the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in almost all cases. On the contrary, lipid peroxidation and NO, as total nitrate, exhibited a significant increase in comparison with the corresponding control. Based on the present results, administration of Al and NaF, alone or in combination abated the quenching effects of the antioxidant system and induced oxidative stress in most brain regions under investigation. In conclusion, aluminum and fluoride are very noxious environmental pollutants that interfere with the proper functions of the brain neurons and their combination together aggravates their hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Kinawy
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, 5700, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Teng Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Feng J. The Effect of Chronic Fluorosis on Calcium Ions and CaMKIIα, and c-fos Expression in the Rat Hippocampus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:295-302. [PMID: 28730575 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated neurotoxicity of chronic fluorosis in the rat hippocampus. Newly weaning, male, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered 15, 30, and 60 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) solution (fluorine ion concentration 8.25, 16.50, and 33.00 mg/L, respectively), and tap water, for 18 months. The neurotoxicological mechanism was examined with a focus on intracellular calcium overload. Results showed that as the fluoride concentration increased, calcium ion concentration [Ca2+], the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα), and the expression of catus proto-oncogene protein c-fos (c-fos) all tend to increase. Compared to the control group, Ca2+, CaMKIIα, and c-fos significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the moderate-fluoride and the high-fluoride groups. These results indicate that Ca2+/CaMKIIα/c-fos channel signal may be the molecular mechanism of central nervous system damage caused by chronic fluoride intoxication. Moreover, elevated Ca2+ concentration in the hippocampus may be the initiating factor of neuronal apoptosis induced by fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Teng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Qingdao Technical College, Qiantangjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266555, China.
| | - Zigui Zhang
- Laboratory of Pollution Ecology, Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China.
| | - Juan Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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16
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McPherson CA, Zhang G, Gilliam R, Brar SS, Wilson R, Brix A, Picut C, Harry GJ. An Evaluation of Neurotoxicity Following Fluoride Exposure from Gestational Through Adult Ages in Long-Evans Hooded Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:781-798. [PMID: 29404855 PMCID: PMC6077107 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
At elevated levels, fluoride (F-) exposure has been associated with adverse human health effects. In rodents, F- exposure has been reported to induce deficits in motor performance and learning and memory. In this study, we examined Long-Evans hooded male rats maintained on a standard diet (20.5 ppm F-) or a low F- diet (3.24 ppm F-) with drinking water exposure to 0, 10, or 20 ppm F- from gestational day 6 through adulthood. At postnatal day 25, brain F- levels were 0.048 or 0.081 μg/g and femur 235 or 379.8 μg/g for 10 and 20 ppm F-, respectively. Levels increase with age and in adults, levels for plasma were 0.036 or 0.025 μg/ml; for the brain 0.266 or 0.850 μg/g; and for the femur, 681.2 or 993.4 μg/g. At these exposure levels, we observed no exposure-related differences in motor, sensory, or learning and memory performance on running wheel, open-field activity, light/dark place preference, elevated plus maze, pre-pulse startle inhibition, passive avoidance, hot-plate latency, Morris water maze acquisition, probe test, reversal learning, and Y-maze. Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were not altered as a function of 10 or 20 ppm F- in the drinking water. No exposure-related pathology was observed in the heart, liver, kidney, testes, seminal vesicles, or epididymides. Mild inflammation in the prostate gland was observed at 20 ppm F-. No evidence of neuronal death or glial activation was observed in the hippocampus at 20 ppm F-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A McPherson
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Mail Drop C1-04, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Richard Gilliam
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Mail Drop C1-04, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sukhdev S Brar
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Tringle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ralph Wilson
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Tringle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Amy Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - G Jean Harry
- Neurotoxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Mail Drop C1-04, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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17
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Shahdordizadeh M, Yazdian-Robati R, Ansari N, Ramezani M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. An aptamer-based colorimetric lead(II) assay based on the use of gold nanoparticles modified with dsDNA and exonuclease I. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:151. [PMID: 29594698 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe a colorimetric method for the sensitive and selective detection of Pb(II). It is based on the use exonuclease I (Exo I), a Pb(II)-binding aptamer bound to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and a DNA strand that complementary to the aptamer. In the absence of Pb(II), the dsDNA on the AuNPs prevents aggregation of the AuNPs in the presence of NaCl. In the presence of Pb(II), however, the aptamer binds Pb(II) and complementary strand is released and digested by Exo I. As a result, the solution of AuNPs undergoes a color change from red to purple if salt is added to the sample. The assay is selective for Pb(II) and has a limit of detection as low as 2.4 nM. It was successfully applied to the determination of Pb(II) in spiked tap water. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the aptamer based method for Pb2+ detection via salt-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles and colorimetric quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Shahdordizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Najmeh Ansari
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91778-99191, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91778-99191, Iran.
