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Das A, Pantzke J, Jeong S, Hartner E, Zimmermann EJ, Gawlitta N, Offer S, Shukla D, Huber A, Rastak N, Meščeriakovas A, Ivleva NP, Kuhn E, Binder S, Gröger T, Oeder S, Delaval M, Czech H, Sippula O, Schnelle-Kreis J, Di Bucchianico S, Sklorz M, Zimmermann R. Generation, characterization, and toxicological assessment of reference ultrafine soot particles with different organic content for inhalation toxicological studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175727. [PMID: 39181261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are the smallest atmospheric particulate matter linked to air pollution-related diseases. The extent to which UFP's physical and chemical properties contribute to its toxicity remains unclear. It is hypothesized that UFP act as carriers for chemicals that drive biological responses. This study explores robust methods for generating reference UFP to understand these mechanisms and perform toxicological tests. Two types of combustion-related UFP with similar elemental carbon cores and physical properties but different organic loads were generated and characterized. Human alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to these UFP at the air-liquid interface, and several toxicological endpoints were measured. UFP were generated using a miniCAST under fuel-rich conditions and immediately diluted to minimize agglomeration. A catalytic stripper and charcoal denuder removed volatile gases and semi-volatile particles from the surface. By adjusting the temperature of the catalytic stripper, UFP with high and low organic content was produced. These reference particles exhibited fractal structures with high reproducibility and stability over a year, maintaining similar mass and number concentrations (100 μg/m3, 2.0·105 #/cm3) and a mean particle diameter of about 40 nm. High organic content UFP had significant PAH levels, with benzo[a]pyrene at 0.2 % (m/m). Toxicological evaluations revealed that both UFP types similarly affected cytotoxicity and cell viability, regardless of organic load. Higher xenobiotic metabolism was noted for PAH-rich UFP, while reactive oxidation markers increased when semi-volatiles were stripped off. Both UFP types caused DNA strand breaks, but only the high organic content UFP induced DNA oxidation. This methodology allows modification of UFP's chemical properties while maintaining comparable physical properties, linking these variations to biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusmita Das
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Hartner
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nadine Gawlitta
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Deeksha Shukla
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arūnas Meščeriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Water Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mathilde Delaval
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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2
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Wiesmann-Imilowski N, Becker P, Gielisch MW, Ziebolz D, Vermehren F, Bitschnau M, Langguth N, Brieger J, Deschner J, Kämmerer PW. Cytotoxic impact of nicotine products on periodontal ligament cells. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:399. [PMID: 38922383 PMCID: PMC11208192 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this in vitro experiment was an assessment of proliferative capacity, metabolic activity, and potential cellular detriment of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDL) exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), electronic cigarette vapor (eCV), and heated tobacco product aerosol (HTP), or air (control). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a CAD/CAM-designed exposition chamber, hPDL were exposed to CS, eCV, HTP, or air (control) based on the Health Canada Intense Smoking Regime. Cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and cellular detriment were assessed at various time points. RESULTS Compared to the control, hPDL exposed to CS exhibited significantly decreased cell numbers at all time points. HTP exposure led to reduced cell numbers 48 h and 72 h post-exposure, while eCV-exposed cells showed no significant decrease. The metabolic activity of eCV-treated hPDL was slightly reduced at 7 h but recovered at 24 h and 48 h. In contrast, CS-treated cells exhibited significantly decreased metabolic activity at 24 h and 48 h, and HTP-exposed cells showed a significant decrease after 48 h. Flow cytometry indicated both apoptotic and necrotic cell death following CS exposure, with necrotic cell death being more pronounced. CONCLUSIONS eCV and HTP demonstrated comparatively reduced detrimental effects on hPDL compared to CS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings suggest that conventional cigarette smoke poses a substantial risk to periodontal health by significantly impairing cell proliferation and metabolic activity. However, alternatives such as eCV and HTP may offer a comparatively reduced risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wiesmann-Imilowski
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Becker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Ruebenacherstr. 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Matthias W Gielisch
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Vermehren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marian Bitschnau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Langguth
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brieger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peer W Kämmerer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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3
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Thorne D, McHugh D, Simms L, Lee KM, Fujimoto H, Moses S, Gaca M. Applying new approach methodologies to assess next-generation tobacco and nicotine products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1376118. [PMID: 38938663 PMCID: PMC11208635 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1376118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro toxicology research has accelerated with the use of in silico, computational approaches and human in vitro tissue systems, facilitating major improvements evaluating the safety and health risks of novel consumer products. Innovation in molecular and cellular biology has shifted testing paradigms, with less reliance on low-throughput animal data and greater use of medium- and high-throughput in vitro cellular screening approaches. These new approach methodologies (NAMs) are being implemented in other industry sectors for chemical testing, screening candidate drugs and prototype consumer products, driven by the need for reliable, human-relevant approaches. Routine toxicological methods are largely unchanged since development over 50 years ago, using high-doses and often employing in vivo testing. Several disadvantages are encountered conducting or extrapolating data from animal studies due to differences in metabolism or exposure. The last decade saw considerable advancement in the development of in vitro tools and capabilities, and the challenges of the next decade will be integrating these platforms into applied product testing and acceptance by regulatory bodies. Governmental and validation agencies have launched and applied frameworks and "roadmaps" to support agile validation and acceptance of NAMs. Next-generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGPs) have the potential to offer reduced risks to smokers compared to cigarettes. These include heated tobacco products (HTPs) that heat but do not burn tobacco; vapor products also termed electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), that heat an e-liquid to produce an inhalable aerosol; oral smokeless tobacco products (e.g., Swedish-style snus) and tobacco-free oral nicotine pouches. With the increased availability of NGPs and the requirement of scientific studies to support regulatory approval, NAMs approaches can supplement the assessment of NGPs. This review explores how NAMs can be applied to assess NGPs, highlighting key considerations, including the use of appropriate in vitro model systems, deploying screening approaches for hazard identification, and the importance of test article characterization. The importance and opportunity for fit-for-purpose testing and method standardization are discussed, highlighting the value of industry and cross-industry collaborations. Supporting the development of methods that are accepted by regulatory bodies could lead to the implementation of NAMs for tobacco and nicotine NGP testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- BAT (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damian McHugh
- PMI R&D Philip Morris Products S. A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K. Monica Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Marianna Gaca
- BAT (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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4
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Bishop E, Miazzi F, Bozhilova S, East N, Evans R, Smart D, Gaca M, Breheny D, Thorne D. An in vitro toxicological assessment of two electronic cigarettes: E-liquid to aerosolisation. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 6:100150. [PMID: 38298371 PMCID: PMC10827682 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Interest in the toxicological assessment of iterations of e-cigarette devices, e-liquid formulations and flavour use is increasing. Here, we describe a multiple test matrix and in vitro approach to assess the biological impact of differing e-cigarette activation mechanism (button vs. puff-activated) and heating technology (cotton vs. ceramic wick). The e-liquids selected for each device contained the same nicotine concentration and flavourings. We tested both e-liquid and aqueous extract of e-liquid aerosol using a high throughput cytotoxicity and genotoxicity screen. We also conducted whole aerosol assessment both in a reconstituted human airway lung tissue (MucilAir) with associated endpoint assessment (cytotoxicity, TEER, cilia beat frequency and active area) and an Ames whole aerosol assay with up to 900 consecutive undiluted puffs. Following this testing it is shown that the biological impact of these devices is similar, taking into consideration the limitations and capturing efficiencies of the different testing matrices. We have contextualised these responses against previous published reference cigarette data to establish the comparative reduction in response consistent with reduced risk potential of the e-cigarette products tested in this study as compared to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Bishop
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - F. Miazzi
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - S. Bozhilova
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - N. East
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - R. Evans
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D. Smart
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - M. Gaca
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D. Breheny
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D. Thorne
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
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5
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Goros RA, Xu X, Li G, Zuo YY. Adverse Biophysical Impact of e-Cigarette Flavors on Pulmonary Surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15882-15891. [PMID: 37824199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The attractiveness and abundance of flavors are primary factors eliciting youth to use e-cigarettes. Emerging studies in recent years revealed the adverse health impact of e-cigarette flavoring chemicals, including disruption of the biophysical function of pulmonary surfactants in the lung. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical impact of various flavoring chemicals is still lacking. We used constrained drop surfactometry as a new alternative method to study the biophysical impact of flavored e-cigarette aerosols on an animal-derived natural pulmonary surfactant. The dose of exposure to e-cigarette aerosols was quantified with a quartz crystal microbalance, and alterations to the ultrastructure of the surfactant film were visualized using atomic force microscopy. We have systematically studied eight representative flavoring chemicals (benzyl alcohol, menthol, maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butyrate) and six popular recombinant flavors (coffee, vanilla, tobacco, cotton candy, menthol/mint, and chocolate). Our results suggested a flavor-dependent inhibitory effect of e-cigarette aerosols on the biophysical properties of the pulmonary surfactant. A qualitative phase diagram was proposed to predict the hazardous potential of various flavoring chemicals. These results provide novel implications in understanding the environmental, health, and safety impacts of e-cigarette aerosols and may contribute to better regulation of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria A Goros
