1
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Basmadjian OM, Occhieppo VB, Montemerlo AE, Rivas GA, Rubianes MD, Baiardi G, Bregonzio C. Angiotensin II involvement in the development and persistence of amphetamine-induced sensitization: Striatal dopamine reuptake implications. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2450-2464. [PMID: 38480476 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) exposure induces behavioural and neurochemical sensitization observed in rodents as hyperlocomotion and increased dopamine release in response to a subsequent dose. Brain Angiotensin II modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission through its AT1 receptors (AT1-R), positively regulating striatal dopamine synthesis and release. This work aims to evaluate the AT1-R role in the development and maintenance of AMPH-induced sensitization. Also, the AT1-R involvement in striatal dopamine reuptake was analysed. The sensitization protocol consisted of daily AMPH administration for 5 days and tested 21 days after withdrawal. An AT1-R antagonist, candesartan, was administered before or after AMPH exposure to evaluate the participation of AT1-R in the development and maintenance of sensitization, respectively. Sensitization was evaluated by locomotor activity and c-Fos immunostaining. Changes in dopamine reuptake kinetics were evaluated 1 day after AT1-R blockade withdrawal treatment, with or without the addition of AMPH in vitro. The social interaction test was performed as another behavioural output. Repeated AMPH exposure induced behavioural and neurochemical sensitization, which was prevented and reversed by candesartan. The AT1-R blockade increased the dopamine reuptake kinetics. Neither the AMPH administration nor the AT1-R blockade altered the performance of social interaction. Our results highlight the AT1-R's crucial role in AMPH sensitization. The enhancement of dopamine reuptake kinetics induced by the AT1-R blockade might attenuate the neuroadaptive changes that lead to AMPH sensitization and its self-perpetuation. Therefore, AT1-R is a prominent candidate as a target for pharmacological treatment of pathologies related to dopamine imbalance, including drug addiction and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo M Basmadjian
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria B Occhieppo
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Antonella E Montemerlo
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Rivas
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María D Rubianes
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Baiardi
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, (IIBYT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Bregonzio
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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2
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Girmaw F. Review on allosteric modulators of dopamine receptors so far. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1984. [PMID: 38505681 PMCID: PMC10948587 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Contemporary research is predominantly directed towards allosteric modulators, a class of compounds designed to interact with specific sites distinct from the orthosteric site on G protein-coupled receptors. These allosteric modulators play a pivotal role in influencing diverse pharmacological effects, such as agonism/inverse agonism, efficacy modulation, and affinity modulation. One particularly intriguing aspect is the demonstrated capacity of allosteric modulation to enhance drug selectivity for therapeutic purposes, potentially leading to a reduction in serious side effects associated with traditional approaches. Allosteric ligands, a majority of which fall into the categories of negative allosteric modulators or positive allosteric modulators, exhibit the unique ability to either diminish or enhance the effects of endogenous ligands. Negative allosteric modulators weaken the response, while positive allosteric modulators intensify it. Additionally, silent allosteric modulators represent a distinct class that neither activates nor blocks the effects of endogenous ligands, adding complexity to the spectrum of allosteric modulation. In the broader context of central nervous system disorders, allosteric modulation takes center stage, particularly in the realm of dopamine receptors specifically, D1, D2, and D3 receptors. These receptors hold immense therapeutic potential for a range of conditions spanning neurodegenerative disorders to neurobehavioral and psychiatric disorders. The intricate modulation of dopamine receptors through allosteric mechanisms offers a nuanced and versatile approach to drug development. As research endeavors continue to unfold, the exploration of allosteric modulation stands as a promising frontier, holding the potential to reshape the landscape of drug discovery and therapeutic interventions in the field of neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fentaw Girmaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health ScienceWoldia UniversityWoldiaEthiopia
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3
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Kaczor AA, Wróbel TM, Bartuzi D. Allosteric Modulators of Dopamine D 2 Receptors for Fine-Tuning of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in CNS Diseases: Overview, Pharmacology, Structural Aspects and Synthesis. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010178. [PMID: 36615372 PMCID: PMC9822192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is nowadays a hot topic in medicinal chemistry. Allosteric modulators, i.e., compounds which bind in a receptor site topologically distinct from orthosteric sites, exhibit a number of advantages. They are more selective, safer and display a ceiling effect which prevents overdosing. Allosteric modulators of dopamine D2 receptor are potential drugs against a number of psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. In this review, an insightful summary of current research on D2 receptor modulators is presented, ranging from their pharmacology and structural aspects of ligand-receptor interactions to their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-72-73
