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Deng X, Li Z, Li Z, Zhou Q, Lan Y. Changes in the choroid detected by ultrawide-field optical coherence tomography angiography in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without diabetic retinopathy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103823. [PMID: 37783258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study objective was to investigate the choroidal changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. Controls without diabetes and T2DM patients without DR (NDR) were included. Ultrawide-field (24 × 20 mm2) optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was performed to analyse choroidal thickness and vessel density. All OCTA images were divided into 3 × 3 grids. The grid centre was considered the central area, while the rest was defined as the peripheral area. RESULTS No differences between groups were observed in the flow density of the choriocapillaris (CC), choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal vascular index (CVI) of the large and medium choroidal vessel (LMCV) in the central area. In the eight peripheral areas, the mean flow density of the CC did not differ between the groups, while the mean CVI and ChT were decreased in the NDR group (P< 0.05). In each peripheral area, the mean CVI and ChT were decreased in the NDR group (P< 0.05, except in the infratemporal area and nasal area for ChT and in the infratemporal area for CVI). In the correlation analysis, both mean peripheral CVI and ChT correlated with age and the duration of diabetes. CONCLUSION Early choroidal lesions tended to be peripheral in the LMCV in patients with diabetes without DR and correlated with age and the duration of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Chan-Ling T, Hu P, Li Calzi S, Warner J, Uddin N, DuPont M, Neuringer M, Kievit P, Renner L, Stoddard J, Ryals R, Boulton ME, McGill T, Grant MB. Glial, Neuronal, Vascular, Retinal Pigment Epithelium, and Inflammatory Cell Damage in a New Western Diet-Induced Primate Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1789-1808. [PMID: 36965774 PMCID: PMC10616715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated retinal changes in a Western diet (WD)-induced nonhuman primate model of type 2 diabetes. Rhesus nonhuman primates, aged 15 to 17 years, were fed a high-fat diet (n = 7) for >5 years reflective of the traditional WD. Age-matched controls (n = 6) were fed a standard laboratory primate diet. Retinal fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence imaging, and fluorescein angiography were performed before euthanasia. To assess diabetic retinopathy (DR), eyes were examined using trypsin digests, lipofuscin autofluorescence, and multimarker immunofluorescence on cross-sections and whole mounts. Retinal imaging showed venous engorgement and tortuosity, aneurysms, macular exudates, dot and blot hemorrhages, and a marked increase in fundus autofluorescence. Post-mortem changes included the following: decreased CD31 blood vessel density (P < 0.05); increased acellular capillaries (P < 0.05); increased density of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule expressing amoeboid microglia/macrophage; loss of regular distribution in stratum and spacing typical of ramified microglia; and increased immunoreactivity of aquaporin 4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (P < 0.05). However, rhodopsin immunoreactivity (P < 0.05) in rods and neuronal nuclei antibody-positive neuronal density of 50% (P < 0.05) were decreased. This is the first report of a primate model of DR solely induced by a WD that replicates key features of human DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailoi Chan-Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeff Warner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nasir Uddin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mariana DuPont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Martha Neuringer
- Department of Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Lauren Renner
- Department of Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jonathan Stoddard
- Integrated Pathology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Renee Ryals
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Trevor McGill
- Department of Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Pandey S, Chmelir T, Chottova Dvorakova M. Animal Models in Diabetic Research-History, Presence, and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2852. [PMID: 37893225 PMCID: PMC10603837 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a very serious disease, the incidence of which has been increasing worldwide. The beginning of diabetic research can be traced back to the 17th century. Since then, animals have been experimented on for diabetic research. However, the greatest development of diabetes research occurred in the second half of the last century, along with the development of laboratory techniques. Information obtained by monitoring patients and animal models led to the finding that there are several types of DM that differ significantly from each other in the causes of the onset and course of the disease. Through different types of animal models, researchers have studied the pathophysiology of all types of diabetic conditions and discovered suitable methods for therapy. Interestingly, despite the unquestionable success in understanding DM through animal models, we did not fully succeed in transferring the data obtained from animal models to human clinical research. On the contrary, we have observed that the chances of drug failure in human clinical trials are very high. In this review, we will summarize the history and presence of animal models in the research of DM over the last hundred years. Furthermore, we have summarized the new methodological approaches, such as "organ-on-chip," that have the potential to screen the newly discovered drugs for human clinical trials and advance the level of knowledge about diabetes, as well as its therapy, towards a personalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Pandey
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Chmelir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Magdalena Chottova Dvorakova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
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Deng X, Li Z, Zeng P, Liang J, Wang J, Lan Y. The Association between Decreased Choriocapillary Flow and Electroretinogram Impairments in Patients with Diabetes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103547. [PMID: 37003594 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between choriocapillary flow (CCF) and electroretinogram (ERG) in patients with diabetes. METHOD This was a cross-sectional study. Patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls who had undergone both flicker ERG and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) were included, while patients with severe diabetic retinopathy (DR) and macular edema were excluded. Correlations among OCTA and ERG parameters were conducted by generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). RESULT One hundred ninety-four eyes of 102 patients with diabetes and fifty-six eyes of 28 controls were included. The implicit time of 30-Hz flicker ERG successively increased, while the amplitudes, inner-retina vessel density and CCF were decreased from the control to the nondiabetic retinopathy (NDR) to DR group. In patients with diabetes, all GLMM models of ERG parameters had statistically significance (P<0.05), and CCF was correlated with ERG parameters (coefficient index=-0.601, P< 0.001 with 16 Td-s implicit time; coefficient index=-0.687, P< 0.001 with 32 Td-s implicit time; coefficient index=0.933, P=0.035 with 32 Td-s amplitude) and the thickness of retinal pigment epithelium, while in the GLMM model of CCF, it was correlated with the thickness of retinal pigment epithelium and the level of glycosylated hemoglobin(both P= 0.001). CONCLUSION CCF decreased in patients with diabetes, and it was related with ERG. Choroidopathy and its functional impairment in the retina may occur very early in patients with diabetes by influencing the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510020, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510020, China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuqing Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Rodent Models of Diabetic Retinopathy as a Useful Research Tool to Study Neurovascular Cross-Talk. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020262. [PMID: 36829539 PMCID: PMC9952991 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases leading to dysfunction of various organs, including ocular complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). Nowadays, DR treatments involve invasive options and are applied at the sight-threatening stages of DR. It is important to investigate noninvasive or pharmacological methods enabling the disease to be controlled at the early stage or to prevent ocular complications. Animal models are useful in DR laboratory practice, and this review is dedicated to them. The first part describes the characteristics of the most commonly used genetic rodent models in DR research. The second part focuses on the main chemically induced models. The authors pay particular attention to the streptozotocin model. Moreover, this section is enriched with practical aspects and contains the current protocols used in research in the last three years. Both parts include suggestions on which aspect of DR can be tested using a given model and the disadvantages of each model. Although animal models show huge variability, they are still an important and irreplaceable research tool. Note that the choice of a research model should be thoroughly considered and dependent on the aspect of the disease to be analyzed.