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826, United States
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6
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Bishop E, East N, Miazzi F, Fiebelkorn S, Breheny D, Gaca M, Thorne D. A contextualised e-cigarette testing strategy shows flavourings do not impact lung toxicity in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2023; 380:1-11. [PMID: 36935081 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Vaping has the potential to reduce the individual health risks associated with smoking and e-cigarette flavours have been reported to help smokers' transition from cigarettes. In this manuscript, we provide evidence to support the reduced risk potential of e-cigarette aerosols and flavours by assessing commercially available e-liquids (Vuse ePod - Manufactured by British American Tobacco) in a 2D in vitro screening approach. We also analysed selected flavours using a more physiologically relevant 3D (MucilAir) whole aerosol exposure model, measuring toxicity and functional endpoints such as Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance, Cilia Beat Frequency and Active Area. To contextualise responses, we have compared e-cigarette aerosol to cigarette smoke (1R6F research cigarette) and calculated the percentage reduction using a point of departure approach. We show that aerosolised flavoured e-liquids, (appropriately stewarded) do not increase the overall measured aerosol toxicity when compared to cigarette smoke. In fact, we demonstrate that the measured in vitro cellular toxicity of flavoured e-cigarette products remains >95% reduced when compared to cigarette smoke toxicity, using point of departure (IC80) approach. These data indicate that the overall product toxicity is not increased in a flavour dependent manner and that flavoured e-cigarette products can potentially play a role in tobacco harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bishop
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - N East
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - F Miazzi
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - S Fiebelkorn
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D Breheny
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - M Gaca
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D Thorne
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
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7
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Wieczorek R, Trelles Sticken E, Pour SJ, Chapman F, Röwer K, Otte S, Stevenson M, Simms L. Characterisation of a smoke/ aerosol exposure in vitro system (SAEIVS) for delivery of complex mixtures directly to cells at the air-liquid interface. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36734622 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro testing is important to characterise biological effects of consumer products, including nicotine delivery products such as cigarettes, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Users' cells are exposed to these products' aerosols, of variant chemical compositions, as they move along the respiratory tract. In vitro exposure systems are available to model such exposures, including delivery of whole aerosols to cells, and at the air-liquid interface. Whilst there are clear advantages of such systems, factors including time to aerosol delivery, aerosol losses and number of cell cultures that can be exposed at one time could be improved. This study aimed to characterise a custom-built smoke/ aerosol exposure in vitro system (SAEIVS) using 1R6F reference cigarette smoke. This system contains five parallel smoking chambers and delivers different dilutions of smoke/ aerosol to two separate cell culture exposure chambers in <10 s. Using two dosimetry measures (optical density 400 nm [OD400 ]; mass spectrometric nicotine quantification), the SAEIVS demonstrated excellent linearity of smoke dilution prior to exposure (R2 = 0.9951 for mass spectrometric quantification; R2 = 0.9965 for OD400 ) and consistent puff-wise exposures across 24 and 96 well plates in cell culture relevant formats (e.g., within inserts). Smoke loss was lower than previously reported for other systems (OD400 : 16%; nicotine measurement: 20%). There was good correlation of OD400 and nicotine measurements, indicating that OD was a useful surrogate for exposure dosimetry for the product tested. The findings demonstrated that the SAEIVS is a fit-for-purpose exposure system for the reproducible dose-wise exposure assessment of nicotine delivery product aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fiona Chapman
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, BS3 2LL, Bristol, UK
| | - Karin Röwer
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Otte
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, BS3 2LL, Bristol, UK
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8
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Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gibb M, He R, Petri-Fink A, Sayes CM. Human lung cell models to study aerosol delivery - considerations for model design and development. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 180:106337. [PMID: 36410570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human lung tissue models range from simple monolayer cultures to more advanced three-dimensional co-cultures. Each model system can address the interactions of different types of aerosols and the choice of the model and the mode of aerosol exposure depends on the relevant scenario, such as adverse outcomes and endpoints of interest. This review focuses on the functional, as well as structural, aspects of lung tissue from the upper airway to the distal alveolar compartments as this information is relevant for the design of a model as well as how the aerosol properties determine the interfacial properties with the respiratory wall. The most important aspects on how to design lung models are summarized with a focus on (i) choice of appropriate scaffold, (ii) selection of cell types for healthy and diseased lung models, (iii) use of culture condition and assembly, (iv) aerosol exposure methods, and (v) endpoints and verification process. Finally, remaining challenges and future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Matthew Gibb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Ruiwen He
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA.
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Miyauchi M, Ishikawa S, Kurachi T, Sakamoto K, Sakai H. Oral Absorption across Organotypic Culture Models of the Human Buccal Epithelium after E-cigarette Aerosol Exposure. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45574-45581. [PMID: 36530294 PMCID: PMC9753183 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled aerosols are absorbed across the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. The absorption across the oral cavity, which is one of the exposure routes, plays an important role in understanding pharmacokinetics and physiological effects. After aerosol exposure from e-cigarettes, tissue viability studies, morphological observation, and chemical analyses at the inner and outer buccal tissues were performed using organotypic 3D in vitro culture models of the buccal epithelium to better understand the deposition and absorption on the inner and outer buccal tissues. The aerosol exposures did not affect the tissue viability and had no change to the tissue morphology and structure. The deposition ratio at the buccal tissue surface is relatively low. This shows that majority of aerosol transfers to the airway tissues. The distribution from the inner tissue to the outer tissue has selectivity among various compounds, depending on the affinity with the liquid crystal structure of phospholipids and glucosylceramide. Although nicotine absorption in the aqueous solution was well known to increase as the unprotonated state of nicotine increased, the nicotine absorption after the aerosol exposure is irrelevant to the protonated-unprotonated state. Furthermore, the results showed that half of nicotine that adhered to the oral cavity transferred to the inner tissue via the oral epithelium and the other half transferred to the gastrointestinal tract accompanying multiple executions of swallowing, while majority of the water-soluble compounds with the hydroxyl group such as propylene glycol and benzoic acid that adhered to the oral cavity were eluted with the saliva and transferred to the gastrointestinal tract by swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Miyauchi
- Tobacco
Science Research Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Scientific
Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurachi
- Scientific
Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Kazutami Sakamoto
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Aloisi M, Rossi G, Colafarina S, Guido M, Cecconi S, Poma AMG. The Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on Female Reproductive System: Risks and Opportunities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13748. [PMID: 36360633 PMCID: PMC9655349 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful external agents. However, technological advancement has dramatically increased the production of nanometer-sized particles or nanoparticles (NPs), and many epidemiological studies have confirmed a correlation between NP exposure and the onset of cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. Among the adverse effects on human health, in recent years, potential hazards of nanomaterials on female reproductive organs have received increasing concern. Several animal and human studies have shown that NPs can translocate to the ovary, uterus, and placenta, thus negatively impacting female reproductive potential and fetal health. However, NPs are increasingly being used for therapeutic purposes as tools capable of modifying the natural history of degenerative diseases. Here we briefly summarize the toxic effects of few but widely diffused NPs on female fertility and also the use of nanotechnologies as a new molecular approach for either specific pathological conditions, such as ovarian cancer and infertility, or the cryopreservation of gametes and embryos.
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11
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Resistance training prevents damage to the mitochondrial function of the skeletal muscle of rats exposed to secondary cigarette smoke. Life Sci 2022; 309:121017. [PMID: 36183779 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the consumption of oxygen and to quantify the mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins (OXPHOS) in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats exposed to cigarette smoke and/or RT practitioners. MAIN METHODS Wistar rats were divided into groups: Control (C), Smoker (S), Exercise (E) and Exercise Smoker (ES). Groups F and ES were exposed to the smoke of 4 cigarettes for 30 min, 2× a day, 5× a week, for 16 weeks. Groups E and ES performed four climbs with progressive load, 1× per day, 5× per week, for 16 weeks. The gastrocnemius muscle was collected for analysis of OXPHOS content and oxygen consumption. Groups S (vs. C) and ES (vs. C and E) showed lower body weight gain when observing the evolution curve. KEY FINDINGS The S rats showed a reduction in the NDUFB8 proteins of complex 1, SDHB of complex 2, MTC01 of complex 4 and ATP5A of complex 5 (ATP Synthase) compared to Group C. Additionally, S rats also showed increased consumption of O2 in Basal, Leak, Complex I and I/II combined measures compared to the other groups, suggesting that the activity of the mitochondria of these animals increased in terms of coupling and uncoupling parameters. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that exposure to cigarette smoke for 16 weeks is capable of causing impairment of mitochondrial function with reduced expression of respiratory chain proteins in skeletal muscle. However, the RT was effective in preventing impairment of mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle of rats exposed to secondary cigarette smoke.
