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Qu S, Tang Y, Ning Z, Zhou Y, Wu H. Desired properties of polymeric hydrogel vitreous substitute. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116154. [PMID: 38306844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitreous replacement is a commonly employed method for treating a range of ocular diseases, including posterior vitreous detachment, complex retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, macular hole, and ocular trauma. Various clinical substitutes for vitreous include air, expandable gas, silicone oil, heavy silicone oil, and balanced salt solution. However, these substitutes have drawbacks such as short retention time, cytotoxicity, high intraocular pressure, and the formation of cataracts, rendering them unsuitable for long-term treatment. Polymeric hydrogels possess the potential to serve as ideal vitreous substitutes due to their structure-mimicking to natural vitreous and adjustable mechanical properties. Replacement with hydrogels as the tamponade can help maintain the shape of the eyeball, apply pressure to the detached retina, and ensure the metabolic transport of substances without impairing vision. This literature review examines the required properties of artificial vitreous, including the optical properties, rheological properties, expansive force action, and physiological and biochemical functions of chemically and physically crosslinked hydrogels. The strategies for enhancing the biocompatibility and injectability of hydrogels are also summarized and discussed. From a clinical ophthalmology perspective, this paper presents the latest developments in vitreous replacement, providing clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of hydrogel clinical applications, which offers guidance for future design directions and methodologies for hydrogel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zichao Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yanjie Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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Karakosta C, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Papaconstantinou DS, Moschos MM. Lens Cytoskeleton: An Update on the Etiopathogenesis of Human Cataracts. Cureus 2024; 16:e56793. [PMID: 38650819 PMCID: PMC11035009 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A cataract is a loss of the transparency of a normal crystalline lens. Multiple factors, including age as the major risk factor for cataracts, can disturb the transparency of the crystalline lens due to cumulative damage from environmental insults to proteins, particularly crystallins. Lens proteins do not turnover, and crystallins undergo extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs) with age in order to interact with each other and maintain their soluble basis for lens transparency. These PTMs include truncation, oxidation, deamidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and glycosylation. Cataract formation, apart from protein PTMs, involves protein crosslinking, protein insolubilization, and aggregation. Oxidation is a key feature in age-related cataract formation. Due to the role of genetic and environmental factors, as well as its variable clinical presentation, we consider cataracts to be a multifactorial disease. The preliminary results of our study indicate that proteins implicated in the pathway of a structural constituent of the eye lens (BFSP1, BFSP2, CRYAA, CRYAB, CRYBA, CRYBB, CRYGC, CRYGD, CRYGS, KRTs, and VIM), together with AQP1 and AQP5, may also be involved in lens aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Karakosta
- Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Proteomics, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, GRC
| | - George Panayotou
- Proteomics, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, GRC
| | - Dimitrios S Papaconstantinou
- Ophthalmology, Gennimatas Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Marilita M Moschos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
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Fan W, Zhang C, Ge L, Su N, Chen J, Song S, Wang Y, Yuan S. Prediction model for elevated intraocular pressure risk after silicone oil filling based on clinical features. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1340198. [PMID: 38264037 PMCID: PMC10803451 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1340198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate risk factors and further develop prediction models for intraocular pressure elevation (IOP) after vitreoretinal surgery with silicone oil tamponade to support clinical management. Methods A retrospective study analyzed 1,061 eyes of 1,061 consecutive patients that presented to the Jiangsu Province Hospital between December 2015 and December 2020, the IOP was measured from the preoperative visit and at the 1-week, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month visits, and the final postoperative visit before silicone oil removal. Four machine learning methods were used to carried out the prediction of IOP elevation: Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Gradient-Boosted Decision Trees (GBDT) based on features including demographic and clinical characteristics, preoperative factors and surgical factors. Predictors were selected based on the p-value of the univariate analysis. Results Elevated intraocular pressure developed in 26.01% of the eyes postoperatively. Elevated intraocular pressure primarily occurred within 1-2 weeks after surgery. Additionally, the majority of IOP values were distributed around 25-40 mmHg. GBDT utilizing features with p-values less than 0.5 from the hypothesis testing demonstrated the best predictive performance for 0.7944 in accuracy. The analysis revealed that age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, myopia, retinal detachment, lens status and biological parameters have predictive value. Conclusion Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, myopia, retinal detachment, lens status and biological parameters have influence on postoperative intraocular pressure elevation for patients with silicone oil tamponade after pars plana vitrectomy. The prediction model showed promising accuracy for the occurrence of IOP elevation. This may have some reference significance for reducing the incidence of high intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy combined with silicone oil filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaohe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lexin Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyao Song
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Software Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yasha Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Software Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Rodella U, Honisch C, Gatto C, Ruzza P, D'Amato Tóthová J. Antioxidant Nutraceutical Strategies in the Prevention of Oxidative Stress Related Eye Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102283. [PMID: 37242167 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to discuss the delicate balance between the physiological production of reactive oxygen species and the role of antioxidant nutraceutical molecules in managing radicals in the complex anatomical structure of the eye. Many molecules and enzymes with reducing and antioxidant potential are present in different parts of the eye. Some of these, such as glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, and enzymatic antioxidants, are endogenously produced by the body. Others, such as plant-derived polyphenols and carotenoids, vitamins B2, C, and E, zinc and selenium, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, must be obtained through the diet and are considered essential nutrients. When the equilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen species and their scavenging is disrupted, radical generation overwhelms the endogenous antioxidant arsenal, leading to oxidative stress-related eye disorders and aging. Therefore, the roles of antioxidants contained in dietary supplements in preventing oxidative stress-based ocular dysfunctions are also discussed. However, the results of studies investigating the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation have been mixed or inconclusive, indicating a need for future research to highlight the potential of antioxidant molecules and to develop new preventive nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rodella
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto Onlus (FBOV), 30174 Zelarino, Italy
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicoló, Italy
| | - Claudia Honisch
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR (ICB-CNR), Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Gatto
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicoló, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR (ICB-CNR), Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jana D'Amato Tóthová
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicoló, Italy
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In Regard to Trofimov et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 115:809-810. [PMID: 36725169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Chauhan MZ, Rather PA, Samarah SM, Elhusseiny AM, Sallam AB. Current and Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121950. [PMID: 35741079 PMCID: PMC9221813 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), leading to significant visual impairment. DME’s pathogenesis is multifactorial. Focal edema tends to occur when primary metabolic abnormalities lead to a persistent hyperglycemic state, causing the development of microaneurysms, often with extravascular lipoprotein in a circinate pattern around the focal leakage. On the other hand, diffusion edema is due to a generalized breakdown of the inner blood–retinal barrier, leading to profuse early leakage from the entire capillary bed of the posterior pole with the subsequent extravasation of fluid into the extracellular space. The pathogenesis of DME occurs through the interaction of multiple molecular mediators, including the overexpression of several growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor-1, angiopoietin-1, and -2, stromal-derived factor-1, fibroblast growth factor-2, and tumor necrosis factor. Synergistically, these growth factors mediate angiogenesis, protease production, endothelial cell proliferation, and migration. Treatment for DME generally involves primary management of DM, laser photocoagulation, and pharmacotherapeutics targeting mediators, namely, the anti-VEGF pathway. The emergence of anti-VEGF therapies has resulted in significant clinical improvements compared to laser therapy alone. However, multiple factors influencing the visual outcome after anti-VEGF treatment and the presence of anti-VEGF non-responders have necessitated the development of new pharmacotherapies. In this review, we explore the pathophysiology of DME and current management strategies. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis of emerging therapeutic approaches to the treatment of DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Z. Chauhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (M.Z.C.); (P.A.R.); (S.M.S.); (A.M.E.)
