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Dong L, Wu HT, Zhang RH, Niu LH, Wang YX, Wei WB, Panda-Jonas S, Jonas JB. Intraocular amphiregulin and axial elongation in non-human adolescent primates. Exp Eye Res 2024; 247:110059. [PMID: 39181228 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the experimental interventional study was to examine the influence of intraocularly applied amphiregulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, on axial length in young non-human primates. It included three non-human primates (Macaca mulatta), aged 4-6 years. The left eyes received three intravitreal injections of amphiregulin (400ng/50 μl) in intervals of 4 weeks, while the right eyes received three intravitreal injections of phosphate buffered solution (50 μl) at the same time points. Ocular biometry was performed in weekly intervals. At baseline, the left eyes (study eyes) were shorter than the right (control) eyes (20.69 ± 0.21 mm versus 20.79 ± 0.24 mm; P < 0.001), with an inter-eye axial length (AL) difference (left minus right eye) of -0.10 ± 0.23 mm. Inter-eye AL difference increased (P < 0.001) to 0.15 ± 0.18 mm at study end, at 12 weeks after baseline. Axial elongation during the study was higher (P < 0.001) in the left eyes (20.69 ± 0.21 mm to 21.05 ± 0.29 mm or 0.36 ± 0.30 mm) than in the right eyes (20.79 ± 0.24 mm to 20.90 ± 0.31 mm or 0.11 ± 0.17 mm). In a parallel manner, inter-eye difference in vitreous cavity depth combined with lens thickness (left eye minus right eye) increased from -0.04 ± 0.17 mm at baseline to -0.02 ± 0.21 mm (P = 0.02), 0.04 ± 0.10 mm (P = 0.002), and to 0.42 ± 0.67 mm (P < 0.001) at 5, 6, and 12 weeks after baseline, respectively. The results suggest that intravitreally applied amphiregulin as EGF family member led to an increase in axial length in adolescent non-human primates. It supports the hypothesis of amphiregulin as EGF family member being involved in the process of axial elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Tian Wu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Heng Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Han Niu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Bin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
- University Eye Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, 44 Avenue Mathurin Moreau, 75019, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.
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Thomson K, Karouta C, Ashby R. Administration of Nicotine Can Inhibit Myopic Growth in Animal Models. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:29. [PMID: 39292451 PMCID: PMC11412605 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.11.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose While previously investigating the mechanism by which atropine inhibits ocular growth, we observed that stimulation of nicotinic receptors can inhibit experimental myopia. This study expands on that preliminary finding and investigates the safety and efficacy of nicotinic stimulation in the inhibition of ocular growth. Methods Nicotine's ability to inhibit form-deprivation myopia (FDM), following intravitreal injection (9 chicks per group) or topical application (6 chicks per group), was investigated over three doses. The ability of nicotine to inhibit lens-induced myopia (LIM) was also tested (in 12 chicks). For ocular safety, following 4 weeks of topical treatment with nicotine (n = 10), pupillary reflex, intraocular pressure, corneal curvature/thickness, lens thickness, retinal health (retinal thickness/cell apoptosis), as well as retinal function (electroretinogram recordings) were assessed. We also examined the effects of nicotine on non-ocular autonomic functions in both chicks (n = 5) and mice (n = 5). Results Nicotine was observed to significantly inhibit the development of FDM in chicks when administered as an intravitreal injection (P < 0.05) or topical eye drops (P < 0.05), albeit not in a dose-dependent manner. Nicotine also inhibited LIM (P < 0.05) to a similar degree to that seen for FDM. Although ocular health was (for the most part) unaffected by nicotine, the highest topical dose induced a temporary reduction in cardiorespiratory output (P < 0.05). Conclusions Nicotine, administered as an intravitreal injection or topical eye drop, significantly inhibits the development of experimental myopia. Although the anti-myopic effects observed presently are interesting, the well-reported side effects (expanded on presently) and addictive properties of nicotine would preclude its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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Schaeffel F, Swiatczak B. Mechanisms of emmetropization and what might go wrong in myopia. Vision Res 2024; 220:108402. [PMID: 38705024 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Studies in animal models and humans have shown that refractive state is optimized during postnatal development by a closed-loop negative feedback system that uses retinal image defocus as an error signal, a mechanism called emmetropization. The sensor to detect defocus and its sign resides in the retina itself. The retina and/or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) presumably releases biochemical messengers to change choroidal thickness and modulate the growth rates of the underlying sclera. A central question arises: if emmetropization operates as a closed-loop system, why does it not stop myopia development? Recent experiments in young human subjects have shown that (1) the emmetropic retina can perfectly distinguish between real positive defocus and simulated defocus, and trigger transient axial eye shortening or elongation, respectively. (2) Strikingly, the myopic retina has reduced ability to inhibit eye growth when positive defocus is imposed. (3) The bi-directional response of the emmetropic retina is elicited with low spatial frequency information below 8 cyc/deg, which makes it unlikely that optical higher-order aberrations play a role. (4) The retinal mechanism for the detection of the sign of defocus involves a comparison of defocus blur in the blue (S-cone) and red end of the spectrum (L + M-cones) but, again, the myopic retina is not responsive, at least not in short-term experiments. This suggests that it cannot fully trigger the inhibitory arm of the emmetropization feedback loop. As a result, with an open feedback loop, myopia development becomes "open-loop".
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schaeffel
- Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Switzerland; Section Neurobiology of the Eye, Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Zeiss Vision Lab, Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Swiatczak
- Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Switzerland
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Zhou S, Niu Y, Li X, Yue J, Zhang H. The knowledge structure and research trends between light and myopia: A bibliometric analysis from 1981 to 2024. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38157. [PMID: 38758893 PMCID: PMC11098238 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This bibliometric analysis explored the knowledge structure of and research trends in the relationship between light and myopia. METHODS Relevant literature published from 1981 to 2024 was collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Visual maps were generated using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. We analyzed the included studies in terms of the annual publication count, countries, institutional affiliations, prolific authors, source journals, top 10 most cited articles, keyword co-occurrence, and cocitations. RESULTS A total of 525 papers examining the relationship between light and myopia published between 1981 and 2024 were collected. The United States ranked first in terms of the number of publications and actively engaged in international cooperation with other countries. The New England College of Optometry, which is located in the United States, was the most active institution and ranked first in terms of the number of publications. Schaeffel Frank was the most prolific author. The most active journal in the field was Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. The most frequently cited paper in the included studies was written by Saw, SM and was published in 2002. The most common keywords in basic research included "refractive error," "longitudinal chromatic aberration," and "compensation." The most common keywords in clinical research mainly included "light exposure," "school," and "outdoor activity." The current research hotspots in this field are "progression," "refractive development," and "light exposure." The cocitation analysis generated 17 clusters. CONCLUSION This study is the first to use bibliometric methods to analyze existing research on the relationship between light and myopia. In recent years, the intensity and wavelength of light have become research hotspots in the field. Further research on light of different intensities and wavelengths may provide new perspectives in the future for designing more effective treatments and interventions to reduce the incidence of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibing Zhou
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institution, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Niu
- Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institution, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Sanmenxia, China
| | - Juan Yue
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institution, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institution, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Chawla O, Singh A, Kumawat D, Chowdhury N, Kumar B. Systematic Review of Sleep Duration and Development of Myopia. Cureus 2024; 16:e56216. [PMID: 38618360 PMCID: PMC11016326 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a knowledge gap in the relationship between sleep duration and myopia. Since sleep duration is a modifiable risk factor, its association with the development and progression of myopia has implications for public health. This review was conducted in accordance with the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The bibliographic databases of PubMed and Scopus were searched for published studies on the association between sleep duration and myopia. These databases were searched in December 2023 with no date or study design limits. The relevant literature was extracted and met the priori determined population (children, adolescents, and adults suffering from myopia with or without corrective glasses), intervention/exposure (sleep), and the outcome (various indicators of sleep especially sleep duration/bedtime/wake time and sleep quality). Data were gathered by gender, age, and refraction technique and standardized to the definition of myopia as refractive error ≥0.50 diopter. The relevant literature was extracted from these electronic databases using the keywords "sleep," "sleep duration," "bedtime," and "myopia." English language articles related to the topic were included. Articles that have discussed the role of risk factors for myopia but did not mention any relation to sleep were excluded. Sixteen studies were included after reviewing the relevant literature, and only six studies have shown a significant relationship between shorter duration of sleep and the development of myopia. This review suggests that apart from other environmental factors, sleep duration may have a role in developing myopia. Thus, increasing awareness about optimum sleep duration has a potential utility to reduce the development and progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omna Chawla
- Department of Physiology, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IND
| | - Anupam Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Devesh Kumawat
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Nilotpal Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Barun Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
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Yu CY, Dong L, Li YF, Wei WB. Vitamin D and myopia: a review. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:95. [PMID: 38368573 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Myopia is a worldwide public health problem of vision disorder caused by multiple factors, which has posed a huge socioeconomic burden, raising concerns about sight-threatening ocular complications. Vitamin D, as a kind of fat-soluble vitamin, related to time-spent-outdoors, has been considered by extensive studies to have potential relationship with myopia. We reviewed studies published in a decade which estimated the association of blood vitamin D status with myopia and summarized the universality and individuality of all research articles. Several research articles suggested the known environmental risk factors of myopia, including age, gender, ethnicity, education level, parental and school conditions, time-spent-outdoors, and sunlight exposure, and recent epidemiological studies demonstrate that increased vitamin D levels, by virtue of the extended outdoor time, may be an important modifiable factor and a protective effect that delay the progression of myopia in children and adolescents rather than in adults. The genetic studies have been conducted to get access to the evidence of gene polymorphism for explaining the association of serum vitamin D status and myopia, but the precise genetic interpretation of vitamin D and myopia remains unclear so far; on the other hand, the possible mechanisms are various like copolymerization mechanism, calcium homeostasis and imbalance of ciliary muscle function regulation, but nearly all of the investigators are inclined to remain skeptical. This article reviews the age-related epidemiological proofs, existent genetics correlations, possible underlying biological mechanisms and further values for the protective association between vitamin D and myopia, providing the possibility of prevention or postponement for myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yao Yu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 1 Dong Jiao Min Lane, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Dong
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 1 Dong Jiao Min Lane, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 1 Dong Jiao Min Lane, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 1 Dong Jiao Min Lane, Beijing, 100730, China.