| | - Tomasz M. Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Damian Bartuzi
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Allosteric modulation of dopamine D 2L receptor in complex with G i1 and G i2 proteins: the effect of subtle structural and stereochemical ligand modifications. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:406-424. [PMID: 35064921 PMCID: PMC8964653 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is nowadays one of the hot topics in drug discovery. In particular, allosteric modulators of D2 receptor have been proposed as potential modern therapeutics to treat schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Methods To address some subtle structural and stereochemical aspects of allosteric modulation of D2 receptor, we performed extensive in silico studies of both enantiomers of two compounds (compound 1 and compound 2), and one of them (compound 2) was synthesized as a racemate in-house and studied in vitro. Results Our molecular dynamics simulations confirmed literature reports that the R enantiomer of compound 1 is a positive allosteric modulator of the D2L receptor, while its S enantiomer is a negative allosteric modulator. Moreover, based on the principal component analysis (PCA), we hypothesized that both enantiomers of compound 2 behave as silent allosteric modulators, in line with our in vitro studies. PCA calculations suggest that the most pronounced modulator-induced receptor rearrangements occur at the transmembrane helix 7 (TM7). In particular, TM7 bending at the conserved P7.50 and G7.42 was observed. The latter resides next to the Y7.43, which is a significant part of the orthosteric binding site. Moreover, the W7.40 conformation seems to be affected by the presence of the positive allosteric modulator. Conclusions Our work reveals that allosteric modulation of the D2L receptor can be affected by subtle ligand modifications. A change in configuration of a chiral carbon and/or minor structural modulator modifications are solely responsible for the functional outcome of the allosteric modulator. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-021-00352-x.
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5
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Tian Y, Daya R, Bhandari J, Joshi H, Thomson S, Patel V, Mishra R. Effect of Chronic Treatment with D2 Allosteric Modulator PAOPA on the Expression of Cerebral Dopamine Neurotrophic Factor (CDNF) in Select Brain Regions. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Olson KM, Traynor JR, Alt A. Allosteric Modulator Leads Hiding in Plain Site: Developing Peptide and Peptidomimetics as GPCR Allosteric Modulators. Front Chem 2021; 9:671483. [PMID: 34692635 PMCID: PMC8529114 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.671483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators (AMs) of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are desirable drug targets because they can produce fewer on-target side effects, improved selectivity, and better biological specificity (e.g., biased signaling or probe dependence) than orthosteric drugs. An underappreciated source for identifying AM leads are peptides and proteins-many of which were evolutionarily selected as AMs-derived from endogenous protein-protein interactions (e.g., transducer/accessory proteins), intramolecular receptor contacts (e.g., pepducins or extracellular domains), endogenous peptides, and exogenous libraries (e.g., nanobodies or conotoxins). Peptides offer distinct advantages over small molecules, including high affinity, good tolerability, and good bioactivity, and specific disadvantages, including relatively poor metabolic stability and bioavailability. Peptidomimetics are molecules that combine the advantages of both peptides and small molecules by mimicking the peptide's chemical features responsible for bioactivity while improving its druggability. This review 1) discusses sources and strategies to identify peptide/peptidomimetic AMs, 2) overviews strategies to convert a peptide lead into more drug-like "peptidomimetic," and 3) critically analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and future directions of peptidomimetic AMs. While small molecules will and should play a vital role in AM drug discovery, peptidomimetics can complement and even exceed the advantages of small molecules, depending on the target, site, lead, and associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew Alt
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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7
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Majcher MJ, Babar A, Lofts A, Leung A, Li X, Abu-Hijleh F, Smeets NMB, Mishra RK, Hoare T. In situ-gelling starch nanoparticle (SNP)/O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) nanoparticle network hydrogels for the intranasal delivery of an antipsychotic peptide. J Control Release 2020; 330:738-752. [PMID: 33383097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Existing oral or injectable antipsychotic drug delivery strategies typically demonstrate low bioavailability to targeted brain regions, incentivizing the development of alternative delivery strategies. Delivery via the nasal cavity circumvents multiple barriers for reaching the brain but requires drug delivery vehicles with very specific properties to be effective. Herein, we report in situ-gelling and degradable bulk nanoparticle network hydrogels consisting of oxidized starch nanoparticles (SNPs) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) that enable intranasal delivery via spray, high nasal mucosal retention, and functional controlled release of the peptide drug PAOPA, a positive allosteric modulator of dopamine D2 receptor. PAOPA-loaded SNP-CMCh hydrogels can alleviate negative symptoms like behavioural abnormalities associated with schizophrenia (i.e. decreased social interaction time) for up to 72 h in an MK-801-induced pre-clinical rat model of schizophrenia at a low drug dosage (0.5 mg/kg); in comparison, conventional PAOPA administration via the intraperitoneal route requires twice the PAOPA dose to achieve a therapeutic effect that persists for only a few hours. This strategy offers potential for substantially decreasing re-administration frequencies and overall drug doses (and thus side-effects) of a range of potential antipsychotic drugs via a minimally-invasive administration route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Majcher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Ali Babar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Andrew Lofts