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Peyton A. Rather
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (M.Z.C.); (P.A.R.); (S.M.S.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Sajida M. Samarah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (M.Z.C.); (P.A.R.); (S.M.S.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Abdelrahman M. Elhusseiny
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (M.Z.C.); (P.A.R.); (S.M.S.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Ahmed B. Sallam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (M.Z.C.); (P.A.R.); (S.M.S.); (A.M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +501-686-5822; Fax: +501-686-7037
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Elmali A, Koc I, Ciftci SY, Nemutlu E, Surucu S, Kiratli H, Yuce D, Cengiz M, Zorlu F, Ozyigit G, Yazici G. Radiotherapy-induced alterations in vitreous humor: A new potential critical structure. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108802. [PMID: 34688623 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vitreous humor (VH) is not considered as a critical structure in the radiotherapy planning process. In the present study, an experimental animal model was performed to examine the effects of radiotherapy on VH. The right eyes of twelve New Zealand rabbits were irradiated to 60 Gy in 3 fractions in accordance with the scheme used in the treatment of uveal melanoma in our clinic, and contralateral (left) eyes were considered as control. Weekly ophthalmologic examination was performed after irradiation, for three months. At the end of the third month, enucleation and vitreous collection were conducted. The vitreous samples were subjected to metabolomic analyses, ELISA analyses, viscosity measurements, and electron microscopic examination. In control and experimental vitreous samples, 275 different metabolites were identified, and 34 were found to differ significantly between groups. In multivariate analyzes, a clear distinction was observed between control and irradiated vitreous samples. Pathway analysis revealed that nine pathways were affected, and these pathways were mainly related to amino acid metabolism. A significant decrease was observed in the expressions of type II, V, and XI collagens in protein level in the ELISA. There was a non-significant decrease in type IX collagen and viscosity. Electron microscopic examination revealed disrupted collagen fibrillar ultra-structure and dispersed collagen fragments in the experimental vitreous. An intact vitreous is essential for a healthy eye. In this study, we observed that radiation causes changes in the vitreous that may have long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysenur Elmali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Irem Koc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Selcuk Surucu
- Department of Anatomy, Koc University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hayyam Kiratli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Yuce
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Cengiz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Faruk Zorlu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gokhan Ozyigit
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gozde Yazici
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Timsina R, Mainali L. Association of Alpha-Crystallin with Fiber Cell Plasma Membrane of the Eye Lens Accompanied by Light Scattering and Cataract Formation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:447. [PMID: 34203836 PMCID: PMC8232717 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
α-crystallin is a major protein found in the mammalian eye lens that works as a molecular chaperone by preventing the aggregation of proteins and providing tolerance to stress in the eye lens. These functions of α-crystallin are significant for maintaining lens transparency. However, with age and cataract formation, the concentration of α-crystallin in the eye lens cytoplasm decreases with a corresponding increase in the membrane-bound α-crystallin, accompanied by increased light scattering. The purpose of this review is to summarize previous and recent findings of the role of the: (1) lens membrane components, i.e., the major phospholipids (PLs) and sphingolipids, cholesterol (Chol), cholesterol bilayer domains (CBDs), and the integral membrane proteins aquaporin-0 (AQP0; formally MIP26) and connexins, and (2) α-crystallin mutations and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the association of α-crystallin to the eye lens's fiber cell plasma membrane, providing thorough insights into a molecular basis of such an association. Furthermore, this review highlights the current knowledge and need for further studies to understand the fundamental molecular processes involved in the association of α-crystallin to the lens membrane, potentially leading to new avenues for preventing cataract formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Timsina
- Department of Physics, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Laxman Mainali
- Department of Physics, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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Hernandez-Bogantes E, Abdala-Figuerola A, Olivo-Payne A, Quiros F, Wu L. Cataract Following Pars Plana Vitrectomy: A Review. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 36:824-831. [PMID: 34096468 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1924799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The indications for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) have increased over the years. The vitreous is no longer considered an inert ocular structure and it is well known that its removal has anatomical and physiological consequences. The vitreous is no longer considered an inert ocular structure. The vitreous plays a key role as an intraocular physiologic oxygen regulator. In order to maintain its transparency, the crystalline lens needs protection from an excessive oxygen exposure. PPV leads to progression of nuclear sclerosis in most eyes.Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using Embase and Medline databases. Articles studying the physiology, pathogenesis and surgical treatment of cataract after PPV were included in this review.Results: The pathogenesis of cataract formation after PPV remains unclear. Predisposing factors include advanced patient age, preexisting nuclear sclerosis, light toxicity, intraoperative oxidation of lens proteins, use of silicone oil or intravitreal gas, mechanical trauma and the duration of exposure to an irrigating solution.Conclusion: Cataract surgery in vitrectomized eyes presents with more technical difficulties, is more challenging and often has a higher risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications than in non vitrectomized eyes. There is no standardized technique or management in these cases; therefore, it requires more precautions during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Hernandez-Bogantes
- Retina, Asociados De Macula Vitreo Y Retina De Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.,Centro Ocular, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Andrew Olivo-Payne
- Cuidad De Mexico, Insituto De Oftalmologia "Conde De Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabian Quiros
- Retina, Asociados De Macula Vitreo Y Retina De Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Lihteh Wu
- Retina, Asociados De Macula Vitreo Y Retina De Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.,Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Dpt of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Ghaffarieh A, Ciolino JB. Potential of Application of Iron Chelating Agents in Ophthalmic Diseases. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 36:157-161. [PMID: 33621147 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1887900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The investigations discussed in this review indicate that iron may exacerbate different eye diseases. Therefore, it is plausible that reducing cellular or body iron stores could influence disease pathogenesis, so it is logical to consider the iron chelators' potential protective role in the various ophthalmic diseases in the form of topical eye drops or slow releasing injectable compounds as an adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghaffarieh
- Ophthalmology, Cornea, External Disease & Refractive Surgery Fellow, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard University, USA
| | - Joseph B Ciolino
- Ophthalmology, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School Mass. Eye and Ear/Schepens Eye Research Institute, USA
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Borchman D. Lipid conformational order and the etiology of cataract and dry eye. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100039. [PMID: 32554545 PMCID: PMC7910524 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr120000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lens and tear film lipids are as unique as the systems they reside in. The major lipid of the human lens is dihydrosphingomylein, found in quantity only in the lens. The lens contains a cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio as high as 10:1, more than anywhere else in the body. Lens lipids contribute to maintaining lens clarity, and alterations in lens lipid composition due to age are likely to contribute to cataract. Lens lipid composition reflects adaptations to the unique characteristics of the lens: no turnover of lens lipids or proteins; the lowest amount of oxygen of any tissue; and contains almost no intracellular organelles. The tear film lipid layer (TFLL) is also unique. The TFLL is a thin (100 nm) layer of lipid on the surface of tears covering the cornea that contributes to tear film stability. The major lipids of the TFLL are wax esters and cholesterol esters that are not found in the lens. The hydrocarbon chains associated with the esters are longer than those found anywhere else in the body (as long as 32 carbons), and many are branched. Changes in the composition and structure of the 30,000 different moieties of TFLL contribute to the instability of tears. The focus of the current review is how spectroscopy has been used to elucidate the relationships between lipid composition, conformational order and function, and the etiology of cataract and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Borchman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the incidence and risk factors for late-onset ocular hypertension (LOH) after vitrectomy. METHODS From the electronic medical records of consecutive patients who underwent primary vitrectomy, from January 2010 to December 2015, at 5 tertiary vitreoretinal centers in Italy, patient demographics, systemic, ophthalmic, operative, and postoperative data were drawn. Main outcome measure was the presence of LOH, defined as intraocular pressure >21 mmHg detected more than 2 months after vitrectomy on at least 2 consecutive visits. RESULTS Among 6,048 patients, LOH was found in 294 (4.9%) vitrectomized eyes and in 87 (1.4%) fellow eyes, (chi square; P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression showed that significant risk factors for developing LOH included intraoperative triamcinolone use (odds ratio [OR], 7.62; P < 0.001), longer axial length (OR, 1.55; P = 3.023), preoperative higher intraocular pressure (OR, 1.81; P = 0.003), and postvitrectomy pseudophakic/aphakic status (OR, 2.04; P < 0.001). Decision-tree analysis showed that the stronger predictor of LOH was intraoperative triamcinolone use (P < 0.001). Secondary predictors were a preoperative intraocular pressure more than 15 mmHg (P < 0.001) in eyes that use triamcinolone, and postvitrectomy pseudophakic/aphakic status (P = 0.007) in eyes that did not use triamcinolone. CONCLUSION Late-onset ocular hypertension occurred in 4.9% of vitrectomized eyes. The main risk factors were intraoperative use of triamcinolone and postvitrectomy pseudophakic/aphakic status.