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7
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Biswas S, El Kareh A, Qureshi M, Lee DMX, Sun CH, Lam JSH, Saw SM, Najjar RP. The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia. J Physiol Anthropol 2024; 43:7. [PMID: 38297353 PMCID: PMC10829372 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged as a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood has heightened the risk of developing high myopia and related sight-threatening eye conditions in adulthood. This surge in myopia rates, occurring within a relatively stable genetic framework, underscores the profound influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on this condition. In this comprehensive narrative review, we shed light on both established and potential environmental and lifestyle contributors that affect the development and progression of myopia. MAIN BODY Epidemiological and interventional research has consistently revealed a compelling connection between increased outdoor time and a decreased risk of myopia in children. This protective effect may primarily be attributed to exposure to the characteristics of natural light (i.e., sunlight) and the release of retinal dopamine. Conversely, irrespective of outdoor time, excessive engagement in near work can further worsen the onset of myopia. While the exact mechanisms behind this exacerbation are not fully comprehended, it appears to involve shifts in relative peripheral refraction, the overstimulation of accommodation, or a complex interplay of these factors, leading to issues like retinal image defocus, blur, and chromatic aberration. Other potential factors like the spatial frequency of the visual environment, circadian rhythm, sleep, nutrition, smoking, socio-economic status, and education have debatable independent influences on myopia development. CONCLUSION The environment exerts a significant influence on the development and progression of myopia. Improving the modifiable key environmental predictors like time spent outdoors and engagement in near work can prevent or slow the progression of myopia. The intricate connections between lifestyle and environmental factors often obscure research findings, making it challenging to disentangle their individual effects. This complexity underscores the necessity for prospective studies that employ objective assessments, such as quantifying light exposure and near work, among others. These studies are crucial for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of how various environmental factors can be modified to prevent or slow the progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Biswas
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Antonio El Kareh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Mariyem Qureshi
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Chen-Hsin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janice S H Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Tapia F, Peñaloza V, Silva-Olivares F, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Schmachtenberg O, Vielma AH. Glucagon Increases Retinal Rod Bipolar Cell Inhibition Through a D1 Dopamine Receptor-Dependent Pathway That Is Altered After Lens-Defocus Treatment in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:46. [PMID: 38289613 PMCID: PMC10840015 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Members of the secretin/glucagon family have diverse roles in retinal physiological and pathological conditions. Out of them, glucagon has been associated with eye growth regulation and image defocus signaling in the eye, both processes central in myopia induction. On the other hand, dopamine is perhaps the most studied molecule in myopia and has been proposed as fundamental in myopia pathogenesis. However, glucagonergic activity in the mammalian retina and its possible link with dopaminergic signaling remain unknown. Methods To corroborate whether glucagon and dopamine participate together in the modulation of synaptic activity in the retina, inhibitory post-synaptic currents were measured in rod bipolar cells from retinal slices of wild type and negative lens-exposed mice, using whole cell patch-clamp recordings and selective pharmacology. Results Glucagon produced an increase of inhibitory post-synaptic current frequency in rod bipolar cells, which was also dependent on dopaminergic activity, as it was abolished by dopamine type 1 receptor antagonism and under scotopic conditions. The effect was also abolished after 3-week negative lens-exposure but could be recovered using dopamine type 1 receptor agonism. Conclusions Altogether, these results support a possible neuromodulatory role of glucagon in the retina of mammals as part of a dopaminergic activity-dependent synaptic pathway that is affected under myopia-inducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Tapia
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Valentín Peñaloza
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisco Silva-Olivares
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Oliver Schmachtenberg
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alex H. Vielma
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Liao S, Li X, Bai N, Wu D, Yang W, Wang F, Ji HZ. An empirical study on the effect of outdoor illumination and exercise intervention on Children's vision. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1270826. [PMID: 38155899 PMCID: PMC10754518 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1270826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between outdoor lighting and sports and the development of myopia, and to analyze the effects of outdoor lighting and exercise on the diopter of children with normal vision and myopia, so as to provide guidance for the prevention and treatment of myopia in children and adolescents in the future. Methods A total of 201 children were divided into two groups according to myopia or not. Each group was randomly divided into 4 groups: outdoor exercise group, outdoor control group, indoor exercise group and indoor control group. Among them, the outdoor exercise group and indoor exercise group received moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise 3 times a week for 60 min each time for 12 months, while the outdoor control group and indoor control group had normal study and life during the corresponding period of time. No additional exercise intervention. At the end of the experiment, the diopter of each group was compared. Results The diopter of all groups with normal vision and myopia decreased significantly after the experiment (p < 0.01). There were significant differences in diopter between outdoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.01), between outdoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.05), and between indoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.01). There were significant differences in diopter between indoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.01). The differences among myopic children after the experiment showed that there was significant difference in diopter between outdoor exercise group and indoor exercise group (p < 0.05), between outdoor exercise group and indoor control group (p < 0.01), and between outdoor control group and indoor control group (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the changes of diopter between the outdoor control group and the indoor exercise group with normal vision and myopia before and after the experiment (p < 0.05). Conclusion Outdoor light and exercise intervention can have a beneficial effect on children's vision, but because of whether children are myopic or not, the effect is different, outdoor light and exercise have a better effect on reducing the diopter of children with normal vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaixiong Liao
- Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Xueying Li
- Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Nan Bai
- Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | | | - Wenliang Yang
- Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Hao Zong Ji
- Chongqing Liangjiang Yucai Middle School, Chongqing, China
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Chen CS, Lin CF, Chou YL, Lee DY, Tien PT, Wang YC, Chang CY, Lin ES, Chen JJ, Wu MY, Ku H, Gan D, Chang YM, Lin HJ, Wan L. Acupuncture modulates development of myopia by reducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the dopamine-D1R signaling pathway. Acupunct Med 2023; 41:364-375. [PMID: 37211683 DOI: 10.1177/09645284231170886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine has been suggested to be a stop signal for eye growth and affects the development of myopia. Acupuncture is known to increase dopamine secretion and is widely used to treat myopia clinically. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if acupuncture inhibits myopia progression in form deprived Syrian hamsters by inducing rises in dopamine content that in turn suppress inflammasome activation. METHODS Acupuncture was applied at LI4 and Taiyang every other day for 21 days. The levels of molecules associated with the dopamine signaling pathway, inflammatory signaling pathway and inflammasome activation were determined. A dopamine agonist (apomorphine) was used to evaluate if activation of the dopaminergic signaling pathway suppresses myopia progression by inhibiting inflammasome activation in primary retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. A dopamine receptor 1 (D1R) inhibitor (SCH39166) was also administered to the hamsters. RESULTS Acupuncture inhibited myopia development by increasing dopamine levels and activating the D1R signaling pathway. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation was inhibited by activation of the D1R signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that acupuncture inhibits myopia development by suppressing inflammation, which is initiated by activation of the dopamine-D1R signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung
- Division of Chinese Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chi-Fong Lin
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Yung-Lan Chou
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Peng-Tai Tien
- Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Yao-Chien Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung
| | - En-Shyh Lin
- Department of Beauty Science, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung
| | | | - Ming-Yen Wu
- Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Hsiangyu Ku
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dekang Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yung-Ming Chang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, 1PT Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taichung
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
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11
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Shu Z, Chen K, Wang Q, Wu H, Zhu Y, Tian R, Yan W, Huang Q, Zhang C, Xiong W, Qu J, Zhou X, Huang F. The Role of Retinal Dopamine D1 Receptors in Ocular Growth and Myopia Development in Mice. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8231-8242. [PMID: 37751999 PMCID: PMC10697406 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1196-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the signaling cascade controlling ocular refractive development, but the exact role and site of action of dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) involved in myopia remains unclear. Here, we determine whether retinal D1Rs exclusively mediate the effects of endogenous dopamine and systemically delivered D1R agonist or antagonist in the mouse form deprivation myopia (FDM) model. Male C57BL/6 mice subjected to unilateral FDM or unobstructed vision were divided into the following four groups: one noninjected and three groups that received intraperitoneal injections of a vehicle, D1R agonist SKF38393 (18 and 59 nmol/g), or D1R antagonist SCH39166 (0.1 and 1 nmol/g). The effects of these drugs on FDM were further assessed in Drd1-knock-out (Drd1-KO), retina-specific conditional Drd1-KO (Drd1-CKO) mice, and corresponding wild-type littermates. In the visually unobstructed group, neither SKF38393 nor SCH39166 affected normal refractive development, whereas myopia development was attenuated by SKF38393 and enhanced by SCH39166 injections. In Drd1-KO or Drd1-CKO mice, however, these drugs had no effect on FDM development, suggesting that activation of retinal D1Rs is pertinent to myopia suppression by the D1R agonist. Interestingly, the development of myopia was unchanged by either Drd1-KO or Drd1-CKO, and neither SKF38393 nor SCH39166 injections, nor Drd1-KO, affected the retinal or vitreal dopamine and the dopamine metabolite DOPAC levels. Effects on axial length were less marked than effects on refraction. Therefore, activation of D1Rs, specifically retinal D1Rs, inhibits myopia development in mice. These results also suggest that multiple dopamine D1R mechanisms play roles in emmetropization and myopia development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT While dopamine is recognized as a "stop" signal that inhibits myopia development (myopization), the location of the dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) that mediate this action remains to be addressed. Answers to this key question are critical for understanding how dopaminergic systems regulate ocular growth and refraction. We report here the results of our study showing that D1Rs are essential for controlling ocular growth and myopia development in mice, and for identifying the retina as the site of action for dopaminergic control via D1Rs. These findings highlight the importance of intrinsic retinal dopaminergic mechanisms for the regulation of ocular growth and suggest specific avenues for exploring the retinal mechanisms involved in the dopaminergic control of emmetropization and myopization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Kaijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Qiongsi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Honglin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Yangfeifei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Ruikang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Wenjun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Qin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Weiwei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
| | - Furong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, 325000
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Thomson K, Karouta C, Weber D, Hoffmann N, Morgan I, Kelly T, Ashby R. The role of the serotonergic system in atropine's anti-myopic effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115542. [PMID: 37742601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine is the most widely used pharmacological treatment for the visual disorder myopia (short-sightedness), the leading cause of low-vision worldwide. This study sought to better define the mechanism by which atropine inhibits myopic growth. Although classified as a muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist, atropine has been found to bind and modulate the activity of several non-cholinergic systems (e.g., serotonin). Thus, this study investigated whether the serotonergic system could underly atropine's anti-myopic effects. Using a chick model of myopia, we report that atropine's growth-inhibitory effects can be attenuated by pharmacological stimulation of the serotonin system. This may suggest that atropine can slow the development of myopia through inhibiting serotonergic receptor activity. We also observed that pharmacological antagonism of serotonergic receptors inhibits the development of experimental myopia in a dose-dependent manner, further demonstrating that modulation of serotonergic receptor activity can alter ocular growth rates. Finally, we found that neither experimental myopia, nor atropine treatment, induced a significant change in retinal serotonergic output (i.e., synthesis, transport, release and catabolism). This may suggest that, although myopic growth can be inhibited through modulation of serotonergic receptor activity (by atropine or serotonergic antagonists), this does not require a change in serotonin levels. These findings regarding a serotonergic mechanism for atropine may have significant ramifications for the treatment of human myopia. This includes assessing the use of atropine in patients who are also undergoing treatment to upregulate serotonergic signaling (e.g., serotonergic anti-depressants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Weber
