1
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Lin TW, Padilla-Vélez O, Kaewdeewong P, LaPointe AM, Coates GW, Eagan JM. Advances in Nonreactive Polymer Compatibilizers for Commodity Polyolefin Blends. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9609-9632. [PMID: 39052522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Recycling mixed polyolefin plastics is a significant challenge due to the limitations in sorting and degraded mechanical properties of blends. Nonreactive compatibilization by adding a small amount of polymeric additive is a widespread approach to restoring the performance and value of recycled plastics. Over the past several decades, synthetic advances have enabled access to low-cost copolymers and precision architectures for deepening the understanding of compatibilization mechanisms in semicrystalline polyolefins. This review covers the design parameters of a polymeric compatibilizer, the testing of blends, the synthetic methods of producing economically viable additives, and surveys the literature of blends of compatibilized HDPE, LLDPE, LDPE, and iPP. From this, readers should gain a comprehension of the polymer mechanics, synthesis, and macromolecular engineering of processable polyolefin blends, along with the field's future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Omar Padilla-Vélez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Parin Kaewdeewong
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The Goodyear Polymer Science Building, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Anne M LaPointe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - James M Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The Goodyear Polymer Science Building, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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2
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Kruszynski J, Nowicka W, Rozanski A, Liu Y, Parisi D, Yang L, Pasha FA, Bouyahyi M, Jasinska-Walc L, Duchateau R. iPP/HDPE blends compatibilized by a polyester: An unconventional concept to valuable products. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado1944. [PMID: 38781337 PMCID: PMC11114220 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Polyolefins are the most widely used plastics accounting for a large fraction of the polymer waste stream. Although reusing polyolefins seems to be a logical choice, their recycling level remains disappointingly low. This is mainly due to the lack of large-scale availability of efficient and inexpensive compatibilizers for mixed polyolefin waste, typically consisting of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) that, despite their similar chemical hydrocarbon structure, are immiscible. Here, we describe an unconventional approach of using polypentadecalactone, a straightforward and simple-to-produce aliphatic polyester, as a compatibilizer for iPP/HDPE blends, especially the brittle iPP-rich ones. The unexpectedly effective compatibilizer transforms brittle iPP/HDPE blends into unexpectedly tough materials that even outperform the reference HDPE and iPP materials. This simple approach creates opportunities for upcycling polymer waste into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kruszynski
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Weronika Nowicka
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Rozanski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Yingxin Liu
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Chemical Product Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lanti Yang
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, Plasticslaan 1, 4612 PX, Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands
| | - Farhan Ahmad Pasha
- SABIC Technology Center at KAUST, 25 Unity Blvd, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miloud Bouyahyi
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Lidia Jasinska-Walc
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rob Duchateau
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
- Chemical Product Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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3
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Gahleitner M, Pham T, Machl D. Polyolefin Blends with Selectively Crosslinked Disperse Phase Based on Silane-Modified Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4692. [PMID: 38139944 PMCID: PMC10748296 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene-based multiphase compositions with a disperse elastomer phase provide superior impact strength. Making this property indifferent to processing steps requires stabilization of the morphology of these materials. Various approaches have been tested over time, each of which shows limitations in terms of performance or applicability. Using polyethylene (PE) homo- and copolymers capable of silane-based crosslinking as modifiers was explored in the present study, which allows decoupling of the mixing and crosslinking processes. Commercial silane-copolymerized low-density PE (LD-PEX) from a high-pressure process and silane-grafted high-density PE (HD-PEX) were studied as impact modifiers for different types of PP copolymers, including non-modified reference PE grades, LDPE and HDPE. Blends based on ethylene-propylene random copolymers (PPR) and based on impact- (PPI) and random-impact (PPRI) copolymers show improvements of the stiffness-impact balance; however, to different degrees. While the absolute softest and most ductile compositions are achieved with the already soft PPRI copolymer base, the strongest relative effects are found for the PPR based blends. Modifiers with lower density are clearly superior in the toughening effect, with the LD-PEX including acrylate as second comonomer sticking out due to its glass transition around -40 °C. The impact strength improvement found in most compositions (except at very high content) results, however, not from the expected phase stabilization. For comparable systems, particle sizes are normally higher with crosslinking, probably because the process already starts during mixing. Thermoplastic processability could be retained in all cases, but the drop in melt flow rate limits the practical applicability of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstr. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria;
| | - Tung Pham
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria;
| | - Doris Machl
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peterstr. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria;
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Gavande V, Jeong M, Lee WK. On the Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Polyethylene/Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polypropylene Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4236. [PMID: 37959916 PMCID: PMC10647653 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene (UHMWPP) as a dispersed component was melt blended with conventional high-density polyethylene (PE) and maleic anhydride grafted-polyethylene (mPE) in different proportions through a kneader. Ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene is a high-performance polymer material that has excellent mechanical properties and toughness compared to other polymers. Mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties were presented for various UHMWPP loadings, and correlations between mechanical and rheological properties were examined. Optimal comprehensive mechanical properties are achieved when the UHMWPP content reaches approximately 50 wt%, although the elongation properties do not match those of pure PE or mPE. However, it is worth noting that the elongation properties of these blends did not match those of PE or mPE. Particularly, for the PE/UHMWPP blends, a significant drop in tensile strength was observed as the UHMWPP content decreased (from 30.24 MPa for P50U50 to 13.12 MPa for P90U10). In contrast, the mPE/UHMWPP blends demonstrated only minimal changes in tensile strength (ranging from 29 MPa for mP50U50 to 24.64 MPa for mP90U10) as UHMWPP content varied. The storage modulus of the PE/UHMWPP blends increased drastically with the UHMWPP content due to the UHMWPP chain entanglements and rigidity. Additionally, we noted a substantial reduction in the melt index of the blend system when the UHMWPP content exceeded 10% by weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Won-Ki Lee
- Division of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (V.G.)
