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Hong S, Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage PDE, Kang S, Moon C, Shin T. Retinal transcriptome profiling identifies novel candidate genes associated with visual impairment in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2023; 27:219-233. [PMID: 37808551 PMCID: PMC10552570 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2023.2264354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment is occasionally observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although uveitis and optic neuritis have been reported in MS and EAE, the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these visual impairments remain poorly understood. This study aims to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the retinas of mice with EAE to identify genes that may be implicated in EAE-induced visual impairment. Fourteen adult mice were injected with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 to induce the EAE model. Transcriptomes of retinas with EAE were analyzed by RNA-sequencing. Gene expression analysis revealed 347 DEGs in the retinas of mice with EAE: 345 were upregulated, and 2 were downregulated (adjusted p-value < 0.05 and absolute log2 fold change > 1). Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the upregulated genes in the retinas of mice with EAE were primarily related to immune responses, responses to external biotic stimuli, defense responses, and leukocyte-mediated immunity in the GO biological process. The expression of six upregulated hub genes (c1qb, ctss, itgam, itgb2, syk, and tyrobp) from the STRING analysis and the two significantly downregulated DEGs (hapln1 and ndst4) were validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis showed that the negatively enriched gene sets in EAE-affected retinas were associated with the neuronal system and phototransduction cascade. This study provides novel molecular evidence for visual impairments in EAE and indicates directions for further research to elucidate the mechanisms of these visual impairments in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmoo Hong
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Poornima D. E. Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chen J, Jiang C, Huang Q, Lin X, Wu W, Li J. Detection of plasma complement and immune globulin in different sorts of glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 32:2907-2912. [PMID: 35089079 DOI: 10.1177/11206721221074202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the plasma immune globulin and complement levels in different sorts of glaucoma to assess its association. METHODS Cohort study. Plasma samples were collected from 226 normal controls and 236 glaucoma patients included 92 with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma (APACG), 76 with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma (CPACG), 68 with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). 163 glaucoma patients with high intraocular pressure(IOP) was classified as a subgroup. Six indexes were analyzed: C3, C4, CH50, IgA, IgG, and IgM. RESULTS There was a significant difference in C4, IgA, IgG, and IgM between patients with high IOP and normal controls groups(P < 0.01). TheC4 (0.27 ± 0.69 g/L), IgA (3.11 ± 1.04 g/L), IgG (12.07 ± 1.92 g/L) and IgM (1.17 ± 0.49 g/L) were higher(P < 0.05) in the high IOP groups compared with the normal controls (C4:0.25 ± 0.07 g/L, IgA: 2.54 ± 1.07 g/L, IgG: 11.21 ± 2.22 g/L, IgM:0.99 ± 0.41 g/L). There was a significant difference in age, C3, IgA, IgG, and IgM among the normal control, APACG, CPACG, and POAG. The C3 level in the APACG group (1.14 ± 0.16 g/L) was higher than normal group (1.06 ± 0.18 g/L). The IgA level was lower(P < 0.05) in the normal group (2.54 ± 1.07 g/L) compared with APACG (3.16 ± 0.97 g/L) and POAG group (2.91 ± 1.11 g/L). The IgG level of normal controls (11.21 ± 2.22 g/L) was lower (P < 0.05) than APACG group (12.15 ± 2.02 g/L) and CPACG group (11.95 ± 2.28 g/L). The IgM level was lower(P < 0.05) in the normal group (0.99 ± 0.41 g/L) compared with the APACG (1.24 ± 0.66 g/L) and CPACG group (1.17 ± 0.45 g/L). CONCLUSIONS The levels of the plasma expression of C3, IgA, IgG, IgM may be useful for discriminating the glaucoma patients and for assessing the progress of glaucoma in different sorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Chen
- 74573Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, PR China
| | - Chunxia Jiang
- 74573Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, PR China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, PR China
| | - Qinying Huang
- 74573Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, PR China
- 150163The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Lin
- 74573Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, PR China
| | - Wencan Wu
- 150163The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, PR China
| | - Jinying Li
- 74573Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, PR China
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Systemic Treatment with Pioglitazone Reverses Vision Loss in Preclinical Glaucoma Models. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020281. [PMID: 35204782 PMCID: PMC8961625 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This is also the case in glaucoma and may be a reason why many patients suffer from progressive vision loss despite maximal reduction in intraocular pressure. Pioglitazone is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) whose pleiotrophic activities include modulation of cellular energy metabolism and reduction in inflammation. In this study we employed the DBA2/J mouse model of glaucoma with chronically elevated intraocular pressure to investigate whether oral low-dose pioglitazone treatment preserves retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival. We then used an inducible glaucoma model in C57BL/6J mice to determine visual function, pattern electroretinographs, and tracking of optokinetic reflex. Our findings demonstrate that pioglitazone treatment does significantly protect RGCs and prevents axonal degeneration in the glaucomatous retina. Furthermore, treatment preserves and partially reverses vision loss in spite of continuously elevated intraocular pressure. These data suggest that pioglitazone may provide treatment benefits for those glaucoma patients experiencing continued vision loss.