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Nichola Hoffmann
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Tamsin Kelly
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
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13
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Makhdoum H, Alrehaili A, Albelowi A, Aljabri GH, Alamri RA, Alawfi B, Alsaedi S, Garah RA. Prevalence of Myopia and Its Related Factors Among University Students in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e49656. [PMID: 38161853 PMCID: PMC10756248 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia, a common refractive error, is a growing global health burden influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Despite its high prevalence, studies on its prevalence and risk factors among university students are lacking. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of myopia and its associated factors among college students in Saudi Arabia's Madinah region. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia, from February to June 2023, utilizing a survey that was distributed to college students through a social media application. RESULTS A total of 433 university students from Al-Madinah province were enrolled in this study; 66.3% were females and 33.7% were males. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 33 years with a mean of 21.3 ± 2.0 years. The prevalence of myopia among college students in Al-Madinah and its provinces was 57.3%, and 87.9% of them had myopia in both eyes. Respondents with an electronic screen time of more than three hours and a reading distance of less than 15cm were at significant risk of myopia with p-values of 0.037 and 0.019, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A significant prevalence of myopia has been observed among university students in Madinah. Studying in scientific and medical fields, having eye diseases, prolonged use of digital devices, limiting daily outdoor activities to one hour, and having a reading distance of less than 15 cm significantly increased the risk of myopia. Encouraging education and screening programs for myopia prevention and control is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Makhdoum
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Ruba A Alamri
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Bushra Alawfi
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Saba Alsaedi
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | - Reem A Garah
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
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14
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Shi XH, Dong L, Zhang RH, Zhou WD, Li YF, Wu HT, Li HY, Yu CY, Li YT, Wang YX, Jonas JB, Wei WB. Reduction of experimental ocular axial elongation by neuregulin-1 antibody. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1277180. [PMID: 37964886 PMCID: PMC10640991 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1277180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the mechanisms underlying myopic axial elongation have remained unclear, we examined the effect of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), an epidermal growth factor family member, on myopic axial elongation. Methods The guinea pigs aged two to three weeks were subjected to bilateral negative lens-induced axial elongation and received weekly intravitreal injections into their right eyes of NRG-1 antibody (doses: 5 μg, n = 8; 10 μg, n = 8, 20 μg, n = 9) or of NRG-1 (doses: 0.05 μg, n = 8; 0.01 μg, n = 9; 0.2 μg, n = 8), underwent only bilateral negative lens-induced axial elongation (myopia control group, n = 10), or underwent no intervention (control group, n = 10). The contralateral eyes received corresponding intravitreal phosphate-buffered solution injections. One week after the last injection, the guinea pigs were sacrificed, the eyeballs were removed, the thicknesses of the retina and sclera were histologically examined, the expression of NRG-1 and downstream signal transduction pathway members (ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT) and the mRNA expression of NRG-1 in the retina was assessed. Results The inter-eye difference in axial length at study end increased (p < 0.001) from the normal control group (-0.02 ± 0.09 mm) and the myopia control group (-0.01 ± 0.09 mm) to the low-dose NRG-1 antibody group (-0.11 ± 0.05 mm), medium-dose NRG-1 antibody group (-0.17 ± 0.07 mm), and high-dose NRG-1 antibody group (-0.28 ± 0.06 mm). The relative expression of NRG-1, ERK1/2, and PI3K/AKT in the retina decreased in a dose-dependent manner from the myopia control group to the NRG-1 antibody groups and the normal control group. The relative NRG-1 mRNA expression in the retina was higher (p < 0.01) in the myopic control group than in the NRG-1 antibody groups and normal control group. Scleral and retinal thickness decreased from the normal control group to the NRG-1 antibody groups to the myopic control group. After intraocular injection of NRG-1 protein, there was a slight dose-dependent increase in the difference in axial length between the right and left eye, however not statistically significantly, from the normal control group (-0.02 ± 0.09 mm) to the high-dose NRG-1 protein group (0.03 ± 0.03 mm; p = 0.12). Conclusion Intravitreal NRG-1 antibody application was dose-dependently and time-dependently associated with a reduction in negative lens-induced axial elongation in young guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han Shi
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Dong
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Heng Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Da Zhou
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fan Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Tian Wu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - He Yan Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chu Yao Yu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tong Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wen Bin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Yao Y, Chen Z, Wu Q, Lu Y, Zhou X, Zhu X. Single-cell RNA sequencing of retina revealed novel transcriptional landscape in high myopia and underlying cell-type-specific mechanisms. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e372. [PMID: 37746666 PMCID: PMC10511833 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High myopia is a leading cause of blindness worldwide with increasing prevalence. Retina percepts visual information and triggers myopia development, but the underlying etiology is not fully understood because of cellular heterogeneity. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed on retinas of mouse highly myopic and control eyes to dissect the involvement of each cell type during high myopia progression. For highly myopic photoreceptors, Hk2 inhibition underlying metabolic remodeling from aerobic glycolysis toward oxidative phosphorylation and excessive oxidative stress was identified. Importantly, a novel Apoe + rod subpopulation was specifically identified in highly myopic retina. In retinal neurons of highly myopic eyes, neurodegeneration was generally discovered, and the imbalanced ON/OFF signaling driven by cone-bipolar cells and the downregulated dopamine receptors in amacrine cells were among the most predominant findings, indicating the aberrant light processing in highly myopic eyes. Besides, microglia exhibited elevated expression of cytokines and TGF-β receptors, suggesting enhanced responses to inflammation and the growth-promoting states involved in high myopia progression. Furthermore, cell-cell communication network revealed attenuated neuronal interactions and increased glial/vascular interactions in highly myopic retinas. In conclusion, this study outlines the transcriptional landscape of highly myopic retina, providing novel insights into high myopia development and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqian Yao
- Eye Institute and Department of OphthalmologyEye & ENT HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Health Center Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and OptometryShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi Lu
- Eye Institute and Department of OphthalmologyEye & ENT HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Health Center Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and RestorationShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Eye Institute and Department of OphthalmologyEye & ENT HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Health Center Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and OptometryShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangjia Zhu
- Eye Institute and Department of OphthalmologyEye & ENT HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of MyopiaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Health Center Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University)ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and RestorationShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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16
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Wei P, Han G, Wang Y. Effects of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists on retinal pigment epithelial/choroid complex metabolism in form-deprived myopic guinea pigs. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200325. [PMID: 37491763 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)/choroid complex regulates myopia development, but the precise pathogenesis of myopia remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the changes in RPE/choroid complex metabolism in a form deprivation myopia model after dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) modulation. Guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal (NC), form deprivation myopia (FDM), and FDM treated with dopamine D2R antagonist groups. Differential metabolites were screened using SIMCA-P software and MetaboAnalyst metabolomics analysis tool. Functions of differential metabolites were analyzed using KEGG enrichment pathways. Relative to the NC group, 38 differential metabolites were identified, comprising 29 increased metabolites (including nicotinic acid, cytosine, and glutamate) and 9 decreased metabolites, of which proline exhibited the largest decrease. Pathway analysis revealed regulation of arginine/proline and aspartate/glutamate metabolism. Intravitreal D2R antagonist injection increased proline concentrations and activated arginine/proline and purine metabolism pathways. In sum, D2R antagonists alleviated the myopia trend of refractive biological parameters in form deprivation myopic guinea pigs, suggesting the involvement of dopamine D2R signaling in myopia pathogenesis. The RPE/choroid may provide glutamate to the retina by activating proline metabolism via metabolic coupling with the retina. Dopamine D2R antagonism may modulate proline/arginine metabolic pathways in the RPE/choroid and regulate metabolism, information presentation, and myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghui Wei
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Guoge Han
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
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17
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Dhakal R, Huntjens B, Shah R, Lawrenson JG, Verkicharla PK. Influence of location, season and time of day on the spectral composition of ambient light: Investigation for application in myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:220-230. [PMID: 36637143 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given the possible role of spectral composition of light and myopia, this study aimed at investigating the variation in the spectral composition of ambient light in different (a) outdoor/indoor locations, (b) time of a day and (c) seasons. METHODS The spectral power distribution (SPD), categorised into short (380-500 nm), middle (505-565 nm) and long wavelengths (625-780 nm), was recorded using a handheld spectrometer at three outdoor locations ('open playground', 'under shade of tree' and 'canopy') and three indoor locations ('room with multiple windows', 'closed room' and 'closed corridor'). Readings were taken at five different time points (3-h intervals between 6:30 and 18:00 hours) on two days, each during the summer and monsoon seasons. RESULTS The overall median SPD (IQR [25th-75th percentile] W/nm/m2 ) across the three outdoor locations (0.11 [0.09, 0.12]) was 157 times higher than that of the indoor locations (0.0007 [0.0001, 0.001]). Considerable locational, diurnal and seasonal variation was observed in the distribution of the median SPD value, with the highest value being recorded in the 'open playground' (0.27 [0.21, 0.28]) followed by 'under shade of tree' (0.083 [0.074, 0.09]), 'canopy' (0.014 [0.012, 0.015]) and 'room with multiple windows' (0.023 [0.015, 0.028]). The relative percentage composition of short, middle and long wavelengths was similar in both the outdoor and indoor locations, with the proportion of middle wavelengths significantly higher (p < 0.01) than short and long wavelengths in all the locations, except 'canopy'. CONCLUSION Irrespective of variation in SPD values with location, time, day and season, outdoor locations always exhibited significantly higher spectral power than indoor locations. The relative percentage composition of short, middle and long wavelengths of light was similar across all locations. These findings establish a foundation for future research to understand the relationship between spectral power and the development of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dhakal
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Infor Myopia Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - John G Lawrenson
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Pavan K Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Infor Myopia Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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18
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Dutheil F, Oueslati T, Delamarre L, Castanon J, Maurin C, Chiambaretta F, Baker JS, Ugbolue UC, Zak M, Lakbar I, Pereira B, Navel V. Myopia and Near Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:875. [PMID: 36613196 PMCID: PMC9820324 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is a global public health problem affecting quality of life and work productivity. Data is scarce regarding the effects of near work on myopia. Providing a larger meta-analysis with life-long perspective, including adults and occupational exposure seemed needed. METHODS We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Science Direct for studies reporting myopia prevalence in near work. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent ≤ -0.50 diopter. We performed a meta-analysis using random-effects model on myopia prevalence, myopia progression per year, and odds ratio (OR) of myopia in near work, completed by subgroup analyses and meta-regressions on patients' characteristics, type of work in adults, geographic zones, time and characteristics of near work. RESULTS We included 78 studies, representing a total of 254,037 participants, aged from 6 to 39 years. The global prevalence of myopia in near work was 35% (95% CI: 30 to 41%), with a prevalence of 31% (95% CI: 26 to 37%) in children and 46% (95% CI: 30 to 62%) in adults. Myopia progression was -0.39 diopters per year (-0.53 to -0.24 D/year), ranging from -0.44 (-0.57 to -0.31) in children to -0.25 D/year (-0.56 to 0.06) in adults. The odds of myopia in workers exposed vs. non-exposed to near work were increased by 26% (18 to 34%), by 31% (21 to 42%) in children and 21% (6 to 35%) in adults. Prevalence of myopia was higher in adults compared to children (Coefficient 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Near work conditions, including occupational exposure in adults, could be associated with myopia. Targeted prevention should be implemented in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dutheil
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CNRS, LaPSCo, Université Clermont Auvergne, WittyFit, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tharwa Oueslati
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Louis Delamarre
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CNRS, LaPSCo, Université Clermont Auvergne, WittyFit, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Marseille, Hopital Nord—Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Joris Castanon
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Caroline Maurin