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Ashlyn Leung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Fahed Abu-Hijleh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Niels M B Smeets
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Ram K Mishra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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8
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Zhukovsky D, Dar'in D, Krasavin M. Rh2
(esp)2
-Catalyzed Coupling of α-Diazo-γ-butyrolactams with Aromatic Amines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Zhukovsky
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Saint Petersburg State University; 199034 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
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9
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Bonifazi A, Yano H, Guerrero AM, Kumar V, Hoffman AF, Lupica CR, Shi L, Newman AH. Novel and Potent Dopamine D 2 Receptor Go-Protein Biased Agonists. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:52-65. [PMID: 30775693 PMCID: PMC6371206 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
discovery of functionally biased and physiologically beneficial
ligands directed toward G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) has provided
the impetus to design dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) targeted molecules that may be therapeutically advantageous for
the treatment of certain neuropsychiatric or basal ganglia related
disorders. Here we describe the synthesis of a novel series of D2R agonists linking the D2R unbiased agonist sumanirole
with privileged secondary molecular fragments. The resulting ligands
demonstrate improved D2R affinity and selectivity over
sumanirole. Extensive in vitro functional studies
and bias factor analysis led to the identification of a novel class
of highly potent Go-protein biased full D2R agonists with
more than 10-fold and 1000-fold bias selectivity toward activation
of specific G-protein subtypes and β-arrestin, respectively.
Intracellular electrophysiological recordings from midbrain dopamine
neurons demonstrated that Go-protein selective agonists can elicit
prolonged ligand-induced GIRK activity via D2Rs, which
may be beneficial in the treatment of dyskinesias associated with
dopamine system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Hideaki Yano
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Adrian M Guerrero
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alexander F Hoffman
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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10
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Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric Modulation of Class A GPCRs: Targets, Agents, and Emerging Concepts. J Med Chem 2019; 62:88-127. [PMID: 30106578 PMCID: PMC6556150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been tractable drug targets for decades with over one-third of currently marketed drugs targeting GPCRs. Of these, the class A GPCR superfamily is highly represented, and continued drug discovery for this family of receptors may provide novel therapeutics for a vast range of diseases. GPCR allosteric modulation is an innovative targeting approach that broadens the available small molecule toolbox and is proving to be a viable drug discovery strategy, as evidenced by recent FDA approvals and clinical trials. Numerous class A GPCR allosteric modulators have been discovered recently, and emerging trends such as the availability of GPCR crystal structures, diverse functional assays, and structure-based computational approaches are improving optimization and development. This Perspective provides an update on allosterically targeted class A GPCRs and their disease indications and the medicinal chemistry approaches toward novel allosteric modulators and highlights emerging trends and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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11
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Daya RP, Bhandari J, Kooner SK, Ho J, Rowley CD, Bock NA, Farncombe T, Mishra RK. The Dopamine Allosteric Agent, PAOPA, Demonstrates Therapeutic Potential in the Phencyclidine NMDA Pre-clinical Rat Model of Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:302. [PMID: 30618660 PMCID: PMC6299008 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PAOPA, a potent analog of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide, has shown therapeutic potential at the preclinical stage for dopaminergic related illnesses, including animal models of schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease and haloperidol-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders. PAOPA’s unique allosteric mechanism and dopamine D2 receptor specificity provide a unique composition of properties for the development of potential therapeutics for neuropsychiatric illnesses. We sought to investigate PAOPA’s therapeutic prospects across the spectrum of schizophrenia-like symptoms represented in the established phencyclidine-induced rat model of schizophrenia, (5 mg/kg PCP twice daily for 7 days, followed by 7 days of drug withdrawal). PAOPA was assessed for its effect on brain metabolic activity and across a battery of behavioral tests including, hyperlocomotion, social withdrawal, sensorimotor gating, and novel object recognition. PAOPA showed therapeutic efficacy in behavioral paradigms representing the negative (social withdrawal) and cognitive-like (novel object recognition) symptoms of schizophrenia. Interestingly, some behavioral indices associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia that were ameliorated in PAOPA’s prior examination in the amphetamine-sensitized model of schizophrenia were not ameliorated in the PCP model; suggesting that the deficits induced by amphetamine and PCP—while phenotypically similar—are mechanistically different and that PAOPA’s effects are restricted to certain mechanisms and systems. These studies provide insight on the potential use of PAOPA for the safe and effective treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P Daya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jayant Bhandari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sharnpreet K Kooner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joella Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher D Rowley
