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Targa G, Mottarlini F, Rizzi B, Taddini S, Parolaro S, Fumagalli F, Caffino L. Anorexia-Induced Hypoleptinemia Drives Adaptations in the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in the Ventral and Dorsal Hippocampus of Female Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:1171. [PMID: 38674862 PMCID: PMC11054075 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an appetite-regulating adipokine that is reduced in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), a psychiatric disorder characterized by self-imposed starvation, and has been linked to hyperactivity, a hallmark of AN. However, it remains unknown how leptin receptor (LepR) and its JAK2-STAT3 downstream pathway in extrahypothalamic brain areas, such as the dorsal (dHip) and ventral (vHip) hippocampus, crucial for spatial memory and emotion regulation, may contribute to the maintenance of AN behaviors. Taking advantage of the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model (i.e., the combination of food restriction and physical activity), we observed reduced leptin plasma levels in adolescent female ABA rats at the acute phase of the disorder [post-natal day (PND) 42], while the levels increased over control levels following a 7-day recovery period (PND49). The analysis of the intracellular leptin pathway revealed that ABA rats showed an overall decrease of the LepR/JAK2/STAT3 signaling in dHip at both time points, while in vHip we observed a transition from hypo- (PND42) to hyperactivation (PND49) of the pathway. These changes might add knowledge on starvation-induced fluctuations in leptin levels and in hippocampal leptin signaling as initial drivers of the transition from adaptative mechanisms to starvation toward the maintenance of aberrant behaviors typical of AN patients, such as perpetuating restraint over eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Targa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences ‘Rodolfo Paoletti’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Mottarlini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences ‘Rodolfo Paoletti’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Beatrice Rizzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences ‘Rodolfo Paoletti’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Sofia Taddini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences ‘Rodolfo Paoletti’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Susanna Parolaro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences ‘Rodolfo Paoletti’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences ‘Rodolfo Paoletti’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Lucia Caffino
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences ‘Rodolfo Paoletti’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
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Geisler CE, Hayes MR. Metabolic Hormone Action in the VTA: Reward-Directed Behavior and Mechanistic Insights. Physiol Behav 2023; 268:114236. [PMID: 37178855 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional signaling in midbrain reward circuits perpetuates diseases characterized by compulsive overconsumption of rewarding substances such as substance abuse, binge eating disorder, and obesity. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic activity serves as an index for how rewarding stimuli are perceived and triggers behaviors necessary to obtain future rewards. The evolutionary linking of reward with seeking and consuming palatable foods ensured an organism's survival, and hormone systems that regulate appetite concomitantly developed to regulate motivated behaviors. Today, these same mechanisms serve to regulate reward-directed behavior around food, drugs, alcohol, and social interactions. Understanding how hormonal regulation of VTA dopaminergic output alters motivated behaviors is essential to leveraging therapeutics that target these hormone systems to treat addiction and disordered eating. This review will outline our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying VTA action of the metabolic hormones ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, amylin, leptin, and insulin to regulate behavior around food and drugs of abuse, highlighting commonalities and differences in how these five hormones ultimately modulate VTA dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Geisler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Haines MS. Endocrine complications of anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:24. [PMID: 36793059 PMCID: PMC9933399 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An important component in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) is the evaluation and management of its endocrine complications, including functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and increased fracture risk. The body's adaptive response to chronic starvation results in many endocrine abnormalities, most of which are reversible upon weight restoration. A multidisciplinary team with experience in treating patients with AN is critical to improving endocrine outcomes in patients with this disorder, including in women with AN who are interested in fertility. Much less is understood about endocrine abnormalities in men, as well as sexual and gender minorities, with AN. In this article, we review the pathophysiology and evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of endocrine complications in AN, as well as discuss the status of clinical research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Haines
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 750B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Lavoie O, Michael NJ, Caron A. A critical update on the leptin-melanocortin system. J Neurochem 2023; 165:467-486. [PMID: 36648204 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin in 1994 was an "eureka moment" in the field of neurometabolism that provided new opportunities to better understand the central control of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Rapidly, a prevalent model in the field emerged that pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons were key in promoting leptin's anorexigenic effects and that the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) was a key region for the regulation of energy homeostasis. While this model inspired many important discoveries, a growing body of literature indicates that this model is now outdated. In this review, we re-evaluate the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin model in light of recent advances that directly tackle previous assumptions, with a particular focus on the ARC. We discuss how segregated and heterogeneous these neurons are, and examine how the development of modern approaches allowing spatiotemporal, intersectional, and chemogenetic manipulations of melanocortin neurons has allowed a better definition of the complexity of the leptin-melanocortin system. We review the importance of leptin in regulating glucose homeostasis, but not food intake, through direct actions on ARC POMC neurons. We further highlight how non-POMC, GABAergic neurons mediate leptin's direct effects on energy balance and influence POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lavoie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie Jane Michael
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Hebebrand J, Hildebrandt T, Schlögl H, Seitz J, Denecke S, Vieira D, Gradl-Dietsch G, Peters T, Antel J, Lau D, Fulton S. The role of hypoleptinemia in the psychological and behavioral adaptation to starvation: implications for anorexia nervosa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104807. [PMID: 35931221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review aims to pinpoint mental and behavioral effects of starvation, which may be triggered by hypoleptinemia and as such may be amenable to treatment with leptin receptor agonists. The reduced leptin secretion results from the continuous loss of fat mass, thus initiating a graded triggering of diverse starvation related adaptive functions. In light of leptin receptors located in several peripheral tissues and many brain regions adaptations may extend beyond those of the hypothalamus-pituitary-end organ-axes. We focus on gastrointestinal tract and reward system as relevant examples of peripheral and central effects of leptin. Despite its association with extreme obesity, congenital leptin deficiency with its many parallels to a state of starvation allows the elucidation of mental symptoms amenable to treatment with exogenous leptin in both ob/ob mice and humans with this autosomal recessive disorder. For starvation induced behavioral changes with an intact leptin signaling we particularly focus on rodent models for which proof of concept has been provided for the causative role of hypoleptinemia. For humans, we highlight the major cognitive, emotional and behavioral findings of the Minnesota Starvation Experiment to contrast them with results obtained upon a lesser degree of caloric restriction. Evidence for hypoleptinemia induced mental changes also stems from findings obtained in lipodystrophies. In light of the recently reported beneficial cognitive, emotional and behavioral effects of metreleptin-administration in anorexia nervosa we discuss potential implications for the treatment of this eating disorder. We postulate that leptin has profound psychopharmacological effects in the state of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Tom Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Haiko Schlögl
- Department of Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia Denecke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Vieira
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Gertraud Gradl-Dietsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - David Lau
- Department of Nutrition, Neuroscience - University of Montreal & CRCHUM, Montréal QC H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- Department of Nutrition, Neuroscience - University of Montreal & CRCHUM, Montréal QC H3T1J4, Canada