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Physical Education and Health, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Ukadike C. Ugbolue
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK
| | - Marek Zak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
| | - Ines Lakbar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Marseille, Hopital Nord—Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatitics, Clinical Research Direction, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valentin Navel
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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19
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Stingl JV, Ban SA, Nagler M, Schmidtmann I, Wild PS, Lackner KJ, Münzel T, Beutel ME, Pfeiffer N, Schuster AK. Five-year change in refractive error and its risk factors: results from the Gutenberg Health Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:140-146. [PMID: 34362774 PMCID: PMC9763219 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To examine the 5-year change in refractive error in phakic eyes and its risk factors in the general population. METHODS The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based cohort study including 15 010 participants from Germany aged 35-74 years at baseline examination (2007-2012). After 5 years, a follow-up examination was carried out (83% participation). 5-year change of spherical equivalent (SE) was computed as difference between follow-up and baseline objective refraction. Linear and logistic regression analysis were conducted analysing potential risk factors. Only phakic eyes at follow-up examination were included. RESULTS Right eyes of 10 175 subjects were included. An age-related shift of refractive error was identified, namely -0.12 D for age 35-44 years, 0.25 D for age 45-54 years, 0.25 D for age 55-64 years and 0.12 D for age 65-74 years during the 5-year follow-up. Smokers had a hyperopic shift (OR=1.31; p<0.001), while baseline SE (OR=0.89 per dioptre; p<0.001) and female sex (OR=1.49; p<0.001) were linked with a myopic shift. Education, occupation and other cardiovascular parameters were not associated with change in refractive error. CONCLUSIONS The GHS demonstrates a parabolic shift in refractive error with a myopic shift at age 35-44 years, followed by a hyperopic shift at age 45-64 years which decreases at higher age. Smoking is associated with a hyperopic shift whereas female sex and myopic baseline SE is associated with a myopic shift. Educational level and occupation were not linked to a change in refractive error at age 35-74 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Stingl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sol A Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Nagler
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Schmidtmann
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Wild
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology – Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K. Schuster
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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20
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Huang Y, Chen X, Zhuang J, Yu K. The Role of Retinal Dysfunction in Myopia Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Philipp D, Vogel M, Brandt M, Rauscher FG, Hiemisch A, Wahl S, Kiess W, Poulain T. The relationship between myopia and near work, time outdoors and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2058. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To investigate environmental and social risk factors for myopia in children and adolescents in Germany.
Methods
1437 children aged between 3 and 18 inclusive were examined as part of the LIFE Child study based in Leipzig, Germany. Information about leisure time activities and social status was ascertained by parents and children in a questionnaire. Refractive status was attained by measuring noncycloplegic autorefraction. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ − 0.75 D. Risk factors were identified using multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results
In multiple logistic regression analysis, myopia was significantly associated with less frequent outdoor activity (“once a week” vs. “twice a week or more”: odds ratio (OR) 4.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89–9.98, p<0.01) and longer near work sessions (1–2 h vs. < 1 h: OR 1.83, CI 1.10–3.04, p=0.02; > 3 h vs. < 1 h: OR 3.71, CI 1.43–9.61, p<0.01) after adjustment for age, sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Duration of outdoor activity, near work frequency and SES showed no significant association with myopia (p > 0.05). Children with a lower SES were involved in longer periods of outdoor and near work activities but on fewer occasions over the course of the week, although this connection was not significant.
Conclusion
Myopia is associated with environmental factors. The present findings suggest that daily exposure to sunlight and a restriction of long-duration near work activities might protect against pathological eye growth. Prevention strategies should be implemented for children at all ages.
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22
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Mu J, Zhong H, Zeng D, Fan J, Jiang M, Liu M, Shuai X, Chen Y, Zhang S. Research trends and hotspots in the relationship between outdoor activities and myopia: A bibliometric analysis based on the web of science database from 2006 to 2021. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1047116. [PMID: 36388306 PMCID: PMC9644123 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1047116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to explore the current status, hotspots, and emerging research trends regarding the relationship between outdoor activities and myopia. Methods Publications on the relationship between outdoor activities and myopia from 2006 to 2021 were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace (version 6.1.R2) was used to performed a bibliometric analysis, and R software (version 4.1.0) was used to visualize the trends and hot map of publications. Results A total of 640 publications were collected and analyzed in the present study. China was the major contributor (n = 204), followed by the United States of America (n = 181) and Australia (n = 137). The United States of America had the most extensive foreign cooperation (centrality = 0.25), followed by Australia (centrality = 0.20). The National University of Singapore contributed the largest number of publications (n = 48), followed by Sun Yat-Sen University (n = 41) and the Australian National University (n = 41). Among institutions, Cardiff University in the United Kingdom had the most extensive foreign cooperation (centrality = 0.12), followed by the National University of Singapore (centrality = 0.11). Saw S from Singapore had the largest number of publications (n = 39), followed by Morgan I from Australia (n = 27) and Jonas J from Germany (n = 23). Investigative ophthalmology & visual science is the most important journal to study the relationship between outdoor activities and myopia. "Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050" published by Holden BA was the most cited paper in this field with 177 citations. Co-occurrence and burst analyses of keywords showed that research trends and hotspots in this field focused mainly on "risk," "prevention" and "school". Conclusions The influence of outdoor activities on myopia remains a concern. In the future, deeper cooperation between countries or institutions is required to explore the effects of outdoor activities on myopia. Outdoor activities for the prevention of myopia and reduction of the risk of myopia among school students may be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Mu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoxi Zhong
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjie Fan
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjie Jiang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meizhou Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Shuai
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanjie Chen
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Shaochong Zhang
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23
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Li M, Xu L, Tan CS, Lanca C, Foo LL, Sabanayagam C, Saw SM. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Lifestyle on Myopia. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:470-480. [PMID: 36179338 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-related lifestyle on myopia outcomes in children to young adults. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases (with manual searching of reference lists of reviews). Studies included assessed changes in myopia-related outcomes (cycloplegic refraction) during COVID and pre-COVID. Of 367 articles identified, 7 (6 prospective cohorts; 1 repeated cross-sectional study) comprising 6327 participants aged 6 to 17 were included. Quality appraisals were performed with Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. Pooled differences in annualized myopic shifts or mean spherical equivalent (SE) during COVID and pre-COVID were obtained from random-effects models. RESULTS In all 7 studies, SE moved toward a myopic direction during COVID (vs pre-COVID), where 5 reported significantly faster myopic shifts [difference in means of changes: -1.20 to -0.35 diopters per year, [D/y]; pooled estimate: -0.73 D/y; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.96, -0.50; P<0.001], and 2 reported significantly more myopic SE (difference in means: -0.72 to -0.44 D/y; pooled estimate: -0.54 D/y; 95% CI: -0.80, -0.28; P<0.001). Three studies reported higher myopia (SE ≤-0.50 D) incidence (2.0- to 2.6-fold increase) during COVID versus pre-COVID. Of studies assessing lifestyle changes, all 4 reported lower time outdoors (pre-COVID vs during COVID: 1.1-1.8 vs 0.4-1.0 hours per day, [h/d]), and 3 reported higher screen time (pre-COVID vs during COVID: 0.7-2.8 vs 2.4-6.9 h/d). CONCLUSIONS This review suggests more myopic SE shifts during COVID (vs pre-COVID) in participants aged 6 to 17. COVID-19 restrictions may have worsened SE shifts, and lifting of restrictions may lessen this effect. Evaluations of the long-term effects of the pandemic lifestyle on myopia onset and progression in large studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijie Li
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingqian Xu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuen-Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Lanca
- Lisbon School of Health Technology, Lisbon Polytechnic
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), National School of Public Health, Nova University Lisbon
| | - Li-Lian Foo
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Cortés-Albornoz MC, Ramírez-Guerrero S, Rojas-Carabali W, de-la-Torre A, Talero-Gutiérrez C. Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children's visual health: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062388. [PMID: 35922104 PMCID: PMC9352565 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased exposure to digital devices as part of online classes increases susceptibility to visual impairments, particularly among school students taught using e-learning strategies. This study aimed to identify the impact of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children's visual health. DESIGN Systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. DATA SOURCES Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases from the year 2020 onwards. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included cross-sectional, case-control, cohort studies, case series and case reports, published in English, Spanish or French, that approached the effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on visual health in neurotypical children. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We included a total of 21 articles with previous quality assessments using the Joanna Briggs checklist. Risk of bias assessment was applied using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for before-and-after studies with no control group; the tool developed by Hoy et al to assess cross-sectional studies; the Murad et al tool to evaluate the methodological quality of case reports and case series; and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. RESULTS All but one study reported a deleterious impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on visual health in children. Overall, the most frequently identified ocular effects were refractive errors, accommodation disturbances and visual symptoms such as dry eye and asthenopia. CONCLUSIONS Increased dependence on digital devices for online classes has either induced or exacerbated visual disturbances, such as rapid progression of myopia, dry eye and visual fatigue symptoms, and vergence and accommodation disturbances, in children who engaged in remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022307107.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Camila Cortés-Albornoz
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Sofía Ramírez-Guerrero
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - William Rojas-Carabali
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Claudia Talero-Gutiérrez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
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25
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Brown DM, Mazade R, Clarkson-Townsend D, Hogan K, Datta Roy PM, Pardue MT. Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109071. [PMID: 35447101 PMCID: PMC9701099 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of myopia, or nearsightedness, has increased at an alarming rate over the last few decades. An eye is myopic if incoming light focuses prior to reaching the retinal photoreceptors, which indicates a mismatch in its shape and optical power. This mismatch commonly results from excessive axial elongation. Important drivers of the myopia epidemic include environmental factors, genetic factors, and their interactions, e.g., genetic factors influencing the effects of environmental factors. One factor often hypothesized to be a driver of the myopia epidemic is environmental light, which has changed drastically and rapidly on a global scale. In support of this, it is well established that eye size is regulated by a homeostatic process that incorporates visual cues (emmetropization). This process allows the eye to detect and minimize refractive errors quite accurately and locally over time by modulating the rate of elongation of the eye via remodeling its outermost coat, the sclera. Critically, emmetropization is not dependent on post-retinal processing. Thus, visual cues appear to influence axial elongation through a retina-to-sclera, or retinoscleral, signaling cascade, capable of transmitting information from the innermost layer of the eye to the outermost layer. Despite significant global research interest, the specifics of retinoscleral signaling pathways remain elusive. While a few pharmacological treatments have proven to be effective in slowing axial elongation (most notably topical atropine), the mechanisms behind these treatments are still not fully understood. Additionally, several retinal neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, and other small molecules have been found to influence axial length and/or refractive error or be influenced by myopigenic cues, yet little progress has been made explaining how the signal that originates in the retina crosses the highly vascular choroid to affect the sclera. Here, we compile and synthesize the evidence surrounding three of the major candidate pathways receiving significant research attention - dopamine, retinoic acid, and adenosine. All three candidates have both correlational and causal evidence backing their involvement in axial elongation and have been implicated by multiple independent research groups across diverse species. Two hypothesized mechanisms are presented for how a retina-originating signal crosses the choroid - via 1) all-trans retinoic acid or 2) choroidal blood flow influencing scleral oxygenation. Evidence of crosstalk between the pathways is discussed in the context of these two mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon M Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Reece Mazade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Danielle Clarkson-Townsend
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kelleigh Hogan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Pooja M Datta Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA.