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Jones H, McClements J, Ray D, Hindle CS, Kalloudis M, Koutsos V. Thermomechanical Properties of Virgin and Recycled Polypropylene-High-Density Polyethylene Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4200. [PMID: 37959880 PMCID: PMC10647352 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides evidence and discusses the variability in the thermomechanical behaviour of virgin and recycled polypropylene/high-density polyethylene blends without the addition of other components, which is sparse in the literature. Understanding the performance variability in recycled polymer blends is of critical importance in order to facilitate the re-entering of recycled materials to the consumer market and, thus, contribute towards a circular economy. This is an area that requires further research due to the inhomogeneity of recycled materials. Therefore, the thermal and mechanical properties of virgin and recycled polypropylene/high-density polyethylene blends were investigated systematically. Differential scanning calorimetry concludes that both the recycled and virgin blends are immiscible. Generally, recycled blends have lower overall crystallinity and melting temperatures compared with virgin blends while, remarkably, their crystallisation temperatures are compared favourably. Dynamical mechanical analysis showed little variation in the storage modulus of recycled and virgin blends. However, the alpha and beta relaxation temperatures are lower in recycled blends due to structural deterioration. Deterioration in the thermal and mechanical properties of recycled blends is thought to be caused by the presence of contaminants and structural degradation during reprocessing, resulting in shorter polymeric chains and the formation of imperfect crystallites. The tensile properties of recycled blends are also affected by the recycling process. The Young's modulus and yield strength of the recycled blends are inferior to those of virgin blends due to the deterioration during the recycling process. However, the elongation at break of the recycled blends is higher compared with the virgin blends, possibly due to the plasticity effect of the low-molecular-weight chain fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jones
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Jake McClements
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Dipa Ray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Colin S. Hindle
- School of Engineering and The Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Michail Kalloudis
- Impact Laboratories Ltd. (Impact Solutions), Impact Technology Centre, Fraser Road, Kirkton Campus, Livingston EH54 7BU, UK
| | - Vasileios Koutsos
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
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Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang D, Wang Y, Wang L, Qiu Y, Wang L, Chen T, Zhao L. Crystallization and Performance of Polyamide Blends Comprising Polyamide 4, Polyamide 6, and Their Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3399. [PMID: 37631455 PMCID: PMC10459628 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamide 4 (PA4) is a biobased and biodegradable polyamide. The high hydrogen bond density of PA4 bestows it with a high melting point that is close to its thermal decomposition temperature, thereby limiting the melt processing of PA4. In this study, PA4 was blended with polyamide 6 (PA6) and further modified with copolyamide 4/6 (R46). The effects of composition on the crystallization behavior of the blends were studied. The results demonstrated that the binary PA4/PA6 (B46) and ternary PA4/PA6/R46 (B46/R46) blends formed two crystalline phases (PA4- and PA6-rich phases) through crystallization-induced phase separation. With increasing PA6 content, the thermal stability and crystallinity of the B46 blend increased and decreased, respectively, and the contribution of PA6 toward the crystallization of the PA4-rich phase diminished. Molecular dynamics simulations showed the molecular chain orientation of the B46 blends well. The melting points, crystallinities, and grain sizes of the B46/R46 blends were lower than those of the B46 blends. The crystallization of the PA4-rich phase was restrained by the dilution effect of molten-state PA6, and the nucleation and crystallization of the PA6-rich phase were promoted by the presence of crystallized PA4. The B46 blends with 30-40 wt% PA6 had the best mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongjun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Liming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
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7
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Akhras MH, Freudenthaler PJ, Straka K, Fischer J. From Bottle Caps to Frisbee-A Case Study on Mechanical Recycling of Plastic Waste towards a Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2685. [PMID: 37376331 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates an open-loop recycling process of a specific post-consumer plastic waste stream. The targeted input waste material was defined as high-density polyethylene beverage bottle caps. Two methods of waste collection, informal and formal, were employed. Thereafter, materials were hand-sorted, shredded, regranulated, and then injection-molded into a flying disc (i.e., frisbee) as a pilot product. To observe the potential changes in the material throughout the entire recycling process, eight different test methods including melt mass-flow rate (MFR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical tests were carried out on the various material states. The study showed that the informal collection led to a relatively higher purity in the input stream, which also appeared to have a 23% lower MFR value compared to that of the formally collected materials. The DSC measurements revealed a cross-contamination by polypropylene, which clearly affected the properties of all investigated materials. The cross-contamination led to a slightly higher tensile modulus in the recyclate, while the Charpy notched impact strength declined after processing by approximately 15% and 8% compared to those of the informal and formal input materials, respectively. All materials and the processing data were documented and stored online as a practical implementation of a digital product passport as a potential digital traceability tool. Furthermore, the suitability of the resulting recyclate to be used in transport packaging applications was also investigated. It was found that a direct replacement of virgin materials for this specific application is not possible without proper material modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hassan Akhras
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH, Hafenstraße 47-51, 4020 Linz, Austria
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Paul J Freudenthaler
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Klaus Straka