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Ramírez-Plascencia OD, Saderi N, Cárdenas-Romero S, García-García F, Peña-Escudero C, Flores-Sandoval O, Azuara-Álvarez L, Báez-Ruiz A, Salgado-Delgado R. Leptin and adiponectin regulate the activity of nuclei involved in sleep-wake cycle in male rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:907508. [PMID: 35937866 PMCID: PMC9355486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.907508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence recognize a relationship between sleep-wake cycles and adiposity levels, but the mechanisms that link both are not entirely understood. Adipose tissue secretes adiponectin and leptin hormones, mainly involved as indicators of adiposity levels and recently associated to sleep. To understand how two of the main adipose tissue hormones could influence sleep-wake regulation, we evaluated in male rats, the effect of direct administration of adiponectin or leptin in the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei (VLPO), a major area for sleep promotion. The presence of adiponectin (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) and leptin receptors in VLPO were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Adiponectin administration increased wakefulness during the rest phase, reduced delta power, and activated wake-promoting neurons, such as the locus coeruleus (LC), tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) and hypocretin/orexin neurons (OX) within the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and perifornical area (PeF). Conversely, leptin promoted REM and NREM sleep, including increase of delta power during NREM sleep, and induced c-Fos expression in VLPO and melanin concentrating hormone expressing neurons (MCH). In addition, a reduction in wake-promoting neurons activity was found in the TMN, lateral hypothalamus (LH) and perifornical area (PeF), including in the OX neurons. Moreover, leptin administration reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the LC. Our data suggest that adiponectin and leptin act as hormonal mediators between the status of body energy and the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Daniel Ramírez-Plascencia
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nadia Saderi
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Skarleth Cárdenas-Romero
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Fabio García-García
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Carolina Peña-Escudero
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Omar Flores-Sandoval
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Lucia Azuara-Álvarez
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Adrián Báez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Roberto Salgado-Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Roberto Salgado-Delgado,
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Saeed R, Mahmood K, Ali SB, Haleem DJ. Behavioral, Hormonal, and Serotonergic Responses to Different Restricted Feeding Schedules in Rats. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221104729. [PMID: 35757086 PMCID: PMC9218908 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of long-term restricted feeding schedules on behavior, serotonergic responses, and neuro-endocrine functions, metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in the striatum, expression of serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) auto-receptor in the raphe nuclei and circulating levels of leptin and corticosterone were determined in female Wistar rats kept on excessive food restriction schedule. Due to a role of dietary deficiency of tryptophan (Trp) in influencing serotonergic neurotransmission, circulating levels of Trp were also determined. Estimations were done in 2 different restricted feeding models: time-restricted feeding (TRF) and diet restricted (DR). TRF animals were given access to food ad libitum only for 2 hours/day. The DR animals were given a small calculated amount of food each day. We found that chronic food restriction for 5 weeks cause a significant decrease in the body weight and produced hyperactivity in both, TRF and DR animals. Levels of Trp were declined in circulation and in the striatum. Similarly, the levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were decreased in the striatum. Also, the expression of 5-HT1A auto-receptor was declined in the raphe nuclei. These changes in 5-HT metabolism and 5-HT1A auto-receptor expression were more profound in DR animals as compare to TRF animals. Similarly, hypoleptinemia and increased corticosterone found in both models was higher in DR animals. Effect of dietary deficiency of Trp in the modulation of striatal 5-HT metabolism and its consequences on circulating leptin and corticosterone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Saeed
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Basharat Ali
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan
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Abstract
Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder) are a heterogeneous class of complex illnesses marked by weight and appetite dysregulation coupled with distinctive behavioral and psychological features. Our understanding of their genetics and neurobiology is evolving thanks to global cooperation on genome-wide association studies, neuroimaging, and animal models. Until now, however, these approaches have advanced the field in parallel, with inadequate cross-talk. This review covers overlapping advances in these key domains and encourages greater integration of hypotheses and findings to create a more unified science of eating disorders. We highlight ongoing and future work designed to identify implicated biological pathways that will inform staging models based on biology as well as targeted prevention and tailored intervention, and will galvanize interest in the development of pharmacologic agents that target the core biology of the illnesses, for which we currently have few effective pharmacotherapeutics.
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Daimon CM, Hentges ST. Inhibition of POMC neurons in mice undergoing activity-based anorexia selectively blunts food anticipatory activity without affecting body weight or food intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R219-R227. [PMID: 35043681 PMCID: PMC8858678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00313.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a debilitating eating disorder characterized by severely restricted eating and significant body weight loss. In addition, many individuals also report engaging in excessive exercise. Previous research using the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model has implicated the hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) system. Using the ABA model, Pomc mRNA has been shown to be transiently elevated in both male and female rodents undergoing ABA. In addition, the POMC peptide β-endorphin appears to contribute to food anticipatory activity (FAA), a characteristic of ABA, as both deletion and antagonism of the µ opioid receptor (MOR) that β-endorphin targets, results in decreased FAA. The role of β-endorphin in reduced food intake in ABA is unknown and POMC neurons release multiple transmitters in addition to β-endorphin. In the current study, we set out to determine whether targeted inhibition of POMC neurons themselves rather than their peptide products would lessen the severity of ABA. Inhibition of POMC neurons during ABA via chemogenetic Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) technology resulted in reduced FAA in both male and female mice with no significant changes in body weight or food intake. The selective reduction in FAA persisted even in the face of concurrent chemogenetic inhibition of additional cell types in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. The results suggest that POMC neurons could be contributing preferentially to excessive exercise habits in patients with AN. Furthermore, the results also suggest that metabolic control during ABA appears to take place via a POMC neuron-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Daimon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Shane T. Hentges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Beeler JA, Mourra D, Zanca RM, Kalmbach A, Gellman C, Klein BY, Ravenelle R, Serrano P, Moore H, Rayport S, Mingote S, Burghardt NS. Vulnerable and Resilient Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:829-842. [PMID: 32950210 PMCID: PMC7855473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physical activity is a common feature of anorexia nervosa (AN). Although high activity levels are associated with greater risk of developing AN, particularly when combined with dieting, most individuals who diet and exercise maintain a healthy body weight. It is unclear why some individuals develop AN while most do not. A rodent model of resilience and vulnerability to AN would be valuable to research. Dopamine, which is believed to play a crucial role in AN, regulates both reward and activity and may modulate vulnerability. METHODS Adolescent and young adult female C57BL/6N mice were tested in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model, with an extended period of food restriction in adult mice. ABA was also tested in dopamine transporter knockdown mice and wild-type littermates. Mice that adapted to conditions and maintained a stable body weight were characterized as resilient. RESULTS In adults, vulnerable and resilient phenotypes emerged in both the ABA and food-restricted mice without wheels. Vulnerable mice exhibited a pronounced increase in running throughout the light cycle, which dramatically peaked prior to requiring removal from the experiment. Resilient mice exhibited an adaptive decrease in total running, appropriate food anticipatory activity, and increased consumption, thereby achieving stable body weight. Hyperdopaminergia accelerated progression of the vulnerable phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our demonstration of distinct resilient and vulnerable phenotypes in mouse ABA significantly advances the utility of the model for identifying genes and neural substrates mediating AN risk and resilience. Modulation of dopamine may play a central role in the underlying circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Beeler
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
| | - Devry Mourra
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
| | - Roseanna M. Zanca
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Abigail Kalmbach
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Celia Gellman
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Klein
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10031 USA,Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Peter Serrano
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Holly Moore
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Systems Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Susana Mingote