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Pitale PM, Gorbatyuk MS. Diabetic Retinopathy: From Animal Models to Cellular Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031487. [PMID: 35163410 PMCID: PMC8835767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder characterized by elevation in blood glucose level. The pathogenesis of DR includes vascular, neuronal, and inflammatory components leading to activation of complex cellular molecular signaling. If untreated, the disease can culminate in vision loss that eventually leads to blindness. Animal models mimicking different aspects of DM complications have been developed to study the development and progression of DR. Despite the significant contribution of the developed DR models to discovering the mechanisms of DR and the recent achievements in the research field, the sequence of cellular events in diabetic retinas is still under investigation. Partially, this is due to the complexity of molecular mechanisms, although the lack of availability of models that adequately mimic all the neurovascular pathobiological features observed in patients has also contributed to the delay in determining a precise molecular trigger. In this review, we provide an update on the status of animal models of DR to help investigators choose an appropriate system to validate their hypothesis. We also discuss the key cellular and physiological events of DR in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada M. Pitale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Marina S. Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-934-6762; Fax: +1-205-934-3425
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7
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Animal models of diabetic microvascular complications: Relevance to clinical features. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112305. [PMID: 34872802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has become more common in recent years worldwide, and this growth is projected to continue in the future. The primary concern with diabetes is developing various complications, which significantly contribute to the disease's mortality and morbidity. Over time, the condition progresses from the pre-diabetic to the diabetic stage and then to the development of complications. Years and enormous resources are required to evaluate pharmacological interventions to prevent or delay the progression of disease or complications in humans. Appropriate screening models are required to gain a better understanding of both pathogenesis and potential therapeutic agents. Different species of animals are used to evaluate the pharmacological potentials and study the pathogenesis of the disease. Animal models are essential for research because they represent most of the structural, functional, and biochemical characteristics of human diseases. An ideal screening model should mimic the pathogenesis of the disease with identifiable characteristics. A thorough understanding of animal models is required for the experimental design to select an appropriate model. Each animal model has certain advantages and limitations. The present manuscript describes the animal models and their diagnostic characteristics to evaluate microvascular diabetic complications.
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8
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Colman K, Andrews RN, Atkins H, Boulineau T, Bradley A, Braendli-Baiocco A, Capobianco R, Caudell D, Cline M, Doi T, Ernst R, van Esch E, Everitt J, Fant P, Gruebbel MM, Mecklenburg L, Miller AD, Nikula KJ, Satake S, Schwartz J, Sharma A, Shimoi A, Sobry C, Taylor I, Vemireddi V, Vidal J, Wood C, Vahle JL. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Non-human Primate ( M. fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:1S-182S. [PMID: 34712008 PMCID: PMC8544165 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the nonhuman primate used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel N Andrews
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd., Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Takuya Doi
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andew D Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima and Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alok Sharma
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Wood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - John L Vahle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis IN, USA
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Tonade D, Kern TS. Photoreceptor cells and RPE contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100919. [PMID: 33188897 PMCID: PMC8113320 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. It has long been regarded as vascular disease, but work in the past years has shown abnormalities also in the neural retina. Unfortunately, research on the vascular and neural abnormalities have remained largely separate, instead of being integrated into a comprehensive view of DR that includes both the neural and vascular components. Recent evidence suggests that the most predominant neural cell in the retina (photoreceptors) and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play an important role in the development of vascular lesions characteristic of DR. This review summarizes evidence that the outer retina is altered in diabetes, and that photoreceptors and RPE contribute to retinal vascular alterations in the early stages of the retinopathy. The possible molecular mechanisms by which cells of the outer retina might contribute to retinal vascular damage in diabetes also are discussed. Diabetes-induced alterations in the outer retina represent a novel therapeutic target to inhibit DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deoye Tonade
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, OH, USA; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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10
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Fan S, Yang Z, Liu Y, Zhong J, Zhang S, Xiao Y, Liu X, Yi W, He C, Hu Y, Liu X. Extensive Sub-RPE Complement Deposition in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Early-Stage Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:30. [PMID: 33749721 PMCID: PMC7991921 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to reveal retinal abnormities in a spontaneous diabetic nonhuman primate model and explore the mechanism of featured injuries. Methods Twenty-eight cynomolgus monkeys were identified to suffer from spontaneous type 2 diabetes from a colony of more than eight-hundred aged monkeys, and twenty-six age-matched ones were chosen as controls. Their blood biochemistry profiles were determined and retinal changes were examined by multimodal imaging, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunofluorescence. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were further investigated by RNA sequencing and computational analyses. Results These diabetic monkeys were characterized by early retinal vascular and neural damage and dyslipidemia. The typical acellular capillaries and pericyte ghost were found in the diabetic retina, which also exhibited reduced retinal nerve fiber layer thickness compared to controls (all P < 0.05). Of note, distinct sub-RPE drusenoid lesions were extensively observed in these diabetic monkeys (46.43% vs. 7.69%), and complements including C3 and C5b-9 were deposited in these lesions. RNA-seq analysis revealed complement activation, AGE/RAGE activation and inflammatory response in diabetic RPE cells. Consistently, the plasma C3 and C4 were particularly increased in the diabetic monkeys with drusenoid lesions (P = 0.028 and 0.029). Conclusions The spontaneous type 2 diabetic monkeys featured with early-stage retinopathy including not only typical vascular and neural damage but also a distinct sub-RPE deposition. The complement activation of RPE cells in response to hyperglycemia might contribute to the deposition, revealing an unrecognized role of RPE cells in the early-stage pathological process of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youjin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Choriocapillaris microvasculature dysfunction in systemic hypertension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4603. [PMID: 33633311 PMCID: PMC7907127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the choriocapillaris microvasculature using a non-invasive swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) in 41 healthy controls and 71 hypertensive patients and determined possible correlations with BP and renal parameters. BP levels, serum creatinine and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (MCR) specimens were collected. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated based on CKD-EPI Creatinine Equation. The main outcome was choriocapillaris flow deficits (CFD) metrics (density, size and numbers). The CFD occupied a larger area and were fewer in number in the hypertensive patients with poor BP control (407 ± 10 µm2; 3260 ± 61) compared to the hypertensives with good BP control (369 ± 5 µm2; 3551 ± 41) and healthy controls (365 ± 11 µm2; 3581 ± 84). Higher systolic BP (β = 9.90, 95% CI, 2.86–16.93), lower eGFR (β = − 0.85; 95% CI, − 1.58 to − 0.13) and higher urine MCR (β = 1.53, 95% CI, 0.32–2.78) were associated with larger areas of CFD. Similar significant associations with systolic BP, eGFR and urine MCR were found with number of CFD. These findings highlight the potential role of choriocapillaris imaging using SS-OCTA as an indicator of systemic microvascular abnormalities secondary to hypertensive disease.