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18
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Dec K, Łukomska A, Maciejewska D, Jakubczyk K, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Chlubek D, Wąsik A, Gutowska I. The Influence of Fluorine on the Disturbances of Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 177:224-234. [PMID: 27787813 PMCID: PMC5418325 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorides occur naturally in the environment, the daily exposure of human organism to fluorine mainly depends on the intake of this element with drinking water and it is connected with the geographical region. In some countries, we can observe the endemic fluorosis-the damage of hard and soft tissues caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. Recent studies showed that fluorine is toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). There are several known mechanisms which lead to structural brain damage caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. This element is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and it accumulates in neurons affecting cytological changes, cell activity and ion transport (e.g. chlorine transport). Additionally, fluorine changes the concentration of non-enzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the metabolism of neurotransmitters (influencing mainly glutamatergic neurotransmission) and the energy metabolism of neurons by the impaired glucose transporter-GLUT1. It can also change activity and lead to dysfunction of important proteins which are part of the respiratory chain. Fluorine also affects oxidative stress, glial activation and inflammation in the CNS which leads to neurodegeneration. All of those changes lead to abnormal cell differentiation and the activation of apoptosis through the changes in the expression of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and MAP kinases. Excessive exposure to this element can cause harmful effects such as permanent damage of all brain structures, impaired learning ability, memory dysfunction and behavioural problems. This paper provides an overview of the fluoride neurotoxicity in juveniles and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dec
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Maciejewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Wąsik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
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19
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Zhu YP, Xi SH, Li MY, Ding TT, Liu N, Cao FY, Zeng Y, Liu XJ, Tong JW, Jiang SF. Fluoride and arsenic exposure affects spatial memory and activates the ERK/CREB signaling pathway in offspring rats. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Sun Z, Zhang Y, Xue X, Niu R, Wang J. Maternal fluoride exposure during gestation and lactation decreased learning and memory ability, and glutamate receptor mRNA expressions of mouse pups. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:87-93. [PMID: 29187078 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117693067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations demonstrated that high fluoride (F) exposure may adversely affect the neurodevelopment and learning and memory ability. However, whether maternal F exposure during gestation and lactation can influence the learning, memory ability, and glutamate receptor expressions of offspring has not yet been elucidated. Hence, in the present study, maternal mice were exposed to F (25, 50, or 100 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water) during gestation and lactation. Results showed that exposure to 100 mg/L NaF significantly enhanced the number of total arm entries and working memory errors of offspring in the radial arm maze test compared to the control group. However, no difference was observed in open-field behaviors. For the subtypes of glutamate receptors in hippocampus, expression of GluR2 mRNA was significantly reduced by 25, 50, and 100 mg/L NaF. Besides, F exposure also suppressed the expression of NR2A, NR2B, and mGluR2 mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner, where NR2A was significantly suppressed by 50 mg/L NaF and NR2B and mGluR2 by 100 mg/L NaF. However, no significant changes were observed in GluR1 and mGluR5 mRNA expression levels. Collectively, these findings suggested that F can pass through the cord blood and breast milk and may have deleterious impact on learning and memory of the mouse pups, which was mediated by reduced mRNA expression of glutamate receptor subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sun
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.,2 Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Y Zhang
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - X Xue
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - R Niu
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.,2 Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - J Wang
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.,2 Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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21