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA,Advanced Science Research Center, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Nesha S. Burghardt
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA,Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
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11
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Spadini S, Ferro M, Lamanna J, Malgaroli A. Activity-based anorexia animal model: a review of the main neurobiological findings. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:123. [PMID: 34600568 PMCID: PMC8487535 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genesis of anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe eating disorder with a pervasive effect on many brain functions such as attention, emotions, reward processing, cognition and motor control, has not yet been understood. Since our current knowledge of the genetic aspects of AN is limited, we are left with a large and diversified number of biological, psychological and environmental risk factors, called into question as potential triggers of this chronic condition with a high relapse rate. One of the most valid and used animal models for AN is the activity-based anorexia (ABA), which recapitulates important features of the human condition. This model is generated from naïve rodents by a self-motivated caloric restriction, where a fixed schedule food delivery induces spontaneous increased physical activity. AIM In this review, we sought to provide a summary of the experimental research conducted using the ABA model in the pursuit of potential neurobiological mechanism(s) underlying AN. METHOD The experimental work presented here includes evidence for neuroanatomical and neurophysiological changes in several brain regions as well as for the dysregulation of specific neurochemical synaptic and neurohormonal pathways. RESULTS The most likely hypothesis for the mechanism behind the development of the ABA phenotype relates to an imbalance of the neural circuitry that mediates reward processing. Evidence collected here suggests that ABA animals show a large set of alterations, involving regions whose functions extend way beyond the control of reward mechanisms and eating habits. Hence, we cannot exclude a primary role of these alterations from a mechanistic theory of ABA induction. CONCLUSIONS These findings are not sufficient to solve such a major enigma in neuroscience, still they could be used to design ad hoc further experimental investigation. The prospect is that, since treatment of AN is still challenging, the ABA model could be more effectively used to shed light on the complex AN neurobiological framework, thus supporting the future development of therapeutic strategies but also the identification of biomarkers and diagnostic tools. Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder with a dramatic effect on many functions of our brain, such as attention, emotions, cognition and motion control. Since our current knowledge of the genetic aspects behind the development of AN is still limited, many biological, psychological and environmental factors must be taken into account as potential triggers of this condition. One of the most valid animal models for studying AN is the activity-based anorexia (ABA). In this model, rodents spontaneously limit food intake and start performing increased physical activity on a running wheel, a result of the imposition of a fixed time schedule for food delivery. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the experimental research conducted using the ABA model, which includes extended evidence for changes in the anatomy and function of the brain of ABA rodents. The hope is that such integrated view will support the design of future experiments that will shed light on the complex brain mechanisms behind AN. Such advanced knowledge is crucial to find new, effective strategies for both the early diagnosis of AN and for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spadini
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Daimon CM, Hentges ST. β-endorphin differentially contributes to food anticipatory activity in male and female mice undergoing activity-based anorexia. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14788. [PMID: 33661571 PMCID: PMC7931805 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) has a lifetime prevalence of up to 4% and a high mortality rate (~5-10%), yet little is known regarding the etiology of this disease. In an attempt to fill the gaps in knowledge, activity-based anorexia (ABA) in rodents has been a widely used model as it mimics several key features of AN including severely restricted food intake and excessive exercise. Using this model, a role for the hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) system has been implicated in the development of ABA as Pomc mRNA is elevated in female rats undergoing the ABA paradigm. Since the Pomc gene product α-MSH potently inhibits food intake, it could be that elevated α-MSH might promote ABA. However, the α-MSH receptor antagonist SHU9119 does not protect against the development of ABA. Interestingly, it has also been shown that female mice lacking the mu opioid receptor (MOR), the primary receptor activated by the Pomc-gene-derived opioid β-endorphin, display blunted food anticipatory behavior (FAA), a key feature of ABA. Thus, we hypothesized that the elevation in Pomc mRNA observed during ABA may lead to increased β-endorphin concentrations and MOR activation to promote ABA. Further, given the known sex differences in AN and ABA, we hypothesized that MORs may contribute differentially in male and female mice. Using wild-type and MOR knockout mice of both sexes, a MOR antagonist and careful analysis of food anticipatory behavior and β-endorphin levels, we found 1) increased Pomc mRNA levels in both female and male mice that underwent ABA, 2) increased β-endorphin in female mice that underwent ABA, and 3) blunted FAA in both sexes in response to MOR genetic deletion yet blunted FAA only in males in response to MOR antagonism. The results presented provide support for both hypotheses and suggest that it may be the β-endorphin resulting from increased Pomc transcription that supports the development of some features of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Daimon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shane T Hentges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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13
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Scharner S, Stengel A. Animal Models for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:596381. [PMID: 33551774 PMCID: PMC7854692 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.596381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image which usually leads to low caloric intake and hyperactivity. The underlying mechanism and pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa is still poorly understood. In order to learn more about the underlying pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and to find further possible treatment options, several animal models mimicking anorexia nervosa have been developed. The aim of this review is to systematically search different databases and provide an overview of existing animal models and to discuss the current knowledge gained from animal models of anorexia nervosa. For the systematic data search, the Pubmed—Medline database, Embase database, and Web of Science database were searched. After removal of duplicates and the systematic process of selection, 108 original research papers were included in this systematic review. One hundred and six studies were performed with rodents and 2 on monkeys. Eighteen different animal models for anorexia nervosa were used in these studies. Parameters assessed in many studies were body weight, food intake, physical activity, cessation of the estrous cycle in female animals, behavioral changes, metabolic and hormonal alterations. The most commonly used animal model (75 of the studies) is the activity-based anorexia model in which typically young rodents are exposed to time-reduced access to food (a certain number of hours a day) with unrestricted access to a running wheel. Of the genetic animal models, one that is of particular interest is the anx/anx mice model. Animal models have so far contributed many findings to the understanding of mechanisms of hunger and satiety, physical activity and cognition in an underweight state and other mechanisms relevant for anorexia nervosa in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scharner
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Tolle V, Ramoz N, Epelbaum J. Is there a hypothalamic basis for anorexia nervosa? HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 181:405-424. [PMID: 34238474 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus has long been known to control food intake and energy metabolism through a complex network of primary and secondary neurons and glial cells. Anorexia nervosa being a complex disorder characterized by abnormal feeding behavior and food aversion, it is thus quite surprising that not much is known concerning potential hypothalamic modifications in this disorder. In this chapter, we review the recent advances in the fields of genetics, epigenetics, structural and functional imaging, and brain connectivity, as well as neuroendocrine findings and emerging animal models, which have begun to unravel the importance of hypothalamic adaptive processes to our understanding of the pathology of eating disorders.
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15
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Short-term metreleptin treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa: rapid on-set of beneficial cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:303. [PMID: 32855384 PMCID: PMC7453199 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the hypothesis that normalization of low circulating leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa ameliorates hyperactivity, three seriously ill females with hyperactivity were treated off-label with metreleptin (recombinant human leptin) for up to 14 days. Drive for activity, repetitive thoughts of food, inner restlessness, and weight phobia decreased in two patients. Surprisingly, depression improved rapidly in all patients. No serious adverse events occurred. Due to obvious limitations of uncontrolled case series, placebo-controlled clinical trials are mandatory to confirm the observed rapid onset of beneficial effects. Our findings suggest an important role of hypoleptinemia in the mental and behavioral phenotype of anorexia nervosa.