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Laville V, Kang JH, Cousins CC, Iglesias AI, Nagy R, Cooke Bailey JN, Igo RP, Song YE, Chasman DI, Christen WG, Kraft P, Rosner BA, Hu F, Wilson JF, Gharahkhani P, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Hysi PG, Hammond CJ, vanDuijn CM, Haines JL, Vitart V, Fingert JH, Hauser MA, Aschard H, Wiggs JL, Khawaja AP, MacGregor S, Pasquale LR. Genetic Correlations Between Diabetes and Glaucoma: An Analysis of Continuous and Dichotomous Phenotypes. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 206:245-255. [PMID: 31121135 PMCID: PMC6864262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A genetic correlation is the proportion of phenotypic variance between traits that is shared on a genetic basis. Here we explore genetic correlations between diabetes- and glaucoma-related traits. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS We assembled genome-wide association study summary statistics from European-derived participants regarding diabetes-related traits like fasting blood sugar (FBS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and glaucoma-related traits (intraocular pressure [IOP], central corneal thickness [CCT], corneal hysteresis [CH], corneal resistance factor [CRF], cup-to-disc ratio [CDR], and primary open-angle glaucoma [POAG]). We included data from the National Eye Institute Glaucoma Human Genetics Collaboration Heritable Overall Operational Database, the UK Biobank, and the International Glaucoma Genetics Consortium. We calculated genetic correlation (rg) between traits using linkage disequilibrium score regression. We also calculated genetic correlations between IOP, CCT, and select diabetes-related traits based on individual level phenotype data in 2 Northern European population-based samples using pedigree information and Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines. RESULTS Overall, there was little rg between diabetes- and glaucoma-related traits. Specifically, we found a nonsignificant negative correlation between T2D and POAG (rg = -0.14; P = .16). Using Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines, the genetic correlations between measured IOP, CCT, FBS, fasting insulin, and hemoglobin A1c were null. In contrast, genetic correlations between IOP and POAG (rg ≥ 0.45; P ≤ 3.0 × 10-4) and between CDR and POAG were high (rg = 0.57; P = 2.8 × 10-10). However, genetic correlations between corneal properties (CCT, CRF, and CH) and POAG were low (rg range -0.18 to 0.11) and nonsignificant (P ≥ .07). CONCLUSION These analyses suggest that there is limited genetic correlation between diabetes- and glaucoma-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Laville
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jae H Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clara C Cousins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adriana I Iglesias
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Réka Nagy
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica N Cooke Bailey
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert P Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yeunjoo E Song
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William G Christen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard A Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia; School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia M vanDuijn
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John H Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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Kern TS, Antonetti DA, Smith LEH. Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy: Contribution and Limitations of Laboratory Research. Ophthalmic Res 2019; 62:196-202. [PMID: 31362288 DOI: 10.1159/000500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new therapies. They are, however, imperfect facsimiles of diabetic retinopathy in humans. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and physiological and pathological relevance of preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy. The judicious interpretation and extrapolation of data derived from these models to humans and a correspondingly greater emphasis placed on translational medical research in early-stage clinical trials are essential to more successfully inhibit the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kern
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA, .,Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,
| | - David A Antonetti
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Palmhof M, Frank V, Rappard P, Kortenhorn E, Demuth J, Biert N, Stute G, Dick HB, Joachim SC. From Ganglion Cell to Photoreceptor Layer: Timeline of Deterioration in a Rat Ischemia/Reperfusion Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:174. [PMID: 31133806 PMCID: PMC6524469 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal damage and impaired vision in different retinal disorders are induced, among other factors, by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Since the mechanisms and the progression of ischemic injury are still not completely clarified, a timeline of this retinal degeneration is needed. In this study, we investigated protein and mRNA alterations at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h as well as 3 and 7 days after ischemia to determine the course of an ischemic insult through the whole retina. Moreover, functional analyses were performed at later stages. We detected a significant functional loss of cells in the inner nuclear layer and photoreceptors at 3 and 7 days. Additionally, the thickness of the whole retina was decreased at these points in time, indicating a severe degradation of all retinal layers. Immunohistological and qRT-PCR analyses of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), glial cells, AII amacrine, cone and rod bipolar as well as cone and rod photoreceptor cells confirmed this first assumption. Our results show that all investigated cell types were damaged by ischemia induction. Especially RGCs, cone bipolar cells, and photoreceptor cones are very sensitive to I/R. These cells were lost shortly after ischemia induction with a progressive course up to 7 days. In addition, Müller cell gliosis was observed over the entire period of time. These results provide evidence, that I/R induces damage of the whole retina at early stages and increases over time. In conclusion, our study could demonstrate the intense impact of an ischemic injury. The ischemic defect spreads across the whole retina right up to the outer layers in the long-term and thus seems to impair the visual perception already during the stimulus processing. In addition, our findings indicate that the cone pathway seems to be particularly affected by this damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Palmhof
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria Frank
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pascal Rappard
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Emely Kortenhorn
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Demuth
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nora Biert
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gesa Stute
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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15
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Wang J, Zhang L, Xiao R, Li Y, Liao S, Zhang Z, Yang W, Liang B. Plasma lipidomic signatures of spontaneous obese rhesus monkeys. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:8. [PMID: 30621707 PMCID: PMC6323686 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The underlying mechanisms linking obesity to metabolic diseases are still less understandable. Methods Previously, we screened a group of spontaneously obese rhesus monkeys. Here, we performed a plasma lipidomic analysis of normal and obese monkeys using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (UPLC/MS). Results In total, 143 lipid species were identified, quantified, and classified into free fatty acids (FFA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and sphingomyelin (SM). Data analysis showed that the obese monkeys had increased levels of fatty acids palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and arachidonic acid (C20:4), FFA especially palmitic acid (C16:0), as well as certain PC species and SM species. Surprisingly, the plasma level of LPA-C16:0 was approximately four-fold greater in the obese monkeys. Conversely, the levels of most PE species were obviously reduced in the obese monkeys. Conclusion Collectively, our work suggests that lipids such as FFA C16:0 and 16:0-LPA may be potential candidates for the diagnosis and study of obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Linqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Ruyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Shasha Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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16