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Cai T, Luo W, Ruan D, Wu YJ, Fox DA, Chen J. The History, Status, Gaps, and Future Directions of Neurotoxicology in China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:722-732. [PMID: 26824332 PMCID: PMC4892912 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid economic development in China has produced serious ecological, environmental, and health problems. Neurotoxicity has been recognized as a major public health problem. The Chinese government, research institutes, and scientists conducted extensive studies concerning the source, characteristics, and mechanisms of neurotoxicants. OBJECTIVES This paper presents, for the first time, a comprehensive history and review of major sources of neurotoxicants, national bodies/legislation engaged, and major neurotoxicology research in China. METHODS Peer-reviewed research and pollution studies by Chinese scientists from 1991 to 2015 were examined. PubMed, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were the major search tools. RESULTS The central problem is an increased exposure to neurotoxicants from air and water, food contamination, e-waste recycling, and manufacturing of household products. China formulated an institutional framework and standards system for management of major neurotoxicants. Basic and applied research was initiated, and international cooperation was achieved. The annual number of peer-reviewed neurotoxicology papers from Chinese authors increased almost 30-fold since 2001. CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive efforts, neurotoxicity remains a significant public health problem. This provides great challenges and opportunities. We identified 10 significant areas that require major educational, environmental, governmental, and research efforts, as well as attention to public awareness. For example, there is a need to increase efforts to utilize new in vivo and in vitro models, determine the potential neurotoxicity and mechanisms involved in newly emerging pollutants, and examine the effects and mechanisms of mixtures. In the future, we anticipate working with scientists worldwide to accomplish these goals and eliminate, prevent and treat neurotoxicity. CITATION Cai T, Luo W, Ruan D, Wu YJ, Fox DA, Chen J. 2016. The history, status, gaps, and future directions of neurotoxicology in China. Environ Health Perspect 124:722-732; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409566.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjian Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Diyun Ruan
- Neurotoxicology Lab, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Donald A. Fox
- College of Optometry,
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry,
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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22
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Reckziegel P, Dias VT, Benvegnú DM, Boufleur N, Barcelos RCS, Segat HJ, Pase CS, Dos Santos CMM, Flores ÉMM, Bürger ME. Antioxidant protection of gallic acid against toxicity induced by Pb in blood, liver and kidney of rats. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:351-356. [PMID: 28959556 PMCID: PMC5615824 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the antioxidant gallic acid (GA) on Pb toxicity in blood, liver and kidney was investigated in the present study. Rats Wistar received Pb nitrate (50 mg/Kg/day, i.p., 5 days) followed by GA (13.5 mg/Kg, p.o., 3 days) or a chelating agent (EDTA, 55 mg/Kg, i.p.). As result, Pb decreased body weight, hematocrit and blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity. In addition, high Pb levels were observed in blood and tissues, together with increased (1) lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes, plasma and tissues, (2) protein oxidation in tissues and (3) plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) levels. These changes were accompanied by decreasing in antioxidant defenses, like superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues and catalase (CAT) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver. GA was able to reverse Pb-induced decrease in body weight and ALA-D activity, as well as Pb-induced oxidative damages and most antioxidant alterations, however it did not decrease Pb bioaccumulation herein as EDTA did. Furthermore, EDTA did not show antioxidant protection in Pb-treated animals as GA did. In conclusion, GA decreased Pb-induced oxidative damages not by decreasing Pb bioaccumulation, but by improving antioxidant defenses, thus GA may be promising in the treatment of Pb intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Reckziegel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Verônica Tironi Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | | | - Nardeli Boufleur
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Simonetti Pase
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
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Pan Y, Lü P, Yin L, Chen K, He Y. Effect of fluoride on the proteomic profile of the hippocampus in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:151-7. [PMID: 26075534 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2014-4158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to detect fluoride-induced alterations in the proteome of the rat hippocampus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30) were subjected to treatments three weeks after weaning. Animals of the first group were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with aqueous NaF (20 mg/kg/body weight/day), the second group, injected with physiological saline, served as the control. After 30 days, the body weight of the fluoride-treated rats was lower than that of the control, and F- levels in serum were higher than in the control. The hippocampus was subjected to proteomic analysis, and the fluoride-treated group was found to contain 19 up-regulated and eight down-regulated proteins. The proteins, identified by mass-spectroscopic analysis of their fragments obtained after digestion, were found to be involved in amino acid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway and various other crucial functions. Our results also provide useful information on the mechanism of the reduction of the learning ability and memory induced by F.