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12
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Early transcriptional responses of bronchial epithelial cells to whole cigarette smoke mirror those of in-vivo exposed human bronchial mucosa. Respir Res 2022; 23:227. [PMID: 36056356 PMCID: PMC9440516 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the well-known detrimental effects of cigarette smoke (CS), little is known about the complex gene expression dynamics in the early stages after exposure. This study aims to investigate early transcriptomic responses following CS exposure of airway epithelial cells in culture and compare these to those found in human CS exposure studies. METHODS Primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) were differentiated at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and exposed to whole CS. Bulk RNA-sequencing was performed at 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h hereafter, followed by differential gene expression analysis. Results were additionally compared to data retrieved from human CS studies. RESULTS ALI-PBEC gene expression in response to CS was most significantly changed at 4 h after exposure. Early transcriptomic changes (1 h, 4 h post CS exposure) were related to oxidative stress, xenobiotic metabolism, higher expression of immediate early genes and pro-inflammatory pathways (i.e., Nrf2, AP-1, AhR). At 24 h, ferroptosis-associated genes were significantly increased, whereas PRKN, involved in removing dysfunctional mitochondria, was downregulated. Importantly, the transcriptome dynamics of the current study mirrored in-vivo human studies of acute CS exposure, chronic smokers, and inversely mirrored smoking cessation. CONCLUSION These findings show that early after CS exposure xenobiotic metabolism and pro-inflammatory pathways were activated, followed by activation of the ferroptosis-related cell death pathway. Moreover, significant overlap between these transcriptomic responses in the in-vitro model and human in-vivo studies was found, with an early response of ciliated cells. These results provide validation for the use of ALI-PBEC cultures to study the human lung epithelial response to inhaled toxicants.
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13
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Schaunaman N, Crue T, Cervantes D, Schweitzer K, Robbins H, Day BJ, Numata M, Petrache I, Chu HW. Electronic cigarette vapor exposure exaggerates the pro-inflammatory response during influenza A viral infection in human distal airway epithelium. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2319-2328. [PMID: 35672461 PMCID: PMC9172985 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes or vaping products have been marketed as a safer alternative to smoking, but very little is known about the health effects in the human lung, particularly in the distal airways, a key site of airway obstruction and destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is often exacerbated by viral infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of electronic cigarette vapor (e-vapor) on human distal airway epithelial responses to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We isolated primary small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) from donor lungs free of lung disease, and cultured them at air-liquid interface (ALI). To measure markers of epithelial injury such as integrity of epithelial barrier structure and function, we selected a regimen of non-toxic, barrier preserving e-vapor exposure of cultured cells to 15 puffs of e-vapor from a commercially available e-cigarette once per day for 3 days, prior to IAV infection. After 72 h of infection, media and cell lysates were collected to measure cytokines involved in inflammatory and antiviral responses. Pre-exposure to e-vapor with IAV infection, compared to IAV infection alone, significantly increased inflammatory and antiviral mediators including IL-8, CXCL10, IFN-beta, and MX1. Our results suggest that e-vapor exposure amplifies human distal airway pro-inflammatory response to IAV infection, independently of the severity of cell injury during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolette Schaunaman
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K803, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | | | - Diana Cervantes
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K803, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Kelly Schweitzer
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K803, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Harrison Robbins
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K803, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K803, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Mari Numata
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K803, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Irina Petrache
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K803, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K803, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
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14
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Characterization of a rapid condensate collection apparatus for in vitro assays of electronic nicotine delivery systems. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 84:105434. [PMID: 35820568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro testing of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) aerosol condensates is important in evaluating their potential toxicity. Collecting sufficient condensate for these tests is a time consuming and costly procedure. The "triple puff (TP)" is a novel system which collects the aerosol from three ENDS devices sequentially into a single filter pad and impinger. The TP substantially reduces condensate collection time relative to the conventional single ENDS, single puff (SP), device system. Both the TP and SP (using two puffing profiles) were used to generate condensates from JUUL ENDS e-liquid Mint 5.0% (nicotine by weight). Aerosols were collected using the filter pad and ethanol-containing impinger method. Condensates produced with the SP and TP were compared for concentrations of primary constituents and carbonyl compounds as well as for their cytotoxicity (OECD 129), mutagenicity (OECD 471) and genotoxicity (OECD 487). Condensates generated with the SP and TP, regardless of puffing regimen, were very similar chemically and equivalent in the biological assays tested (not cytotoxic, mutagenic, or genotoxic). The TP device significantly reduces production time of ENDS condensates relative to the standard SP method and thus may facilitate further research by reducing the time and effort required to collect ENDS condensates.
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15
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Zhang J, Doshi U, Wolz RL, Kosachevsky P, Oldham MJ, Gillman IG, Lee KM. Fit-for-purpose characterization of air-liquid-interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems for e-vapor aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105352. [PMID: 35341918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Air-liquid-interface (ALI) exposure systems deliver aerosol to the apical surface of cells which mimics the in vivo inhalation exposure conditions. It is necessary, however, to quantify the delivered amount of aerosol for ALI-based in vitro toxicity assessment. In this study, we evaluated two commercially available ALI exposure systems, a Vitrocell® Ames 48 (Ames 48) and a Vitrocell® 24/48 (VC 24/48), and the Vitrocell® VC1/7 smoking machine using a cig-a-like cartridge-based e-vapor device with a prototype formulation (containing 4% nicotine by weight). We characterized aerosol particle-size distribution, aerosol mass, and major chemical components (nicotine, propylene glycol, and glycerol) at the generation source and verified the repeatability of the aerosol generation. We determined aerosol delivery at the ALI by gravimetric analysis of mass collected on Cambridge filter pads and analytical quantitation of the buffer medium which showed that both aerosol mass and nicotine to an exposure insert linearly increased up to 400 puffs. The delivered aerosol mass covered a wide range of 0.8-3.4 mg per insert in the Ames 48 with variability (relative standard deviation, RSD) up to 12% and 1.1-6.4 mg per insert in the VC 24/48 with variability up to 15%. The delivered nicotine ranged approximately up to 200 μg per insert in both exposure systems. These results provided operation and aerosol delivery information of these ALI exposure systems for subsequent in vitro testing of e-vapor aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America.