- Institute for Polymer Injection Moulding and Process Automation, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Joerg Fischer
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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8
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Darweesh MH, Stoll B, El‐Taweel SH. Compatibilization of polypropylene/high‐density polyethylene blends using poly(propylene‐co‐ethylene). J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. Darweesh
- Engineering and Materials Science Department German University in Cairo New Cairo City Egypt
| | - Bernhard Stoll
- Abteilung Angewandte Physik University of Ulm Ulm Germany
| | - Safaa H. El‐Taweel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Cairo University Orman‐Giza Egypt
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Diverted from Landfill: Reuse of Single-Use Plastic Packaging Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245485. [PMID: 36559852 PMCID: PMC9785204 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) based packaging films mostly end up in landfill after single-use as they are not commonly recycled due to their flexible nature, low strength and low cost. Additionally, the necessity to separate and sort different plastic waste streams is the most costly step in plastics recycling, and is a major barrier to increasing recycling rates. This cost can be reduced through using waste mixed plastics (wMP) as a raw material. This research investigates the properties of PE-based wMP coming from film packaging wastes that constitutes different grades of PE with traces of polypropylene (PP). Their properties are compared with segregated individual recycled polyolefins and virgin LDPE. The plastic plaques are produced directly from the wMP shreds as well as after extruding the wMP shreds into a more uniform material. The effect of different material forms and processing conditions on the mechanical properties are investigated. The results of the investigation show that measured properties of the wMP fall well within the range of properties of various grades of virgin polyethylene, indicating the maximum possible variations between different batches. Addition of an intermediate processing step of extrusion before compression moulding is found to have no effect on the tensile properties but results in a noticeably different failure behaviour. The wMP does not show any thermal degradation during processing that was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. The results give a scientific insight into the adoption of wMP in real world products that can divert them from landfill creating a more circular economy.
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Huang DE, Kotula AP, Snyder CR, Migler KB. Crystallization Kinetics in an Immiscible Polyolefin Blend. Macromolecules 2022; 55. [PMID: 36969109 PMCID: PMC10037551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the problem of brittle mechanical behavior in recycled blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP), we employ optical microscopy, rheo-Raman, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the composition dependence of their crystallization kinetics. Raman spectra are analyzed via multivariate curve resolution with alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) to provide component crystallization values. We find that iPP crystallization behavior varies strongly with blend composition. Optical microscopy shows that three crystallization kinetic regimes correspond to three underlying two-phase morphologies: HDPE droplets in iPP, the inverse, and cocontinuous structures. In the HDPE droplet regime, iPP crystallization temperature decreases sharply with increasing HDPE composition. For cocontinuous morphologies, iPP crystallization is delayed, but the onset temperature changes little with the exact blend composition. In the iPP droplet regime, the two components crystallize nearly concurrently. Rheological measurements are consistent with these observations. DSC indicates that the enthalpy of crystallization of the blends is less than the weighted values of the individual components, providing a possible clue for the decreased iPP crystallization temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E. Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Anthony P. Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kalman B. Migler
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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11
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Lase IS, Bashirgonbadi A, van Rhijn F, Dewulf J, Ragaert K, Delva L, Roosen M, Brandsma M, Langen M, De Meester S. Material flow analysis and recycling performance of an improved mechanical recycling process for post-consumer flexible plastics. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:249-263. [PMID: 36126399 PMCID: PMC9585909 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the recycling rates for post-consumer flexible plastics (PCFP) waste is imperative as PCFP is considered a difficult-to-recycle waste with only 17 % of PCFP effectively recycled in Europe. To tackle this pressing issue, improved mechanical recycling processes are being explored to increase the recycling rates of PCFP. One interesting option is the so-called quality recycling process (QRP) proposed by CEFLEX, which supplements more conventional mechanical recycling of PCFP with additional sorting, hot washing, improved extrusion, and deodorization. Material flow analysis (MFA) model is applied to assess the performance of QRP. Four performance indicators related to quantity (process yield and net recovery) and quality (polymer grade and transparency grade) are applied to measure the performance of three PCFP mechanical recycling scenarios. The results are compared against the conventional recycling of PCFP, showing that QRP has a similar process yield (64 % - 66 %) as conventional recycling (66 %). The net recovery indicator shows that in QRP higher recovery rates are achieved for transparent-monolayer PCFP (>90 %) compared to colored-multilayer PCFP (51 % - 91 %). The quality indicators (polymer and transparency grades) demonstrate that the regranulates from QRP have better quality compared to the conventional recycling. To validate the modeling approach, the modeled compositional data is compared with experimental compositional analyses of flakes and regranulates produced by pilot recycling lines. Main conclusions are: (i) although yields do not increase significantly, extra sorting and recycling produces better regranulates' quality (ii) performing a modular MFA gives insights into future recycling scenarios and helps in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irdanto Saputra Lase
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedlaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Amir Bashirgonbadi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6162 Geleen, the Netherlands.