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Dhakal R, Shah R, Huntjens B, Verkicharla PK, Lawrenson J. Time spent outdoors as an intervention for myopia prevention and control in children: an overview of systematic reviews. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:545-558. [PMID: 35072278 PMCID: PMC9305934 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Outdoor light exposure is considered a safe and effective strategy to reduce myopia development and aligns with existing public health initiatives to promote healthier lifestyles in children. However, it is unclear whether this strategy reduces myopia progression in eyes that are already myopic. This study aims to conduct an overview of systematic reviews (SRs) reporting time spent outdoors as a strategy to prevent myopia or slow its progression in children. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CINAHL from inception to 1 November 2020 to identify SRs that evaluated the association between outdoor light exposure and myopia development or progression in children. Outcomes included incident myopia, prevalent myopia and change in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) to evaluate annual rates of myopia progression. The methodological quality and risk of bias of included SRs were assessed using the AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS tools, respectively. RESULTS Seven SRs were identified, which included data from 47 primary studies with 63,920 participants. Pooled estimates (risk or odds ratios) consistently demonstrated that time outdoors was associated with a reduction in prevalence and incidence of myopia. In terms of slowing progression in eyes that were already myopic, the reported annual reductions in SER and AL from baseline were small (0.13-0.17 D) and regarded as clinically insignificant. Methodological quality assessment using AMSTAR-2 found that all reviews had one or more critical flaws and the ROBIS tool identified a low risk of bias in only two of the included SRs. CONCLUSION This overview found that increased exposure to outdoor light reduces myopia development. However, based on annual change in SER and AL, there is insufficient evidence for a clinically significant effect on myopia progression. The poor methodological quality and inconsistent reporting of the included systematic reviews reduce confidence in the estimates of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dhakal
- Myopia Research LabProf. Brien Holden Eye Research CentreL V Prasad Eye InstituteHyderabadIndia
- Centre for Applied Vision ResearchSchool of Health Sciences, CityUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Centre for Applied Vision ResearchSchool of Health Sciences, CityUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision ResearchSchool of Health Sciences, CityUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Pavan K Verkicharla
- Myopia Research LabProf. Brien Holden Eye Research CentreL V Prasad Eye InstituteHyderabadIndia
| | - John G Lawrenson
- Centre for Applied Vision ResearchSchool of Health Sciences, CityUniversity of LondonLondonUK
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Dong L, Zhang RH, Zhou WD, Li YF, Li HY, Wu HT, Shi XH, Jonas JB, Wei WB. Epiregulin, epigen and betacellulin antibodies and axial elongation in young guinea pigs with lens-induced myopization. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:193. [PMID: 35477375 PMCID: PMC9044769 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To examine an effect of intravitreally applied antibodies against epidermal growth factor family members, namely epiregulin, epigen and betacellulin, on ocular axial elongation. Methods The experimental study included 30 guinea pigs (age:3–4 weeks) which underwent bilateral lens-induced myopization and received three intraocular injections of 20 µg of epiregulin antibody, epigen antibody and betacellulin antibody in weekly intervals into their right eyes, and of phosphate-buffered saline into their left eyes. Seven days after the last injection, the animals were sacrificed. Axial length was measured by sonographic biometry. Results At baseline, right eyes and left eyes did not differ (all P > 0.10) in axial length in neither group, nor did the interocular difference in axial length vary between the groups (P = 0.19). During the study period, right and left eyes elongated (P < 0.001) from 8.08 ± 0.07 mm to 8.59 ± 0.06 mm and from 8.08 ± 0.07 mm to 8.66 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The interocular difference (left eye minus right eye) in axial elongation increased significantly in all three groups (epiregulin-antibody:from 0.03 ± 0.06 mm at one week after baseline to 0.16 ± 0.08 mm at three weeks after baseline;P = 0.001); epigen-antibody group:from -0.01 ± 0.06 mm to 0.06 ± 0.08 mm;P = 0.02; betacellulin antibody group:from -0.05 ± 0.05 mm to 0.02 ± 0.04 mm;P = 0.004). Correspondingly, interocular difference in axial length increased from -0.02 ± 0.04 mm to 0.13 ± 0.06 mm in the epiregulin-antibody group (P < 0.001), and from 0.01 ± 0.05 mm to 0.07 ± 0.05 mm in the epigen-antibody group (P = 0.045). In the betacellulin-antibody group the increase (0.01 ± 0.04 mm to 0.03 ± 0.03 mm) was not significant (P = 0.24). Conclusions The EGF family members epiregulin, epigen and betacellulin may be associated with axial elongation in young guinea pigs, with the effect decreasing from epiregulin to epigen and to betacellulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Heng Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Da Zhou
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - He-Yan Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Han Shi
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology and Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Privatpraxis Prof Jonas Und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wen-Bin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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van der Sande E, Haarman AEG, Quint WH, Tadema KCD, Meester-Smoor MA, Kamermans M, De Zeeuw CI, Klaver CCW, Winkelman BHJ, Iglesias AI. The Role of GJD2(Cx36) in Refractive Error Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 35262731 PMCID: PMC8934558 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive errors are common eye disorders characterized by a mismatch between the focal power of the eye and its axial length. An increased axial length is a common cause of the refractive error myopia (nearsightedness). The substantial increase in myopia prevalence over the last decades has raised public health concerns because myopia can lead to severe ocular complications later in life. Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have made considerable contributions to the understanding of the genetic architecture of refractive errors. Among the hundreds of genetic variants identified, common variants near the gap junction delta-2 (GJD2) gene have consistently been reported as one of the top hits. GJD2 encodes the connexin 36 (Cx36) protein, which forms gap junction channels and is highly expressed in the neural retina. In this review, we provide current evidence that links GJD2(Cx36) to the development of myopia. We summarize the gap junctional communication in the eye and the specific role of GJD2(Cx36) in retinal processing of visual signals. Finally, we discuss the pathways involving dopamine and gap junction phosphorylation and coupling as potential mechanisms that may explain the role of GJD2(Cx36) in refractive error development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie van der Sande
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. Quint
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirke C. D. Tadema
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Biomedical Photonics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beerend H. J. Winkelman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Karthikeyan SK, Ashwini DL, Priyanka M, Nayak A, Biswas S. Physical activity, time spent outdoors, and near work in relation to myopia prevalence, incidence, and progression: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:728-739. [PMID: 35225506 PMCID: PMC9114537 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1564_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia has reached epidemic levels in recent years. Stopping the development and progression of myopia is critical, as high myopia is a major cause of blindness worldwide. This overview aims at finding the association of time spent outdoors (TSO), near work (NW), and physical activity (PA) with the incidence, prevalence, and progression of myopia in children. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases. Systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) on the TSO, NW, and PA in relation to myopia were reviewed. Methodological nature of qualified studies were evaluated utilizing the Risk of Bias in Systematic Review tool. We identified four SRs out of which three had MA, which included 62 unique studies, involving >1,00,000 children. This overview found a protective trend toward TSO with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.982 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.979-0.985, I2 = 93.5%, P < 0.001) per extra hour of TSO every week. A pooled OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.08-1.20) suggested NW to be related to risk of myopia. However, studies associating myopia with NW activities are not necessarily a causality as the effect of myopia might force children to indoor confinement with more NW and less TSO. PA presented no effect on myopia. Though the strength of evidence is less because of high heterogeneity and lack of clinical trials with clear definition, increased TSO and reduced NW are protective against myopia development among nonmyopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth K Karthikeyan
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Optometry, Netra Jyothi Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - D L Ashwini
- Department of Optometry, Sankara College of Optometry, Sankara Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Priyanka
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anush Nayak
- Department of Optometry, Netra Jyothi Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Udupi, Karnataka, India
- Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sayantan Biswas
- Visual Neurosciences Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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30
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Huang F, Shu Z, Huang Q, Chen K, Yan W, Wu W, Yang J, Wang Q, Wang F, Zhang C, Qu J, Zhou X. Retinal Dopamine D2 Receptors Participate in the Development of Myopia in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:24. [PMID: 35050306 PMCID: PMC8787610 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To learn more about the locations of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) that regulate form-deprivation myopia (FDM), using different transgenic mouse models. Methods One eye of D2R-knockout (KO) mice and wild-type littermates was subjected to four weeks of monocular FDM, whereas the fellow eye served as control. Mice in both groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of either the D2R antagonist sulpiride (8 µg/g) or vehicle alone. FDM was also induced in retina- (Six3creD2Rfl/fl) or fibroblast-specific (S100a4creD2Rfl/fl) D2R-KO mice. A subset of retina-specific D2R-KO mice and D2Rfl/fl littermates were also given sulpiride or vehicle injections. Refraction was measured with an eccentric infrared photorefractor, and other biometric parameters were measured by optical coherence tomography (n ≈ 20 for each group). Results FDM development was attenuated in wild-type littermates treated with sulpiride. However, this inhibitory effect disappeared in the D2R-KO mice, suggesting that antagonizing D2Rs suppressed myopia development. Similarly, the development of myopia was partially inhibited by retina-specific (deletion efficiency: 94.7%) but not fibroblast-specific (66.9%) D2R-KO. The sulpiride-mediated inhibitory effects on FDM also disappeared with retinal D2R-KO, suggesting that antagonizing D2Rs outside the retina may not attenuate myopia. Changes in axial length were less marked than changes in refraction, but in general the two were correlated. Conclusions This study demonstrates that D2Rs located in the retina participate in dopaminergic regulation of FDM in mice. These findings provide an important and fundamental basis for further exploring the retinal mechanism(s) involved in dopamine signaling and myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Huang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziheng Shu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Huang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinglei Yang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiongsi Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengjiao Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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31