| | - U Doshi
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - R L Wolz
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - P Kosachevsky
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - M J Oldham
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - I G Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America; Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - K M Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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16
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Cerimi K, Jäckel U, Meyer V, Daher U, Reinert J, Klar S. In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:75. [PMID: 35050015 PMCID: PMC8780961 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) are metabolic products and by-products of bacteria and fungi. They play an important role in the biosphere: They are responsible for inter- and intra-species communication and can positively or negatively affect growth in plants. But they can also cause discomfort and disease symptoms in humans. Although a link between mVOCs and respiratory health symptoms in humans has been demonstrated by numerous studies, standardized test systems for evaluating the toxicity of mVOCs are currently not available. Also, mVOCs are not considered systematically at regulatory level. We therefore performed a literature survey of existing in vitro exposure systems and lung models in order to summarize the state-of-the-art and discuss their suitability for understanding the potential toxic effects of mVOCs on human health. We present a review of submerged cultivation, air-liquid-interface (ALI), spheroids and organoids as well as multi-organ approaches and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of mVOC fingerprinting. However, given the most recent developments in the field, we expect that there will soon be adequate models of the human respiratory tract and its response to mVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kustrim Cerimi
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Udo Jäckel
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ugarit Daher
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), BIH Stem Cell Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jessica Reinert
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Stefanie Klar
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
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Bishop E, Terry A, East N, Breheny D, Gaca M, Thorne D. A 3D in vitro comparison of two undiluted e-cigarette aerosol generating systems. Toxicol Lett 2022; 358:69-79. [PMID: 35032609 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies play an important role in supporting the toxicological assessment of e-cigarettes, with many current methods reliant on sophisticated in vitro exposure systems designed for conventional cigarette testing. In this study, we have compared two distinct systems; the modified Vitrocell VC10 and Borgwaldt LM4E designed to deliver undiluted e-cigarette aerosol. We assessed the cytotoxicity response of 3D reconstituted lung tissue (MucilAir) exposed to undiluted aerosol from ePen3 (closed modular e-cigarette) using these two exposure systems. As the induced cytotoxicity profiles were comparable, we then compared these responses against historical eBox (open modular e-cigarette) and 3R4F reference cigarette data to show evolution of product technology. This latter approach was deemed possible by monitoring intrinsic donor-to-donor control variability over a three-year period, bridging between exposure systems and observed biological responses. Despite the differences in the technology, on a puff-by-puff basis these machines gave remarkably similar cytotoxicity profiles for ePen3, as determined by MTT, and consistency of pre-cytotoxicity markers: transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), cilia beat frequency and cilia active area. When responses are compared as a function of exposed nicotine concentration, we see differences due to the dynamics of the exposure systems. The parity of responses between the systems in generated undiluted aerosol has allowed us to compare back to previously published eBox data, irrespective of aerosol generating system and MucilAir donor, showing how evolution from open systems to podmod e-cigarette design can make a step change in the cytotoxicity profile of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bishop
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - A Terry
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - N East
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - M Gaca
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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18
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Forest V, Mercier C, Pourchez J. Considerations on dosimetry for in vitro assessment of e-cigarette toxicity. Respir Res 2022; 23:358. [PMID: 36528600 PMCID: PMC9758947 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) can be used as smoking cessation aid. Some studies tend to show that they are less hazardous than tobacco cigarettes, even if it does not mean they are completely safe. The huge variation in study designs assessing in vitro toxicity of e-cigarettes aerosol makes it difficult to make comparisons and draw robust and irrefutable conclusions. In this paper, we review this heterogeneity (in terms of e-cigarette products, biological models, and exposure conditions) with a special focus on the wide disparity in the doses used as well as in the way they are expressed. Finally, we discuss the major issue of dosimetry and show how dosimetry tools enable to align data between different exposure systems or data from different laboratories and therefore allow comparisons to help further exploring the risk potential of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Forest
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Clément Mercier
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
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19
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Chen PW, Kuo TC, Liu ZS, Lu HF. Assessment of the mutagenicity of two common indoor air pollutants, formaldehyde and toluene. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1353-1363. [PMID: 33818839 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, direct-reading instruments have been used to directly determine the concentrations of indoor air pollutants that may exceed the regulation limits. However, these instruments cannot directly assess the potential health hazards of these pollutants to humans. In this study, we developed and improved a bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) by using a direct gas exposure module to directly determine the mutagenicity of indoor air quality using five tester bacterial strains (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, and TA1537). Thereafter, the module was used to evaluate the effects of exposure time, different concentrations of HCHO or toluene, and mutagenic activities. We found that TA100 was the most sensitive strain and was reverted by relatively lower concentrations of 0.035 ppm HCHO. Furthermore, 50 ppm of toluene exposures caused a significant increase in the number of revertant colonies of TA100 without S9 activation at the 1.5-8-h exposure time intervals. Our findings provide new evidence that gaseous HCHO exposure could display weak but direct, time-dependent, and dose-dependent mutagenic activities. The weak, direct-acting, indirect-acting, and time-dependent mutagen of 50 ppm toluene was also confirmed. Moreover, our improved Ames module and the exposure conditions provided in this study can be further applied to evaluate the mutagenicity of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chen Kuo
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Zhen-Shu Liu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Fu Lu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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20
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Primavessy D, Metz J, Schnur S, Schneider M, Lehr CM, Hittinger M. Pulmonary in vitro instruments for the replacement of animal experiments. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:62-75. [PMID: 34438019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro systems often combine a mechanical-physical instrument with a biological component e.g. cell culture models. For testing of aerosols, it is of advantage to consider aerosol behavior, particle deposition and lung region specific cell lines. Although there are many good reviews on the selection of cell cultures, articles on instruments are rare. This article focuses on the development of in vitro instruments targeting the exposure of aerosols on cell cultures. In this context, guidelines for toxicity investigation are taken into account as the aim of new methods must be the prediction of human relevant data and the replacement of existing animal experiments. We provide an overview on development history of research-based instruments from a pharmaceutical point of view. The standardized commercial devices resulting from the research-based instruments are presented and the future perspectives on pulmonary in vitro devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Primavessy
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Julia Metz
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schnur
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; 3RProducts Marius Hittinger, Blieskastel, Germany
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Thorne D, Wieczorek R, Fukushima T, Shin HJ, Leverette R, Ballantyne M, Li X, Bombick B, Yoshino K. A survey of aerosol exposure systems relative to the analysis of cytotoxicity: A Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) perspective. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211022267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During a Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) meeting, the in vitro toxicity testing Sub-Group (IVT SG) met to discuss the evolving field of aerosol exposure research. Given the diversity of exposure parameters and biological endpoints being used, it was considered a high priority to investigate and contextualise the responses obtained. This is particularly driven by the inability to compare between studies on different exposure systems due to user preferences and protocol differences. Twelve global tobacco and contract research companies met to discuss this topic and formulate an aligned approach on how this diverging field of research could be appropriately compared. Something that is becoming increasingly important, especially in the light of more focused regulatory scrutiny. A detailed and comprehensive survey was conducted on over 40 parameters ranging from aerosol generation, dilution and data analysis across eight geographically independent laboratories. The survey results emphasise the diversity of in vitro exposure parameters and methodologies employed across the IVT SG and highlighted pockets of harmonisation. For example, many of the biological protocol parameters are consistent across the Sub-Group. However, variables such as cell type and exposure time remain largely inconsistent. The next steps for this work will be to map parameters and system data against biological findings and investigate whether the observed inconsistencies translate into increased biological variability. The results from the survey provide improved awareness of parameters and nuances, that may be of substantial benefit to scientists in intersecting fields and in the development of harmonised approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Toshiro Fukushima
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Han-Jae Shin
- Korean Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Xiang Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Kei Yoshino
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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22
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Axelrod T, Eltzov E, Lerman M, Harpaz D, Marks RS. Cigarette smoke toxicity modes of action estimated by a bioluminescent bioreporter bacterial panel. Talanta 2021; 226:122076. [PMID: 33676644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is considered to be a risk factor for several chronic diseases and even premature death. However, despite the importance of this detrimental habit, little seems known in terms of the overall toxicity potential of its ingredients in humans. In this study, a panel of genetically modified bioluminescent bioreporter bacteria was used to evaluate its usefulness in estimating the cigarette smoke's complex molecular mixture on a bacterial toxicity-bioreporter panel, both filtered or unfiltered. This work enabled to confirm the usefulness of cigarette filters, with better protection found in higher priced brands despite both having genotoxic and cytotoxic attributes. Quorum sensing interference was also shown, which may explain why cigarette smokers are at greater risk for pulmonary infections. Moreover, the findings of this study support the fact that the filter is a dominating contributor to reducing the harm caused by cigarette smoke. Increased efforts should be conducted to reduce the harmful effects of cigarette smoke, via increasingly effective filters. To conclude, the panel of bioreporter bacteria was found to be useful in the evaluation of the general effect of the toxic mixture found in cigarette smoke and therefore has the potential to be used in cigarette research, helping researchers pinpoint the reduction of toxicity when working with filter improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Axelrod
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Merav Lerman
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel; Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Robert S Marks
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel; National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel; The Ilse Katz Center for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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23
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Nossa R, Costa J, Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A. Breathing in vitro: Designs and applications of engineered lung models. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211008696. [PMID: 33996022 PMCID: PMC8107677 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly engineers interested in developing and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to identify a suitable platform for conducting in vitro experiments involving pulmonary cells or tissues. We first discuss the state of the art on lung in vitro models, describing the most simplistic and traditional ones. Then, we analyze in further detail the more complex dynamic engineered systems that either provide mechanical cues, or allow for more predictive exposure studies, or in some cases even both. This is followed by a dedicated section on microchips of the lung. Lastly, we present a critical discussion of the different characteristics of each type of system and the criteria which may help researchers select the most appropriate technology according to their specific requirements. Readers are encouraged to refer to the tables accompanying the different sections where comprehensive and quantitative information on the operating parameters and performance of the different systems reported in the literature is provided.
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24
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An interlaboratory in vitro aerosol exposure system reference study. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847321992752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the complexity of inhaled substances, the aerosol exposure environment has seen diversification and development of setups in conjunction with the evolving in vitro toxicology space. Each laboratory uses its in vitro exposure system differently (different protocols, adaptations, and biological analysis). Unfortunately, as systems diversify, so does the complexity of comparing multiple systems in a “standardized” manner. As yet, no one has compared simply whether these diverse systems can all generate a consistent aerosol stream, which is paramount prior to transit and exposure. This study has compared, at source, aerosol generation (using nicotine as an exposure marker) in nine in vitro whole-aerosol exposure setups (seven different systems) across five distinct geographically independent locations, including the UK, the USA, Switzerland, Germany, and Japan. The results demonstrate that, despite system-wide differences (adaptations, nuances, and application), these systems—when appropriately maintained and used under a prescribed set of established conditions can all generate a consistent and statistically comparable aerosol stream. These data will be invaluable for new researchers and established laboratories, so they may benchmark against this study. Finally, this interlaboratory comparison combined with the wealth of transit and exposure interface data, may help the environment move towards a truly validated and consistent approach to aerosol exposure. Such an approach could be replicated for other aerosolized products, such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products.