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Lim JC, Caballero Arredondo M, Braakhuis AJ, Donaldson PJ. Vitamin C and the Lens: New Insights into Delaying the Onset of Cataract. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3142. [PMID: 33066702 PMCID: PMC7602486 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataracts or clouding of the lens is the leading cause of blindness in the world. Age and diabetes are major risk factors, and with an increasing aging and diabetic population, the burden of cataracts will grow. Cataract surgery is an effective way to restore vision; however, alternatives to cataract surgery are required to reduce the looming cataract epidemic. Since it is well established that oxidative damage plays a major role in the etiology of cataracts, antioxidants have been promoted as therapies to delay and/or prevent cataracts. However, many antioxidant interventions including vitamin C have produced mixed results as anti-cataract therapies. Progress has been made towards our understanding of lens physiology and the mechanisms involved in the delivery and uptake of antioxidants to the lens which may guide future studies aimed at addressing some of the inconsistencies seen in previous animal and human studies. Of interest is the potential for vitamin C based supplements in delaying the onset of cataracts post vitrectomy which occurs in up to 80% of patients within two years. These targeted approaches are required to reduce the burden of cataract on hospitals and improve the quality of life of our aging and diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Lim
- Department of Physiology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Mariana Caballero Arredondo
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (M.C.A.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Andrea J. Braakhuis
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (M.C.A.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Paul J. Donaldson
- Department of Physiology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
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Hübnerová P, Mlčák P, Šínová I, Karhanová M, Šín M. Current use of the automatic retinal oximetry. Review. CESKÁ A SLOVENSKÁ OFTALMOLOGIE : CASOPIS CESKÉ OFTALMOLOGICKÉ SPOLECNOSTI A SLOVENSKÉ OFTALMOLOGICKÉ SPOLECNOSTI 2020; 76:3-11. [PMID: 32917089 DOI: 10.31348/2020/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To inform about possible use of the automatic retinal oximetry for the retinal oxygen saturation measurement in the eye and systemic diseases. METHODS We performed a literature review dealing with issues of retinal oxygen saturation monitoring by dual non-invasive retinal oximetry Oxymap T1 (Oxymap ehf. Reykjavík, Iceland). RESULTS We have found two main strains writing our paper on retinal oxygen saturation eye diseases. The first section concerns diseases created by having hypoxia as its main pathological factor - for example diabetes mellitus and retinal vein occlusion. The second group deals with atrophy as the main pathological mechanism which is typical for decreasing retinal oxygen consumption - for example glaucoma or retinitis pigmentosa (the second one named is not included in our work). Oximetry in systemic diseases creates a relatively new chapter of this branch with a very big potential of interdisciplinary cooperation for the future. It is possible the cooperation will not only include diabetologists but also neurologists (for example, in diseases like sclerosis multiplex or Devics, Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease) and haematologists (retinal oxygen saturation changes in patients with different rheological attributes of blood). CONCLUSION Retinal oxygen saturation measuring by automatic retinal oximetry is a relatively new method with scientifically confirmed high reproducibility of results. Currently it is the only experimental method with vast potentials not only in the realm of the possibility of observing eye diseases (diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion or glaucoma) but also in developing interdisciplinary cooperation with diabetologists, neurologists and haematologists.
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Lin GC, Lin HS, Horng YH, Chu HC, Sheu SJ. Intraocular pressure might play a role in the surgical management of patients with epiretinal membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:2691-2699. [PMID: 32734468 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prognostic factors and visual outcomes for patients with epiretinal membrane after pars plana vitrectomy and possible interactions between multiple factors. METHODS A retrospective chart review of adult patients with epiretinal membrane treated with pars plana vitrectomy performed by a single surgeon between February 1, 2015, and January 31, 2017 was conducted. The surgical procedures included standard 25-gauge vitrectomy with peeling of the epiretinal membrane and internal limiting membrane (ILM). Factors including age, sex, vision, intraocular pressure (IOP), lens status, and baseline optical coherence tomography angiography were analyzed to determine any association with visual outcomes. IOP and lens status were evaluated at every visit point and were used for analysis. RESULTS Visual changes after pars plana vitrectomy in patients with epiretinal membrane were significantly associated with time, lens status, baseline ellipsoid zone integrity, baseline vision, baseline parafoveal vessel density of superficial capillary plexus (SPVD), and IOP. Further investigation using Johnson-Neyman analysis revealed that vision improved over time, especially in pseudophakic eyes. High IOP at baseline or during follow-up was identified as a significant factor associated with limited visual improvement. CONCLUSION Our study showed that vision improved over time after vitrectomy for patients with epiretinal membrane. The surgical outcomes are more stable in pseudophakic eyes, and vision improved after cataract extraction in phakic eyes. IOP should be managed and monitored closely to optimize surgical and visual outcomes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Chyun Lin
- Department of Information Technology and Management, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Shyan Lin
- Department of Health-Business Administration, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Harn Horng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Rd., Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 80756, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Jiuan Sheu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Rd., Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 80756, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Truscott RJW, Friedrich MG. Molecular Processes Implicated in Human Age-Related Nuclear Cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:5007-5021. [PMID: 31791064 PMCID: PMC7043214 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human age-related nuclear cataract is commonly characterized by four biochemical features that involve modifications to the structural proteins that constitute the bulk of the lens: coloration, oxidation, insolubility, and covalent cross-linking. Each of these is progressive and increases as the cataract worsens. Significant progress has been made in understanding the origin of the factors that underpin the loss of lens transparency. Of these four hallmarks of cataract, it is protein-protein cross-linking that has been the most intransigent, and it is only recently, with the advent of proteomic methodology, that mechanisms are being elucidated. A diverse range of cross-linking processes involving several amino acids have been uncovered. Although other hypotheses for the etiology of cataract have been advanced, it is likely that spontaneous decomposition of the structural proteins of the lens, which do not turn over, is responsible for the age-related changes to the properties of the lens and, ultimately, for cataract. Cataract may represent the first and best characterized of a number of human age-related diseases where spontaneous protein modification leads to ongoing deterioration and, ultimately, a loss of tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J W Truscott
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Michael G Friedrich
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Furashova O, Engelmann K. To Peel or Not to Peel: Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Macular Membrane Peel in Eyes with Abnormalities of Vitreomacular Interface and Coexisting Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:389-396. [PMID: 32103885 PMCID: PMC7023885 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s240480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the outcome of macular surgery with ILM- and epiretinal membrane peel associated with significant dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) as defined by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). Patients and Methods Institutional. Retrospective case-control study. A total of 42 pseudophacic eyes of 39 patients (7 with full thickness macular hole and 35 with epiretinal membrane) with coexisting dry AMD underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) and epiretinal membrane peel. Preoperative and postoperative data including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), AMD grade according to AREDS, central retinal thickness (CRT), development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and central retinal atrophy have been evaluated. Twenty-eight fellow eyes with dry AMD of the included 39 patients served as a control group. Results A significant improvement in the visual acuity could be observed after surgery (initial BCVA 0.47±0.31 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) vs 0.33±0.29logMAR 9 months postoperatively; p=0.006). CRT decreased significantly after surgery (p<0.001). In the surgery group, there were 4 eyes (9.5%) with CNV and 1 eye (2.5%) with new central retinal atrophy development after surgery. All these eyes had preoperative AREDS 3 (4 eyes) or AREDS 4 (1 eye) AMD category. In the control group, there was 1 eye (4%) with CNV and 4 eyes (14%) with new central retinal atrophy development during the follow-up of 9 months. These eyes had initially AREDS 2 (1 eye), AREDS 3 (3 eyes) or AREDS 4 (1 eye) AMD category. Conclusion Eyes with dry AMD of AREDS 3 and AREDS 4 with coexisting VMI abnormalities improve significantly after PPV with membrane peel. While there is a higher risk of CNV development after surgery (9.5%) in these eyes, the vitrectomy does not seem to accelerate central retinal atrophy progression compared to the fellow eyes course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Furashova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Katrin Engelmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, Chemnitz, Germany
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18