| | - Freek van Rhijn
- Nationaal Testcentrum Circulaire Plastics (NTCP), Duitslanddreef 7, 8447SE Heerenveen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6162 Geleen, the Netherlands.
| | - Laurens Delva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedlaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Martine Brandsma
- Nationaal Testcentrum Circulaire Plastics (NTCP), Duitslanddreef 7, 8447SE Heerenveen, the Netherlands.
| | - Michael Langen
- HTP GmbH & Co. KG, Maria-Theresia-Alle 35, 52064 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedlaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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13
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Kim K, Nguyen N, Marxsen SF, Smith S, Alamo RG, Kennemur JG, Hallinan DT. Ionic Transport and Thermodynamic Interaction in Precision Polymer Blend Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Florida A&M University–Florida State University (FAMU‐FSU) College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
- Aero‐propulsion, Mechatronics and Energy (AME) Center FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering 2003 Levy Avenue Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University 95 Chieftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Stephanie F. Marxsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Florida A&M University–Florida State University (FAMU‐FSU) College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Sage Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Florida A&M University–Florida State University (FAMU‐FSU) College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
- Aero‐propulsion, Mechatronics and Energy (AME) Center FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering 2003 Levy Avenue Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Florida A&M University–Florida State University (FAMU‐FSU) College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University 95 Chieftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Daniel T. Hallinan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Florida A&M University–Florida State University (FAMU‐FSU) College of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
- Aero‐propulsion, Mechatronics and Energy (AME) Center FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering 2003 Levy Avenue Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
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14
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Karaagac E, Koch T, Archodoulaki VM. Choosing an Effective Compatibilizer for a Virgin HDPE Rich-HDPE/PP Model Blend. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3567. [PMID: 34685326 PMCID: PMC8540020 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely used commodity polymers in the rigid packaging industry are polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). For example, blow molding grade of HDPE as a bottle and injection molding grade of PP as a cap are often used to produce detergent bottles. Therefore, the recycled HDPE bottles from post-consumer waste include PP as a contaminant originated from PP bottle caps. To simulate mechanical recycling of bottle waste, the mechanical properties of HDPE-rich-HDPE/PP virgin model blend were studied. For compatibilization, ethylene-based olefin block copolymer, propylene-based olefin block copolymer, ethylene propylene random copolymer, and styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer were chosen as potential compatibilizer candidates. Contact angle measurements, morphological analysis, adhesion tests of compatibilizer candidates to polymer blend components and the tensile as well as tensile impact properties of the ternary blends were studied. It was found that the ethylene-based olefin block copolymer was the most effective compatibilizer resulting in a return of mechanical properties to those of neat vHDPE due to its ability to encapsulate dispersed vPP particles in a vHDPE matrix (core-shell morphology) and the best adhesion to polymer blend components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaagac
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (V.-M.A.)
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15
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Investigation of structure-morphology-function relationship of plastomers used to produce low mold shrinkage thermoplastic olefins. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Shklyaruk BF, Gerasin VA, Guseva MA, Maletina VV. Influence of the Crystalline Structure of Components and the Boundary Layer between Them on Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene–High Density Polyethylene Composites. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21050138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Sen BO, Soykan U, Cetin S. Detailed analysis on thermal, microstructural, mechanical, and morphological features of side chain liquid crystalline polymer/isotactic polypropylene graft copolymers: Effect of grafted and ungrafted polymer units. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugur Soykan
- Yenicaga Yasar Celik Vocational High School Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
| | - Sedat Cetin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
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18
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PLLA and cassava thermoplastic starch blends: crystalinity, mechanical properties, and UV degradation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Karaagac E, Koch T, Archodoulaki VM. The effect of PP contamination in recycled high-density polyethylene (rPE-HD) from post-consumer bottle waste and their compatibilization with olefin block copolymer (OBC). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:285-294. [PMID: 33125937 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) are widely used commodity plastics in packaging industry such as detergent bottles. To produce plastic detergent bottles, very often extrusion blown molded PE-HD as a body and injection molded PP as a screw cap are used. Separation of individual polymer type is difficult due to the similar density. Unfortunately, the melt blending of recycled post-consumer detergent bottle waste leads to deterioration of mechanical properties. Additionally, the percentage of rPP contamination in recycled PE-HD (rPE-HD) from post-consumer bottle waste can be varied depending on local waste composition and different sorting quality. This work investigates the effect of various contamination scenarios with different percentage of rPP from bottle caps in rPE-HD from bottle waste as well as their compatibilization with olefin block copolymer (OBC) on mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties. Moreover, the low temperature tensile properties of blends with OBC are also investigated in this study. The results showed that the increasing rPP contamination leads to deteriorating elongation at break and tensile impact strength. Furthermore, the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer into worse-case contamination scenario (15 wt% rPP in rPE-HD) significantly improved elongation at break and tensile impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the improvement in adhesion between rPP and rPE-HD from recycled bottle waste with the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer. Rheological measurements reveal the interfacial interaction among rPP, rPE-HD and OBC. The low temperature tensile test demonstrated that the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer improved low temperature tensile elongation at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaagac
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria.