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas A Bock
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Troy Farncombe
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ram K Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Ferreira da Costa J, Silva D, Caamaño O, Brea JM, Loza MI, Munteanu CR, Pazos A, García-Mera X, González-Díaz H. Perturbation Theory/Machine Learning Model of ChEMBL Data for Dopamine Targets: Docking, Synthesis, and Assay of New l-Prolyl-l-leucyl-glycinamide Peptidomimetics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2572-2587. [PMID: 29791132 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting drug-protein interactions (DPIs) for target proteins involved in dopamine pathways is a very important goal in medicinal chemistry. We can tackle this problem using Molecular Docking or Machine Learning (ML) models for one specific protein. Unfortunately, these models fail to account for large and complex big data sets of preclinical assays reported in public databases. This includes multiple conditions of assays, such as different experimental parameters, biological assays, target proteins, cell lines, organism of the target, or organism of assay. On the other hand, perturbation theory (PT) models allow us to predict the properties of a query compound or molecular system in experimental assays with multiple boundary conditions based on a previously known case of reference. In this work, we report the first PTML (PT + ML) study of a large ChEMBL data set of preclinical assays of compounds targeting dopamine pathway proteins. The best PTML model found predicts 50000 cases with accuracy of 70-91% in training and external validation series. We also compared the linear PTML model with alternative PTML models trained with multiple nonlinear methods (artificial neural network (ANN), Random Forest, Deep Learning, etc.). Some of the nonlinear methods outperform the linear model but at the cost of a notable increment of the complexity of the model. We illustrated the practical use of the new model with a proof-of-concept theoretical-experimental study. We reported for the first time the organic synthesis, chemical characterization, and pharmacological assay of a new series of l-prolyl-l-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) peptidomimetic compounds. In addition, we performed a molecular docking study for some of these compounds with the software Vina AutoDock. The work ends with a PTML model predictive study of the outcomes of the new compounds in a large number of assays. Therefore, this study offers a new computational methodology for predicting the outcome for any compound in new assays. This PTML method focuses on the prediction with a simple linear model of multiple pharmacological parameters (IC50, EC50, Ki, etc.) for compounds in assays involving different cell lines used, organisms of the protein target, or organism of assay for proteins in the dopamine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ferreira da Costa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Olga Caamaño
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M. Brea
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Loza
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristian R. Munteanu
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, 15006, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pazos
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, 15006, Spain
- Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computer Science, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Humbert González-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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Stępnicki P, Kondej M, Kaczor AA. Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082087. [PMID: 30127324 PMCID: PMC6222385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental illness which involves three groups of symptoms, i.e., positive, negative and cognitive, and has major public health implications. According to various sources, it affects up to 1% of the population. The pathomechanism of schizophrenia is not fully understood and current antipsychotics are characterized by severe limitations. Firstly, these treatments are efficient for about half of patients only. Secondly, they ameliorate mainly positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations and thought disorders which are the core of the disease) but negative (e.g., flat affect and social withdrawal) and cognitive (e.g., learning and attention disorders) symptoms remain untreated. Thirdly, they involve severe neurological and metabolic side effects and may lead to sexual dysfunction or agranulocytosis (clozapine). It is generally agreed that the interactions of antipsychotics with various neurotransmitter receptors are responsible for their effects to treat schizophrenia symptoms. In particular, several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), mainly dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline receptors, are traditional molecular targets for antipsychotics. Comprehensive research on GPCRs resulted in the exploration of novel important signaling mechanisms of GPCRs which are crucial for drug discovery: intentionally non-selective multi-target compounds, allosteric modulators, functionally selective compounds and receptor oligomerization. In this review, we cover current hypotheses of schizophrenia, involving different neurotransmitter systems, discuss available treatments and present novel concepts in schizophrenia and its treatment, involving mainly novel mechanisms of GPCRs signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Stępnicki