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25
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Chandiramohan A, Dabaghi M, Aguiar JA, Tiessen N, Stewart M, Cao QT, Nguyen JP, Makhdami N, Cox G, Doxey AC, Hirota JA. Development and validation of an open-source, disposable, 3D-printed in vitro environmental exposure system for Transwell culture inserts. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00705-2020. [PMID: 33614779 PMCID: PMC7882787 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00705-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Accessible in vitro models recapitulating the human airway that are amenable to study whole cannabis smoke exposure are needed for immunological and toxicological studies that inform public health policy and recreational cannabis use. In the present study, we developed and validated a novel three-dimensional (3D)-printed in vitro exposure system (IVES) that can be directly applied to study the effect of cannabis smoke exposure on primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Using commercially available design software and a 3D printer, we designed a four-chamber Transwell insert holder for exposures to whole smoke. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to model gas distribution, concentration gradients, velocity profile and shear stress within IVES. Following simulations, primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at the air–liquid interface on Transwell inserts were exposed to whole cannabis smoke using a modified version of the Foltin puff procedure. Following 24 h, outcome measurements included cell morphology, epithelial barrier function, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, cytokine expression and gene expression. Whole smoke delivered through IVES possesses velocity profiles consistent with uniform gas distribution across the four chambers and complete mixing. Airflow velocity ranged between 1.0 and 1.5 µm·s−1 and generated low shear stresses (<<1 Pa). Human airway epithelial cells exposed to cannabis smoke using IVES showed changes in cell morphology and disruption of barrier function without significant cytotoxicity. Cannabis smoke elevated interleukin-1 family cytokines and elevated CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression relative to control, validating IVES smoke exposure impacts in human airway epithelial cells at a molecular level. The growing legalisation of cannabis on a global scale must be paired with research related to potential health impacts of lung exposures. IVES represents an accessible, open-source, exposure system that can be used to model varying types of cannabis smoke exposures with human airway epithelial cells grown under air–liquid interface culture conditions. Development of an open-source, disposable, 3D-printed in vitro environmental exposure system for Transwell culture inserts that can be used for environmental exposures important for lung health, and validation with cannabis smoke exposurehttps://bit.ly/2JjgDrm
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiram Chandiramohan
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Mohammedhossein Dabaghi
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,These authors contributed equally
| | | | - Nicholas Tiessen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Stewart
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Quynh T Cao
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny P Nguyen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nima Makhdami
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Cox
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Dept of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Dept of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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26
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Giralt A, Iskandar AR, Martin F, Moschini E, Serchi T, Kondylis A, Marescotti D, Leroy P, Ortega-Torres L, Majeed S, Merg C, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Gutleb AC, Hoeng J. Comparison of the biological impact of aerosol of e-vapor device with MESH® technology and cigarette smoke on human bronchial and alveolar cultures. Toxicol Lett 2021; 337:98-110. [PMID: 33220401 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to aerosol from electronic vapor (e-vapor) products has been suggested to result in less risk of harm to smokers than cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. Although many studies on e-vapor products have tested the effects of liquid formulations on cell cultures, few have evaluated the effects of aerosolized formulations. We examined the effects of acute exposure to the aerosol of an e-vapor device that uses the MESH® technology (IQOS® MESH, Philip Morris International) and to CS from the 3R4F reference cigarette on human organotypic bronchial epithelial culture and alveolar triculture models. In contrast to 3R4F CS exposure, exposure to the IQOS MESH aerosol (Classic Tobacco flavor) did not cause cytotoxicity in bronchial epithelial cultures or alveolar tricultures despite its greater concentrations of deposited nicotine (3- and 4-fold, respectively). CS exposure caused a marked decrease in the frequency and active area of ciliary beating in bronchial cultures, whereas IQOS MESH aerosol exposure did not. Global mRNA expression and secreted protein profiles revealed a significantly lower impact of IQOS MESH aerosol exposure than 3R4F CS exposure. Overall, our whole aerosol exposure study shows a clearly reduced impact of IQOS MESH aerosol relative to CS in bronchial and alveolar cultures, even at greater nicotine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Giralt
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg
| | - Tomasso Serchi
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Ortega-Torres
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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27
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Cao X, Coyle JP, Xiong R, Wang Y, Heflich RH, Ren B, Gwinn WM, Hayden P, Rojanasakul L. Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 57:104-132. [PMID: 33175307 PMCID: PMC7657088 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung is an organ that is directly exposed to the external environment. Given the large surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne substances, such as pathogens, allergens, chemicals, and particulate matter. Highly elaborate and effective mechanisms have evolved to protect and maintain homeostasis in the lung. Despite these sophisticated defense mechanisms, the respiratory system remains highly susceptible to environmental challenges. Because of the impact of respiratory exposure on human health and disease, there has been considerable interest in developing reliable and predictive in vitro model systems for respiratory toxicology and basic research. Human air-liquid-interface (ALI) organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells have in vivo–like structure and functions when they are fully differentiated. The presence of the air-facing surface allows conducting in vitro exposures that mimic human respiratory exposures. Exposures can be conducted using particulates, aerosols, gases, vapors generated from volatile and semi-volatile substances, and respiratory pathogens. Toxicity data have been generated using nanomaterials, cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapors, environmental airborne chemicals, drugs given by inhalation, and respiratory viruses and bacteria. Although toxicity evaluations using human airway ALI models require further standardization and validation, this approach shows promise in supplementing or replacing in vivo animal models for conducting research on respiratory toxicants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA.
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Baiping Ren
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - William M Gwinn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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28
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Taylor M, Santopietro S, Baxter A, East N, Breheny D, Thorne D, Gaça M. In vitro biological assessment of the stability of cigarette smoke aqueous aerosol extracts. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:492. [PMID: 33087173 PMCID: PMC7579917 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cigarette smoke aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) have been used for assessing tobacco products, particularly with in vitro models such as oxidative stress and inflammation. These test articles can be generated easily, but there are no standardised methods for the generation and characterisation or stability. We investigated the effects of pro-oxidant smoke-derived chemicals by using 3R4F AqE generated under standardised conditioning and smoking regimes and assessed the stability over 31-week timeframe. Twenty batches generated from ten puffs per cigarette bubbled through 20 ml cell culture media were used fresh and thawed from frozen aliquots stored at - 80 ºC. RESULTS Nicotine levels quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and optical density at 260 nm showed chemical and physical stability from week 0 (fresh sample) to weeks 1, 4, 8 and 31 (frozen samples). No significant change in H292 human bronchial epithelial cell viability or oxidative stress were observed between fresh AqE at week 0 and frozen AqE at 31 weeks. AqEs generated by our protocol were stable for up to 31 weeks for all tested end points, suggesting that it may not be necessary to use freshly generated AqE for each study, thus reducing batch-to-batch variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Taylor
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Andrew Baxter
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | - Nicole East
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, Hampshire, UK
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29
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Ureña JF, Ebersol LA, Silakov A, Elias RJ, Lambert JD. Impact of Atomizer Age and Flavor on In Vitro Toxicity of Aerosols from a Third-Generation Electronic Cigarette against Human Oral Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2527-2537. [PMID: 32909746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are categorized into generations which differ in terms of design, aerosol production, and customizability. Current and former smokers prefer third-generation devices that satisfy tobacco cravings more effectively than older generations. Recent studies indicate that EC aerosols from first- and second-generation devices contain reactive carbonyls and free radicals and can cause in vitro cytotoxicity. Third-generation ECs have not been adequately studied. Further, previous studies have focused on cells from the respiratory tract, whereas those of the oral cavity, which is exposed to high levels of EC aerosols, have been understudied. We quantified the production of reactive carbonyls and free radicals by a third-generation EC and investigated the induction of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in normal and cancerous human oral cell lines using a panel of eight commercial EC liquids. We found that EC aerosols produced using a new atomizer contained formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, but did not contain detectable levels of free radicals. We found that EC aerosols generated from only one of the eight liquids tested using a new atomizer induced cytotoxicity against two human oral cells in vitro. Treatment of oral cells with the cytotoxic EC aerosol caused a concomitant increase in intracellular oxidative stress. As atomizer age increased with repeated use of the same atomizer, carbonyl production, radical emissions, and cytotoxicity increased. Overall, our results suggest that third-generation ECs may cause adverse effects in the oral cavity and normal EC use, which involves repeated use of the same atomizer to generate aerosol, may enhance the potential toxic effects of third-generation ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Ureña
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lauren A Ebersol
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alexey Silakov
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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30
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Gonzalez-Rivera JC, Sherman MW, Wang DS, Chuvalo-Abraham JCL, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Contreras LM. RNA oxidation in chromatin modification and DNA-damage response following exposure to formaldehyde. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16545. [PMID: 33024153 PMCID: PMC7538935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is an environmental and occupational chemical carcinogen implicated in the damage of proteins and nucleic acids. However, whether formaldehyde provokes modifications of RNAs such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) and the role that these modifications play on conferring long-term adverse health effects remains unexplored. Here, we profile 8-oxoG modifications using RNA-immunoprecipitation and RNA sequencing (8-oxoG RIP-seq) to identify 343 RNA transcripts heavily enriched in oxidations in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell cultures exposed to 1 ppm formaldehyde for 2 h. RNA oxidation altered expression of many transcripts involved in chromatin modification and p53-mediated DNA-damage responses, two pathways that play key roles in sustaining genome integrity and typically deregulated in tumorigenesis. Given that these observations were identified in normal cells exhibiting minimal cell stress and death phenotypes (for example, lack of nuclear shrinkage, F-actin alterations or increased LDH activity); we hypothesize that oxidative modification of specific RNA transcripts following formaldehyde exposure denotes an early process occurring in carcinogenesis analogous to the oxidative events surfacing at early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. As such, we provide initial investigations of RNA oxidation as a potentially novel mechanism underlying formaldehyde-induced tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Gonzalez-Rivera
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78714, USA
| | - Mark W Sherman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78714, USA
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78714, USA
| | | | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78714, USA
| | - Lydia M Contreras
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78714, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78714, USA.