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16
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Cassioli E, Rossi E, Squecco R, Baccari MC, Maggi M, Vignozzi L, Comeglio P, Gironi V, Lelli L, Rotella F, Monteleone AM, Ricca V, Castellini G. Reward and psychopathological correlates of eating disorders: The explanatory role of leptin. Psychiatry Res 2020; 290:113071. [PMID: 32464424 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that leptin level alterations in Eating Disorders (EDs) represent a maintaining factor for pathological reward-related ED behaviors, given leptin role in the dopaminergic reward systems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of leptin in EDs as a mediator for the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and several pathological behaviors, such as dietary restraint, compensatory exercise, vomiting, binge eating and emotional eating. Sixty-two patients with EDs and 41 healthy controls (HC) had their blood drawn and completed psychometric tests for the evaluation of general psychopathology, ED psychopathology and emotional eating. Moderated linear regression models showed that, in the presence of high levels of ED psychopathology, leptin levels were negatively associated with dietary restraint and compensatory exercise, and positively with emotional eating and binge eating. Finally, leptin showed an indirect effect on the association between BMI and all these reward-related behaviors. These results suggest that a variation of BMI maintains these pathological ED behaviors through a variation in leptin levels. Considering the role of leptin in reward circuits, the results seem to confirm an aberrant food-related reward mechanism in ED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cassioli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Veronica Gironi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lelli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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17
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Wen J, Chi QS, Wang DH, Zhao ZJ. The responses of metabolic rate and neuropeptides to food deprivation in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) with different basal metabolic rate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:483-492. [PMID: 32314557 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High basal metabolic rate (BMR) is related to a powerful metabolic engine even under food shortage, which can lead to high levels of daily energy expenditure and requires more energy for maintenance in small mammals. To test the hypothesis that animals with different BMR levels respond differently to food shortage, we compared the changes in metabolism, morphology, and gene expression in response to food deprivation (FD) in male-striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) with low (L)- or high (H)-BMR levels. After 36 hr of FD, energy expenditure, metabolic rate (MR), mass of body composition, and leptin and agouti-related peptide gene expressions in the white adipose tissues and the hypothalamus, respectively, decreased significantly in hamsters. The energy expenditure of H-BMR hamsters was reduced more than that of L-BMR hamsters after 36 hr of FD. Furthermore, MR was significantly reduced by FD, and that of the H-BMR group decreased more than that of the L-BMR group during the daytime. Therefore, our data suggest that striped hamsters with different BMR display different responses to variations in food availability. During FD, MR in H-BMR hamsters was more flexible than that in L-BMR animals and L-BMR hamsters could not reduce their MR any lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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18
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Fraga A, Carreira MC, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Diéguez C, López M, Gutiérrez E. Temperature but not leptin prevents semi-starvation induced hyperactivity in rats: implications for anorexia nervosa treatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5300. [PMID: 32210308 PMCID: PMC7093431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis linking hyperactivity with weight loss associated hypoleptinemia in anorexia nervosa gained momentum after a study showing that leptin suppressed semi-starvation induced hyperactivity in rats. Alternatively, ambient temperature is a key modulating factor of activity in semi-starved rats. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of leptin with increased ambient temperature in the prevention of hyperactivity in semi-starved rats. 74 Sprague-Dawley male rats were employed in two experiments with the difference residing in the length of baseline. After an extended (28 days), or shorter (14 days) baseline with free access to food and the running wheel, housed at 21 °C, animals were either ad-lib feed or food restricted (60% of food ingested during previous week) and infused with same amount of leptin at 21 °C, 25 °C, or vehicle at 21 °C, 25 °C and 32 °C for a week. Animals housed at 32 °C significantly reduced wheel running and weight loss during food restriction while animals given leptin did not yield no differences in activity or weight loss. Moreover, unlike animals housed at 32 °C, body temperature of leptin infused animals housed at 21 °C was significantly reduced during food restriction. Furthermore, leptin treated rats without a preceding stable pattern of activity displayed a severe dysregulation of circadian rhythm in activity and a collapse of body temperature. Housing temperature plays a more critical role than leptin in the regulation of semi-starvation induced hyperactivity in rats, which may be of relevance for the management of hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fraga
- Department Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marcos C Carreira
- Lab de Endocrinología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complej o Hospitalario de Santiago (CHUS), A Coruña, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Gonzalez-Izquierdo
- Lab de Endocrinología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complej o Hospitalario de Santiago (CHUS), A Coruña, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Emilio Gutiérrez
- Department Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Unidad Venres Clínicos, Facultad de Psicología, Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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19
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Gorrell S, Collins AG, Le Grange D, Yang TT. Dopaminergic activity and exercise behavior in anorexia nervosa. OBM NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 4:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2001053. [PMID: 33569542 PMCID: PMC7872149 DOI: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Driven exercise (i.e., the tendency to exercise in excess to influence weight/shape or regulate emotion) is difficult to manage in the context of anorexia nervosa, and is associated with poorer treatment outcomes, and psychological and medical severity. Driven exercise is observed in a considerable number of those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa; however, to date, this hallmark symptom remains poorly understood. Dopamine signaling is implicated in motivating and maintaining appetitive behavior among patients with eating disorders; but, much less is known about the role of dopamine signaling specific to the symptom of driven exercise. An improved understanding of this biobehavioral mechanism may inform the etiology of driven exercise in anorexia nervosa, with the potential to impact future research and treatment efforts. This review describes the role that dopamine serves in maintaining symptoms in the context of anorexia nervosa, and synthesizes current relevant evidence on exercise in AN and related dopaminergic activity. Throughout, theoretical implications are discussed, along with critical directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne G.E. Collins
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (Emeritus)
| | - Tony T. Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Duriez P, Ramoz N, Gorwood P, Viltart O, Tolle V. A Metabolic Perspective on Reward Abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:915-928. [PMID: 31648936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is the psychiatric disorder with the highest mortality rate; however, the mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic loci associated with metabolic features in AN. Metabolic alterations that occur in AN have been mostly considered as consequences of the chronic undernutrition state but until recently have not been linked to the etiology of the disorder. We review the molecular basis of AN based on human genetics, with an emphasis on the molecular components controlling energy homeostasis, highlight the main metabolic and endocrine alterations occurring in AN, and decipher the possible connection between metabolic factors and abnormalities of reward processes that are central in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1266 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to describe animal models that simulate the features of eating disorders. The literature pertaining to animal models that are of relevance for clinical eating disorders and the possible underpinning mechanisms was reviewed using PubMed, Ovid database and Google Scholar. RECENT FINDINGS New refinements of the circuits regulated by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides which instigate eating behaviours and the various feedback pathways which monitor acute and chronic nutrient status continue to be discovered. Moreover, work with the animal models that simulate the behavioural features and risk factors related to eating disorders is flourishing and providing new insights into possible causal mechanisms. For example, rodents develop binge-eating behaviours if they are intermittently exposed to processed, palatable foods and/or sugar adulterated drinks. This led to the controversial conceptualization of binge eating as a form of food addiction. Self-starvation taken to a fatal consequence such as occurs in anorexia nervosa can emerge in rodents exposed to triggers like social exclusion and/or the opportunity to exercise. SUMMARY There are plausible animal models for both anorexia nervosa and binge-eating disorders. These can be used to elaborate the theoretical models to explain the mechanisms underpinning eating disorders.