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Chakraborty R, Landis EG, Mazade R, Yang V, Strickland R, Hattar S, Stone RA, Iuvone PM, Pardue MT. Melanopsin modulates refractive development and myopia. Exp Eye Res 2022; 214:108866. [PMID: 34838844 PMCID: PMC8792255 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common form of refractive abnormality and is characterized by excessive ocular elongation in relation to ocular power. Retinal neurotransmitter signaling, including dopamine, is implicated in myopic ocular growth, but the visual pathways that initiate and sustain myopia remain unclear. Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), which detect light, are important for visual function, and have connections with retinal dopamine cells. Here, we investigated how mRGCs influence normal and myopic refractive development using two mutant mouse models: Opn4-/- mice that lack functional melanopsin photopigments and intrinsic mRGC responses but still receive other photoreceptor-mediated input to these cells; and Opn4DTA/DTA mice that lack intrinsic and photoreceptor-mediated mRGC responses due to mRGC cell death. In mice with intact vision or form-deprivation, we measured refractive error, ocular properties including axial length and corneal curvature, and the levels of retinal dopamine and its primary metabolite, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPAC). Myopia was measured as a myopic shift, or the difference in refractive error between the form-deprived and contralateral eyes. We found that Opn4-/- mice had altered normal refractive development compared to Opn4+/+ wildtype mice, starting ∼4D more myopic but developing ∼2D greater hyperopia by 16 weeks of age. Consistent with hyperopia at older ages, 16 week-old Opn4-/- mice also had shorter eyes compared to Opn4+/+ mice (3.34 vs 3.42 mm). Opn4DTA/DTA mice, however, were more hyperopic than both Opn4+/+ and Opn4-/- mice across development ending with even shorter axial lengths. Despite these differences, both Opn4-/- and Opn4DTA/DTA mice had ∼2D greater myopic shifts in response to form-deprivation compared to Opn4+/+ mice. Furthermore, when vision was intact, dopamine and DOPAC levels were similar between Opn4-/- and Opn4+/+ mice, but higher in Opn4DTA/DTA mice, which differed with age. However, form-deprivation reduced retinal dopamine and DOAPC by ∼20% in Opn4-/- compared to Opn4+/+ mice but did not affect retinal dopamine and DOPAC in Opn4DTA/DTA mice. Lastly, systemically treating Opn4-/- mice with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA reduced their form-deprivation myopia by half compared to non-treated mice. Collectively our findings show that disruption of retinal melanopsin signaling alters the rate and magnitude of normal refractive development, yields greater susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia, and changes dopamine signaling. Our results suggest that mRGCs participate in the eye's response to myopigenic stimuli, acting partly through dopaminergic mechanisms, and provide a potential therapeutic target underling myopia progression. We conclude that proper mRGC function is necessary for correct refractive development and protection from myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5001, Adelaide, Australia; Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Erica G Landis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States; Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Reece Mazade
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States
| | - Victoria Yang
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States
| | - Ryan Strickland
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States; Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, NIMH, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20892
| | - Richard A Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States; Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States.
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32
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Gupta S, Joshi A, Saxena H, Chatterjee A. Outdoor activity and myopia progression in children: A follow-up study using mixed-effects model. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:3446-3450. [PMID: 34826972 PMCID: PMC8837331 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3602_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of outdoor activity on myopia progression. Methods: It was a hospital-based longitudinal prospective observational study. Children between 7 and 14 years of age with a myopia of − 0.5 D or worse were included. Myopia progression was evaluated by cycloplegic refraction, every 6 months for 18 months. Parents were asked to record the daily outdoor activity of the child in hours per day at school and at home during weekdays and at weekends separately, based on which the daily outdoor activity score was calculated. The independent variables measured included age and gender of the participant, degree of myopia, and the daily outdoor activity score. Progression of myopia was defined as an increase in the spherical equivalent (SE) over 18 months. The magnitude of the association was determined by two mixed-effects models. Results: A total of 495 participants (250 males and 245 females) completed three visits during the study period. On taking age groups and paired observations as a random effect and adding SE at the last visit as the random slope in Model 1, each unit increase in outdoor activity had a negative effect on change in SE of − 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.00; P = 0.045). The same inverse relationship between outdoor activity and absolute SE as − 0.06 (−0.07 to − 0.03; P < 0.001) is estimated in Model 2. Conclusion: The study demonstrates a statistically significant inverse relationship between outdoor activity and myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Joshi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Harsha Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, M M Joshi Eye Institute, Hubli, Karnataka, India
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Yan F, Wang C, Wilson JA, O'Connell M, Ton S, Davidson N, Sibichan M, Chambers K, Ahmed A, Summers J, Tang Q. Visually guided chick ocular length and structural thickness variations assessed by swept-source optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6864-6881. [PMID: 34858685 PMCID: PMC8606122 DOI: 10.1364/boe.433333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chicks are an excellent model for studying myopia. To study the change of the ocular structures in chicks, ultrasound is mostly used. However, it suffers from limited spatial resolution. In this study, we investigated the axial length (AL) and the thickness of different ocular structures in chicks' eye undergoing visually induced changes using a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system in vivo. Two groups of chicks wore a translucent plastic goggle (n = 6) over the right eye to induce form-deprivation myopia. Following 12 days of form deprivation, goggles were removed in one group of chicks (n = 3), and they were allowed to experience 5 days of unrestricted vision (recovery). Goggles remained in place for a total of 17 days for the remaining 3 chicks. A separate group of 3 chicks were untreated and served as normal control. Ocular dimensions were measured in control, myopic, and recovered eyes using an SS-OCT system. We found myopic chick eyes had significantly thicker AL, lens thickness (LT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and vitreous chamber depth (VCD), but significantly thinner retina thickness (RT) and choroid thickness (ChT) compared to the control eyes. Following 5 days of recovery, the cornea thickness (CT), retina pigment epithelium thickness (RPET), and ChT were significantly thicker, while the ACD and LT became significantly thinner compared to that of myopic eyes. SS-OCT can serve as a promising tool to provide measurements of the entire ocular structures, for evaluating the change of thickness and depth of different ocular structures in chicks in vivo. The change of AL in the myopic and recovered chick eyes can be attributed to the thickness alterations of different ocular structures. Altogether, this work demonstrated the feasibility of SS-OCT in chick myopic research and exhibited new insights into the changes of ocular structures in chicks experiencing myopia after unrestricted vision recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yan
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Chen Wang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Jayla A Wilson
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Michael O'Connell
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Sam Ton
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Noah Davidson
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Mourren Sibichan
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Kari Chambers
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Jody Summers
- Department of cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City. OK 73126, USA
| | - Qinggong Tang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
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Choi KY, Chan SSH, Chan HHL. The effect of spatially-related environmental risk factors in visual scenes on myopia. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 105:353-361. [PMID: 34612803 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1983400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia, the most common refractive error, is estimated to affect over two billion people worldwide, especially children from East Asian regions. Children with early onset myopia have an increased risk of developing sight threatening complications in later life. In addition to the contribution of genetic factors, of which expression is controversially suggested to be subject to environmental regulation, various environmental factors, such as near-work, outdoor, and living environment, have also been determined to play significant roles in the development of refractive error, especially juvenile myopia. Cues from daily visual scenes, including lighting, spatial frequency, and optical defocus over the field of visual stimuli, are suggested to influence emmetropisation, thereby affecting myopia development and progression. These risk factors in visual scenes of the everyday life may explain the relationship between urbanicity and myopia prevalence. This review first summarises the previously reported associations between myopia development and everyday-life environments, including schooling, urban settings, and outdoors. Then, there is a discussion of the mechanisms hypothesised in the literature about the cues from different visual scenes of urbanicity in relation to myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yip Choi
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sonia Seen-Hang Chan
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Gao Q, Ludwig CA, Smith SJ, Schachar IH. Ocular Penetrance and Safety of the Dopaminergic Prodrug Etilevodopa. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:5. [PMID: 34609478 PMCID: PMC8496415 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Animal models have demonstrated the role of dopamine in regulating axial elongation, the critical feature of myopia. Because frequent delivery of dopaminergic agents via peribulbar, intravitreal, or intraperitoneal injections is not clinically viable, we sought to evaluate ocular penetration and safety of the topically applied dopaminergic prodrug etilevodopa. Methods The ocular penetration of dopamine and dopaminergic prodrugs (levodopa and etilevodopa) were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in enucleated porcine eyes after a single topical administration. The pharmacokinetic profile of the etilevodopa was then assessed in rats. A four-week once-daily application of etilevodopa as a topical eye drop was conducted to establish its safety profile. Results At 24 hours, the studied prodrugs showed increased dopaminergic derivatives in the vitreous of porcine eyes. Dopamine 0.5% (P = 0.0123) and etilevodopa 10% (p = 0.370) achieved significant vitreous concentrations. Etilevodopa 10% was able to enter the posterior segment of the eye after topical administration in rats with an intravitreal half-life of eight hours after single topical administration. Monthly application of topical etilevodopa showed no alterations in retinal ocular coherence tomography, electroretinography, caspase staining, or TUNEL staining. Conclusions At similar concentrations, no difference in ocular penetration of levodopa and etilevodopa was observed. However, etilevodopa was highly soluble and able to be applied at higher topical concentrations. Dopamine exhibited both high solubility and enhanced penetration into the vitreous as compared to other dopaminergic prodrugs. Translational Relevance These findings indicate the potential of topical etilevodopa and dopamine for further study as a therapeutic treatment for myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanqing Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cassie A Ludwig
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ira H Schachar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,North Bay Vitreoretinal Consultants, Santa Rosa, California, USA
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Karouta C, Kucharski R, Hardy K, Thomson K, Maleszka R, Morgan I, Ashby R. Transcriptome-based insights into gene networks controlling myopia prevention. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21846. [PMID: 34405458 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100350rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myopia (short-sightedness), usually caused by excessive elongation of the eye during development, has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In animal systems including the chicken model, several treatments have been shown to inhibit ocular elongation and experimental myopia. Although diverse in their apparent mechanism of action, each one leads to a reduction in the rate of ocular growth. We hypothesize that a defined set of retinal molecular changes may underlie growth inhibition, irrespective of the treatment agent used. Accordingly, across five well-established but diverse methods of inhibiting myopia, significant overlap is seen in the retinal transcriptome profile (transcript levels and alternative splicing events) in chicks when analyzed by RNA-seq. Within the two major pathway networks enriched during growth inhibition, that of cell signaling and circadian entrainment, transcription factors form the largest functional grouping. Importantly, a large percentage of those genes forming the defined retinal response are downstream targets of the transcription factor EGR1 which itself shows a universal response to all five growth-inhibitory treatments. This supports EGR1's previously implicated role in ocular growth regulation. Finally, by contrasting our data with human linkage and GWAS studies on refractive error, we confirm the applicability of our study to the human condition. Together, these findings suggest that a universal set of transcriptome changes, which sit within a well-defined retinal network that cannot be bypassed, is fundamental to growth regulation, thus paving a way for designing novel targets for myopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Robert Kucharski
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristine Hardy
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ryszard Maleszka