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31
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Wang L, Liu X, Chen L, Liu D, Yu T, Bai R, Yan L, Zhou J. Harmful chemicals of heat not burn product and its induced oxidative stress of macrophages at air-liquid interface: Comparison with ultra-light cigarette. Toxicol Lett 2020; 331:200-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Percoco G, Patatian A, Eudier F, Grisel M, Bader T, Lati E, Savary G, Picard C, Benech P. Impact of cigarette smoke on physical-chemical and molecular proprieties of human skin in an ex vivo model. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:1610-1618. [PMID: 32939877 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a study about the skin ageing exposome, focusing on the effect of cigarette smoke. Human living skin explants (HSE) were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) of two cigarettes for 2 hours using a custom-made exposure chamber, the Pollubox® . Effects on the surface physico-chemistry and molecular properties of the skin were analyzed and reported for the first time. BASIC PROCEDURES To this end, transcriptomic study followed by immunohistochemistry, MDA (Malondialdehyde Dosage), and surface physio-chemistry data: surface free energy determination, TEWL (Trans Epidermal Water Loss), skin pH and FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infrared) spectroscopy of the explant were collected from untreated and treated HSE. MAIN FINDINGS Results showed a decrease of the total surface free energy of the treated HSE. This decrease reflected higher interactions with polar compounds from the environment and consequently a decrease of the surface hydrophobicity. Additionally, an increase of TEWL and skin pH was observed after treatment. The transcriptomic analysis showed downregulation of mitochondrial genes (PON2-NDUFA4L2-ATP1A1-ALDH2-PRODH) combined with an increase of MDA in CS-treated HSE. CONCLUSIONS CS-induced oxidation of lipids at HSE surface alters the skin barrier: interactions with polar products are enhanced and the lipid chain packing at the surface is modified. Consequently, skin permeability could increase which correlated with repression of CA9 and AQP1 genes. Beside activation of AHR-NRF2 pathway in CS-exposed HSE, our results suggested that mitochondrial functions were strongly impacted and oxidized lipids failed to be eliminated promoting skin barrier alteration. A mitophagy activity was suggested through the confirmation of PINK1 accumulation in the epidermis by immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florine Eudier
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, CNRS, URCOM, Le Havre cedex, France
| | - Michel Grisel
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, CNRS, URCOM, Le Havre cedex, France
| | | | - Elian Lati
- BIO-EC Laboratory, Longjumeau, France.,Genex Laboratory, Longjumeau, France
| | | | - Céline Picard
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, CNRS, URCOM, Le Havre cedex, France
| | - Philippe Benech
- Genex Laboratory, Longjumeau, France.,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
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33
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Jimenez-Valdes RJ, Can UI, Niemeyer BF, Benam KH. Where We Stand: Lung Organotypic Living Systems That Emulate Human-Relevant Host-Environment/Pathogen Interactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:989. [PMID: 32903497 PMCID: PMC7438438 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are leading causes of death in humans globally. Cigarette smoking is the principal risk factor for the development of COPD, and LRTIs are caused by inhaling respiratory pathogens. Thus, a thorough understanding of host–environment/pathogen interactions is crucial to developing effective preventive and therapeutic modalities against these disorders. While animal models of human pulmonary conditions have been widely utilized, they suffer major drawbacks due to inter-species differences, hindering clinical translation. Here we summarize recent advances in generating complex 3D culture systems that emulate the microarchitecture and pathophysiology of the human lung, and how these platforms have been implemented for studying exposure to environmental factors, airborne pathogens, and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio J Jimenez-Valdes
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Uryan I Can
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian F Niemeyer
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kambez H Benam
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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An experimental aerosol air-agar interface mouse lymphoma assay methodology. Mutat Res 2020; 856-857:503230. [PMID: 32928375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates a completely novel and experimental concept of exposing L5178Y cells at the air-agar-interface to mainstream cigarette smoke aerosol (Kentucky reference 3R4F). This study highlights the associated challenges of combining a suspension cell line alongside an in vitro aerosol exposure system. To achieve a monolayer, cells were 'seeded' in a concentrated cell super-mix suspension onto an RPMI/agar-matrix -base. The resulting cell suspension media was adsorbed into the agar base leaving the L5178Y cells lightly suspended on the agar surface, approximating a monolayer. Cells were deemed supportable on the agar-matrix, viable and recoverable. Using Vitrocell VC 10 exposure system and the Ames 4 exposure module, L5178Y cells were successfully exposed to a dynamic cigarette smoke aerosol, recovered and assessed for mutant frequencies, using standard assay procedures. Method development included assessment of flowing air conditions, plating efficiency and recovery of L5178Y cells from the agar-matrix surface. Positive controls MMS and B[a]P were successfully incorporated into the agar-matrix and metabolic activation was achieved by S-9 incorporation into the same agar-base-matrix. B[a]P demonstrated metabolic activation and positive response, suggesting a clear cellular interaction with the agar-matrix. Whole smoke exposed cells in the presence of metabolic activation showed a clear dose response and increasing mutant frequencies, well in excess of the controls (air and incubator) and the global evaluation factor following a 2 or 3 day expression period. This experimental concept demonstrates that L5178Y cells can be exposed to cigarette smoke aerosol, using a completely novel and a previously untested approach. Although this work successfully demonstrates the approach is viable and cells can be plated and maintained on an agar-matrix, more optimisation and robustness assessment is required before it can be considered fully adapted and used alongside other whole aerosol methodologies for the assessment of cigarette smoke and other inhaled aerosols.
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Development and testing of a new-generation aerosol exposure system: The independent holistic air-liquid exposure system (InHALES). Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104909. [PMID: 32512146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dose of inhaled materials delivered to the respiratory tract is to a large extent a function of the kinetics of particle deposition and gas dissolution on or in the airway and lung epithelia, and therefore of the structural and functional properties of the respiratory tract. In vitro aerosol exposure systems commonly do not simulate these properties, which may result in the delivery of non-realistic, non-human-relevant doses of inhalable test substances to the in vitro biological test systems. We developed a new-generation in vitro aerosol exposure system, the InHALES, that can, like the human respiratory tract, actively breathe, operate medical inhalers, or take puffs from tobacco products. Due to its structural and functional similarity to the human respiratory tract, the system is expected to deliver human-relevant doses of inhalable materials to cell cultures representing respiratory tract epithelia. We here describe the proof of concept of the InHALES with respect to aerosol delivery and compatibility with oral, bronchial, and alveolar cell cultures. The results indicate that the system structure and function translate into complex patterns of test atmosphere delivery that, with increasing system complexity, may closely mimic the patterns observable in the human respiratory tract.