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Wang J, Xu S, Gao J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Yang W, Li Y, Liao S, Zhou H, Liu P, Liang B. SILAC-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the livers of spontaneous obese and diabetic rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E294-E306. [PMID: 29664677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00016.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe metabolic disorder that affects more than 10% of the population worldwide. Obesity is a major cause of insulin resistance and contributes to the development of T2DM. Liver is an essential metabolic organ that plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms of liver in the transition of obesity to diabetes are not fully understood. The nonhuman primate rhesus monkey is an appropriate animal for research of human diseases. Here, we first screened and selected three individuals of spontaneously diabetic rhesus monkeys. Interestingly, the diabetic monkeys were obese with a high body mass index at the beginning, but gradually lost their body weight during one year of observation. Furthermore, we performed stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative proteomics to identify proteins and signaling pathways with altered expression in the liver of obese and diabetic monkeys. In total, 3,509 proteins were identified and quantified, of which 185 proteins displayed an altered expression level. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the expression of proteins involved in fatty acids β-oxidation and galactose metabolism was increased in obese monkeys; while proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and branched chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation were upregulated in diabetic monkeys. In addition, we observed mild apoptosis in the liver of diabetic monkeys, suggesting liver injury at the late onset of diabetes. Taken together, our liver proteomics may reveal a distinct metabolic transition from fatty acids β-oxidation in obese monkey to BCAA degradation in diabetic monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Shimeng Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Linqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China
| | - Yunhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Shasha Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Bin Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
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17
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Type-specific photoreceptor loss in pigeons after disruption of parasympathetic control of choroidal blood flow by the medial subdivision of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. Vis Neurosci 2016; 33:E008. [PMID: 27485271 PMCID: PMC5678271 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523816000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The medial part of the nucleus of Edinger–Westphal (EWM) in birds mediates light-regulated adaptive increases in choroidal blood flow (ChBF). We sought to characterize the effect of loss of EWM-mediated ChBF regulation on photoreceptor health in pigeons housed in either moderate intensity diurnal or constant light (CL). Photoreceptor abundance following complete EWM destruction was compared to that following a lesion in the pupil control circuit (as a control for spread of EWM lesions to the nearby pupil-controlling lateral EW) or following no EW damage. Birds were housed post-lesion in a 12 h 400 lux light/12 h dark light cycle for up to 16.5 months, or in constant 400 lux light for up to 3 weeks. Paraformaldehyde–glutaraldehyde fixed eyes were embedded in plastic, sectioned, slide-mounted, and stained with toluidine blue/azure II. Blinded analysis of photoreceptor outer segment abundance was performed, with outer segment types distinguished by oil droplet tint and laminar position. Brains were examined histologically to assess lesion accuracy. Disruption of pupil control had no adverse effect on photoreceptor outer segment abundance in either diurnal light or CL, but EWM destruction led to 50–60% loss of blue/violet cone outer segments in both light conditions, and a 42% loss of principal cone outer segments in CL. The findings indicate that adaptive regulation of ChBF by the EWM circuit plays a role in maintaining photoreceptor health and mitigates the harmful effect of light on photoreceptors, especially short wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors.
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19
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Muir ER, Chandra SB, De La Garza BH, Velagapudi C, Abboud HE, Duong TQ. Layer-Specific Manganese-Enhanced MRI of the Diabetic Rat Retina in Light and Dark Adaptation at 11.7 Tesla. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4006-12. [PMID: 26098468 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To employ high-resolution manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to study abnormal calcium activity in different cell layers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinas, and to determine whether MEMRI detects changes at earlier time points than previously reported. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were studied 14 days (n = 8) and 30 days (n = 5) after streptozotocin (STZ) or vehicle (n = 7) injection. Manganese-enhanced MRI at 20 × 20 × 700 μm, in which contrast is based on manganese as a calcium analogue and an MRI contrast agent, was obtained in light and dark adaptation of the retina in the same animals in which one eye was covered and the fellow eye was not. The MEMRI activity encoding of the light and dark adaptation was achieved in awake conditions and imaged under anesthesia. RESULTS Manganese-enhanced MRI showed three layers, corresponding to the inner retina, outer retina, and the choroid. In normal animals, the outer retina showed higher MEMRI activity in dark compared to light; the inner retina displayed lower activity in dark compared to light; and the choroid showed no difference in activity. Manganese-enhanced MRI activity changed as early as 14 days after hyperglycemia and decreased with duration of hyperglycemia in the outer retina in dark relative to light adaptation. The choroid also had altered MEMRI activity at 14 days, which returned to normal by 30 days. No differences in MEMRI activity were detected in the inner retina. CONCLUSIONS Manganese-enhanced MRI detects progressive reduction in calcium activity with duration of hyperglycemia in the outer retina as early as 14 days after hyperglycemia, earlier than any other time point reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Muir
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States 2Departments of Ophthalmology, Radiology, and Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Saurav B Chandra
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Bryan H De La Garza
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Chakradhar Velagapudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Hanna E Abboud
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States 2Departments of Ophthalmology, Radiology, and Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States 4South Texas Ve
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20
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The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 51:156-86. [PMID: 26297071 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequently occurring complication of diabetes mellitus and remains a leading cause of vision loss globally. Its aetiology and pathology have been extensively studied for half a century, yet there are disappointingly few therapeutic options. Although some new treatments have been introduced for diabetic macular oedema (DMO) (e.g. intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors ('anti-VEGFs') and new steroids), up to 50% of patients fail to respond. Furthermore, for people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), laser photocoagulation remains a mainstay therapy, even though it is an inherently destructive procedure. This review summarises the clinical features of diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors. It describes details of retinal pathology and how advances in our understanding of pathogenesis have led to identification of new therapeutic targets. We emphasise that although there have been significant advances, there is still a pressing need for a better understanding basic mechanisms enable development of reliable and robust means to identify patients at highest risk, and to intervene effectively before vision loss occurs.