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ian Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Thomson K, Kelly T, Karouta C, Morgan I, Ashby R. Insights into the mechanism of atropine's anti-myopia effects: evidence against cholinergic hyperactivity and modulation of dopamine release. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4501-4517. [PMID: 34302355 PMCID: PMC9293064 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The ability of the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine to inhibit myopia development in humans and animal models would suggest that cholinergic hyperactivity may underlie myopic growth. To test this, we investigated whether cholinergic agonists accelerate ocular growth rates in chickens. Furthermore, we investigated whether atropine alters ocular growth by downstream modulation of dopamine levels, a mechanism postulated to underlie its antimyopic effects. Experimental Approach Muscarinic (muscarine and pilocarpine), nicotinic (nicotine) and non‐specific (oxotremorine and carbachol) cholinergic agonists were administered to chicks developing form‐deprivation myopia (FDM) or chicks that were otherwise untreated. Vitreal levels of dopamine and its primary metabolite 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were examined using mass spectrometry MS in form‐deprived chicks treated with atropine (360, 15 or 0.15 nmol). Further, we investigated whether dopamine antagonists block atropine's antimyopic effects. Key Results Unexpectedly, administration of each cholinergic agonist inhibited FDM but did not affect normal ocular development. Atropine only affected dopamine and DOPAC levels at its highest dose. Dopamine antagonists did not alter the antimyopia effects of atropine. Conclusion and Implications Muscarinic, nicotinic and non‐specific cholinergic agonists inhibited FDM development. This indicates that cholinergic hyperactivity does not underlie myopic growth and questions whether atropine inhibits myopia via cholinergic antagonism. This study also demonstrates that changes in retinal dopamine release are not required for atropine's antimyopic effects. Finally, nicotinic agonists may represent a novel and more targeted approach for the cholinergic control of myopia as they are unlikely to cause the anterior segment side effects associated with muscarinic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Tamsin Kelly
- National Centre for Forensic Studies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
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Li L, Zhu H, Wen L, Lan W, Yang Z. An Approach of Combining Convolution Neural Network and Graph Convolution Network to Predict the Progression of Myopia. Neural Process Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11063-021-10576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aslan F, Sahinoglu-Keskek N. The effect of home education on myopia progression in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eye (Lond) 2021; 36:1427-1432. [PMID: 34193982 PMCID: PMC8243061 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on myopia progression (MP) in school age children. Methods A total of 115 children aged 8–17 years with a diagnosis of myopia who had been followed-up for at least three years, were included in this study with a retrospective and single-centre design. The subjects’ age, the history of myopia in the family, the time spent in front of a screen, the digital devices used during home education (computer, tablet, smartphone, television), the time spent in open air (hours/day), the refractive error (RE) (spherical equivalent value) detected before the home education period and the changes in the myopia over the years, were recorded. Results The mean age was 12.06 (±2.29) years. Only the right eyes were included. The glasses use duration was 3.57 (±0.74) years. The annual MP amount 0.49 (±0.26), 0.41 (±0.36) and 0.54 (±0.43) dioptres (D) for the 2017, 2018 and 2019 years before home education, respectively, (p > 0.05), and 0.71 (±0.46) D in 2020, during home education. The increase in MP amount in 2020 compared to the 2019 and 2018 years was statistically significant (p < 0.003). MP was statistically significantly less in children who participated in open-air activities for 2 h a day and those who lived in detached houses (p = 0.004, p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusion During home confinement, education programmes of school children should be designed while taking into account preventive measures for MP, in particular for allowing children to spend at least 2 h of outdoor time per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Aslan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Nedime Sahinoglu-Keskek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey.
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Intraocular epidermal growth factor concentration, axial length, and high axial myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:3229-3234. [PMID: 34050811 PMCID: PMC8523420 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Various molecules such as dopamine have been found to be associated with axial elongation in experimental studies. Here, we examined whether intraocular EGF is associated with axial length in myopic patients. Methods The hospital-based investigation included patients of European descent without optic nerve, retinal, or macular diseases except for myopic maculopathy. Using aqueous humor samples collected during surgery, the EGF concentration was examined applying a cytometric bead array. High myopia was defined by an axial length of ≥ 27.0 mm. Results The study included a non-highly myopic group of 11 patients (mean age, 72.9 ± 10.8 years; mean axial length, 24.3 ± 1.1 mm) and a highly myopic group of three patients (age, 81.11 ± 12.3 years; axial length, 29.5 ± 1.3 mm), with one of them having pathologic myopic maculopathy. In multivariable linear regression analysis, higher EGF concentration was correlated with the highly myopic versus non-highly myopic group (beta, 1.24; non-standardized correlation coefficient B, 6.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10,12.4;P = 0.047) after adjusting for axial length. The amount of intraocular EGF was significantly higher in the highly myopic group than in the non-highly myopic group (89.1 ± 40.8 pg versus 34.1 ± 13.2 pg; P = 0.005), and it was highest in the eye with myopic maculopathy (135 pg). Conclusions The intraocular amount of EGF is higher in highly myopic versus non-highly myopic eyes.
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Thomson K, Karouta C, Ashby R. Form-Deprivation and Lens-Induced Myopia Are Similarly Affected by Pharmacological Manipulation of the Dopaminergic System in Chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:4. [PMID: 33016984 PMCID: PMC7545069 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Animal models have demonstrated a link between decreases in retinal dopamine levels and the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). However, the consistency of dopamine's role in the other major form of experimental myopia, that of lens-induced myopia (LIM), is less clear, raising the question as to what extent dopamine plays a role in human myopia. Therefore, to better define the role of dopamine in both forms of experimental myopia, we examined how consistent the protection afforded by dopamine and the dopamine agonist 6-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol hydrobromide (ADTN) is between FDM and LIM. Methods Intravitreal injections of dopamine (0.002, 0.015, 0.150, 1.500 µmol) or ADTN (0.001, 0.010, 0.100, 1.000 µmol) were administered daily to chicks developing FDM or LIM. Axial length and refraction were measured following 4 days of treatment. To determine the receptor subtype by which dopamine and ADTN inhibit FDM and LIM, both compounds were coadministered with either the dopamine D2-like antagonist spiperone (0.005 µmol) or the D1-like antagonist SCH-23390 (0.005 µmol). Results Intravitreal administration of dopamine or ADTN inhibited the development of FDM (ED50 = 0.003 µmol and ED50 = 0.011 µmol, respectively) and LIM (ED50 = 0.002 µmol and ED50 = 0.010 µmol, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner, with a similar degree of protection observed in both paradigms (P = 0.471 and P = 0.969, respectively). Coadministration with spiperone, but not SCH-23390, inhibited the protective effects of dopamine and ADTN against the development of both FDM (P = 0.214 and P = 0.138, respectively) and LIM (P = 0.116 and P = 0.100, respectively). Conclusions pharmacological targeting of the retinal dopamine system inhibits FDM and LIM in a similar dose-dependent manner through a D2-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Amorim-de-Sousa A, Schilling T, Fernandes P, Seshadri Y, Bahmani H, González-Méijome JM. Blue light blind-spot stimulation upregulates b-wave and pattern ERG activity in myopes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9273. [PMID: 33927248 PMCID: PMC8085027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of retinal dopaminergic activity may be a target treatment for myopia progression. This study aimed to explore the viability of inducing changes in retinal electrical activity with short-wavelength light targeting melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) passing through the optic nerve head. Fifteen healthy non-myopic or myopic young adults were recruited and underwent stimulation with blue light using a virtual reality headset device. Amplitudes and implicit times from photopic 3.0 b-wave and pattern electroretinogram (PERG) were measured at baseline and 10 and 20 min after stimulation. Relative changes were compared between non-myopes and myopes. The ERG b-wave amplitude was significantly larger 20 min after blind-spot stimulation compared to baseline (p < 0.001) and 10 min (p < 0.001) post-stimulation. PERG amplitude P50-N95 also showed a significant main effect for ‘Time after stimulation’ (p < 0.050). Implicit times showed no differences following blind-spot stimulation. PERG and b-wave changes after blind-spot stimulation were stronger in myopes than non-myopes. It is possible to induce significant changes in retinal electrical activity by stimulating ipRGCs axons at the optic nerve head with blue light. The results suggest that the changes in retinal electrical activity are located at the inner plexiform layer and are likely to involve the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Amorim-de-Sousa
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Fernandes
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Hamed Bahmani
- Dopavision GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - José Manuel González-Méijome
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Thomson K, Morgan I, Kelly T, Karouta C, Ashby R. Coadministration With Carbidopa Enhances the Antimyopic Effects of Levodopa in Chickens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:25. [PMID: 33877264 PMCID: PMC8083087 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Topical application of levodopa inhibits the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and lens-induced myopia (LIM) in chicks. Here we examine whether coadministration with carbidopa enhances this protection and compare the effectiveness of topical versus systemic administration. We also investigate the degree to which topical and systemic administration of these compounds alters retinal dopamine release and examine whether this is the mechanism by which they inhibit experimental myopia. Methods Levodopa and levodopa:carbidopa (at a 4:1 ratio) were administered as twice-daily eye drops or once-daily intraperitoneal injections to chicks developing FDM or LIM over an ascending dose range. Axial length and refraction were measured following 4 days of treatment. Dopamine levels in the vitreous and blood were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry following topical or systemic administration of levodopa or levodopa:carbidopa. Finally, chicks receiving topical or systemic levodopa or levodopa:carbidopa were cotreated with the dopamine antagonist spiperone. Results Levodopa:carbidopa inhibited the development of FDM and LIM to a greater extent than levodopa alone (P < 0.05). Topical application was more effective than systemic administration (P < 0.001). Vitreal dopamine levels were increased to the greatest extent by topical application of levodopa:carbidopa (P < 0.001). Systemic but not topical administration significantly increased dopamine levels within the blood (P < 0.01). Cotreatment with spiperone inhibited the antimyopic effects (P < 0.05) of levodopa and levodopa:carbidopa. Conclusions The presence of carbidopa increases the bioavailability of levodopa within the eye, enhancing its antimyopic effects, with topical application showing the greatest efficacy. Thus levodopa:carbidopa may be a promising treatment for controlling the progression of human myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tamsin Kelly
- National Centre for Forensic Studies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Wang WY, Chen C, Chang J, Chien L, Shih YF, Lin LLK, Pang CP, Wang IJ. Pharmacotherapeutic candidates for myopia: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111092. [PMID: 33378986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insights into the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of myopia and potential targets for clinical intervention. Although the etiology of myopia involves both environmental and genetic factors, recent evidence has suggested that the prevalence and severity of myopia appears to be affected more by environmental factors. Current pharmacotherapeutics are aimed at inhibiting environmentally induced changes in visual input and subsequent changes in signaling pathways during myopia pathogenesis and progression. Recent studies on animal models of myopia have revealed specific molecules potentially involved in the regulation of eye development. Among them, the dopamine receptor plays a critical role in controlling myopia. Subsequent studies have reported pharmacotherapeutic treatments to control myopia progression. In particular, atropine treatment yielded favorable outcomes and has been extensively used; however, current studies are aimed at optimizing its efficacy and confirming its safety. Furthermore, future studies are required to assess the efficacy of combinatorial use of low-dose atropine and contact lenses or orthokeratology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Camille Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Justine Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lillian Chien
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Luke L K Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, KLN, Hong Kong, China.