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22
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Schalla MA, Stengel A. Activity Based Anorexia as an Animal Model for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31165073 PMCID: PMC6536653 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder affecting around 1 per 100 persons. However, the knowledge about its underlying pathophysiology is limited. To address the need for a better understanding of AN, an animal model was established early on in the late 1960's: the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model in which rats have access to a running wheel combined with restricted food access leading to self-starving/body weight loss and hyperactivity. Both symptoms, separately or combined, can also be found in patients with AN. The aim of this systematic review was to compile the current knowledge about this animal model as well as to address gaps in knowledge. Using the data bases of PubMed, Embase and Web of science 102 publications were identified meeting the search criteria. Here, we show that the ABA model mimics core features of human AN and has been characterized with regards to brain alterations, hormonal changes as well as adaptations of the immune system. Moreover, pharmacological interventions in ABA animals and new developments, such as a chronic adaptation of the ABA model, will be highlighted. The chronic model might be well suited to display AN characteristics but should be further characterized. Lastly, limitations of the model will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Lightfoot JT, DE Geus EJC, Booth FW, Bray MS, DEN Hoed M, Kaprio J, Kelly SA, Pomp D, Saul MC, Thomis MA, Garland T, Bouchard C. Biological/Genetic Regulation of Physical Activity Level: Consensus from GenBioPAC. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:863-873. [PMID: 29166322 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity unquestionably maintains and improves health; however, physical activity levels globally are low and not rising despite all the resources devoted to this goal. Attention in both the research literature and the public policy domain has focused on social-behavioral factors; however, a growing body of literature suggests that biological determinants play a significant role in regulating physical activity levels. For instance, physical activity level, measured in various manners, has a genetic component in both humans and nonhuman animal models. This consensus article, developed as a result of an American College of Sports Medicine-sponsored round table, provides a brief review of the theoretical concepts and existing literature that supports a significant role of genetic and other biological factors in the regulation of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Future research on physical activity regulation should incorporate genetics and other biological determinants of physical activity instead of a sole reliance on social and other environmental determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Eco J C DE Geus
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Molly S Bray
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Marcel DEN Hoed
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Scott A Kelly
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Michael C Saul
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Martine A Thomis
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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24
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Støving RK. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Anorexia nervosa and endocrinology: a clinical update. Eur J Endocrinol 2019; 180:R9-R27. [PMID: 30400050 PMCID: PMC6347284 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a syndrome, that is collections of symptoms, which is not defined by its etiology. The severe cases are intractable. The syndrome is associated with multiple, profound endocrine alterations which may be adaptive, reactive or etiologic. Adaptive changes potentially may be inappropriate in clinical settings such as inpatient intensive re-nutrition or in a setting with somatic comorbidity. Electrolyte levels must be closely monitored during the refeeding process, and the need for weight gain must be balanced against potentially fatal refeeding complications. An important focus of clinical research should be to identify biomarkers associated with different stages of weight loss and re-nutrition combined with psychometric data. Besides well-established peripheral endocrine actions, several hormones also are released directly to different brain areas, where they may exert behavioral and psychogenic actions that could offer therapeutic targets. We need reliable biomarkers for predicting outcome and to ensure safe re-nutrition, however, first of all we need them to explore the metabolism in anorexia nervosa to open new avenues with therapeutic targets. A breakthrough in our understanding and treatment of this whimsical disease remains. Considering this, the aim of the present review is to provide an updated overview of the many endocrine changes in a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Klinkby Støving
- Nutrition Clinic, Center for Eating Disorders, Odense University Hospital
- Endocrine Elite Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Research, University of South Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences
- Psychiatric Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to R K Støving;
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25
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WEN J, TAN S, WANG D, ZHAO Z. Variation of food availability affects male striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis
) with different levels of metabolic rate. Integr Zool 2018; 13:769-782. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing WEN
- College of Life and Environmental Science; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Song TAN
- College of Life and Environmental Science; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou China
| | - Dehua WANG
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhijun ZHAO
- College of Life and Environmental Science; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou China
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26
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Evaluating anhedonia in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:324-332. [PMID: 29913226 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering anorexia nervosa (AN) become anhedonic, in other words, unable or unwilling to derive normal pleasures and avoid rewarding outcomes, most profoundly in food intake. The neurobiological underpinnings of anhedonia are likely to involve mesolimbic reward circuitry. We propose here that this circuitry and its involvement in AN can be investigated using the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model that recapitulates many of the characteristics of the human condition, most notably rapid weight loss. Preference for sweetened water was used to assay hedonic processing in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to the ABA protocol, which involves free access to running wheels paired with time-limited access to food. This protocol uncovered a transient anhedonia in only one quarter of cases; however, exposure to running wheels alone was associated with a rapid aversion to sweetened water (F1.833, 20.17 = 78.29, p < .0001), and time-limited food access alone did not impact preference (F2.205, 24.25 = 0.305, p = .761). High levels of running wheel activity prior to the onset of food restriction increased susceptibility to body weight loss in ABA (F10,196.129 = 2.069, p = .029) and food anticipatory activity predicted subsequent food intake only for rats that were resistant to body weight loss (r = 0.44, p = .001). These data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that anhedonia underscores the precipitous weight loss in ABA, however, they highlight the predictive nature of hyperactivity in susceptibility to the ABA paradigm. These results will help inform the neurobiological framework of ABA and provide insight into the mechanisms of reward relevant to feeding and weight loss.
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27
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Viltart O, Duriez P, Tolle V. Metabolic and neuroendocrine adaptations to undernutrition in anorexia nervosa: from a clinical to a basic research point of view. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 36:hmbci-2018-0010. [PMID: 29804101 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The exact mechanisms linking metabolic and neuroendocrine adaptations to undernutrition and the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) are not fully understood. AN is a psychiatric disorder of complex etiology characterized by extreme starvation while the disease is progressing into a chronic state. Metabolic and endocrine alterations associated to this disorder are part of a powerful response to maintain whole body energy homeostasis. But these modifications may also contribute to associated neuropsychiatric symptoms (reward abnormalities, anxiety, depression) and thus participate to sustain the disease. The current review presents data with both a clinical and basic research point of view on the role of nutritional and energy sensors with neuroendocrine actions in the pathophysiology of the disease, as they modulate metabolic responses, reproductive functions, stress responses as well as physical activity. While clinical data present a full description of changes occurring in AN, animal models that integrate either spontaneous genetic mutations or experimentally-induced food restriction with hyperactivity and/or social stress recapitulate the main metabolic and endocrine alterations of AN and provide mechanistic information between undernutrition state and symptoms of the disease. Further progress on the central and peripheral mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of eating disorders partly relies on the development and/or refinement of existing animal models to include recently identified genetic traits and better mimic the complex and multifactorial dimensions of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Viltart
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université de Lille (Sciences et technologies), Lille, France
| | - Philibert Duriez
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale (CMME), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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28
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Minatoya M, Itoh S, Araki A, Tamura N, Yamazaki K, Miyashita C, Kishi R. Association between Fetal Adipokines and Child Behavioral Problems at Preschool Age: The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010120. [PMID: 29324697 PMCID: PMC5800219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies have suggested associations between maternal obesity and mental health problems of their children. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. A possible mechanism can be via inflammatory states and the other possible mechanism is metabolic hormone-induced programming. Cross-talk between adipokines, including inflammatory cytokines and metabolic hormones secreted from adipose tissue and the central nervous system needs to be further investigated to elucidate the mechanism. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between fetal adipokine levels and child behavioral problems at preschool age. Cord blood adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured and child behavioral problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at preschool age. Logistic regression models adjusted by related maternal factors were performed to examine the association between cord blood adipokines and child behavioral problems. Three hundred and sixty-one children were included in the final analysis. A significant association between decreased hyperactivity/inattention and increased leptin was found (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.06–0.89). Cord blood adiponectin, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were not associated with child behavioral problems. Our findings suggested that cord blood adipokines, particularly, leptin level, may be a predictor of hyperactivity/inattention problems at preschool age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Minatoya
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Naomi Tamura
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Keiko Yamazaki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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29
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Monteleone AM, Castellini G, Volpe U, Ricca V, Lelli L, Monteleone P, Maj M. Neuroendocrinology and brain imaging of reward in eating disorders: A possible key to the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:132-142. [PMID: 28259721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are severe eating disorders whose etiopathogenesis is still unknown. Clinical features suggest that eating disorders may develop as reward-dependent syndromes, since eating less food is perceived as rewarding in anorexia nervosa while consumption of large amounts of food during binge episodes in bulimia nervosa aims at reducing the patient's negative emotional states. Therefore, brain reward mechanisms have been a major focus of research in the attempt to contribute to the comprehension of the pathophysiology of these disorders. Structural brain imaging data provided the evidence that brain reward circuits may be altered in patients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa. Similarly, functional brain imaging studies exploring the activation of brain reward circuits by food stimuli as well as by stimuli recognized to be potentially rewarding for eating disordered patients, such as body image cues or stimuli related to food deprivation and physical hyperactivity, showed several dysfunctions in ED patients. Moreover, very recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the biochemical homeostatic modulators of eating behavior are also implicated in the regulation of food-related and non-food-related reward, representing a possible link between the aberrant behaviors of ED subjects and their hypothesized deranged reward processes. In particular, changes in leptin and ghrelin occur in patients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa and have been suggested to represent not only homeostatic adaptations to an altered energy balance but to contribute also to the acquisition and/or maintenance of persistent starvation, binge eating and physical hyperactivity, which are potentially rewarding for ED patients. On the basis of such findings new pathogenetic models of EDs have been proposed, and these models may provide new theoretical basis for the development of innovative treatment strategies, either psychological and pharmacological, with the aim to improve the outcomes of so severe disabling disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
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30
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WEN J, TAN S, QIAO Q, SHI L, HUANG Y, ZHAO Z. Strategies of behavior, energetic and thermogenesis of striped hamsters in response to food deprivation. Integr Zool 2018; 13:70-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing WEN
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Song TAN
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Qinggang QIAO
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Lulu SHI
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Yixin HUANG
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Zhijun ZHAO
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
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31
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Stengel A, Haas V, Elbelt U, Correll CU, Rose M, Hofmann T. Leptin and Physical Activity in Adult Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: Failure to Demonstrate a Simple Linear Association. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111210. [PMID: 29099750 PMCID: PMC5707682 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High physical activity (PA) in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) is hypothesized to be, at least in part, a consequence of hypoleptinemia. However, most studies on the association of leptin and PA in AN were performed in adolescents or young adults, and PA was generally measured with subjective tools. We aimed to explore the association of leptin and PA in adults with AN using an objective technique to quantify PA. Using a cross-sectional, observational design, we analyzed body fat (bioelectrical impedance), PA (accelerometry, SenseWear™ armband) and plasma leptin (ELISA) in 61 women with AN (median age: 25 years, range: 18–52 years; median BMI: 14.8 ± 2.0 kg/m2) at the start of hospitalization. Results indicated a mean step count per day of 12,841 ± 6408 (range: 3956–37,750). Leptin was closely associated with BMI and body fat (ρ = 0.508 and ρ = 0.669, p < 0.001), but not with steps (ρ = 0.015, p = 0.908). Moreover, no significant association was observed between BMI and steps (ρ = 0.189, p = 0.146). In conclusion, there was no simple, linear association of leptin and PA, highlighting the need for more complex and non-linear models to analyze the association of leptin and PA in adults with AN in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Verena Haas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Ulf Elbelt
- Center for Internal Medicine with Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Division for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 13353, Germany.