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Ma J, Liu F, Liu P, Dong Y, Chu Z, Hou T, Dang Y. Impact of early developmental fluoride exposure on the peripheral pain sensitivity in mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 47:165-71. [PMID: 26431775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710004ShaanxiPR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710004ShaanxiPR China
- College of Medicine & ForensicsXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710061ShaanxiPR China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Medicine & ForensicsXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710061ShaanxiPR China
| | - Ying‐Ying Dong
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaotongUniversity College of MedicineXi'anShaanxiPR China
| | - Zheng Chu
- College of Medicine & ForensicsXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710061ShaanxiPR China
| | - Tie‐Zhou Hou
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710004ShaanxiPR China
| | - Yong‐Hui Dang
- College of Medicine & ForensicsXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710061ShaanxiPR China
- Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic MedicineXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710061ShaanxiPR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education MinistryXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710061ShaanxiPR China
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Lassiter MG, Owens EO, Patel MM, Kirrane E, Madden M, Richmond-Bryant J, Hines EP, Davis JA, Vinikoor-Imler L, Dubois JJ. Cross-species coherence in effects and modes of action in support of causality determinations in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Science Assessment for Lead. Toxicology 2015; 330:19-40. [PMID: 25637851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The peer-reviewed literature on the health and ecological effects of lead (Pb) indicates common effects and underlying modes of action across multiple organisms for several endpoints. Based on such observations, the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) applied a cross-species approach in the 2013 Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Lead for evaluating the causality of relationships between Pb exposure and specific endpoints that are shared by humans, laboratory animals, and ecological receptors (i.e., hematological effects, reproductive and developmental effects, and nervous system effects). Other effects of Pb (i.e., cardiovascular, renal, and inflammatory responses) are less commonly assessed in aquatic and terrestrial wildlife limiting the application of cross-species comparisons. Determinations of causality in ISAs are guided by a framework for classifying the weight of evidence across scientific disciplines and across related effects by considering aspects such as biological plausibility and coherence. As illustrated for effects of Pb where evidence across species exists, the integration of coherent effects and common underlying modes of action can serve as a means to substantiate conclusions regarding the causal nature of the health and ecological effects of environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Gooding Lassiter
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Oesterling Owens
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Molini M Patel
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Ellen Kirrane
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Meagan Madden
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jennifer Richmond-Bryant
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Erin Pias Hines
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - J Allen Davis
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Lisa Vinikoor-Imler
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jean-Jacques Dubois
- Southern Region Integrated Pest Management Center, North Carolina State University, 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 110, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Gottipolu RR, Davuljigari CB. Perinatal exposure to lead: reduction in alterations of brain mitochondrial antioxidant system with calcium supplement. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:270-7. [PMID: 25161091 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a potent neurotoxicant that causes several neurochemical and behavioral alterations. Previous studies showed that the gestational and lactational exposure to Pb reduces the cholinergic and aminergic systems, and behavior of rats. The present study was designed to examine the protective effects of calcium supplementation against Pb-induced oxidative stress in cerebellum and hippocampus of brain at postnatal day (PND) 21, PND 28, PND 35, and PND 60. Pregnant rats were exposed to 0.2 % Pb (Pb acetate in drinking water) from gestational day 6 (GD 6) and pups were exposed through maternal milk till weaning (PND 21). We found that the activity of serum ceruloplasmin oxidase (Cp), mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme activities were decreased, whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased in the cerebellum and hippocampus of Pb-exposed rats. These changes were more prominent at PND 35 and greater in hippocampus compared to cerebellum. Among the enzyme activities, Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD showed maximum decrease compared to GPx, CAT, XO, and Cp. Furthermore, 0.02 % calcium supplementation together with 0.2 % Pb significantly reversed the Pb-induced alterations in the enzyme activities, and MDA levels. In conclusion, these data suggest that early life exposure to Pb induce alterations in the mitochondrial antioxidant system of brain regions which remain for long even after Pb exposure has stopped. Calcium supplementation may potentially be beneficial in treating Pb toxicity in the developing rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarami Reddy Gottipolu
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, 517 502