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
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20
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Plastic Bottle Cap Recycling—Characterization of Recyclate Composition and Opportunities for Design for Circularity. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In line with efforts to create a circular economy of plastics, recent EU legislation is strengthening plastic bottle recycling by ambitious separate collection targets and mandatory recycled content obligations. Furthermore, explicit design requirements on the caps of bottles and composite beverage packaging have been introduced. These caps are typically made of polyethylene or polypropylene and often contain additives such as slip agents and anti-statics. Commercially available bottle cap recyclates (BCRs) as well as specifically formulated model compounds were analyzed in terms of composition by means of infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Their composition was found to be heterogeneous due to polyolefin cross-contamination, directly reflecting the diversity of cap materials present in the market. Slip agent legacy additives originating from the initial use phase were found and quantified in both commercial and model cap recyclates. This highlights the opportunity for redesigning plastic bottle caps not only in response to regulatory requirements, but to pursue a more comprehensive strategy of product design for circularity. By including considerations of polymer resin and additive choice in cap manufacturing, more homogeneous waste streams could be derived from plastic bottle cap recycling, enabling recycling into more demanding and valuable applications.
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21
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Polypropylene-Grafted Poly(hexamethylene guanidine)/Modified Polyethylene Monofilament and Its Antimicrobial Performance. INT J POLYM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6416230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A polypropylene-grafted poly(hexamethylene guanidine) (PP-g-PHMG)/polyethylene (PE) monofilament was prepared by melt blending and spinning using PE and PP-g-PHMG. The effect of PP-g-PHMG content on the structure, mechanical properties, and antimicrobial properties of PP-g-PHMG/PE alloy monofilaments was studied. Compared with PP/PE without grafting PHMG, Tm of PP-g-PHMG/PE alloy monofilaments increased due to rigidity of PHMG grafted. In the PP-g-PHMG/PE alloy monofilaments, the total degree of crystallinity of alloy monofilaments decreased; hence, the α-relaxation associated with the crystalline region of the polymer matrix becomes weaker as PP-g-PHMG content increases. The breaking strength of PP-g-PHMG/PE alloy monofilaments decreased while the knotting strength increased by increasing PP-g-PHMG content. The antibacterial test showed that the PP-g-PHMG/PE alloy monofilament had obvious inhibitory effect on E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the PP-g-PHMG/PE alloy monofilament has the potential to make green and highly effective antifouling materials.
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22
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Microstructural Contributions of Different Polyolefins to the Deformation Mechanisms of Their Binary Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051171. [PMID: 32443687 PMCID: PMC7285311 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mixing of polymers, even structurally similar polyolefins, inevitably leads to blend systems with a phase-separated morphology. Fundamentally understanding the changes in mechanical properties and occurring deformation mechanisms of these immiscible polymer blends, is important with respect to potential mechanical recycling. This work focuses on the behavior of binary blends of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) under tensile deformation and their related changes in crystallinity and morphology. All of these polymers plastically deform by shear yielding. When unmixed, the high crystalline polyolefins HDPE and PP both exhibit a progressive necking phenomenon. LDPE initiates a local neck before material failure, while LLDPE is characterized by a uniform deformation as well as clear strain hardening. LLDPE/LDPE and LLDPE/PP combinations both exhibit a clear-cut matrix switchover. Polymer blends LLDPE/LDPE, LDPE/HDPE, and LDPE/PP show transition forms with features of composing materials. Combining PP in an HDPE matrix causes a radical switch to brittle behavior.
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23
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Cu Nanoparticle-Modified High-Density Polyethylene Monofilament and Its Antifouling Performance on Fishing Netting. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/7250348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) were modified by organic surfactant, then CuNP-modified high-density polyethylene (CuNP/HDPE) monofilaments were prepared by melt spinning. The effect of CuNP content on the morphology and properties of nanocomposite monofilaments was investigated. FT-IR and dynamic light scattering proved the successful surface modification for CuNP. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the dispersed behavior of the CuNP. When the CuNP content was less than 1.0 wt%, the CuNPs were well dispersed in these nanocomposite monofilaments, and the increase of crystallization rate, the breaking strength, and knot strength were observed by differential scanning calorimeter and tensile test. Therefore, nanocomposite monofilaments showed comparable properties at low CuNP contents. With increasing CuNP content, the width of tanδ peak and △Ea for α-relaxation from dynamic mechanical analysis were increased, indicating more amorphous components near the crystalline regions. In addition, burst release of Cu ions in seawater was observed. The coupon tests demonstrated that CuNPs could significantly improve antibiofouling performance of CuNP/HDPE fishing netting. CuNP/HDPE fishing netting have a strong potential for using in marine antifouling mitigation.