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36
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Dalle-Donne I, Garavaglia ML, Colombo G, Astori E, Lionetti MC, La Porta CAM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A. Cigarette smoke and glutathione: Focus on in vitro cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104818. [PMID: 32135238 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the most important preventable risk factors for the development of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and various types of cancer. Due to its high intracellular concentration and central role in maintaining the cellular redox state, glutathione (GSH) is one of the key players in several enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions necessary for protecting cells against CS-induced oxidative stress. A plethora of in vitro cell models have been used over the years to assess the effects of CS on intracellular GSH and its disulphide forms, i.e. glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and S-glutathionylated proteins. In this review, we described the effects of cell exposure to CS on cellular GSH and formation of its oxidized forms and adducts (GSH-conjugates). We also discussed the limitations and relevance of in vitro cell models of exposure to CS and critically assessed the congruence between smokers and in vitro cell models. What emerges clearly is that results obtained in vitro should be interpreted with extreme caution, bearing in mind the limitations of the specific cell model used. Despite this, in vitro cell models remain important tools in the assessment of CS-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria L Garavaglia
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria C Lionetti
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Li T, Long C, Fanning KV, Zou C. Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32449738 DOI: 10.3791/61163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major etiological cause for lung emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking also promotes susceptibility to bacterial infections in the respiratory system. However, the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial infections in human lung epithelial cells have yet to be thoroughly studied. Described here is a detailed protocol for the preparation of cigarette smoking extracts (CSE), treatment of human lung epithelial cells with CSE, and bacterial infection and infection determination. CSE was prepared with a conventional method. Lung epithelial cells were treated with 4% CSE for 3 h. CSE-treated cells were, then, infected with Pseudomonas at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Bacterial loads of the cells were determined by three different methods. The results showed that CSE increased Pseudomonas load in lung epithelial cells. This protocol, therefore, provides a simple and reproducible approach to study the effect of cigarette smoke on bacterial infections in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Li
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Chen Long
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Kristen V Fanning
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Chunbin Zou
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine;
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Comparison of experimentally measured and computational fluid dynamic predicted deposition and deposition uniformity of monodisperse solid particles in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 air-liquid-interface in-vitro exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104870. [PMID: 32330563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurately determining the delivered dose is critical to understanding biological response due to cell exposure to chemical constituents in aerosols. Deposition efficiency and uniformity of deposition was measured experimentally using monodisperse solid fluorescent particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of 0.51, 1.1, 2.2 and 3.3 μm in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 air-liquid-interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system. Experimental results were compared with computational fluid dynamic, (CFD; using both Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches) predicted deposition efficiency and uniformity for a single row (N = 6) of petri dishes in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 system. The average experimentally measured deposition efficiency ranged from 0.007% to 0.43% for 0.51-3.3 μm MMAD particles, respectively. There was good agreement between average experimentally measured and the CFD predicted particle deposition efficiency, regardless of approach. Experimentally measured and CFD predicted average uniformity of deposition was greater than 45% of the mean for all particle diameters. During this work a new design was introduced by the manufacturer and evaluated using Lagragian CFD. Lagragian CFD predictions showed better uniformity of deposition, but reduced deposition efficiency with the new design. Deposition efficiency and variability in particle deposition across petri dishes for solid particles should be considered when designing exposure regimens using the Vitrocell® AMES 48 ALI in vitro exposure system.
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Gellatly S, Pavelka N, Crue T, Schweitzer KS, Day BJ, Min E, Numata M, Voelker DR, Scruggs A, Petrache I, Chu HW. Nicotine-Free e-Cigarette Vapor Exposure Stimulates IL6 and Mucin Production in Human Primary Small Airway Epithelial Cells. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:175-185. [PMID: 32368126 PMCID: PMC7170627 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s244434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are relatively new devices that allow the user to inhale a heated and aerosolized solution. At present, little is known about their health effects in the human lung, particularly in the small airways (<2 mm in diameter), a key site of airway obstruction and destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other acute and chronic lung conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of e-cigarettes on human distal airway inflammation and remodeling. METHODS We isolated primary small airway epithelial cells from donor lungs without known lung disease. Small airway epithelial cells were cultured at air-liquid interface and exposed to 15 puffs vapor obtained by heating a commercially available e-cigarette solution (e-vapor) with or without nicotine. After 24 hrs of e-vapor exposure, basolateral and apical media as well as cell lysates were collected to measure the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) and MUC5AC, one of the major components in mucus. RESULTS Unlike the nicotine-containing e-vapor, nicotine-free e-vapor significantly increased the amount of IL6, which was coupled with increased levels of intracellular MUC5AC protein. Importantly, a neutralizing IL6 antibody (vs an IgG isotype control) significantly inhibited the production of MUC5AC induced by nicotine-free e-vapor. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that human small airway epithelial cells exposed to nicotine-free e-vapor increase the inflammatory response and mucin production, which may contribute to distal lung airflow limitation and airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan Gellatly
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Nicole Pavelka
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Taylor Crue
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | | | - Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Elysia Min
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Mari Numata
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - April Scruggs
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Irina Petrache
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
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40
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Kuczaj A, Majeed S, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Radtke F, Schlage WK, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for the generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from heat-not-burn tobacco products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319897869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction is increasingly recognized as a promising approach to accelerate the decline in smoking prevalence and smoking-related population harm. Potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) must undergo a rigorous premarket toxicological risk assessment. The ability to reproducibly generate, collect, and use aerosols is critical for the characterization, and preclinical assessment of aerosol-based candidate MRTPs (cMRTPs), such as noncombusted cigarettes, also referred to as heated tobacco products, tobacco heating products, or heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products. HNB tobacco products generate a nicotine-containing aerosol by heating tobacco instead of burning it. The aerosols generated by HNB products are qualitatively and quantitatively highly different from cigarette smoke (CS). This constitutes technical and experimental challenges comparing the toxicity of HNB aerosols with CS. The methods and experimental setups that have been developed for the study of CS cannot be directly transposed to the study of HNB aerosols. Significant research efforts are dedicated to the development, characterization, and validation of experimental setups and methods suitable for HNB aerosols. They are described in this review, with a particular focus on the Tobacco Heating System version 2.2. This is intended to support further studies, the objective evaluation and verification of existing evidence, and the development of scientifically substantiated HNB MRTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Falk Radtke
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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41
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Benam KH, Novak R, Ferrante TC, Choe Y, Ingber DE. Biomimetic smoking robot for in vitro inhalation exposure compatible with microfluidic organ chips. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:183-206. [PMID: 31925401 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of lung tissues to cigarette smoke is a major cause of human disease and death worldwide. Unfortunately, adequate model systems that can reliably recapitulate disease biogenesis in vitro, including exposure of the human lung airway to fresh whole cigarette smoke (WCS) under physiological breathing airflow, are lacking. This protocol extension builds upon, and can be used with, our earlier protocol for microfabrication of human organs-on-chips. Here, we describe the engineering, assembly and operation of a microfluidically coupled, multi-compartment platform that bidirectionally 'breathes' WCS through microchannels of a human lung small airway microfluidic culture device, mimicking how lung cells may experience smoke in vivo. Several WCS-exposure systems have been developed, but they introduce smoke directly from above the cell cultures, rather than tangentially as naturally occurs in the lung due to lateral airflow. We detail the development of an organ chip-compatible microrespirator and a smoke machine to simulate breathing behavior and smoking topography parameters such as puff time, inter-puff interval and puffs per cigarette. Detailed design files, assembly instructions and control software are provided. This novel platform can be fabricated and assembled in days and can be used repeatedly. Moderate to advanced engineering and programming skills are required to successfully implement this protocol. When coupled with the small airway chip, this protocol can enable prediction of patient-specific biological responses in a matched-comparative manner. We also demonstrate how to adapt the protocol to expose living ciliated airway epithelial cells to smoke generated by electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas C Ferrante
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youngjae Choe
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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42
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Frege C, Asgari M, Steiner S, Ferreira S, Majeed S, Lucci F, Frentzel S, Hoeng J, Kuczaj AK. Assessment of Single-Photon Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Online Monitoring of in Vitro Aerosol Exposure Experiments. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:505-514. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Frege
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Asgari
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Steiner
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Ferreira
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Lucci
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz K. Kuczaj
- Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- University of Twente, Faculty EEMCS, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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43
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Iskandar A, Kuczaj AK, Marescotti D, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Schlage WK, Sciuscio D, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from e-vapor products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320979751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