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Genové G, Mollick T, Johansson K. Photoreceptor degeneration, structural remodeling and glial activation: a morphological study on a genetic mouse model for pericyte deficiency. Neuroscience 2014; 279:269-84. [PMID: 25224828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between pericytes and endothelial cells via platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) signaling is critical for the development of the retinal microvasculature. The PDGF-B retention motif controls the spatial distribution range of the growth factor in the vicinity of its producing endothelial cells allowing its recognition by PDGF receptor beta-(PDGFR-β)-carrying pericytes; this promotes recruitment of pericytes to the vascular basement membrane. Impairment of the PDGF-B signaling mechanism causes development of vascular abnormalities, and in the retina this consequently leads to defects in the neurological circuitry. The vascular pathology in the pdgf-b(ret/ret) (PDGF-B retention motif knockout) mouse retina has been previously reported; our study investigates the progressive neuronal defects and changes in the retinal morphology of this pericyte-deficient mouse model. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed retinal injuries to occur as early as postnatal day (P) 10 with substantial damage progressing from P15 and onward. Vascular abnormalities were apparent from P10, however, prominent neuronal defects were mostly observed from P15, beginning with the compromised integrity of the laminated retinal structure characterized by the presence of rosettes and focally distorted regions. Photoreceptor degeneration was observed by loss of both rod and cone cells, including the disassembly and altered structure of their synaptic terminals. Significant shortening of cone outer segments was observed from P10 and later stages; however, decrease in cone density was only observed at P28. Disorganization and dendrite remodeling of rod bipolar cells also added to the diminished neural and synaptic integrity. Moreover, in response to retinal injuries, Müller and microglial cells were observed to be in the reactive phenotype from P15 and onward. Such a sequence of events indicates that the pdgf-b(ret/ret) mouse model displays a short time frame between P10 and P15, during which the retina shifts to a retinopathic phase by the development of prominently altered morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Genové
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Mollick
- School of Health and Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - K Johansson
- School of Health and Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Trese MT, Kashani AH. Advances in the diagnosis, management and pathophysiology of capillary nonperfusion. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jo DH, Cho CS, Kim JH, Jun HO, Kim JH. Animal models of diabetic retinopathy: doors to investigate pathogenesis and potential therapeutics. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:38. [PMID: 23786217 PMCID: PMC3694455 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and validated animal models are valuable to investigate the pathogenesis and potential therapeutics for human diseases. There is much concern for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in that it affects substantial number of working population all around the world, resulting in visual deterioration and social deprivation. In this review, we discuss animal models of DR based on different species of animals from zebrafish to monkeys and prerequisites for animal models. Despite criticisms on imprudent use of laboratory animals, we hope that animal models of DR will be appropriately utilized to deepen our understanding on the pathogenesis of DR and to support our struggle to find novel therapeutics against catastrophic visual loss from DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Robinson R, Barathi VA, Chaurasia SS, Wong TY, Kern TS. Update on animal models of diabetic retinopathy: from molecular approaches to mice and higher mammals. Dis Model Mech 2013; 5:444-56. [PMID: 22730475 PMCID: PMC3380708 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and one of the major causes of blindness worldwide. The pathogenesis of DR has been investigated using several animal models of diabetes. These models have been generated by pharmacological induction, feeding a galactose diet, and spontaneously by selective inbreeding or genetic modification. Among the available animal models, rodents have been studied most extensively owing to their short generation time and the inherited hyperglycemia and/or obesity that affect certain strains. In particular, mice have proven useful for studying DR and evaluating novel therapies because of their amenability to genetic manipulation. Mouse models suitable for replicating the early, non-proliferative stages of the retinopathy have been characterized, but no animal model has yet been found to demonstrate all of the vascular and neural complications that are associated with the advanced, proliferative stages of DR that occur in humans. In this review, we summarize commonly used animal models of DR, and briefly outline the in vivo imaging techniques used for characterization of DR in these models. Through highlighting the ocular pathological findings, clinical implications, advantages and disadvantages of these models, we provide essential information for planning experimental studies of DR that will lead to new strategies for its prevention and treatment.
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25
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Wu X, Chang Q, Zhang Y, Zou X, Chen L, Zhang L, Lv L, Liang B. Relationships between body weight, fasting blood glucose concentration, sex and age in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis
). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 97:1179-88. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Provinces; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Q. Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Provinces; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Provinces; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - X. Zou
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Kunming University; Kunming China
| | - L. Chen
- Laboratory Zoology Department; Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - L. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Provinces; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - L. Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Provinces; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
| | - B. Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Provinces; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Kunming Yunnan China
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26
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Bharadwaj AS, Appukuttan B, Wilmarth PA, Pan Y, Stempel AJ, Chipps TJ, Benedetti EE, Zamora DO, Choi D, David LL, Smith JR. Role of the retinal vascular endothelial cell in ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 32:102-80. [PMID: 22982179 PMCID: PMC3679193 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinal endothelial cells line the arborizing microvasculature that supplies and drains the neural retina. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of these endothelial cells are consistent with nutritional requirements and protection of a tissue critical to vision. On the one hand, the endothelium must ensure the supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the metabolically active retina, and allow access to circulating cells that maintain the vasculature or survey the retina for the presence of potential pathogens. On the other hand, the endothelium contributes to the blood-retinal barrier that protects the retina by excluding circulating molecular toxins, microorganisms, and pro-inflammatory leukocytes. Features required to fulfill these functions may also predispose to disease processes, such as retinal vascular leakage and neovascularization, and trafficking of microbes and inflammatory cells. Thus, the retinal endothelial cell is a key participant in retinal ischemic vasculopathies that include diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, and retinal inflammation or infection, as occurs in posterior uveitis. Using gene expression and proteomic profiling, it has been possible to explore the molecular phenotype of the human retinal endothelial cell and contribute to understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition to providing support for the involvement of well-characterized endothelial molecules, profiling has the power to identify new players in retinal pathologies. Findings may have implications for the design of new biological therapies. Additional progress in this field is anticipated as other technologies, including epigenetic profiling methods, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, and metabolomics, are used to study the human retinal endothelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip A. Wilmarth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Yuzhen Pan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | | | | | | | | | - Dongseok Choi
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Larry L. David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Justine R. Smith
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University
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27