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Flikier S, Wu A, Wu L. Revisiting pars plana vitrectomy in the primary treatment of diabetic macular edema in the era of pharmacological treatment. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2020; 9:224-232. [PMID: 31942427 PMCID: PMC6947753 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_61_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of moderate visual loss in diabetic patients. The current treatment of choice for center-involved DME is anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. Most patients that undergo pharmacological inhibition with anti-VEGF agents need multiple monitoring visits that include optical coherence tomography imaging and multiple injections. Despite this intensive treatment, up to 60% of eyes will have persistent DME after six consecutive monthly injections of an anti-VEGF. Its sustainability over the long term has been questioned. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) by increasing the vitreous cavity oxygenation, relieving vitreomacular traction, and removing cytokines from the vitreous cavity may cause long-term resolution of DME without the aforementioned concerns in selected cases. Eyes with vitreomacular traction clearly benefit from PPV as the primary treatment. The role of PPV for eyes with DME without tractional elements is less clear and needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres Wu
- Macula, Vitreous and Retina Associates of Costa RIca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Lihteh Wu
- Macula, Vitreous and Retina Associates of Costa RIca, San José, Costa Rica
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19
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Heruye SH, Maffofou Nkenyi LN, Singh NU, Yalzadeh D, Ngele KK, Njie-Mbye YF, Ohia SE, Opere CA. Current Trends in the Pharmacotherapy of Cataracts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E15. [PMID: 31963166 PMCID: PMC7168925 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataracts, one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide, refers to lens degradation that is characterized by clouding, with consequent blurry vision. As life expectancies improve, the number of people affected with cataracts is predicted to increase worldwide, especially in low-income nations with limited access to surgery. Although cataract surgery is considered safe, it is associated with some complications such as retinal detachment, warranting a search for cheap, pharmacological alternatives to the management of this ocular disease. The lens is richly endowed with a complex system of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants which scavenge reactive oxygen species to preserve lens proteins. Depletion and/or failure in this primary antioxidant defense system contributes to the damage observed in lenticular molecules and their repair mechanisms, ultimately causing cataracts. Several attempts have been made to counteract experimentally induced cataract using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo techniques. The majority of the anti-cataract compounds tested, including plant extracts and naturally-occurring compounds, lies in their antioxidant and/or free radical scavenging and/or anti-inflammatory propensity. In addition to providing an overview of the pathophysiology of cataracts, this review focuses on the role of various categories of natural and synthetic compounds on experimentally-induced cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segewkal H. Heruye
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Leonce N. Maffofou Nkenyi
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Neetu U. Singh
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | | | - Kalu K. Ngele
- Department of Biology/Microbiology/Biotechnology, Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Ya-Fatou Njie-Mbye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Sunny E. Ohia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Catherine A. Opere
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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20
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Muranov KO, Poliansky NB, Chebotareva NA, Kleimenov SY, Bugrova AE, Indeykina MI, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Ostrovsky MA. The mechanism of the interaction of α-crystallin and UV-damaged β L-crystallin. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:736-748. [PMID: 31445149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-Crystallin maintains the transparency of the lens by preventing the aggregation of damaged proteins. The aim of our work was to study the chaperone-like activity of native α-crystallin in near physiological conditions (temperature, ionic power, pH) using UV-damaged βL-crystallin as the target protein. α-Crystallin in concentration depended manner inhibits the aggregation of UV-damaged βL-crystallin. DSC investigation has shown that refolding of denatured UV-damaged βL-crystallin was not observed under incubation with α-crystallin. α-Crystallin and UV-damaged βL-crystallin form dynamic complexes with masses from 75 to several thousand kDa. The content of UV-damaged βL-crystallin in such complexes increases with the mass of the complex. Complexes containing >10% of UV-damaged βL-crystallin are prone to precipitation whereas those containing <10% of the target protein are relatively stable. Formation of a stable 75 kDa complex is indicative of α-crystallin dissociation. We suppose that α-crystallin dissociation is the result of an interaction of comparable amounts of the chaperone-like protein and the target protein. In the lens simultaneous damage of such amounts of protein, mainly β and gamma-crystallins, is impossible. The authors suggest that in the lens rare molecules of the damaged protein interact with undissociated oligomers of α-crystallin, and thus preventing aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Muranov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N B Poliansky
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Chebotareva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal State Institution "Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology"of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Moscow, Russia
| | - S Yu Kleimenov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - A E Bugrova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M I Indeykina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physic, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Kononikhin
- Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physic, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
| | - E N Nikolaev
- Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physic, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
| | - M A Ostrovsky
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Ishida M, Wakakuri T, Imamura Y. Correlation between choroidal thickness and intraocular pressure after 23-gauge vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1774-1778. [PMID: 30450307 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.11.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the relationship between the subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) following idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery. METHODS Retrospective observational case series of patients who had undergone 23-gauge vitrectomy for an ERM. The measurements of CT and IOP were done at the baseline and 1d, 1wk, 1, 3, 6, and 12mo after the surgery. RESULTS Forty-four eyes of 43 patients with a mean age of 69.8±9.5y were studied. The CT was 200.8±86.3 µm at the baseline, 210.1±83.5 µm at 1d, 213.2±85.4 µm at 1wk, 203.1±84.0 µm at 1mo, 197.5±85.5 µm at 3mo, 197.7±84.0 µm at 6mo, and 191.2±86.8 µm at 12mo after surgery. The CT on day 1 and week 1 after the surgery was significantly thicker than that at the baseline CT (P=0.0023 and P<0.0001). The CT at 12mo after surgery was significantly thinner than the baseline (P=0.0062). The IOP on day 1 and week 1 were significantly lower than the baseline (P<0.0001 and P=0.0042). The IOP at 1, 3, 6, and 12mo after surgery were significantly higher than the baseline IOP (P=0.0087, P=0.0023, P<0.00051, and P<0.0001). The rates of changes in the CT between baseline and day 1 and week 1 were significantly and negatively correlated with the rates of change in the IOP (P<0.0001 and P=0.046). In the group with the IOP change rate of -30% or less at 1d postoperatively, the change rate of CT was -21.1% to 31.2% (9.8%±12.4%) and in the group of -29% or more, it was -8.9% to 28.0% (2.6%±8.9%). The change rate of CT in the group with the IOP change rate of -30% or less was significantly higher than the group of -29% or more (P=0.016). CONCLUSION CT increases soon after the ERM surgery which is probably due to the transient hypotony, showing that IOP may be a significant confounding factor for CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, University Hospital Mizonokuchi, 5-1-1 Futago, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Wakakuri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, University Hospital Mizonokuchi, 5-1-1 Futago, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-8507, Japan
| | - Yutaka Imamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, University Hospital Mizonokuchi, 5-1-1 Futago, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-8507, Japan
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Abstract
Purpose To investigate the photochemical degradation of trypan blue (TB) and to identify decomposition products. Methods Defined solution samples of TB and a mixture with lutein/zeaxanthin were exposed to blue light. Thermal degradation processes were ruled out using controls not subjected to irradiation. All samples were analyzed using optical microscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Degradation kinetics were determined based on changes in absorbance; intermediates were identified by analyzing mass differences of characteristic fragment ion peaks within the fragmentation patterns, and assignments were verified by NMR. Results TB demonstrated a photochemical degradation, which can be triggered by lutein/zeaxanthin. Intermediates vary depending on the presence of lutein/zeaxanthin. The self-sensitized photodegradation of TB occurs under generation of dimethyl sulfate and presumed formation of phenol. In contrast, within the presence of lutein/zeaxanthin the decomposition of TB indicates the formation of methoxyamine and sulfonyl arin. Thermal degradation processes were not observed. Conclusions TB demonstrated a photodegradation that may be triggered by lutein/zeaxanthin and results in the formation of cytotoxic decomposition products. Our findings contribute to understand degradation mechanisms of TB and may elucidate previous clinical and experimental observations of cellular toxicity after TB application.