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Hofstra/Northwell, Islandia, NY 11749, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
| | - Matthias Rose
- Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hofmann
- Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) are the primary eating disorders (EDs). The only psychopharmacological treatment options for EDs with approval in some countries include fluoxetine for BN and lisdexamfetamine for BED. Given the high comorbidity and genetic correlations with other psychiatric disorders, it seems possible that novel medications for these conditions might also be effective in EDs. Areas covered: The current scientific literature has increased our understanding of how medication could be beneficial for patients with EDs on a molecular, functional and behavioral level. On the basis of theoretical considerations about neurotransmitters, hormones and neural circuits, possible drug targets for the treatment of EDs may include signal molecules and receptors of the self-regulatory system such as serotonin, norepinephrine and glutamate, the hedonic system including opioids, cannabinoids and dopamine and the hypothalamic homeostatic system including histamine, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1. Expert commentary: The latest research points to an involvement of both the immune and the metabolic systems in the pathophysiology of EDs and highlights the importance of the microbiome. Therefore, the next few years may unveil drug targets for EDs not just inside and outside of the brain, but possibly even outside of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus Himmerich
- a Department of Psychological Medicine , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- a Department of Psychological Medicine , King's College London , London , UK
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Scherma M, Satta V, Collu R, Boi MF, Usai P, Fratta W, Fadda P. Cannabinoid CB 1 /CB 2 receptor agonists attenuate hyperactivity and body weight loss in a rat model of activity-based anorexia. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2682-2695. [PMID: 28561272 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric condition characterized by excessive body weight loss and disturbed perceptions of body shape and size, often associated with excessive physical activity. There is currently no effective drug-related therapy of this disease and this leads to high relapse rate. Clinical data suggest that a promising therapy to treat and reduce reoccurrence of AN may be based on the use of drugs that target the endocannabinoid (EC) system, which appears dysregulated in AN patients. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model mimics the severe body weight loss and increased physical activity, as well as the neuroendocrine disturbances (i.e. hypoleptinaemia and hypercortisolaemia) in AN. This study investigated whether cannabinoid agonists can effectively modify anorexic-like behaviours and neuroendocrine changes in rats subjected to a repeated ABA regime that mimics the human condition in which patients repeatedly undergo a recovery and illness cycle. KEY RESULTS Our data show that subchronic treatment with both the natural CB1 /CB2 receptor agonist Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and the synthetic CB1 /CB2 receptor agonist CP-55,940 significantly reduced body weight loss and running wheel activity in ABA rats. These behavioural effects were accompanied by an increase in leptin signalling and a decrease in plasma levels of corticosterone. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our results further demonstrate the involvement of the EC system in AN pathophysiology and that strategies which modulate EC signalling are useful to treat this disorder, specifically in patients where physical hyperactivity plays a central role in its progression and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Satta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Collu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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34
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Achamrah N, Nobis S, Goichon A, Breton J, Legrand R, do Rego JL, do Rego JC, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO, Belmonte L, Coëffier M. Sex differences in response to activity-based anorexia model in C57Bl/6 mice. Physiol Behav 2017; 170:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Gaetani S, Romano A, Provensi G, Ricca V, Lutz T, Passani MB. Eating disorders: from bench to bedside and back. J Neurochem 2016; 139:691-699. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Discovery and Child Health (NEUROFARBA); University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Discovery and Child Health (NEUROFARBA); University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Thomas Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Center of Integrative Human Physiology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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36
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The Role of Psychotropic Medications in the Management of Anorexia Nervosa: Rationale, Evidence and Future Prospects. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:419-42. [PMID: 27106297 PMCID: PMC4873415 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder without approved medication intervention. Every class of psychoactive medication has been tried to improve treatment outcome; however, randomized controlled trials have been ambiguous at best and across studies have not shown robust improvements in weight gain and recovery. Here we review the available literature on pharmacological interventions since AN came to greater public recognition in the 1960s, including a critical review of why those trials may not have been successful. We further provide a neurobiological background for the disorder and discuss how cognition, learning, and emotion-regulating circuits could become treatment targets in the future. Making every effort to develop effective pharmacological treatment options for AN is imperative as it continues to be a complex psychiatric disorder with high disease burden and mortality.
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Interacting Neural Processes of Feeding, Hyperactivity, Stress, Reward, and the Utility of the Activity-Based Anorexia Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2016; 24:416-436. [PMID: 27824637 PMCID: PMC5485261 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness with minimal effective treatments and a very high rate of mortality. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of the disease is imperative for improving outcomes and can be aided by the study of animal models. The activity-based anorexia rodent model (ABA) is the current best parallel for the study of AN. This review describes the basic neurobiology of feeding and hyperactivity seen in both ABA and AN, and compiles the research on the role that stress-response and reward pathways play in modulating the homeostatic drive to eat and to expend energy, which become dysfunctional in ABA and AN.
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Abstract
Hunger increases physical activity and stamina to support food-directed foraging behaviors, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this issue, Fernandes et al. (2015) show that disruption of leptin-regulated STAT3 signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons increases the rewarding effects of running in mice, which could explain the "high" experienced by endurance runners.