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Muralidharan AR, Lança C, Biswas S, Barathi VA, Wan Yu Shermaine L, Seang-Mei S, Milea D, Najjar RP. Light and myopia: from epidemiological studies to neurobiological mechanisms. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211059246. [PMID: 34988370 PMCID: PMC8721425 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211059246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is far beyond its inconvenience and represents a true, highly prevalent, sight-threatening ocular condition, especially in Asia. Without adequate interventions, the current epidemic of myopia is projected to affect 50% of the world population by 2050, becoming the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Although blurred vision, the predominant symptom of myopia, can be improved by contact lenses, glasses or refractive surgery, corrected myopia, particularly high myopia, still carries the risk of secondary blinding complications such as glaucoma, myopic maculopathy and retinal detachment, prompting the need for prevention. Epidemiological studies have reported an association between outdoor time and myopia prevention in children. The protective effect of time spent outdoors could be due to the unique characteristics (intensity, spectral distribution, temporal pattern, etc.) of sunlight that are lacking in artificial lighting. Concomitantly, studies in animal models have highlighted the efficacy of light and its components in delaying or even stopping the development of myopia and endeavoured to elucidate possible mechanisms involved in this process. In this narrative review, we (1) summarize the current knowledge concerning light modulation of ocular growth and refractive error development based on studies in human and animal models, (2) summarize potential neurobiological mechanisms involved in the effects of light on ocular growth and emmetropization and (3) highlight a potential pathway for the translational development of noninvasive light-therapy strategies for myopia prevention in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Visual Neurosciences Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856
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Zhang L, Wang W, Dong X, Zhao L, Peng J, Wang R. Association between time spent outdoors and myopia among junior high school students: A 3-wave panel study in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23462. [PMID: 33327278 PMCID: PMC7738137 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the recent incidence rate of myopia in Chinese junior high school students and analyze the effect of time spent outdoors on myopia, in addition to facilitating the prevention and control of myopia among students.This study was derived from a national panel study, the China Education Panel Survey. We conducted three rounds of follow-up visits among 10,279 seventh grade students from 112 middle schools in 20 provinces in 2013. In total, 3571 students were selected for the analysis in 2020 by excluding those lost to follow-up and students who were myopic in the first round. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of myopia and the effect of time outdoors on myopia. The baseline characteristics of the included students were described, and the correlation between time spent outdoors and myopia in the three rounds of data was analyzed by a correlation chi-square test. Then, the generalized estimation equation (GEE) was used to estimate the influence of time spent outdoors on myopia after follow-up.There were 3571 students with normal baseline vision, and 1508 (42.23%) students progressed from having a normal vision to myopia in the third round, of whom 706 (46.82%) were male and 802 (53.18%) were female. The results of the chi-square test showed that the time spent outdoors of all students and girls, specifically, was related to myopia (P < .05). Next, the GEE was used to analyze the influence of time spent outdoors on myopia after follow-up. After two model adjustments (individual and family-related characteristics of students), students with < 7 hours/week time spent outdoors retained a high myopia rate than ≥14 hours/week (OR = 1.250; 95% CI: 1.070-1.460). Among boys, there was no statistical correlation between time spent outdoors and myopia (P > .05). For girls, compared with students who spent ≥14 hours/week outdoors, students with <7 hours/week spent outdoors retained a higher myopia rate (OR = 1.355; 95%CI: 1.067-1.720).Increased time spent outdoors can delay the development of myopia. In terms of gender, girls should be targeted to more effectively prevent and control the development and progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Weidong Wang
- National Survey Research Center at Renmin University of China, Renmin University of China, Beijing
| | - Xiaoyang Dong
- Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
- Research Center for Rural Health Development
- Research Center for Healthy City Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Peng
- Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Ronghai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Mutti DO, Mulvihill SP, Orr DJ, Shorter PD, Hartwick ATE. The Effect of Refractive Error on Melanopsin-Driven Pupillary Responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:22. [PMID: 33091116 PMCID: PMC7594593 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human and animal studies suggest that light-mediated dopamine release may underlie the protective effect of time outdoors on myopia development. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells may be involved in this process by integrating ambient light exposure and regulating retinal dopamine levels. The study evaluates this potential involvement by examining whether melanopsin-driven pupillary responses are associated with adult refractive error. Methods Subjects were 45 young adults (73% female, 24.1 ± 1.8 years) with refractive errors ranging from –6.33 D to +1.70 D. The RAPDx (Konan Medical) pupillometer measured normalized pupillary responses to three forms of square-wave light pulses alternating with darkness at 0.1 Hz: alternating long wavelength (red, peak at 608 nm) and short wavelength (blue, peak at 448 nm), followed by red only and then blue only. Results Non-myopic subjects displayed greater pupillary constriction in the blue-only condition and slower redilation following blue light offset than subjects with myopia (P = 0.011). Pupillary responses were not significantly different between myopic and non-myopic subjects in the red-only condition (P = 0.15). More hyperopic/less myopic refractive error as a continuous variable was linearly related to larger increases in pupillary constriction in response to blue-only stimuli (r = 0.48, P = 0.001). Conclusions Repeated light exposures to blue test stimuli resulted in an adaptation in the pupillary response (more constriction and slower redilation), presumably due to increased melanopsin-mediated input in more hyperopic/less myopic adults. This adaptive property supports a possible role for these ganglion cells in the protective effects of time outdoors on myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald O Mutti
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - Danielle J Orr
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Patrick D Shorter
- Optical Radiation Bioeffects Branch, Tri-Service Research Laboratory, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew T E Hartwick
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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Thomson K, Karouta C, Ashby R. Topical application of dopaminergic compounds can inhibit deprivation myopia in chicks. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108233. [PMID: 32919992 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal models have demonstrated a link between dysregulation of the retinal dopamine system and the development of experimental myopia (short-sightedness). However, pharmacological investigations of dopamine in animal models rely heavily on intravitreal or systemic administration, which have several limitations for longer-term experiments. We therefore investigated whether administration of dopamine as a topical eye drop can inhibit the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in chicks. We also examined whether chemical modification of dopamine through deuterium substitution, which might enhance stability and bioavailability, can increase dopamine's effectiveness against FDM when given topically. METHODS Dopamine or deuterated dopamine (Dopamine-1,1,2,2-d4 hydrochloride) was administered as a daily intravitreal injection or as daily topical eye drops to chicks developing FDM over an ascending dose range (min. n = 6 per group). Axial length and refraction were measured following 4 days of treatment. RESULTS Both intravitreal (ED50 = 0.002μmoles) and topical application (ED50 = 6.10μmoles) of dopamine inhibited the development of FDM in a dose-dependent manner. Intravitreal injections, however, elicited a significantly higher level of protection relative to topical eye drops (p < 0.01). Deuterated dopamine inhibited FDM to a similar extent as unmodified dopamine when administered as intravitreal injections (p = 0.897) or topical eye drops (p = 0.921). CONCLUSIONS Both intravitreal and topical application of dopamine inhibit the development of FDM in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that topical administration may be an effective avenue for longer-term dopamine experiments. Deuterium substitution does not alter the protection afforded by dopamine against FDM when given as either an intravitreal injection or topical eye drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
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Nickla DL, Sarfare S, McGeehan B, Wei W, Elin-Calcador J, He L, Dhakal S, Dixon J, Maguire MG, Stone RA, Iuvone PM. Visual conditions affecting eye growth alter diurnal levels of vitreous DOPAC. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108226. [PMID: 32905843 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In chicks, the diurnal patterns of retinal dopamine synthesis and release are associated with refractive development. To assess the within-day patterns of dopamine release, we assayed vitreal levels of DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, at 4-h intervals over 24 h in eyes with experimental manipulations that change ocular growth rates. Chicks were reared under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle; experiments began at 12 days of age. Output was assessed by modelling using the robust variance structure of Generalized Estimating Equations. Continuous spectacle lensdefocus or form deprivation: One group experienced non-restricted visual input to both eyes and served as untreated "normal" controls. Three experimental cohorts underwent monocular visual alterations known to alter eye growth and refraction: wearing a diffuser, a negative lens or a positive lens. After one full day of device-wear, chicks were euthanized at 4-h intervals over 24 h (8 birds per time/condition). Brief hyperopic defocus: Chicks wore negative lenses for only 2 daily hours either in the morning (starting at ZT 0; n = 16) or mid-day (starting at ZT 4; n = 8) for 3 days. Vitreal DOPAC was assayed. In chicks with bilateral non-restricted vision, or with continuous defocus or form-deprivation, there was a diurnal variation in vitreal DOPAC levels for all eyes (p < 0.001 for each). In normal controls, DOPAC was highest during the daytime, lowest at night, and equivalent for both eyes. In experimental groups, regardless of whether experiencing a growth stimulatory input (diffuser; negative lens) or growth inhibitory input (positive lens), DOPAC levels were reduced compared both to fellow eyes and to those of normal controls (p < 0.001 for each). These diurnal variations in vitreous DOPAC levels under different visual conditions indicate a complexity for dopaminergic mechanisms in refractive development that requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Nickla
- Department of Biosciences, The New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - S Sarfare
- Department of Biosciences, The New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B McGeehan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Elin-Calcador
- Department of Biosciences, The New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Dhakal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R A Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P M Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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50
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Avetisov SE, Fisenko VP, Zhuravlev AS, Agaeva LM. [Pharmaceutical aspects of medicated myopia control]. Vestn Oftalmol 2020; 136:310-316. [PMID: 32880156 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2020136042310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article presents data on the mechanism of various approaches of drug-induced myopia control and their potential effectiveness, and analyses promising options for medicated correction of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Avetisov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Fisenko
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Zhuravlev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - L M Agaeva
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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