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Zoric L, Elek-Vlajic S, Jovanovic M, Kisic B, Djokic O, Canadanovic V, Cosic V, Jaksic V. Oxidative Stress Intensity in Lens and Aqueous Depending on Age-Related Cataract Type and Brunescense. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 18:669-74. [DOI: 10.1177/112067210801800501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cataract formation represents a serious problem in the elderly, and has a large impact on healthcare budget. The oxidative stress form and intensity might determine the cataract type and pigmentation, making efforts in the cataract prevention challenge more complex. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional review of 80 samples of aqueous humor and lens corticonuclear blocks. Aqueous samples were analyzed by the method of antioxidant activity estimation (%iMDA), while lipid peroxides (LP) and total sulfhydryl groups (TSH) were determined in lenses. Results Mixed and brunescent cataracts have statistically significant lower values of antioxidative %iMDA and TSH (p<0.001 for both parameters) and higher values of lipid peroxidation (p<0.001). No correlation between LP and TSH with maturity of cortical cataract was found, but there was a significant correlation with the %iMDA (p<0.05). Conclusions The role of the oxidative stress in cataractogenesis could not be the same for all cataract types. High level of lipid peroxides in pigmented cataracts may point to the different nature of pigment source than proteins solely, whereas lipid peroxidation and SH groups consumption in cortical cataractogenesis might be of less importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Zoric
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Settlement Kosovska Mitrovica, Belgrade
| | - S. Elek-Vlajic
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Settlement Kosovska Mitrovica, Belgrade
| | - M. Jovanovic
- Institute for Eye Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade
| | - B. Kisic
- Biochemistry Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Settlement Kosovska Mitrovica, Novi Sad
| | - O. Djokic
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Settlement Kosovska Mitrovica, Belgrade
| | | | - V. Cosic
- Biochemistry Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nis - Serbia
| | - V. Jaksic
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Settlement Kosovska Mitrovica, Belgrade
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AGE, SEX, AND TIME-SPECIFIC TRENDS IN SURGICAL APPROACHES FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT. Retina 2017; 37:2326-2333. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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LONG-TERM INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AFTER UNCOMPLICATED PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE. Retina 2017; 39:163-171. [PMID: 29160783 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate long-term intraocular pressure trends after uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membrane. METHODS Three hundred and sixty-eight eyes of 368 consecutive patients were enrolled. Changes in intraocular pressure 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery and during the final follow-up visit were evaluated in vitrectomized eyes and nonvitrectomized fellow eyes. RESULTS The median follow-up period was 36 months (range 12-92 months). Longitudinal data analysis evidenced a 2.5-mmHg (2.2 mmHg; 2.7 mmHg, 95% confidence interval) statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure 30 days after surgery between treated and fellow untreated eyes, gradually recovering to a not significant 0.2-mmHg (-0.1 mmHg; 0.4 mmHg, 95% confidence interval) difference within 26 months. The incidence of late-onset ocular hypertension was 5.7% (21 over 347, 2%; 12%, 95% confidence interval) without difference between the treated eyes and the group control. No significant difference in the incidence of late-onset ocular hypertension and sex, lens status, or gauge of vitrectomy instruments was detected. Only patient's age was significantly higher (mean difference 4.2 years; 0.1-8.0 years, Monte Carlo, 95% confidence interval) in those who developed late-onset ocular hypertension in the vitrectomized eye. CONCLUSION Uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membrane seems not to increase the risk of late-onset ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma development.
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Yang H, Yu PK, Cringle SJ, Sun X, Yu DY. Microvascular Network and Its Endothelial Cells in the Human Iris. Curr Eye Res 2017; 43:67-76. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1379544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Yang
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Physiology and Pharmacology Centre, Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paula K Yu
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Physiology and Pharmacology Centre, Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephen J Cringle
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Physiology and Pharmacology Centre, Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health (Fudan University), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Dao-Yi Yu
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Physiology and Pharmacology Centre, Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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27
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Liu L, Xiao W. Notch1 signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lens epithelium cells during hypoxia. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:135. [PMID: 28764685 PMCID: PMC5539888 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) is one of the most common complications of cataract surgery which can result in severe visual damage. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of lens epithelium cells (LEC) is the pathological basis of PCO. Recent research showed that hypoxia acted as an inducer of EMT through a Notch1/Snail1/E-cadherin pathway. However, it remains unclear whether the Notch1/Snail1/E-cadherin pathway is involved in PCO under hypoxia. Methods The morphology of SRA01/04 cells treating with Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2) was observed and the markers of EMT and Notch1/Snail1/E-cadherin pathway were analyzed by Western blot and Immunocytochemistry assay. Transwell invasion assay and Wound healing assay were used to detected the effect of p3 × FLAG-CMV-7-NICD1 transfection on the SRA01/04 cells. Results The SRA01/04 cells lost cell polarity and cell junction culturing with CoCl2. The expression of Keratin, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), Notch1, Snail1were upregulated, on the other side, Fibronectin and E-cadherin were downregulated in hypoxia. Furthermore, the overexpression of Notch1 induced the expression of E-cadherin and increased the invasion and migration ability of SRA01/04 cells. Conclusions These results suggest that Notch1/Snail1/E-cadherin pathway facilitates the EMT through HIF-1α in SRA01/04 cells during hypoxia and promotes LEC motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, NO.36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang The Fourth Hospital of People, NO.20 Huanghe South Street, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110031, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, NO.36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China.
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Kelkar A, Kelkar J, Chitale S, Shah R. Authors' reply. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 65:328. [PMID: 28513503 PMCID: PMC5452591 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_46_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Yamamoto K, Iwase T, Terasaki H. Long-Term Changes in Intraocular Pressure after Vitrectomy for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment, Epi-Retinal Membrane, or Macular Hole. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167303. [PMID: 27898707 PMCID: PMC5127550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the long-term changes in the intraocular pressure (IOP) following vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), epiretinal membrane (ERM), and macular hole (MH), and to investigate the relationship between the retinal disease and the incidence of late-onset IOP elevation. Methods This was a retrospective, observational, comparative study. We reviewed the medical records of 54 eyes of 54 RRD patients, 117 eyes of 117 ERM patients, and 75 eyes of 75 MH patients who underwent 20-, 23- or 25-gauge vitrectomy. The IOPs before surgery and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months following vitrectomy, and also at the final visit (average, 23.95 months) were evaluated. We defined a significant increase in the IOP as an increase of ≥4 mmHg from the preoperative IOP, and this increase was taken to be a ‘death’ event for the Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Results The mean follow-up period was not significantly different among the groups. The mean IOP at 3 (P = 0.001) and 12 (P = 0.011) months following the vitrectomy and at the final visit (P = 0.002) were significantly higher than that before the vitrectomy in the RRD group. The mean IOP in the RRD group was significant higher than that in the ERM group at 1 (P = 0.005), 3 (P = 0.009), and 12 (P = 0.013) months following vitrectomy, and at the final visit (P = 0.032). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed that the RRD group had a significantly higher risk of an IOP increase following vitrectomy than the other groups (P<0.001 by log-rank test). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that a preoperative diagnosis of RRD was the only risk factor that was significantly associated with a postoperative IOP elevation after excluding eyes with a low preoperative IOP (odds ratio, 3.208; P = 0.003). Conclusions A late-onset IOP elevation following vitrectomy was observed only in eyes that underwent RRD surgery. The elevation was probably caused by the specific characteristics and surgical procedures of RRD. Clinicians should pay more attention to the IOP elevation for long times after vitrectomy especially in eyes with RRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Lee SU, Nam KY, Lee SJ. Surgically induced changes in retinal vessel diameter, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, and the optic disc after 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Int Ophthalmol 2016; 37:575-581. [PMID: 27492729 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the retinal vascular calibre, retinal nerve fibre layer's thickness, and optic disc changes in patients after pars plana vitrectomy. We examined 40 eyes in 40 patients who had undergone unilateral pars plana vitrectomy at three time points: prior to surgery, and at 3 and 6 months after the operation. The diameters of central retinal arteries and veins were measured using retinal photographs. The central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) were calculated using the revised Parr-Hubbard formula. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness was obtained using Stratus optical coherence tomography. The cup-to-disc vertical ratio of the optic disc was evaluated using stereo optic disc photography. There were no significant differences between the eyes of individual patients before the operation. Cup-to-disc vertical ratios of the optic disc were significantly increased 3 and 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.01, p < 0.01), and there was a significant difference between the operative eye and fellow eye at the same time points (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). Changes in CRAE and CRVE in the operative eyes were significantly larger than the fellow eyes 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). The retinal nerve fibre layer thickness showed no significant changes. While there were no changes in retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, vitrectomy induced changes in the cup-to-disc vertical ratio of the optic disc and retinal vessel diameter for at least 6 months after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Uk Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Seo-gu GamCheon-ro 262, Busan, 49267, South Korea
| | - Ki Yup Nam
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Seo-gu GamCheon-ro 262, Busan, 49267, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Seo-gu GamCheon-ro 262, Busan, 49267, South Korea.