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Jiang S, Su J, Yao S, Zhang Y, Cao F, Wang F, Wang H, Li J, Xi S. Fluoride and arsenic exposure impairs learning and memory and decreases mGluR5 expression in the hippocampus and cortex in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96041. [PMID: 24759735 PMCID: PMC3997496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride and arsenic are two common inorganic contaminants in drinking water that are associated with impairment in child development and retarded intelligence. The present study was conducted to explore the effects on spatial learning, memory, glutamate levels, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) expression in the hippocampus and cortex after subchronic exposure to fluoride, arsenic, and a fluoride and arsenic combination in rats. Weaned male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups. The control rats drank tap water. Rats in the three exposure groups drank water with sodium fluoride (120 mg/L), sodium arsenite (70 mg/L), and a sodium fluoride (120 mg/L) and sodium arsenite (70 mg/L) combination for 3 months. Spatial learning and memory was measured in Morris water maze. mGluR1 and mGluR5 mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus and cortex was detected using RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Compared with controls, learning and memory ability declined in rats that were exposed to fluoride and arsenic both alone and combined. Combined fluoride and arsenic exposure did not have a more pronounced effect on spatial learning and memory compared with arsenic and fluoride exposure alone. Compared with controls, glutamate levels decreased in the hippocampus and cortex of rats exposed to fluoride and combined fluoride and arsenic, and in cortex of arsenic-exposed rats. mGluR5 mRNA and protein expressions in the hippocampus and mGluR5 protein expression in the cortex decreased in rats exposed to arsenic alone. Interestingly, compared with fluoride and arsenic exposure alone, fluoride and arsenic combination decreased mGluR5 mRNA expression in the cortex and protein expression in the hippocampus, suggesting a synergistic effect of fluoride and arsenic. These data indicate that fluoride and arsenic, either alone or combined, can decrease learning and memory ability in rats. The mechanism may be associated with changes of glutamate level and mGluR5 expression in cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoufang Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Lab of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Fuyuan Cao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Lab of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Lab of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Lab of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Han H, Du W, Zhou B, Zhang W, Xu G, Niu R, Sun Z. Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:58-64. [PMID: 24488208 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of soluble N-ethylmaleimidesensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNARE) complex (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2), and syntaxin 1A) in the hippocampus of male mice. Sixty sexually matured male Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group (given distilled water), low F group (25 mg/L NaF, corresponding to 11 mg/L F(-)), medium F group (50 mg/L NaF, corresponding to 22 mg/L F(-)), and high F group (100 mg/L NaF, corresponding to 45 mg/L F(-)). After 180 days, the spontaneous locomotor behavior and object recognition memory were detected by open field test and novel object recognition (NOR) test. Results showed that compared with the control group, frequency in each zone, total distance, and line crosses were significantly increased in low F and medium F groups, suggesting fluoride enhanced excitement of mice, while there were no marked changes in high F group. Twenty-four hours after training, a deficit of long-term memory (LTM) occurred only in high F group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant change of short-term memory (STM) 1.5 h later. The mRNA expression levels of SNAP-25, VAMP-2, and syntaxin 1A were detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, which revealed that the mRNA expression of VAMP-2 was significantly increased in medium F and high F groups (P < 0.01). Taken together, these results indicated that long-term fluoride administration can enhance the excitement of male mice, impair recognition memory, and upregulate VAMP-2 mRNA expression, which are involved in the adverse effects of fluoride on the object recognition memory of nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Han
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China,
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29
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Fojo C, Figueira ME, Almeida CMM. Fluoride content of soft drinks, nectars, juices, juice drinks, concentrates, teas and infusions marketed in Portugal. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:705-12. [PMID: 23697372 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.785636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A potentiometric method using a fluoride combination ion-selective electrode was validated and used to analyse 183 samples, including soft drinks, juices, nectars, juice drinks, concentrates, teas and infusions marketed in Portugal. The fluoride levels were higher in extract-based soft drinks, juice drinks and juice, with fluoride values of 0.86 ± 0.35, 0.40 ± 0.24 and 0.37 ± 0.11 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The lowest fluoride concentration was found in infusion samples (0.12 ± 0.01 mg l⁻¹), followed by teas and carbonated soft drinks with fluoride concentrations of 0.16 ± 0.12 and 0.18 ± 0.07 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Nectars, concentrates and juice-based drinks had similar fluoride concentrations of 0.33 ± 0.16, 0.29 ± 0.12 and 0.25 ± 0.14 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The fluoride concentrations in all these samples would only contribute intakes below the acceptable daily intake (ADI = 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ body weight day⁻¹), indicating that, individually, these beverages cannot induce fluoride toxicity in the population group of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fojo
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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30