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Lai AKW, Lo ACY. Animal models of diabetic retinopathy: summary and comparison. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:106594. [PMID: 24286086 PMCID: PMC3826427 DOI: 10.1155/2013/106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication associated with chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Although clinical assessment and retinal autopsy of diabetic patients provide information on the features and progression of DR, its underlying pathophysiological mechanism cannot be deduced. In order to have a better understanding of the development of DR at the molecular and cellular levels, a variety of animal models have been developed. They include pharmacological induction of hyperglycemia and spontaneous diabetic rodents as well as models of angiogenesis without diabetes (to compensate for the absence of proliferative DR symptoms). In this review, we summarize the existing protocols to induce diabetes using STZ. We also describe and compare the pathological presentations, in both morphological and functional aspects, of the currently available DR animal models. The advantages and disadvantages of using different animals, ranging from zebrafish, rodents to other higher-order mammals, are also discussed. Until now, there is no single model that displays all the clinical features of DR as seen in human. Yet, with the understanding of the pathological findings in these animal models, researchers can select the most suitable models for mechanistic studies or drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ka Wai Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amy C. Y. Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- *Amy C. Y. Lo:
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28
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Muir ER, Rentería RC, Duong TQ. Reduced ocular blood flow as an early indicator of diabetic retinopathy in a mouse model of diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:6488-94. [PMID: 22915034 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate ocular blood flow and visual function in the Ins2(Akita) diabetic retinopathy mouse model at early and late time points after onset of hyperglycemia. METHODS Mice heterozygous for the Ins2(Akita) mutation, which become hyperglycemic at approximately 4 weeks old, were studied at 2.5 and 7.5 months of age, with age-matched wild-type littermates used as controls. Retinal and choroidal blood flows were noninvasively imaged at 42 × 42 × 400 μm using magnetic resonance imaging. Visual function was measured using optokinetic tracking to determine spatial frequency and contrast thresholds from the same mice. RESULTS At 2.5 months, choroidal blood flow was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) by 20% in Ins2(Akita) mice (n = 13) compared with age-matched controls (n = 16), whereas retinal blood flow and visual function were not significantly affected (P > 0.05). At 7.5 months, both choroidal and retinal blood flow were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by 27% and 28%, respectively, in Ins2(Akita) mice (n = 11) compared with age-matched controls (n = 15). Visual functions were also significantly worse (P < 0.05) in Ins2(Akita) mice at 7.5 months, as indicated by a 19% decreased spatial frequency threshold and 135% increased contrast threshold compared with age-matched controls. The magnitudes of the blood flow and vision deficits, however, were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS Although both choroidal and retinal blood flow and vision were altered after prolonged diabetes in the Ins2(Akita) mouse, choroidal blood flow was reduced even in young diabetic animals, suggesting ocular blood flow deficit could be an early pathological change in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Muir
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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29
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Abstract
Animal models are important for determining the pathogenesis of and potential treatments for obesity and diabetes. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are particularly useful for studying these disorders. As in humans, type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes in NHPs and occurs more often in older obese animals, with a metabolic progression from insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose tolerance to overt diabetes. Histopathologic changes in pancreatic islets are also similar to those seen in humans with diabetes. Initially, there is islet hyperplasia with abundant insulin production to compensate for IR, followed by insufficient insulin production with replacement of islets with islet-associated amyloid. Diabetic NHPs also have adverse changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, biomarkers of obesity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and protein glycation that contribute to the numerous complications of the disease. Furthermore, sex hormones, pregnancy, and environmental factors (e.g., diet and stress) affect IR and can also contribute to diabetes progression in NHPs. Additionally, due to their similar clinical and pathologic characteristics, NHPs have been used in many pharmacological studies to assess new therapeutic agents. For these reasons, NHPs are particularly valuable animal models of obesity and diabetes for studying disease pathogenesis, risk factors, comorbidities, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H James Harwood
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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30
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Patterson AD, Bonzo JA, Li F, Krausz KW, Eichler GS, Aslam S, Tigno X, Weinstein JN, Hansen BC, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolomics reveals attenuation of the SLC6A20 kidney transporter in nonhuman primate and mouse models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19511-22. [PMID: 21487016 PMCID: PMC3103330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.221739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance understanding of the metabolic indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disease pathogenesis and progression, the urinary metabolomes of well characterized rhesus macaques (normal or spontaneously and naturally diabetic) were examined. High-resolution ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with the accurate mass determination of time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze spot urine samples from normal (n = 10) and T2DM (n = 11) male monkeys. The machine-learning algorithm random forests classified urine samples as either from normal or T2DM monkeys. The metabolites important for developing the classifier were further examined for their biological significance. Random forests models had a misclassification error of less than 5%. Metabolites were identified based on accurate masses (<10 ppm) and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry of authentic compounds. Urinary compounds significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2DM when compared with the normal group included glycine betaine (9-fold), citric acid (2.8-fold), kynurenic acid (1.8-fold), glucose (68-fold), and pipecolic acid (6.5-fold). When compared with the conventional definition of T2DM, the metabolites were also useful in defining the T2DM condition, and the urinary elevations in glycine betaine and pipecolic acid (as well as proline) indicated defective re-absorption in the kidney proximal tubules by SLC6A20, a Na(+)-dependent transporter. The mRNA levels of SLC6A20 were significantly reduced in the kidneys of monkeys with T2DM. These observations were validated in the db/db mouse model of T2DM. This study provides convincing evidence of the power of metabolomics for identifying functional changes at many levels in the omics pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica A. Bonzo
- From the Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, and
| | - Fei Li
- From the Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, and
| | | | - Gabriel S. Eichler
- the Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Sadaf Aslam
- the Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, and
| | - Xenia Tigno
- the Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, and
| | - John N. Weinstein
- the Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Barbara C. Hansen
- the Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, and
| | - Jeffrey R. Idle
- the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
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31
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Wise LA, Rosenberg L, Radin RG, Mattox C, Yang EB, Palmer JR, Seddon JM. A prospective study of diabetes, lifestyle factors, and glaucoma among African-American women. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21:430-9. [PMID: 21549278 PMCID: PMC3091261 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association of self-reported type 2 diabetes, anthropometric factors, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking with risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in a prospective cohort study of African-American women. METHODS From 1995 through 2007, 32,570 Black Women's Health Study participants aged 21 to 69 years at baseline were followed for incident POAG. Questionnaires were mailed biennially to update exposures and identify incident cases of POAG. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from Cox regression models. RESULTS During 416,171 person-years of follow-up, 366 incident POAG cases were confirmed by physician report. After adjustment for potential confounders, the IRR comparing women with and without type 2 diabetes was 1.58 (95% CI, 1.17-2.13), and the IRR comparing current with never alcohol consumers was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.05-1.73). Among women younger than 50, associations with diabetes and alcohol consumption were stronger, and POAG was significantly associated with body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and both long-duration and high-intensity current smoking. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that type 2 diabetes and current alcohol consumption are independent risk factors for POAG among African-American women, and that in addition to those factors, overall and central adiposity and smoking may be associated with increased risk of early-onset POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Wise
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, MA 02215, USA.