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Iwase T, Yamamoto K, Yanagida K, Kobayashi M, Ra E, Murotani K, Terasaki H. Change in refraction after lens-sparing vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and epiretinal membrane. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4317. [PMID: 27512843 PMCID: PMC4985298 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare changes in refraction following lens-sparing vitrectomy between patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and epiretinal membrane (ERM) and to investigate factors associated with the change in refraction.We reviewed medical records of 49 eyes of 49 patients with RRD (53.6 ± 7.8 years, mean ± standard deviation) and 24 eyes of 24 patients with ERM (50.9 ± 15.7 years) who underwent lens-sparing vitrectomy. Spherical equivalent refractive power was evaluated before and up to 18 months after surgery. The relationship between the change in refraction and several parameters was evaluated.A significant progressive myopic shift in refractive power was observed after vitrectomy in operated RRD and ERM eyes (P < 0.001, P = 0.016, respectively), with no significant difference in fellow eyes. The refraction values observed at ≥3 and ≥12 months following vitrectomy were significantly different as compared with those observed at baseline in the RRD group (P < 0.001) and the ERM group (P < 0.05), respectively. The change in refraction between the RRD and ERM groups was significant (P = 0.030). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that only age was significantly correlated with the change in refraction in RRD (P = 0.018) and ERM (P < 0.001) groups. The change in refraction was significantly and positively correlated with age in RRD (r = -0.461, P = 0.001) and ERM (r = -0.687, P < 0.001) groups. Following lens-sparing vitrectomy, cataract surgery was performed on 30 eyes after 0.89 ± 0.26 years in the RRD group and on 10 eyes after 1.11 ± 0.14 years in the ERM group; there was a significant difference in time to cataract surgery between the groups (P = 0.007). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the rate of cataract surgeries between the RRD and ERM groups (P = 0.022).Following lens-sparing vitrectomy for RRD and ERM, a progressive myopic shift in refraction owing to nuclear sclerosis was observed. Core vitrectomy itself would cause a myopic shift of refraction. The only risk factor associated with cataract progression following lens-sparing vitrectomy is age for both types of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kosei Yanagida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misato Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eimei Ra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenta Murotani
- Division of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Kubota M, Shui YB, Liu M, Bai F, Huang AJ, Ma N, Beebe DC, Siegfried CJ. Mitochondrial oxygen metabolism in primary human lens epithelial cells: Association with age, diabetes and glaucoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:513-519. [PMID: 27445101 PMCID: PMC4996752 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hypoxic environment around the lens is important for maintaining lens transparency. Lens epithelial cells (LECs) play a key role in lens metabolism. We measured oxygen consumption to assess the role of human LECs in maintaining hypoxia around the lens, as well as the impact of systemic and ocular diagnosis on these cells. METHODS Baseline cellular respiration was measured in rabbit LECs (NN1003A), canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK), trabecular meshwork cells (TM-5), and bovine corneal endothelial cells (CCEE) using a XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Seahorse Bioscience, North Billerica, MA), which measures oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in vitro. Following informed written consent, lens capsule epithelial cells were obtained from patients during cataract surgery and were divided into small explants in 96-well plates. Capsules were removed when LECs became confluent. OCR was normalized to the number of cells per well using rabbit LECs as a standard. The effect of patient age, sex, race, and presence of diabetes or glaucoma on oxygen consumption was assessed by using the Mann-Whitney U test and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS Primary LECs were obtained from 69 patients. The OCR from donors aged 70 and over was lower than that of those under 70 years (2.21±1.037 vs. 2.86±1.383 fmol/min/cell; p<0.05). Diabetic patients had lower OCR than non-diabetic patients (2.02±0.911 vs. 2.79±1.332fmol/min/cell; p<0.05), and glaucoma patients had lower OCR than non-glaucoma patients (2.27±1.19 vs. 2.83±1.286 fmol/min/cell; p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed that donors aged 70 and over (p<0.05), diabetic patients (p<0.01), and glaucoma patients (p<0.05) had significantly lower OCR, independent of other variables. Gender and race had no significant effect on OCR. CONCLUSIONS The lower oxygen consumption rate of human LECs in older donors and patients with diabetes or glaucoma could contribute to cataract development. Diabetes and glaucoma are particularly important factors associated with decreased OCR, independent of age. Ongoing studies are examining pO2 at the anterior surface of the lens in vivo and oxygen consumption in the patient's LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kubota
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Departments of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Y B Shui
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - M Liu
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - F Bai
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - A J Huang
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - N Ma
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Departments of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - D C Beebe
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - C J Siegfried
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Barnes S, Quinlan RA. Small molecules, both dietary and endogenous, influence the onset of lens cataracts. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:87-94. [PMID: 27039707 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How the lens ages successfully is a lesson in biological adaption and the emergent properties of its complement of cells and proteins. This living tissue contains some of the oldest proteins in our bodies and yet they remain functional for decades, despite exposure to UV light, to reactive oxygen species and all the other hazards to protein function. This remarkable feat is achieved by a shrewd investment in very stable proteins as lens crystallins, by providing a reservoir of ATP-independent protein chaperones unequalled by any other tissue and by an oxidation-resistant environment. In addition, glutathione, a free radical scavenger, is present in mM concentrations and the plasma membranes contain oxidation-resistant sphingolipids what compromises lens function as it ages? In this review, we examine the role of small molecules in the prevention or causation of cataracts, including those associated with diet, metabolic pathways and drug therapy (steroids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Subczynski WK, Mainali L, Raguz M, O'Brien WJ. Organization of lipids in fiber-cell plasma membranes of the eye lens. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:79-86. [PMID: 26988627 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane together with the cytoskeleton forms the only supramolecular structure of the matured fiber cell which accounts for mostly all fiber cell lipids. The purpose of this review is to inform researchers about the importance of the lipid bilayer portion of the lens fiber cell plasma membranes in the maintaining lens homeostasis, and thus protecting against cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold K Subczynski
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Laxman Mainali
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Marija Raguz
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - William J O'Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Šín M, Chrapek O, Karhanová M, Šínová I, Špačková K, Langová K, Řehák J. The effect of pars plana vitrectomy and nuclear cataract on oxygen saturation in retinal vessels, diabetic and non-diabetic patients compared. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:41-7. [PMID: 26310901 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) on oxygen saturation in retinal vessels in patients with diabetes and non-diabetes after a 1-year follow-up. METHODS This was a prospective consecutive interventional case series in 82 eyes in 82 patients. The sample consisted of 25 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular oedema based on vitreoretinal traction or epiretinal membrane (ERM) and 57 non-diabetic patients with macular hole and ERM. Automatic retinal oximetry (Oxymap Inc.) was used on all patients 24 hr prior to PPV, and it was also used 7 and 52 weeks after PPV (classic 20G or sutureless 23G). We analysed the data according to subgroup diagnosis and lens status. RESULTS Arterial saturation increased significantly from 96.4 ± 2.9% at baseline to 96.6 ± 3.4% at week 7 and 97.3 ± 3.4% at week 52 (p < 0.0001; Friedman test). Vein saturation also increased significantly from 63.5 ± 7.9% at baseline to 66.1 ± 7.7% and 67.0 ± 7.2% at weeks 7 and 52 (p < 0.0001; Friedman test). The value of the arteriovenous (A-V) difference decreased significantly after vitrectomy from 32.8 ± 7.5% at baseline to 30.5 ± 7.5% and 30.3 ± 7.0% at weeks 7 and 52 (p < 0.0001; Friedman test). The subgroup analysis revealed that in patients with diabetes, there were no statistically significant changes in oxygen saturation in blood vessels or in the A-V difference after PPV. After vitrectomy, retinal vessel diameter reduced by about 3.5% in both groups of patients. Further, the analysis revealed that opacification of the lens leads to a decrease in oxygen saturation in contrast to a clear lens and pseudophakic IOLs. CONCLUSION Oxygen saturation is higher in the retinal veins and arteries after PPV in patients with non-diabetes, and this lasts for at least 52 weeks. In contrast, in patients with diabetes, there is no increase in oxygen saturation in the retinal vessels after vitrectomy. After vitrectomy, retinal vessel diameter reduced in both groups of patients. Further, the nuclear cataract progression has substantial effect on oximetry results. Patients with nuclear cataract exhibited an increase in saturation in both arteries and veins, but the A-V difference remained the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šín