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Fernandes MFA, Matthys D, Hryhorczuk C, Sharma S, Mogra S, Alquier T, Fulton S. Leptin Suppresses the Rewarding Effects of Running via STAT3 Signaling in Dopamine Neurons. Cell Metab 2015; 22:741-9. [PMID: 26341832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The adipose hormone leptin potently influences physical activity. Leptin can decrease locomotion and running, yet the mechanisms involved and the influence of leptin on the rewarding effects of running ("runner's high") are unknown. Leptin receptor (LepR) signaling involves activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), including in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that are essential for reward-relevant behavior. We found that mice lacking STAT3 in dopamine neurons exhibit greater voluntary running, an effect reversed by viral-mediated STAT3 restoration. STAT3 deletion increased the rewarding effects of running whereas intra-VTA leptin blocked it in a STAT3-dependent manner. Finally, STAT3 loss-of-function reduced mesolimbic dopamine overflow and function. Findings suggest that leptin influences the motivational effects of running via LepR-STAT3 modulation of dopamine tone. Falling leptin is hypothesized to increase stamina and the rewarding effects of running as an adaptive means to enhance the pursuit and procurement of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda A Fernandes
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Physiology, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dominique Matthys
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Cécile Hryhorczuk
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Physiology, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shabana Mogra
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Thierry Alquier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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Liu J, Guo M, Lu XY. Leptin/LepRb in the Ventral Tegmental Area Mediates Anxiety-Related Behaviors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv115. [PMID: 26438799 PMCID: PMC4772826 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, an adipose-derived hormone, has been implicated in emotional regulation. We have previously shown that systemic administration of leptin produces anxiolytic-like effects and deletion of the leptin receptor, LepRb, in midbrain dopamine neurons leads to an anxiogenic phenotype. This study investigated whether activation or deletion of LepRb in the ventral tegmental area of adult mice is capable of inducing anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects, respectively. METHODS Mice were cannulated in the ventral tegmental area and received bilateral intra-ventral tegmental area infusions of leptin or the JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor AG490. Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed using the elevated plus-maze, light-dark box, and novelty suppressed feeding tests. Deletion of LepRb in the ventral tegmental area was achieved by bilateral injection of AAV-Cre into the ventral tegmental area of adult Lepr(flox/flox) mice. Anxiety-related behaviors were evaluated 3 weeks after viral injection. RESULTS Intra-ventral tegmental area infusions of leptin reduced anxiety-like behaviors, as indicated by increased percent open-arm time and open-arm entries in the elevated plus-maze test, increased time spent in the light side and decreased latency to enter the light side of the light-dark box, and decreased latency to feed in the novelty suppressed feeding test. Blockade of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in the ventral tegmental area by AG490 attenuated the anxiolytic effect produced by systemic administration of leptin. Lepr(flox/flox) mice injected with AAV-Cre into the ventral tegmental area showed decreased leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and enhanced anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus-maze test and the novelty suppressed feeding test. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that leptin-LepRb signaling in the ventral tegmental area plays an important role in the regulation of anxiety-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX (Drs Liu, Guo, and Lu); Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China (Dr Guo).
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Méquinion M, Chauveau C, Viltart O. The use of animal models to decipher physiological and neurobiological alterations of anorexia nervosa patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:68. [PMID: 26042085 PMCID: PMC4436882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies were performed to decipher the mechanisms regulating feeding due to the worldwide obesity pandemy and its complications. The data obtained might be adapted to another disorder related to alteration of food intake, the restrictive anorexia nervosa. This multifactorial disease with a complex and unknown etiology is considered as an awful eating disorder since the chronic refusal to eat leads to severe, and sometimes, irreversible complications for the whole organism, until death. There is an urgent need to better understand the different aspects of the disease to develop novel approaches complementary to the usual psychological therapies. For this purpose, the use of pertinent animal models becomes a necessity. We present here the various rodent models described in the literature that might be used to dissect central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the adaptation to deficient energy supplies and/or the maintenance of physiological alterations on the long term. Data obtained from the spontaneous or engineered genetic models permit to better apprehend the implication of one signaling system (hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter) in the development of several symptoms observed in anorexia nervosa. As example, mutations in the ghrelin, serotonin, dopamine pathways lead to alterations that mimic the phenotype, but compensatory mechanisms often occur rendering necessary the use of more selective gene strategies. Until now, environmental animal models based on one or several inducing factors like diet restriction, stress, or physical activity mimicked more extensively central and peripheral alterations decribed in anorexia nervosa. They bring significant data on feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and central circuit alterations. Animal models are described and criticized on the basis of the criteria of validity for anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, EA 4490, University of the Littoral Opal Coast, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Early stages of Parkinson diseases, University Lille 1, Lille, France
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Guarda AS, Schreyer CC, Boersma GJ, Tamashiro KL, Moran TH. Anorexia nervosa as a motivated behavior: Relevance of anxiety, stress, fear and learning. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:466-72. [PMID: 25846837 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high comorbidity between anorexia nervosa (AN) and anxiety disorders is well recognized. AN is a motivated behavioral disorder in which habit formation is likely to contribute to the persistence of abnormal eating and exercise behaviors. Secondary alterations in brain circuitry underlying the reward value of food and exercise, along with disturbances in neuroendocrine hunger and satiety signaling arising from starvation and excessive exercise, are likely contributors to the maintenance of anorectic behaviors in genetically vulnerable individuals. The potential role of fear conditioning in facilitating onset of AN, or of impaired fear extinction in contributing to the high relapse rates observed following weight restoration, is of interest. Evidence from animal models of anxiety and human laboratory studies indicate that low estrogen impairs fear extinction. Low estradiol levels in AN may therefore play a role in perpetuating fear of food and fat in recently weight restored patients. Translational models including the activity based anorexia (ABA) rodent model of AN, and neuroimaging studies of fear extinction and conditioning, could help clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms and neurocircuitry involved in food avoidance behaviors in AN. Moreover, the adaptation of novel treatment interventions with efficacy in anxiety disorders may contribute to the development of new treatments for this impairing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Guarda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Colleen C Schreyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Gretha J Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Kellie L Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Liu S, Borgland S. Regulation of the mesolimbic dopamine circuit by feeding peptides. Neuroscience 2015; 289:19-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Alteration of intestinal barrier function during activity-based anorexia in mice. Clin Nutr 2014; 33:1046-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fonville L, Giampietro V, Williams SCR, Simmons A, Tchanturia K. Alterations in brain structure in adults with anorexia nervosa and the impact of illness duration. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1965-1975. [PMID: 24074139 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713002389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain structure alterations have been reported in anorexia nervosa, but findings have been inconsistent. This may be due to inadequate sample size, sample heterogeneity or differences in methodology. METHOD High resolution magnetic resonance images were acquired of 33 adult participants with anorexia nervosa and 33 healthy participants, the largest study sample to date, in order to assess whole-brain volume, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid, white matter and grey matter volume. Voxel-based morphometry was conducted to assess regional grey matter volume. Levels of depression, anxiety, obsessionality and eating disorder-related symptoms were measured and used to explore correlations with brain structure. RESULTS Participants with anorexia nervosa had smaller brain volumes as well as a global decrease in grey matter volume with ventricular enlargement. Voxel-based morphometry revealed a decrease in grey matter volume spanning across the cerebellum, temporal, frontal and occipital lobes. A correlation was found between grey matter volume loss and duration of illness in the cerebellum and mesencephalon. No correlations were found with clinical measures. CONCLUSIONS Findings are in accordance with several previous studies on brain structure and match functional studies that have assessed the symptomatology of anorexia nervosa, such as body image distortion and cognitive bias to food. The correlation with duration of illness supports the implication of cerebellar atrophy in the maintenance of low weight and disrupted eating behaviour and illustrates its role in the chronic phase of anorexia nervosa. The lack of other correlations suggests that these findings are not related to the presence of co-morbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fonville
- King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, London,UK
| | - V Giampietro
- King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroimaging, London,UK
| | - S C R Williams
- King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroimaging, London,UK
| | - A Simmons
- King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroimaging, London,UK
| | - K Tchanturia