E-vapor products (EVP) have become popular alternatives for cigarette smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. EVP research is challenging and complex, mostly because of the numerous and rapidly evolving technologies and designs as well as the multiplicity of e-liquid flavors and solvents available on the market. There is an urgent need to standardize all stages of EVP assessment, from the production of a reference product to e-vapor generation methods and from physicochemical characterization methods to nonclinical and clinical exposure studies. The objective of this review is to provide a detailed description of selected experimental setups and methods for EVP aerosol generation and collection and exposure systems for their in vitro and in vivo assessment. The focus is on the specificities of the product that constitute challenges and require development of ad hoc assessment frameworks, equipment, and methods. In so doing, this review aims to support further studies, objective evaluation, comparison, and verification of existing evidence, and, ultimately, formulation of standardized methods for testing EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz K Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Sciuscio
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Hollings M, Seymour A, Reeve L, Fields W. Investigation of multiple whole smoke dosimetry techniques using a VITROCELL®VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1281-1288. [PMID: 31828014 PMCID: PMC6889780 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vitrocell® VC10® smoke exposure system offers multiple platforms for air liquid interface (ALI) and air agar interface (AAI) exposure that mimic in vivo conditions for assessing toxicological impact of whole smoke using in vitro assays. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare multiple dosimetry techniques that may be employed during combustible cigarette whole smoke exposure using the Vitrocell® VC10® smoking robot. The following techniques were assessed: (1) quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs), (2) aerosol photometers (using area under curve, AUC), and (3) fluorescence of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-captured smoke constituents. Results showed that each of the dosimetry techniques was able to distinguish different levels of whole smoke airflow in a concentration-related manner. When compared to each other, the three techniques showed a high level of consistency and all were considered efficient tools in quantifying dose during an exposure, although higher variation was observed at the higher airflows tested. Overall, the dosimetry tools investigated here provide effective measures of the whole smoke concentrations tested during the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA1
| | - Robert Leverette
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA1
| | | | | | | | - Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA1
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Polosa R, O'Leary R, Tashkin D, Emma R, Caruso M. The effect of e-cigarette aerosol emissions on respiratory health: a narrative review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:899-915. [PMID: 31375047 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1649146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Due to the uptake in the use of e-cigarettes (ECs), evidence on their health effects is needed to inform health care and policy. Some regulators and health professionals have raised concerns that the respirable aerosols generated by ECs contain several constituents of potential toxicological and biological relevance to respiratory health. Areas covered: We critically assess published research on the respiratory system investigating the effects of ECs in preclinical models, clinical studies of people who switched to ECs from tobacco cigarettes, and population surveys. We assess the studies for the quality of their methodology and accuracy of their interpretation. To adequately assess the impact of EC use on human health, addressing common mistakes and developing robust and realistic methodological recommendations is an urgent priority. The findings of this review indicate that ECs under normal conditions of use demonstrate far fewer respiratory risks than combustible tobacco cigarettes. EC users and smokers considering ECs have the right to be informed about the relative risks of EC use, and to be made aware that findings of studies published by the media are not always reliable. Expert opinion: Growing evidence supports the relative safety of EC emission aerosols for the respiratory tract compared to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Polosa
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", Università of Catania , Catania , Italy.,Center of Excellence for the acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Renée O'Leary
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research , Victoria , Canada
| | - Donald Tashkin
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale (MEDCLIN), University of Catania , Catania , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche e biotecnologiche (BIOMETEC), University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale (MEDCLIN), University of Catania , Catania , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche e biotecnologiche (BIOMETEC), University of Catania , Catania , Italy
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Zhang M, Shi R, Zhang Y, Shan H, Zhang Q, Yang X, Li Y, Zhang J. Nix/BNIP3L-dependent mitophagy accounts for airway epithelial cell injury induced by cigarette smoke. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14210-14220. [PMID: 30618073 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke-induced airway epithelial cell mitophagy is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mitochondrial protein Nix (also known as BNIP3L) is a selective autophagy receptor and participates in several human diseases. However, little is known about the role of Nix in airway epithelial cell injury during the development of COPD. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of Nix on mitophagy and mitochondrial function in airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Our present study has found that CSE could increase Nix protein expression and induce mitophagy in airway epithelial cells. And Nix siRNA significantly inhibited mitophagy and attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell injury when airway epithelial cells were stimulated with 7.5% CSE. In contrast, Nix overexpression enhanced mitophagy and aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell injury when airway epithelial cells were incubated with 7.5% CSE. These data suggest that Nix-dependent mitophagy promotes airway epithelial cell and mitochondria injury induced by cigarette smoke, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD and other cigarette smoke-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yeli Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Zeglinski MR, Turner CT, Zeng R, Schwartz C, Santacruz S, Pawluk MA, Zhao H, Chan AWH, Carlsten C, Granville DJ. Soluble Wood Smoke Extract Promotes Barrier Dysfunction in Alveolar Epithelial Cells through a MAPK Signaling Pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10027. [PMID: 31296909 PMCID: PMC6624307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildfire smoke induces acute pulmonary distress and is of particular concern to risk groups such as the sick and elderly. Wood smoke (WS) contains many of the same toxic compounds as those found in cigarette smoke (CS) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and free radicals. CS is a well-established risk factor for respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. Limited studies investigating the biological effects of WS on the airway epithelium have been performed. Using a cell culture-based model, we assessed the effects of a WS-infused solution on alveolar epithelial barrier function, cell migration, and survival. The average geometric mean of particles in the WS was 178 nm. GC/MS analysis of the WS solution identified phenolic and cellulosic compounds. WS exposure resulted in a significant reduction in barrier function, which peaked after 24 hours of continuous exposure. The junctional protein E-cadherin showed a prominent reduction in response to increasing concentrations of WS. Furthermore, WS significantly repressed cell migration following injury to the cell monolayer. There was no difference in cell viability following WS exposure. Mechanistically, WS exposure induced activation of the p44/42, but not p38, MAPK signaling pathway, and inhibition of p44/42 phosphorylation prevented the disruption of barrier function and loss of E-cadherin staining. Thus, WS may contribute to the breakdown of alveolar structure and function through a p44/42 MAPK-dependent pathway and may lead to the development and/or exacerbation of respiratory pathologies with chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Zeglinski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T Turner
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carley Schwartz
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Santacruz
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan A Pawluk
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Chandrala LD, Afshar-Mohajer N, Nishida K, Ronzhes Y, Sidhaye VK, Koehler K, Katz J. A Device for measuring the in-situ response of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells to airborne environmental agents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7263. [PMID: 31086226 PMCID: PMC6513995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring the time evolution of response of Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial (NHBE) cells to aerosols is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of airway disease. This study introduces a novel Real-Time Examination of Cell Exposure (RTECE) system, which enables direct in situ assessment of functional responses of the cell culture during and following exposure to environmental agents. Included are cell morphology, migration, and specialised responses, such as ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Utilising annular nozzles for aerosol injection and installing windows above and below the culture, the cells can be illuminated and examined during exposure. The performance of RTECE is compared to that of the commercial Vitrocell by exposing NHBE cells to cigarette smoke. Both systems show the same mass deposition and similar trends in smoke-induced changes to monolayer permeability, CBF and transepithelial resistance. In situ measurements performed during and after two exposures to smoke show that the CBF decreases gradually during both exposures, recovering after the first, but decreasing sharply after the second. Using Particle image velocimetry, the cell motions are monitored for twelve hours. Exposure to smoke increases the spatially-averaged cell velocity by an order of magnitude. The relative motion between cells peaks shortly after each exposure, but remains elevated and even increases further several hours later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmana D. Chandrala
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218 USA
| | - Nima Afshar-Mohajer
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 USA
| | - Kristine Nishida
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205 USA
| | - Yury Ronzhes
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218 USA
| | - Venkataramana K. Sidhaye
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205 USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 USA
| | - Joseph Katz
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218 USA
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49
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Fowler K, Fields W, Hargreaves V, Reeve L, Bombick B. Development of a quantitative method for assessment of dose in in vitro evaluations using a VITROCELL® VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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50
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Nawroth JC, Barrile R, Conegliano D, van Riet S, Hiemstra PS, Villenave R. Stem cell-based Lung-on-Chips: The best of both worlds? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:12-32. [PMID: 30009883 PMCID: PMC7172977 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies of the respiratory system such as lung infections, chronic inflammatory lung diseases, and lung cancer are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, killing one in six people worldwide. Development of more effective treatments is hindered by the lack of preclinical models of the human lung that can capture the disease complexity, highly heterogeneous disease phenotypes, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics observed in patients. The merger of two novel technologies, Organs-on-Chips and human stem cell engineering, has the potential to deliver such urgently needed models. Organs-on-Chips, which are microengineered bioinspired tissue systems, recapitulate the mechanochemical environment and physiological functions of human organs while concurrent advances in generating and differentiating human stem cells promise a renewable supply of patient-specific cells for personalized and precision medicine. Here, we discuss the challenges of modeling human lung pathophysiology in vitro, evaluate past and current models including Organs-on-Chips, review the current status of lung tissue modeling using human pluripotent stem cells, explore in depth how stem-cell based Lung-on-Chips may advance disease modeling and drug testing, and summarize practical consideration for the design of Lung-on-Chips for academic and industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sander van Riet
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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