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Chrapek
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Marta Karhanová
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Irena Šínová
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | | | - Kateřina Langová
- Department of Medical Biophysics; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Řehák
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
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Huang AJW, Shui YB, Han YP, Bai F, Siegfried CJ, Beebe DC. Impact of Corneal Endothelial Dysfunctions on Intraocular Oxygen Levels in Human Eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6483-8. [PMID: 26447982 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the implications of corneal endothelial dysfunctions on oxidative stress in the anterior segment via in vivo measurements of oxygen partial pressure (pO2) in the anterior chamber (AC) of human eyes. METHODS We recruited 51 patients undergoing cataract surgery and/or endothelial keratoplasty (EK). Endothelial cell density (ECD; n = 33) and central corneal thickness (CCT; n = 41) were measured on patients with relatively clear corneas. Before surgery, an oxygen sensor was introduced into the AC via a peripheral corneal paracentesis. In all patients, seven measurements of pO2 were obtained by positioning the flexible tip near the endothelium at the central cornea, at four cardinal subendothelial locations near the midperipheral cornea, and in the mid-AC and AC angle. In patients with pseudophakia or eyes undergoing cataract surgery, pO2 also was measured near the lens surface and in the posterior chamber. RESULTS Consistent with our previous reports, a steep oxygen gradient was noted in the anterior segment of normal controls (n = 24). In patients with endothelial dysfunctions (n = 27), there was a significant increase of pO2 at all five subendothelial locations without a significant increase of pO2 in the AC angle. By regression analyses, subendothelial pO2 correlated inversely with ECD and positively with CCT in patients with endothelial dysfunctions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an even steeper intraocular oxygen gradient in eyes with corneal endothelial dysfunctions. It suggests that the reduced oxygen consumption in corneal endothelial cells may increase oxidative stress in the AC and the existence of an alternative aqueous inflow pathway that maintains a relatively low and constant pO2 at the AC angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J W Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ying-Bo Shui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Yu-Ping Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States 2Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Fang Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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Choi HJ, Lee DH, Kim JH, Shin JY, Lee JH. Long Term Incidence Rate of Glaucoma after Pars Plana Vitrectomy. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2016.57.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hun Jin Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Do Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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Gu R, Zhou M, Jiang C, Yu J, Xu G. Elevated concentration of cytokines in aqueous in post-vitrectomy eyes. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 44:128-34. [PMID: 26317489 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RuiPing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - ChunHui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Department of Ophthalmology; No. 5 People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - GeZhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate changes of accommodative power in phakic eyes after uneventful pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in patients aged younger than 45 years without presbyopia. METHODS We investigated patients aged younger than 45 years who underwent PPV without crystalline lens extraction because of vitreoretinal disorders. Twelve weeks after vitrectomy, the near point of accommodation, high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation, axial length, and anterior chamber depth of vitrectomized and contralateral nonvitrectomized eyes were examined. RESULTS Ten eyes of 10 patients were included. The average patient age was 39.8 (±4.3) years. None experienced cataract progression in the vitrectomized eye up to 12 weeks after surgery. Near point of accommodation was significantly lower in the vitrectomized eye than in the opposite eye at 12 weeks after vitrectomy (5.23 [±1.39] diopters vs. 5.91 [±1.83] diopters, p < 0.001). The high-frequency components in the vitrectomized eyes were significantly greater than those in the contralateral eyes (p = 0.01). However, anterior chamber depth and axial length were similar in value to the preoperative observations. CONCLUSIONS Uneventful PPV in relatively young patients without presbyopia reduced accommodative power during the early postoperative period with no cataract progression.
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40
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Intracellular cytoskeleton and junction proteins of endothelial cells in the porcine iris microvasculature. Exp Eye Res 2015; 140:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE A distinct subset of genes, so-called "late fiber genes," is expressed in cells bordering the central, organelle-free zone (OFZ) of the lens. The purpose of this study was to identify additional members of this group. METHODS Fiber cells were harvested from various layers of the lens by laser micro-dissection and subjected to microarray, in situ hybridization, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Expression of Livin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family encoded by Birc7, was strongly upregulated in deep cortical fiber cells. The depth-dependent distribution of Livin mRNA was confirmed by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. The onset of Livin expression coincided with loss of organelles from primary fiber cells. Livin expression peaked at 1 month but was sustained even in aged lenses. Antibodies raised against mouse Livin labeled multiple bands on immunoblots, reflecting progressive proteolysis of the parent molecule during differentiation. Mice harboring a floxed Birc7 allele were generated and used to conditionally delete Birc7 in lens. Lenses from knockout mice grew normally and retained their transparency, suggesting that Livin does not have an indispensable role in fiber cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Birc7 is a late fiber gene of the mouse lens. In tumor cells, Livin acts as an antiapoptotic protein, but its function in the lens is enigmatic. Livin is a RING domain protein with putative E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Its expression in cells bordering the OFZ is consistent with a role in organelle degradation, a process in which the ubiquitin proteasome pathway has been implicated previously.
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Zheng XY, Xu J, Chen XI, Li W, Wang TY. Attenuation of oxygen fluctuation-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in human lens epithelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1883-1887. [PMID: 26640566 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataractogenic stresses are associated with the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, little is known about oxygen (O2)-induced ER stress in the lens. Cataract research has focused on elevated levels of O2 in lens epithelial cells (LECs). Excessive levels or a lack of O2 are known to induce ER stress whereas chronic ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). The present study investigated the hypothesis that the fluctuation of O2 levels induces a UPR, and may be controlled by maintaining human LECs (hLECs) in a specific concentration of O2. Human LECs were cultured in different atmospheric levels of O2. Hypoxic conditions were determined by the level of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and ethidium homodimer-1 staining were conducted to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death, respectively. Protein blot analyses were performed with antibodies specific to antioxidant and UPR-specific proteins. Reverse transcription-quantitatative polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to quantify the mRNA levels of activated NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). The treatment of human LECs with 0 and 20% atmospheric O2 activated Nrf2/Keap1. The LECs shifted to 1% atmospheric O2 from 0, 4 or 20% for 24 h showed decreased levels of Keap1. By contrast, hLECs cultured in 1% atmospheric O2 for 24 h and then shifted to 0, 4 or 20% O2 exhibited a significant upregulation of Nrf2. These results suggest that oxidative stress proteins were not expressed in a 1% O2 environment. The O2 levels in the culture medium were equilibrated within 2 h in the cell culture plates. These results showed that an appropriate oxygen environment for the culture of LECs is ~1 % atmospheric O2. Either 0 or 20% of atmospheric O2 activated the UPR and the Nrf2/Keap1-mediated antioxidant system in LECs and chronic exposure to O2 fluctuation led to ROS production and cell death. This study revealed that O2 fluctuation-induced UPR/ER stress could be prevented by maintaining the cells in a 1% O2 environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - X I Chen
- The Central Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- The Central Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Effects of Vitreomacular Adhesion on Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:865083. [PMID: 26425354 PMCID: PMC4573628 DOI: 10.1155/2015/865083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we review the association between vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Meta-analyses have shown that eyes with neovascular AMD are twice as likely to have VMA as normal eyes. VMA in neovascular AMD may induce inflammation, macular traction, decrease in oxygenation, sequestering of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and other cytokines or may directly stimulate VEGF production. VMA may also interfere with the treatment effects of anti-VEGF therapy, which is the standard treatment for neovascular AMD, and releasing VMA can improve the treatment response to anti-VEGF treatment in neovascular AMD. We also reviewed currently available methods of relieving VMA.