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24
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Lee JS, Ryu YS, Kim I, Kim SH. Effect of interface affinity on the performance of a composite of microcrystalline cellulose and polypropylene/polylactide blends. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Su Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano EngineeringHanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Ryu
- Department of Organic and Nano EngineeringHanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Ick‐Soo Kim
- Faculty of Textile Science and TechnologyShinshu University Nagano Japan
| | - Seong Hun Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano EngineeringHanyang University Seoul South Korea
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25
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Biswas K, Khandelwal V, Maiti SN. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Teak Wood Flour/Starch Filled High Density Polyethylene Composites. INT POLYM PROC 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Teak wood flour (TWF) reinforced HDPE composites were prepared and characterized in terms of mechanical, morphological and thermal properties using 2% polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) as compatibilizer. The composites were prepared by twin screw extrusion and samples were prepared by injection molding. Mechanical properties increased with the incorporation of TWF, Starch and PE-g-MAH. Tensile strength and Young's modulus increased by 96% and 207%, respectively for TWF (40%)-HDPE composite as compared to virgin matrix. Scanning electron microscopy revealed good interface between TWF and matrix. FT-IR spectra confirmed the esterification reaction and H-bond between anhydride group of PE-g-MAH and cellulose of TWF. The DSC results showed that the melting temperature increased from 129°C to 137°C while crystallization (%) decreased from 40.49% for HDPE to 34.77% for 40% TWF composites, respectively. The storage modulus increased for all the composites at low temperature. Glass transition temperature practically remained unaffected by filler loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Biswas
- Taghleef Industries S.A.O.C. , Sohar Industrial Area, Oman,
| | - V. Khandelwal
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, SRE Campus, Saharanpur , India
| | - S. N. Maiti
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi , India
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26
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Nucleation of the β-polymorph in Composites of Poly(propylene) and Graphene Nanoplatelets. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the nucleation of the β-polymorph of polypropylene (PP) were studied when melt-mixed at loadings of 0.1–5 wt % using a laboratory scale twin-screw (conical) extruder and a twin-screw (parallel) extruder with L/D = 40. At low GNP loadings (i.e., ≤0.3 wt %), the mixing efficiency of the extruder used correlated with the β-nucleating activity of GNPs for PP. GNP agglomeration at low loadings (<0.5 wt %) resulted in an increase in the β-phase fraction (Kβ) of PP, as determined from X-ray diffraction measurements, up to 37% at 0.1 wt % GNPs for composites prepared using a laboratory scale twin-screw (conical) extruder. The level of GNP dispersion and distribution was better when the composites were prepared using a 16-mm twin-screw (parallel) extruder, giving a Kβ increase of 24% upon addition of 0.1 wt % GNPs to PP. For GNP loadings >0.5 wt %, the level of GNP dispersion in PP did not influence the growth of β-crystals, where Kβ reached a value of 24%, regardless of the type of extruder used. From differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, the addition of GNPs to PP increased the crystallization temperature (Tc) of PP by 14 °C and 10 °C for the laboratory scale extruder and 16-mm extruder, respectively, confirming the nucleation of PP by GNPs. The degree of crystallinity (Xc%) of PP increased slightly at low GNP additions (≤0.3 wt %), but then decreased with increasing GNP content.
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27
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Gopanna A, Thomas SP, Rajan KP, Rajan R, Rainosalo E, Zavašnik J, Chavali M. Investigation of mechanical, dynamic mechanical, rheological and morphological properties of blends based on polypropylene (PP) and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Modification of substandard EPDM with amorphous thermoplastic polyesters (PETG and PEF): microstructure and physical properties. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2018-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The phase morphology, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of two series of polymer blends based on ethylene/propylene/diene rubber (EPDM) and amorphous homologues of poly(ethylene terephthalate), i.e. glycol modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) and poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), were investigated. The morphology of the blends shows a two phase structure in which the minor phase (amorphous polyester) is dispersed as domains in the major (EPDM) continuous matrix phase. Differential calorimetry studies confirmed that both systems were immiscible and exhibits two glass transitions. The melting peak area of EPDM in the blends decreased as the amount of the other component increased. The values of stress at strain of 100% were improved upon the increasing content of PETG in EPDM system, while only slight decrease of this value was observed. Moreover, the strong improvement of hardness and thermo-oxidative stability along with an increasing content of amorphous polyester phase was reported.