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32
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Fletcher EL, Phipps JA, Ward MM, Vessey KA, Wilkinson-Berka JL. The renin-angiotensin system in retinal health and disease: Its influence on neurons, glia and the vasculature. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010; 29:284-311. [PMID: 20380890 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Renin-Angiotensin System is classically recognized for its role in the control of systemic blood pressure. However, the retina is recognized to have all the components necessary for angiotensin II formation, suggestive of a role for Angiotensin II in the retina that is independent of the systemic circulation. The most well described effects of Angiotensin II are on the retinal vasculature, with roles in vasoconstriction and angiogenesis. However, it is now emerging that Angiotensin II has roles in modulation of retinal function, possibly in regulating GABAergic amacrine cells. In addition, Angiotensin II is likely to have effects on glia. Angiotensin II has also been implicated in retinal vascular diseases such as Retinopathy of Prematurity and diabetic retinopathty, and more recently actions in choroidal neovascularizaiton and glaucoma have also emerged. The mechanisms by which Angiotensin II promotes angiogensis in retinal vascular diseases is indicative of the complexity of the RAS and the variety of cell types that it effects. Indeed, these diseases are not purely characterized by direct effects of Angiotensin II on the vasculature. In retinopathy of prematurity, for example, blockade of AT1 receptors prevents pathological angiogenesis, but also promotes revascularization of avascular regions of the retina. The primary site of action of Angiotensin II in this disease may be on retinal glia, rather than the vasculature. Indeed, blockade of AT1 receptors prevents glial loss and promotes the re-establishment of normal vessel growth. Blockade of RAS as a treatment for preventing the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy has also emerged based on a series of studies in animal models showing that blockade of the RAS prevents the development of a variety of vascular and neuronal deficits in this disease. Importantly these effects may be independent of actions on systemic blood pressure. This has culminated recently with the completion of several large multi-centre clinical trials that showed that blockade of the RAS may be of benefit in some at risk patients with diabetes. With the emergence of novel compounds targeting different aspects of the RAS even more effective ways of blocking the RAS may be possible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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Gardner TW, Antonetti DA. Novel potential mechanisms for diabetic macular edema: leveraging new investigational approaches. Curr Diab Rep 2008; 8:263-9. [PMID: 18631437 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-008-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article evaluates the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which diabetes ocular and systemic inflammation induce breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier resulting in macular edema. We also summarize the relationship between molecular targets and the use of therapeutic inhibitors in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Further studies are needed to understand the regulation of normal blood-retinal barrier physiology and the relationship between events in animal models of diabetic retinopathy and humans with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Gardner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, HU19, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Jablonski MM, Iannaccone A, Reynolds DH, Gallaher P, Allen S, Wang X, Reiner A. Age-related decline in VIP-positive parasympathetic nerve fibers in the human submacular choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:479-85. [PMID: 17251439 PMCID: PMC1810355 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An age-related decline in macular choroidal blood flow (ChBF) occurs in humans. Vasodilatory nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) innervate choroidal blood vessels. The current study was conducted to examine the possibility that an age-related loss of these fibers might occur in the submacular choroid in humans, and thus contribute to a decline in ChBF. METHODS Macular choroid punches were collected from 35 healthy human donors ranging from 21 to 93 years of age. Choroidal samples were immunolabeled using anti-VIP and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase METHOD VIP-positive nerve fiber abundance was quantified in up to 12 fields per punch. Fifty macular punches were analyzed, and results for eye pairs were averaged. Choroidal vessel diameter (ChVD) was measured for these same fields. The relationship between age and vessel diameter or VIP-positive fiber abundance was analyzed. Multivariate statistical models were generated correcting for gender, variables related to the tissue specimens, and potential procedural sources of variability. RESULTS The fully adjusted multivariate models showed a significant age-related reduction in both the VIP-positive fiber abundance (P = 0.0003, adjusted R(2) = 0.51) and ChVD (P < 0.0001, adjusted R(2) = 0.63), with slopes of -0.45 and -0.19, respectively. Adjusting for the same variables, VIP-positive fiber abundance showed a significant direct correlation with ChVD. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a significant age-related decline in VIP-positive nerve fibers and vessel diameter in the submacular choroid in disease-free human donor eyes. These findings suggest that a decline in the neural control of ChBF and vessel diameter may explain the reductions in ChBF and its adaptive control observed clinically with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Jablonski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
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35
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Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, Bronson SK, Freeman WM, Gardner TW, Jefferson LS, Kester M, Kimball SR, Krady JK, LaNoue KF, Norbury CC, Quinn PG, Sandirasegarane L, Simpson IA. Diabetic retinopathy: seeing beyond glucose-induced microvascular disease. Diabetes 2006; 55:2401-11. [PMID: 16936187 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy remains a frightening prospect to patients and frustrates physicians. Destruction of damaged retina by photocoagulation remains the primary treatment nearly 50 years after its introduction. The diabetes pandemic requires new approaches to understand the pathophysiology and improve the detection, prevention, and treatment of retinopathy. This perspective considers how the unique anatomy and physiology of the retina may predispose it to the metabolic stresses of diabetes. The roles of neural retinal alterations and impaired retinal insulin action in the pathogenesis of early retinopathy and the mechanisms of vision loss are emphasized. Potential means to overcome limitations of current animal models and diagnostic testing are also presented with the goal of accelerating therapies to manage retinopathy in the face of ongoing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Kimble TDH, Fitzgerald MEC, Reiner A. Sustained upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Müller cells in pigeon retina following disruption of the parasympathetic control of choroidal blood flow. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:1017-30. [PMID: 16839546 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal blood flow in pigeon eyes is light driven and controlled by a parasympathetic input from ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons that receive input from the medial subdivision of the ipsilateral nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (EWM). EWM lesions diminish basal ChBF and irreversibly prevent ipsilateral light-evoked increases in ChBF, presumably rendering the retina mildly ischemic. To characterize the location, severity, and time course of the retinal abnormality caused by an EWM lesion, we quantitatively analyzed the cellular and regional extent of Müller cell glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunolabeling up to nearly a year after an EWM lesion. We found that unilateral EWM lesions greatly increased Müller cell GFAP throughout the entire retinal depth and topographic extent of the affected eye, up to nearly a year post lesion. By contrast, destruction of the pupilloconstrictive pretectum or of the pupilloconstrictive part of lateral EW (EWL) did not appreciably increase Müller cell GFAP. Thus, the large increase in Müller cell GFAP following an EW lesion is attributable to an ongoing defect in choroidal vasodilatory function rather than to chronic pupil dilation. The Müller cell GFAP increase was greater ipsilateral than contralateral to the EWM destruction for the retinal territory deep to the heavily CG-innervated superior and temporal choroid, but not for the retinal territory deep to the poorly CG-innervated inferior and nasal choroid. The GFAP increase was light-dependent, since it did not occur in EW-lesioned birds housed in dim illumination. Our results show that the chronic vascular insufficiency caused by the loss of the EWM-mediated parasympathetic control of choroidal blood flow leads to a significant and sustained increase in retinal Müller cell GFAP. This increase could be a sign of a disturbance in retinal homeostasis that eventually leads to retinal injury and impaired visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toya D H Kimble