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The Vitreomacular Interface in Diabetic Retinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:392983. [PMID: 26425349 PMCID: PMC4573635 DOI: 10.1155/2015/392983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading health concern and a major cause of blindness. DR can be complicated by scar tissue formation, macular edema, and tractional retinal detachment. Optical coherence tomography has found that patients with DR often have diffuse retinal thickening, cystoid macular edema, posterior hyaloid traction, and tractional retinal detachment. Newer imaging techniques can even detect fine tangential folds and serous macular detachment. The interplay of the vitreous and the retina in the progression of DR involves multiple chemokine and other regulatory factors including VEGF. Understanding the cells infiltrating pathologic membranes at the vitreomacular interface has opened up the possibility of new targets for pharmacotherapy. Vitrectomies for DR remain a vital tool to help relieve tension on the macula by removing membranes, improving edema absorption, and eliminating the scaffold for new membrane formation. Newer treatments such as triamcinolone acetonide and VEGF inhibitors have become essential as a rapid way to control DR at the vitreomacular interface, improve macular edema, and reduce retinal neovascularization. These treatments alone, and in conjunction with PRP, help to prevent worsening of the VMI in patients with DR.
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Gekeler K, Priglinger S, Gekeler F, Priglinger C. [The role of the vitreous body in diseases of neighboring structures]. Ophthalmologe 2015; 112:564-71. [PMID: 26142226 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-015-0056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitreoretinal interface is not merely the space between the vitreous body and the retina but it is also a site for highly complex pathologies with the vitreous body exerting an influence on all the neighbouring structures. METHODS A literature search was performed in Pubmed and current book articles RESULTS This review article highlights the role of the vitreous body in vitreomacular adhesion and traction, in the development of macular holes and epiretinal membranes as well as its role in age-related macular degeneration. In the retinal periphery the vitreous structures play a pivotal role in retinal tears and detachment as well as in diabetic and other proliferative vitreoretinopathies. The role of the vitreous bodyin the emergence of various forms of cataract is often underestimated. DISCUSSION Vitreo-etinal surgeons should thoroughly understand the pathophysiological relationship between the vitreous body and the neighboring structures, especially in the era of medical vitreolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gekeler
- Augenklinik des Klinikums Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstraße 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Deutschland,
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Kessel L, Larsen M. Action spectrum for photobleaching of human lenses by short wavelength visible irradiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123732. [PMID: 25884924 PMCID: PMC4401553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cataract is the world-leading cause of blindness. In search for a new treatment of cataract we have found that the yellow discolouration of aged human lenses can be photobleached using a non-invasive, infra-red, femtosecond laser treatment. These results were presented in an earlier PlosOne publication. The objective of the study was to characterize the single-photon photobleaching action spectrum of the aged human lens in vitro. Methods Ninety-one human donor lenses were irradiated with continuous wave laser light at 375, 405, 420, 445, 457 or 473 nm. Photobleaching was monitored by photography and transmission measurements. Results The action spectrum peaked at 420 nm followed by, in order of decreasing effect, 445, 457, 473, 405 and 375 nm. Younger and less absorbent lenses showed smaller changes than older and more absorbent lenses. There was a dose-dependent increase in lens transmission with increasing laser irradiation. Conclusions For a 75 year old lens an effect corresponding to elimination of 15 years or more of optical ageing was obtained. This study of the spectral characteristics and intensity needed to bleach the human lens with single-photon laser effects found an action-spectrum peak at 420 nm tailing gradually off toward longer wavelengths and more steeply toward shorter wavelengths. The results may be used to guide experiments with two-photon bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kessel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yang H, Yu PK, Cringle SJ, Sun X, Yu DY. Quantitative study of the microvasculature and its endothelial cells in the porcine iris. Exp Eye Res 2015; 132:249-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shao Q, Ashkenazi S. Photoacoustic lifetime imaging for direct in vivo tissue oxygen monitoring. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:036004. [PMID: 25748857 PMCID: PMC4351645 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.036004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂) in tissue may provide physicians with essential information about the physiological state of tissue. However, currently available methods for measuring or imaging tissue pO₂ have significant limitations, preventing them from being widely used in clinics. Recently, we have reported a direct and noninvasive in vivo imaging modality based on the photoacoustic lifetime which overcomes certain drawbacks of the existing methods. The technique maps the excited triplet state of oxygen-sensitive dye, thus reflecting the spatial and temporal distributions of tissue oxygen. Here, we present two studies which apply photoacoustic lifetime imaging (PALI) to monitor changes of tissue oxygen induced by external modulations. The first study modulates tissue oxygen by controlling the percentage of oxygen a normal mouse inhales. We demonstrate that PALI is able to reflect the change in oxygen level with respect to normal, oxygen-rich, and oxygen-poor breathing conditions. The second study involves an acute ischemia model using a thin thread tied around the hindlimb of a normal mouse to reduce the blood flow. PALI images were acquired before, during, and after the restriction. The drop of tissue pO₂ and recovery from hypoxia due to reperfusion were tracked and observed by PALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shao
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Qi Shao, E-mail:
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Zhu XJ, Zhang KK, Zhou P, Jiang CH, Lu Y. αA-crystallin gene CpG islands hypermethylation in nuclear cataract after pars plana vitrectomy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:1043-51. [PMID: 25663476 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-2949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the DNA methylation status of αA-crystallin gene in cataract secondary to pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS Anterior capsular membranes of 40 eyes of 40 patients with cataract secondary to vitrectomy were collected. Another 20 eyes of 20 patients who received pars plana vitrectomy and phacoemulsification in the primary procedure, were recruited as control. Methylation status of the CpG islands of αA-crystallin gene was analyzed by pyrosequencing. Expression of αA-crystallin was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. RESULTS In the post vitrectomy group, five patients with posterior subcapsular opacity and four patients with cortical opacity were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 31 patients with nuclear cataract were assigned into two groups according to tamponade types: 19 of octafluoropropane (C3F8) and 12 of silicone oil (SiO). The average nuclear color grading was elevated both in C3F8 and SiO groups after vitrectomy. Compared to the control group, hypermethylation of the CpG islands in the αA-crystallin gene promoter was found in both post vitrectomy groups, accompanied by significantly reduced αA-crystallin expression. No statistically significant differences were found between the C3F8 and SiO groups either for DNA methylation status or αA-crystallin expression. CONCLUSIONS CpG islands hypermethylation of αA-crystallin gene may be involved in nuclear cataract formation after pars plana vitrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jia Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
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Souza EVD, Souza NVD, Rodrigues MDLV. Experimental closed system surgical procedures and intraocular pressure fluctuation. Acta Cir Bras 2014; 29:721-6. [PMID: 25424292 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502014001800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the behavior of intraocular pressure and its relationship with infusion pressure in vitrectomy, phacofragmentation and phacoemulsification surgeries in rabbits. METHODS Intraocular pressure fluctuation was measured in 24 eyes of 12 rabbits submitted to vitrectomy, phacofragmentation and phacoemulsification procedures (eight eyes per group). The procedures were divided according to the force of aspiration of the instrument. Intraocular pressure was monitored with a computerized polygraph by means of a cannula introduced into the vitreous chamber. RESULTS Intraocular pressure showed a mean variation from 33 mmHg (maximum) to 6 mmHg (minimum). Vitrectomy showed the greatest difference between weak and strong aspiration. The greatest fluctuations occurred during procedures with strong aspiration, with phacoemulsification showing the widest variation, with maximum peaks almost reaching 50 mmHg. The infusion pressure varied less than the intraocular pressure, especially at the lowest pressures. CONCLUSIONS The fluctuation of intraocular pressure during ocular surgeries was not great. The higher the aspiration pressure, the higher the intraocular pressure. The infusion pressure did not show a good correlation with intraocular pressure.
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