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29
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Garofalo E, Di Maio L, Scarfato P, Di Gregorio F, Incarnato L. Reactive compatibilization and melt compounding with nanosilicates of post-consumer flexible plastic packagings. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Mofokeng TG, Ray SS, Ojijo V. Influence of Selectively Localised Nanoclay Particles on Non-Isothermal Crystallisation and Degradation Behaviour of PP/LDPE Blend Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E245. [PMID: 30966280 PMCID: PMC6414920 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites, nanoparticles can be localised either in polymer matrices or at the interface, invoking the simple question of how the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles and the resulting morphological changes affect the non-isothermal crystallisation and degradation kinetics. In this study, the non-isothermal crystallisation of polypropylene in polypropylene (PP)-rich compatibilised and non-compatibilised PP/low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/clay composites and their degradation are investigated. The non-isothermal crystallisation analyses show that the localisation of the clay particles in the blend composites has two opposing effects. First, the poorly dispersed clay particles at the PP/LDPE interface in the non-compatibilised blend composite has no significant effect on the crystallisation temperature of PP but allows the free movement of PP chains, resulting in a higher crystallinity of PP than that of PP in the neat blend. Second, the well-dispersed clay particles in the compatibilised blend composites disrupt the free movement of PP chains, resulting in a lower crystallisation temperature and crystallinity than that of PP in the neat blend. The influences of different selective localisations of clay particles on the activation energies of degradation are studied. The presence of maleated compatibilisers, clay, and the distribution of clay in the blend composite play important roles in determining the activation energies of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tladi Gideon Mofokeng
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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31
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Chen B, Shen X, Luo Z, Chen H, Cai D, Chen C, Zhang C, Qin P, Cao H, Tan T. Feasibility of polyethylene composites reinforced by distillers dried fibers with solubles (DDFS) after different generations of ethanol fermentation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25602-25610. [PMID: 35539782 PMCID: PMC9082614 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03906b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to effectively evaluate the distillers dried fibers with solubles (DDFS) obtained from biorefinery processes, sorghum distiller (SD), cassava distiller (CD) and corn cob distiller (CCD) residuals from different generation bioethanol plants were used as the reinforcing phase for polyethylene composites. The mechanical performances and the physical properties of the polyethylene/DDFS composites were evaluated. The results showed that the CCD reinforced specimen offered the best mechanical performances, with a flexural strength of 21.8 ± 2.2 MPa and a tensile strength of 39.7 ± 3.2 MPa. After multigelation, the retention ratios of the rupture modulus and the elasticity modulus of the CCD reinforced specimen reached 88.7 ± 6.7% and 84.1 ± 2.7%, while after 2000 h of xenon lamp weathering they reached 96.2 ± 4.7% and 82 ± 1.8%, respectively. Hybridizing the biorefinery process with the process of composites production was feasible. Flowchart of the process for prepares polyethylene/DDFS composites. Solid residuals after 1 G, 1.5 G and 2 G SSF bioethanol plants were used as the reinforcement.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Xiaotong Shen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Zhangfeng Luo
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Huidong Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
- Center for Process Simulation & Optimization
| | - Di Cai
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Changjing Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Peiyong Qin
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Hui Cao
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
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32
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Paszkiewicz S, Szymczyk A, Franciszczak P, Taraghi I, Pawlikowska D, Jeziórska R. Characterization of polypropylene/poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) blends with improved thermal stability. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Xu J, Howard MJ, Mittal V, Bates FS. Block Copolymer Micelle Toughened Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Micah J. Howard
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vikas Mittal
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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34
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Nehra R, Maiti SN, Jacob J. Analytical interpretations of static and dynamic mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomer toughened PLA blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Nehra
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Saurindra Nath Maiti
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Josemon Jacob
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
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Madhu G, Bhunia H, Bajpai PK, Nando GB. Physico-mechanical properties and biodegradation of oxo-degradable HDPE/PLA blends. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x16010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Preparation and Compatibility Evaluation of Polypropylene/High Density Polyethylene Polyblends. MATERIALS 2015; 8:8850-8859. [PMID: 28793750 PMCID: PMC5458810 DOI: 10.3390/ma8125496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes melt-blending polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) that have a similar melt flow index (MFI) to form PP/HDPE polyblends. The influence of the content of HDPE on the properties and compatibility of polyblends is examined by using a tensile test, flexural test, Izod impact test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM results show that PP and HDPE are incompatible polymers with PP being a continuous phase and HDPE being a dispersed phase. The FTIR results show that the combination of HDPE does not influence the chemical structure of PP, indicating that the polyblends are made of a physical blending. The DSC and XRD results show that PP and HDPE are not compatible, and the combination of HDPE is not correlated with the crystalline structure and stability of PP. The PLM results show that the combination of HDPE causes stacking and incompatibility between HDPE and PP spherulites, and PP thus has incomplete spherulite morphology and a smaller spherulite size. However, according to mechanical property test results, the combination of HDPE improves the impact strength of PP.
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37
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Atiqah AM, Salmah H, Firuz Z, Lan D. Effect of Different Blend Ratios and Compatibilizer on Tensile Properties of Recycled Poly(propylene)/Recycled High Density Polyethylene Blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201550309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.A.S Mariam Atiqah
- School of Materials Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis; Taman Muhibah Jejawi 02600 Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - H. Salmah
- School of Materials Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis; Taman Muhibah Jejawi 02600 Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Z. Firuz
- School of Materials Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis; Taman Muhibah Jejawi 02600 Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - D.N.U. Lan
- School of Materials Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis; Taman Muhibah Jejawi 02600 Arau Perlis Malaysia
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38
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Hassan MM, Koyama K. Thermal, physico-mechanical, and morphological properties of HDPE graft-copolymerized with polystyrene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahbubul Hassan
- Venture Business Laboratory; Yamagata University; 8-3-5 Jonan Yonezawa-shi Yamagata-ken Japan
- Food and Biobased Products Group; AgResearch Limited; Cnr Springs Road and Gerald Street, Lincoln Christchurch 7608 New Zealand
| | - Kiyohito Koyama