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Anderson M, Dawson WW, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Curcio CA. Drusen and lipid-filled retinal pigment epithelium cells in a rhesus macula. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9:201-7. [PMID: 16634936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A middle-aged rhesus monkey with detailed clinical history exhibited progression of a macular abnormality with a variety of clinical drusen and pigment changes typical of the Cayo Santiago phenotype. Numerous frozen sections of one sample of the macular retina/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid showed a single classical druse but extensive single and clustered lipid-filled RPE cells. The monkey exhibited functional outer retinal decline and an insignificant number of 'window defects' as found among signs of relatively benign human macular aging. The clinical and histologically defined results agree if lipid-filled RPE cells are included among the clinically apparent signs of drusen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anderson
- University of Alabama, Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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38
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Pasquale LR, Kang JH, Manson JE, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in women. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:1081-6. [PMID: 16757028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and incident primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in women. DESIGN Prospective cohort analysis. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-six thousand three hundred eighteen women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). METHODS Women enrolled in the NHS from 1980 to 2000 were observed. Eligible participants were at least 40 years old, did not have POAG at baseline, and reported receiving eye examinations during follow-up. Potential confounders were assessed on biennial questionnaires, and a diagnosis of T2DM was confirmed on a validated supplemental questionnaire. During follow-up, 429 self-reported POAG cases confirmed by medical chart review were identified. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Multivariable rate ratios (RRs) of POAG and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) obtained from proportional hazards models. RESULTS After controlling for age, race, hypertension, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking, and family history of glaucoma, T2DM was positively associated with POAG (RR = 1.82 [95% CI = 1.23-2.70]). Nonetheless, the association did not strengthen with longer duration of diabetes: RR = 2.24 (95% CI = 1.31-3.84) for duration < 5 years versus RR = 1.54 (95% CI = 0.90-2.62) for duration > or = 5 years). In secondary analyses, to evaluate the potential for detection bias we controlled for additional factors such as the number of eye examinations, but T2DM remained positively associated with POAG. CONCLUSION Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of POAG in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R Pasquale
- Glaucoma Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Feigl B, Brown B, Lovie-Kitchin J, Swann P. Functional loss in early age-related maculopathy: the ischaemia postreceptoral hypothesis. Eye (Lond) 2006; 21:689-96. [PMID: 16680100 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We review proposed models and psychophysical and electrophysiological tests performed in many studies for early age-related maculopathy (ARM). We suggest that ischaemia is the trigger for impaired retinal pigment epithelium function causing imbalance of secretion of vascular growth factors, reduced disc degradation capability and reduced metabolic activity and possible inflammatory response. This results in increased deposition of cell debris, such as drusen and thickens Bruch's membrane causing even more ischaemia of the overlying neurosensory retina. The photoreceptors are more resistant to ischaemia given their proximity to the choroid. Furthermore, being 'upstream' from the inner retinal layers, they act as an oxygen sink depriving retinal layers further from the choroid. Postreceptoral cell layers and especially parts of the inner nuclear layer that are located in the watershed zone between two sources of blood supply are preferentially vulnerable to ischaemia. Based on psychophysical and electrophysiological findings we propose that most of the function impairment in early ARM starts postreceptorally.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
Age-related maculopathy (ARM) remains a poorly understood degeneration. To discover new pathways using contemporary genomics, proteomics, and immunohistochemistry, validate emerging animal models, and validate new imaging modalities, human tissues obtained from donor eyes will be essential to ARM research for the foreseeable future. Because fundus appearance is the clinical diagnostic lingua franca, laboratory investigators adapted these standards to the distinctive appearance of post-mortem tissues in order to identify and stage ARM in donor eyes. Post-mortem tissues offer unique advantages and limitations relative to pre-mortem tissues for imaging studies. One fellow eye can be used for imaging and the other for correlative laboratory studies, if some degree of disease stage asymmetry between eyes is acceptable. Histological verification is a necessary, albeit challenging, step in validating a grading system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, USA.
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Wilkinson-Berka JL. Angiotensin and diabetic retinopathy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 38:752-65. [PMID: 16165393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy develops in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and is the major cause of vision loss and blindness in the working population. In diabetes, damage to the retina occurs in the vasculature, neurons and glia resulting in pathological angiogenesis, vascular leakage and a loss in retinal function. The renin-angiotensin system is a causative factor in diabetic microvascular complications inducing a variety of tissue responses including vasoconstriction, inflammation, oxidative stress, cell hypertrophy and proliferation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. All components of the renin-angiotensin system including the angiotensin type 1 and angiotensin type 2 receptors have been identified in the retina of humans and rodents. There is evidence from both clinical and experimental models of diabetic retinopathy and hypoxic-induced retinal angiogenesis that the renin-angiotensin system is up-regulated. In these situations, retinal dysfunction has been linked to angiotensin-mediated induction of growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and connective tissue growth factor. Evidence to date indicates that blockade of the renin-angiotensin system can confer retinoprotection in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy and ischemic retinopathy. This review examines the role of the renin-angiotensin system in diabetic retinopathy and the potential of its blockade as a treatment strategy for this vision-threatening disease.
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Kim SY, Johnson MA, McLeod DS, Alexander T, Hansen BC, Lutty GA. Neutrophils are associated with capillary closure in spontaneously diabetic monkey retinas. Diabetes 2005; 54:1534-42. [PMID: 15855343 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes develops spontaneously in obese aging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). This study investigates the association between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and development of retinopathy. Blood pressure and plasma glucose levels were determined in 15 diabetic and 6 nondiabetic monkeys. The plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined just before the start of the animal's final decline and elective necropsy. Retinas were incubated for ADPase (labels viable retinal blood vessels) and nonspecific esterase (labels neutrophils) activities. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were counted per millimeter squared of retina. After the retina was flat-embedded in glycol methacrylate, tissue sections were taken through areas of interest and observed microscopically. Elevated numbers of intravascular polymorphonuclear leukocytes were present adjacent to areas with retinal capillary nonperfusion. There were significantly more polymorphonuclear leukocytes per millimeter squared in diabetic retinas (6.91 +/- 5.01) compared with normal retinas (1.45 +/- 1.62, P = 0.018). Severity of hypertension in diabetes was also significantly associated with greater numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (P = 0.02). There was a significant positive exponential correlation between the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes per millimeter squared and the level of total cholesterol (R = 0.907), LDL cholesterol (R = 0.875), the total cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (R = 0.86), and total triglycerides (R = 0.888). This study demonstrates that severity of diabetes and the development of retinopathy are associated with increased numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the retina of diabetic monkeys. Hypertension, high plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and low plasma levels of HDL cholesterol also are associated with increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes in retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahng Y Kim
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 170 Woods Research Bldg., 600 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287-9115, USA
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