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Jiang C, Zhang S, Liu H, Guan Z, Zeng Q, Zhang C, Lei R, Xia T, Wang Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Wu X, Zhang X, Cui Y, Yu L, Wang A. Low Glucose Utilization and Neurodegenerative Changes Caused by Sodium Fluoride Exposure in Rat’s Developmental Brain. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:94-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhang W, Xiong B, Chen L, Lin K, Cui X, Bi H, Guo M, Wang W. Toxicity assessment of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella protothecoides following exposure to Pb(II). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:51-57. [PMID: 23557673 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The short- and long-term toxic effects of Pb(II) exposure on Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Chlorella protothecoides (C. protothecoides) were not well understood. The lab study was performed to observe the Pb(II) exposure induced changes. Results of the observations show: (1) higher level of Pb(II) (50 or 80mgL(-1)) could significantly inhibit the growth and chlorophyll a synthesis of both algae in almost all the treatments and dose-response relationships could be clearly observed, (2) the range of EC50 values (24-120h, 67.73-172.45mgL(-1)) indicated that Pb(II) had a relatively limited short-term toxicity to the two algae, while long-term tests (7-28d, 50.41-63.91mgL(-1)) displayed higher toxicity and (3) SOD and CAT activities of both algae after exposed to medium level of Pb(II) were significantly promoted, and their response might be more susceptible in short-term exposure. This research provides a basic understanding of Pb(II) toxicity to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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Balaji B, Kumar EP, Kumar A. Evaluation of standardized Bacopa monniera extract in sodium fluoride-induced behavioural, biochemical, and histopathological alterations in mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 31:18-30. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712468018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Effect of standardized Bacopa monniera (BM; family: Scrophulariaceae) extract (100 and 300 mg/kg) against sodium fluoride (NaF; 100 and 200 ppm)-induced behavioural, biochemical, and neuropathological alterations in mice was evaluated. Akinesia, rotarod (motor coordination), forced swim test (depression), open field test (anxiety), transfer latency (memory), cholinesterase (ChE), and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation) were determined in mice treated with NaF for 30 days alone and in combination with BM. NaF induced motor incoordination, depression, and memory impairment, and these were prevented by coadministration of BM in mice. However, NaF did not alter the weight gain, feed/water consumption, and anxiety profile. Suppression of ChE levels and increased oxidative stress were observed in mice treated with NaF. Coadministration of BM significantly improved the memory, ChE levels, and antioxidant enzymes but failed to alter the fluoride levels in NaF-treated mice. Histopathological studies revealed that BM protected the neuropathological alterations induced by NaF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Balaji
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ekambaram Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Karpagam College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
- Research and Analytics, Knowledge Center, WNS, Gurgoan, Haryana, India
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Xia D, Yu X, Liao S, Shao Q, Mou H, Ma W. Protective effect of Smilax glabra extract against lead-induced oxidative stress in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:414-20. [PMID: 20580805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Smilax glabra Roxb. is a traditional Chinese herb, the rhizome of Smilax glabra has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of lead poisoning. AIMS OF THE STUDY The present study was conducted to investigate the protective role of Smilax glabra extract (SGE) individually or combined with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) against the effects of lead acetate on oxidative stress and lead burden in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The biochemical parameters and enzymes in different treated rats were determined by commercial kits. The metal concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS SGE (300 mg/kg) showed very low toxicity to organs in non-lead exposed rats. Administration of SGE individually had no effect on blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) level but significantly enhanced the glutathione (GSH) content and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in lead exposed rats. The co-treatment of SGE and DMSA had a synergism in increasing brain, liver and kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and GSH level, and decreasing oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. Moreover, the co-treatment could improve the hepatic and renal histopathology changes. SGE as chelating agent showed significant efficiency in reducing blood and tissue lead burden. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo results suggested that SGE individually or combined with DMSA exhibited remarkable protective effects on lead-induced oxidative stress and lead burden in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daozong Xia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, China.
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Sawan RMM, Leite GAS, Saraiva MCP, Barbosa F, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF. Fluoride increases lead concentrations in whole blood and in calcified tissues from lead-exposed rats. Toxicology 2010; 271:21-6. [PMID: 20188782 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Higher blood lead (BPb) levels have been reported in children living in communities that receive fluoride-treated water. Here, we examined whether fluoride co-administered with lead increases BPb and lead concentrations in calcified tissues in Wistar rats exposed to this metal from the beginning of gestation. We exposed female rats and their offspring to control water (Control Group), 100mg/L of fluoride (F Group), 30mg/L of lead (Pb Group), or 100mg/L of fluoride and 30mg/L of lead (F+Pb Group) from 1 week prior to mating until offspring was 81 days old. Blood and calcified tissues (enamel, dentine, and bone) were harvested at day 81 for lead and fluoride analyses. Higher BPb concentrations were found in the F+Pb Group compared with the Pb Group (76.7+/-11.0microg/dL vs. 22.6+/-8.5microg/dL, respectively; p<0.001). Two- to threefold higher lead concentrations were found in the calcified tissues in the F+Pb Group compared with the Pb Group (all p<0.001). Fluoride concentrations were similar in the F and in the F+Pb Groups. These findings show that fluoride consistently increases BPb and calcified tissues Pb concentrations in animals exposed to low levels of lead and suggest that a biological effect not yet recognized may underlie the epidemiological association between increased BPb lead levels in children living in water-fluoridated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela M M Sawan
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FORP/USP), Av do Café s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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