- Venture Business Laboratory; Yamagata University; 8-3-5 Jonan Yonezawa-shi Yamagata-ken Japan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Yamagata University; 8-3-5 Jonan Yonezawa-shi Yamagata-ken Japan
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39
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Parameswaranpillai J, Joseph G, Jose S, Hameed N. Phase morphology, thermomechanical, and crystallization behavior of uncompatibilized and PP-g-MAH compatibilized polypropylene/polystyrene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology; Cochin University of Science and Technology; Cochin 682022 Kerala India
| | - George Joseph
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology; Cochin University of Science and Technology; Cochin 682022 Kerala India
| | - Seno Jose
- Department of Chemistry; Government College Kottayam; Kerala India 686013
| | - Nishar Hameed
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Carbon Nexus; Deakin University; Waurn Ponds Campus; Geelong VIC 3220 Australia
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40
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Chandran N, Chandran S, Maria HJ, Thomas S. Compatibilizing action and localization of clay in a polypropylene/natural rubber (PP/NR) blend. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibilizing action of clay in polypropylene (PP)/natural rubber (NR) blends and its effect on mechanical properties have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Chandran
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | - Sarath Chandran
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | - Hanna J. Maria
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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41
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Pawar SP, Bhingardive V, Jadhav A, Bose S. An efficient strategy to develop microwave shielding materials with enhanced attenuation constant. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PMMA wrapped MWNTs were employed to design microwave shielding materials with enhanced attenuation constant in PC/SAN blends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viraj Bhingardive
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Ajinkya Jadhav
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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42
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Kumar S Mural P, Sharma M, Shukla A, Bhadra S, Padmanabhan B, Madras G, Bose S. Porous membranes designed from bi-phasic polymeric blends containing silver decorated reduced graphene oxide synthesized via a facile one-pot approach. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01656h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, porous membranes were designed by selectively etching the PEO phase, by water, from a melt-mixed PE/PEO blend.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Sharma
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Abhinaya Shukla
- Polymer Science Diagnostic Center
- Steer Engineering Pvt. Ltd
- Bangalore-560058
- India
| | - Sambhu Bhadra
- Polymer Science Diagnostic Center
- Steer Engineering Pvt. Ltd
- Bangalore-560058
- India
| | - Babu Padmanabhan
- Polymer Science Diagnostic Center
- Steer Engineering Pvt. Ltd
- Bangalore-560058
- India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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43
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Amani M, Sharif M, Kashkooli A, Rahnama N, Fazli A. Effect of mixing conditions on the selective localization of graphite oxide and the properties of polyethylene/high-impact polystyrene/graphite oxide nanocomposite blends. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16975e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop here a new and effective strategy for compatibilizing immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites of polyethylene/high impact polystyrene/graphite oxide (PE/HIPS/GO) by combination of solution intercalation and melt mixing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Amani
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Islamic Azad University
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Islamic Azad University
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Amir Kashkooli
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Islamic Azad University
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Nima Rahnama
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Islamic Azad University
- Shiraz
- Iran
| | - Ali Fazli
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Islamic Azad University
- Shiraz
- Iran
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44
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Mechanical and morphological properties of high density polyethylene and polylactide blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2013-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polyblend films were prepared from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) up to 20% PLLA by the melt blending method in an extrusion mixer with post-extrusion blown film attachment. The 80/20 (HDPE/PLLA) blend was compatibilized with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MA) in varying ratios [up to 8 parts per hundred of resin (phr)]. Tensile properties of the films were evaluated to obtain optimized composition for packaging applications of both non-compatibilized and compatibilized blends. The compositions HDPE80 (80% HDPE and 20% PLLA) and HD80C4 (80% HDPE, 20% PLLA and 4 phr compatibilizer) were found to be optimum for packaging applications. However, better tensile strength (at yield) and elongation (at break) of 80/20 (HDPE/PLLA) blend were noticed in the presence of PE-g-MA. Further, thermal properties and morphologies of these blends were evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study revealed that blending does not much affect the crystalline melting point of HDPE and PLLA, but heat of fusion of 80/20 (HDPE/PLLA) blend was decreased as compared to that of neat HDPE. Spectroscopy studies showed evidence of the introduction of some new groups in the blends and gaining compatibility in the presence of PE-g-MA. The compatibilizer influenced the morphology of the blends, as apparent from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).
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45
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Feng J, Wang L, Zhang RY, Wu JJ, Wang CY, Yang MB, Fu XR. Formation of double skin-core orientated structure in injection-molded Polyethylene parts: Effects of ultra-high molecular weight Polyethylene and temperature field. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Bhagabati P, Chaki TK. Compatibility study of chlorinated polyethylene/ethylene methacrylate copolymer blends using thermal, mechanical, and chemical analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Bhagabati
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
| | - T. K. Chaki
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
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47
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The strain-sensing behaviors of carbon black/polypropylene and carbon nanotubes/polypropylene conductive composites prepared by the vacuum-assisted hot compression. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-3143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Gu J, Xu H, Wu C. Thermal and Crystallization Properties of HDPE and HDPE/PP Blends Modified with DCP. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Gu
- Polymer Alloy Lab; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Polymer Alloy Lab; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chifei Wu
- Polymer Alloy Lab; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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49
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Wang L, Zhang QP, Wang JH, Yang B, Yang MB, Feng JM. Effects of annealing on the hierarchical crystalline structures and mechanical properties of injection-molded bars of high-density polyethylene. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Quan-Ping Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province; Anhui University; Hefei 230601 PR China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Jian-Ming Feng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
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50
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Ruff M, Lang RW, Paulik C. Controlling Polyolefin Properties by In-Reactor Blending: 3. Mechanical Properties. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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