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magda Kondej
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Basu D, Tian Y, Hui P, Bhandari J, Johnson RL, Mishra RK. Change in expression of vesicular protein synapsin II by chronic treatment with D2 allosteric modulator PAOPA. Peptides 2015; 66:58-62. [PMID: 25703303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia include profound disturbances in thought, perception, cognition etc., which negatively impacts an individual's quality of life. Current antipsychotic drugs are not effective in treating all symptoms of this disorder, and often cause severe movement and metabolic side effects. Consequently, there remains a strong impetus to develop safer and more efficacious therapeutics for patients, as well as elucidating the etiology of schizophrenia. Previous work in our lab has introduced a novel candidate for the treatment of this disease: the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) allosteric modulator, 3(R)-[(2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (PAOPA). We have previously shown that PAOPA, by selectively modulating D2R, can ameliorate schizophrenia-like symptoms in animal models, although the precise mechanism is presently not understood. Synapsin II is a presynaptic vesicular protein which has been strongly implicated in schizophrenia, as it is reduced in the prefrontal cortex of patients, and knockdown of this protein elicits schizophrenia-like phenotypes in animal models. Given the therapeutic effects of PAOPA and the role of synapsin II in schizophrenia, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic administration of PAOPA (45 days) on neuronal synapsin II protein expression in rodents. Immunoblot results revealed that the synapsin IIa, but not the IIb isoform, was increased in the dopaminergic regions of the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex. The results of this study implicate a role for modulation of synapsin II as a possible therapeutic mechanism of action for potential antipsychotic drug PAOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Basu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Yuxin Tian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Patricia Hui
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Jayant Bhandari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Rodney L Johnson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ram K Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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Ferreira da Costa J, Caamaño O, Fernández F, García-Mera X, Sampaio-Dias IE, Brea JM, Cadavid MI. Synthesis and allosteric modulation of the dopamine receptor by peptide analogs of l-prolyl-l-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) modified in the l-proline or l-proline and l-leucine scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:146-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Basu D, Tian Y, Bhandari J, Jiang JR, Hui P, Johnson RL, Mishra RK. Effects of the dopamine D2 allosteric modulator, PAOPA, on the expression of GRK2, arrestin-3, ERK1/2, and on receptor internalization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70736. [PMID: 23940634 PMCID: PMC3735488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is intricately regulated by a range of intracellular proteins, including G protein-coupled kinases (GRKs) and arrestins. Understanding the effects of ligands on these signaling pathways could provide insights into disease pathophysiologies and treatment. The dopamine D2 receptor is a GPCR strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia. Previous studies from our lab have shown the preclinical efficacy of a novel allosteric drug, 3(R)- [(2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (PAOPA), in attenuating schizophrenia-like behavioural abnormalities in rodent models of the disease. As an allosteric modulator, PAOPA binds to a site on the D2 receptor, which is distinct from the endogenous ligand-binding site, in order to modulate the binding of the D2 receptor ligand, dopamine. The exact signaling pathways affected by this allosteric modulator are currently unknown. The objectives of this study were to decipher the in vivo effects, in rats, of chronic PAOPA administration on D2 receptor regulatory and downstream molecules, including GRK2, arrestin-3 and extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) 1/2. Additionally, an in vitro cellular model was also used to study PAOPA’s effects on D2 receptor internalization. Results from western immunoblots showed that chronic PAOPA treatment increased the striatal expression of GRK2 by 41%, arrestin-3 by 34%, phospho-ERK1 by 51% and phospho-ERK2 by 36%. Results also showed that the addition of PAOPA to agonist treatment in cells increased D2 receptor internalization by 33%. This study provides the foundational evidence of putative signaling pathways, and changes in receptor localization, affected by treatment with PAOPA. It improves our understanding on the diverse mechanisms of action of allosteric modulators, while advancing PAOPA’s development into a novel drug for the improved treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Basu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuxin Tian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayant Bhandari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Ru Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Hui
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodney L. Johnson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ram K. Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Shonberg J, Lane JR, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Synthesis, functional and binding profile of (R)-apomorphine based homobivalent ligands targeting the dopamine D2 receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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