- King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, London,UK
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Zhao ZJ, Chen KX, Liu YA, Wang CM, Cao J. Decreased circulating leptin and increased neuropeptide Y gene expression are implicated in food deprivation-induced hyperactivity in striped hamsters, Cricetulus barabensis. Horm Behav 2014; 65:355-62. [PMID: 24631583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and behavioral adjustments of small mammals are important strategies in response to variations in food availability. Although numerous of studies have been carried out in rodents, behavioral patterns in response to food deprivation and re-feeding (FD-RF) are still inconsistent. Here we examined effects of a 24h FD followed by RF on general activity, serum leptin concentrations and gene expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) with/without leptin supplements. The time spent on activity was increased by 2.5 fold in FD hamsters compared with controls fed ad libitum (P<0.01). Body mass, fat mass as well as serum leptin concentrations were significantly decreased in FD hamsters in comparison with ad libitum controls, which were in parallel with hyperactivity. During re-feeding, leptin concentrations increased rapidly to pre-deprivation levels by 12h, but locomotor activity decreased gradually and did not return to pre-deprivation levels until 5days after re-feeding. Leptin administration to FD hamsters significantly attenuated the increased activity. Gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) was upregulated in FD hamsters and fell down to control levels when hamsters were re-fed ad libitum, similar to that observed in activity behavior. Leptin supplement induced increases in serum leptin concentrations (184.1%, P<0.05) in FD hamsters and simultaneously attenuated the increase in activity (45.8%, P<0.05) and NPY gene expression (35%, P<0.05). This may allow us to draw a more generalized conclusion that decreased leptin concentrations function as a starvation signal in animals under food shortage; to induce an increase in activity levels, leading animals to forage and/or migrate, and consequently increasing the chance of survival. Decreased concentrations of serum leptin in animals subjected to food shortage may induce an upregulation of gene expression of hypothalamus NPY, consequently driving a significant increase in foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
| | - Ke-Xin Chen
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yong-An Liu
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
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van den Heuvel JK, Eggels L, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A, Adan RAH, la Fleur SE. Differential modulation of arcuate nucleus and mesolimbic gene expression levels by central leptin in rats on short-term high-fat high-sugar diet. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87729. [PMID: 24498181 PMCID: PMC3909349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin resistance is a common hallmark of obesity. Rats on a free-choice high-fat high-sugar (fcHFHS) diet are resistant to peripherally administered leptin. The aim of this study was to investigate feeding responses to central leptin as well as the associated changes in mRNA levels in hypothalamic and mesolimbic brain areas. DESIGN AND METHODS Rats on a CHOW or fcHFHS diet for 8 days received leptin or vehicle intracerebro(lateral)ventricularly (ICV) and food intake was measured 5 h and 24 h later. Four days later, rats were sacrificed after ICV leptin or vehicle and mRNA levels were quantified for hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) and for preproenkephalin (ppENK) in nucleus accumbens and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in ventral tegmental area (VTA). RESULTS ICV leptin decreased caloric intake both in CHOW and fcHFHS rats. In fcHFHS, leptin preferentially decreased chow and fat intake. Leptin increased POMC and decreased NPY mRNA in CHOW, but not in fcHFHS rats. In CHOW rats, leptin had no effect on ppENK mRNA and decreased TH mRNA. In fcHFHS, leptin decreased ppENK mRNA and increased TH mRNA. CONCLUSION Despite peripheral and arcuate leptin resistance, central leptin suppresses feeding in fcHFHS rats. As the VTA and nucleus accumbens are still responsive to leptin, these brain areas may therefore, at least partly, account for the leptin-induced feeding suppression in rats on a fcHFHS diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- José K. van den Heuvel
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leslie Eggels
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A. H. Adan
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne E. la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kostrzewa E, van Elburg AA, Sanders N, Sternheim L, Adan RAH, Kas MJH. Longitudinal changes in the physical activity of adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their influence on body composition and leptin serum levels after recovery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78251. [PMID: 24205172 PMCID: PMC3804495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are often observed to have high levels of physical activity, which do not necessarily diminish after a successful therapy. Previous studies have shown that body fat tissue recovery in these patients is associated with a disproportional restoration of the adipocyte hormone, leptin. Therefore, we wondered whether the individual variation in physical activity in AN patients prior to treatment may be related to body fat percentage and plasma leptin level outcome. Method Body fat percentage, leptin serum, and physical activity levels (accelerometer) were measured in adolescents with an (n=37, age 13 to 17.5 years) at initial assessment, at the end of study participation (median 12 months), and at one-year follow-up. Results Accelerometer data were used to split the patients in two groups: those with low (n=26) and those with high levels of physical activity (HLPA, n=11). These groups did not differ in terms of age, IQ, presence of menses, BMI and season of admission. The HLPA group was characterized by a longer total duration of illness. Physical activity levels during therapy decreased for the group with initially HLPA and increased for the group with low levels of physical activity (to comparable levels). Physical activity remained stable after one year. The increase in body fat percentage and leptin levels were dependent on the recovery status; however, recovered patients with initially HLPA had significantly higher fat mass during the follow-up. Discussion HLPA, an important modulator of AN progression in adolescents, can be successfully diminished by therapeutic intervention. Among recovered patients, those with initially HLPA had higher fat mass levels than those with low levels of physical activity. This finding suggests that HLPA are an important modulator of the body composition recovery mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Kostrzewa
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A. van Elburg
- Rintveld Centre for Eating Disorders, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Sanders
- Rintveld Centre for Eating Disorders, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Lot Sternheim
- Rintveld Centre for Eating Disorders, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A. H. Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J. H. Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Patton DF, Mistlberger RE. Circadian adaptations to meal timing: neuroendocrine mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:185. [PMID: 24133410 PMCID: PMC3796263 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms of behavior and physiology are generated by central and peripheral circadian oscillators entrained by periodic environmental or physiological stimuli. A master circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is directly entrained by daily light-dark (LD) cycles, and coordinates the timing of other oscillators by direct and indirect neural, hormonal and behavioral outputs. The daily rhythm of food intake provides stimuli that entrain most peripheral and central oscillators, some of which can drive a daily rhythm of food anticipatory activity if food is restricted to one daily mealtime. The location of food-entrainable oscillators (FEOs) that drive food anticipatory rhythms, and the food-related stimuli that entrain these oscillators, remain to be clarified. Here, we critically examine the role of peripheral metabolic hormones as potential internal entrainment stimuli or outputs for FEOs controlling food anticipatory rhythms in rats and mice. Hormones for which data are available include corticosterone, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide 1. All of these hormones exhibit daily rhythms of synthesis and secretion that are synchronized by meal timing. There is some evidence that ghrelin and leptin modulate the expression of food anticipatory rhythms, but none of the hormones examined so far are necessary for entrainment. Ghrelin and leptin likely modulate food-entrained rhythms by actions in hypothalamic circuits utilizing melanocortin and orexin signaling, although again food-entrained behavioral rhythms can persist in lesion and gene knockout models in which these systems are disabled. Actions of these hormones on circadian oscillators in central reward circuits remain to be evaluated. Food-entrained activity rhythms are likely mediated by a distributed system of circadian oscillators sensitive to multiple feeding related inputs. Metabolic hormones appear to play a modulatory role within this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica F Patton
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Monteleone P, Maj M. Dysfunctions of leptin, ghrelin, BDNF and endocannabinoids in eating disorders: beyond the homeostatic control of food intake. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:312-30. [PMID: 23313276 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature documents the occurrence of alterations in the physiology of both central and peripheral modulators of appetite in acute patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Until more recently the role of most of the appetite modulators in the control of eating behavior was conceptualized solely in terms of their influence on homeostatic control of energy balance. However, it is becoming more and more evident that appetite modulators also affect the non-homeostatic cognitive, emotional and rewarding component of food intake as well as non food-related reward, and, recently, AN and BN have been pathophysiologically linked to dysfunctions of reward mechanisms. Therefore, the possibility exists that observed changes in appetite modulators in acute AN and BN may represent not only homeostatic adaptations to malnutrition, but also contribute to the development and/or the maintenance of aberrant non-homeostatic behaviors, such as self-starvation and binge eating. In the present review, the evidences supporting a role of leptin, ghrelin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and endocannabinoids in the homeostatic and non-homeostatic dysregulations of patients with AN and BN will be presented. The reviewed literature is highly suggestive that changes in the physiology of these modulators may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of eating disorders by providing a possible link between motivated behaviors, reward processes, cognitive functions and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84084 Baronissi (Salerno), Italy.
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