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Noble K, Brown L, Elvis P, Lang H. Cochlear Immune Response in Presbyacusis: a Focus on Dysregulation of Macrophage Activity. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2022; 23:1-16. [PMID: 34642854 PMCID: PMC8782976 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-021-00819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss, or presbyacusis, is a prominent chronic degenerative disorder that affects many older people. Based on presbyacusis pathology, the degeneration occurs in both sensory and non-sensory cells, along with changes in the cochlear microenvironment. The progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is associated with an altered microenvironment that reflects chronic inflammatory signaling. Under these conditions, resident and recruited immune cells, such as microglia/macrophages, have aberrant activity that contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and neural cell degeneration. Recently, researchers identified and characterized macrophages in human cochleae (including those from older donors). Along with the age-related changes in cochlear macrophages in animal models, these studies revealed that macrophages, an underappreciated group of immune cells, may play a critical role in maintaining the functional integrity of the cochlea. Although several studies deciphered the molecular mechanisms that regulate microglia/macrophage dysfunction in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, limited studies have assessed the mechanisms underlying macrophage dysfunction in aged cochleae. In this review, we highlight the age-related changes in cochlear macrophage activities in mouse and human temporal bones. We focus on how complement dysregulation and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome could affect macrophage activity in the aged peripheral auditory system. By understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie these regulatory systems, we may uncover therapeutic strategies to treat presbyacusis and other forms of sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyaria Noble
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Akouos, Inc, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - LaShardai Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SD, 29733, USA
| | - Phillip Elvis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hainan Lang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Peterson SL, Li Y, Sun CJ, Wong KA, Leung KS, de Lima S, Hanovice NJ, Yuki K, Stevens B, Benowitz LI. Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Regeneration Requires Complement and Myeloid Cell Activity within the Optic Nerve. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8508-8531. [PMID: 34417332 PMCID: PMC8513703 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0555-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regenerative failure in the mature CNS contributes to functional deficits following many traumatic injuries, ischemic injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases. The complement cascade of the innate immune system responds to pathogen threat through inflammatory cell activation, pathogen opsonization, and pathogen lysis, and complement is also involved in CNS development, neuroplasticity, injury, and disease. Here, we investigated the involvement of the classical complement cascade and microglia/monocytes in CNS repair using the mouse optic nerve injury (ONI) model, in which axons arising from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are disrupted. We report that central complement C3 protein and mRNA, classical complement C1q protein and mRNA, and microglia/monocyte phagocytic complement receptor CR3 all increase in response to ONI, especially within the optic nerve itself. Importantly, genetic deletion of C1q, C3, or CR3 attenuates RGC axon regeneration induced by several distinct methods, with minimal effects on RGC survival. Local injections of C1q function-blocking antibody revealed that complement acts primarily within the optic nerve, not retina, to support regeneration. Moreover, C1q opsonizes and CR3+ microglia/monocytes phagocytose growth-inhibitory myelin debris after ONI, a likely mechanism through which complement and myeloid cells support axon regeneration. Collectively, these results indicate that local optic nerve complement-myeloid phagocytic signaling is required for CNS axon regrowth, emphasizing the axonal compartment and highlighting a beneficial neuroimmune role for complement and microglia/monocytes in CNS repair.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite the importance of achieving axon regeneration after CNS injury and the inevitability of inflammation after such injury, the contributions of complement and microglia to CNS axon regeneration are largely unknown. Whereas inflammation is commonly thought to exacerbate the effects of CNS injury, we find that complement proteins C1q and C3 and microglia/monocyte phagocytic complement receptor CR3 are each required for retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration through the injured mouse optic nerve. Also, whereas studies of optic nerve regeneration generally focus on the retina, we show that the regeneration-relevant role of complement and microglia/monocytes likely involves myelin phagocytosis within the optic nerve. Thus, our results point to the importance of the innate immune response for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Peterson
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, and
- Department of Neurosurgery and
| | - Yiqing Li
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, and
- Department of Neurosurgery and
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510060
| | - Christina J Sun
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Kimberly A Wong
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, and
- Department of Neurosurgery and
| | - Kylie S Leung
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Silmara de Lima
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, and
- Department of Neurosurgery and
| | - Nicholas J Hanovice
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, and
- Department of Neurosurgery and
| | - Kenya Yuki
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, and
- Department of Neurosurgery and
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery
- Department of Neurosurgery
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, and
- Department of Neurosurgery and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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6
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Immune Responses in the Glaucomatous Retina: Regulation and Dynamics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081973. [PMID: 34440742 PMCID: PMC8391899 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease resulting in progressive vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and death. Early events in the pathobiology of the disease include oxidative, metabolic, or mechanical stress that acts upon RGC, causing these to rapidly release danger signals, including extracellular ATP, resulting in micro- and macroglial activation and neuroinflammation. Danger signaling also leads to the formation of inflammasomes in the retina that enable maturation of proinflammatory cytokines such IL-1β and IL-18. Chronic neuroinflammation can have directly damaging effects on RGC, but it also creates a proinflammatory environment and compromises the immune privilege of the retina. In particular, continuous synthesis of proinflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL-1β, and anaphylatoxins weakens the blood–retina barrier and recruits or activates T-cells. Recent data have demonstrated that adaptive immune responses strongly exacerbate RGC loss in animal models of the disease as T-cells appear to target heat shock proteins displayed on the surface of stressed RGC to cause their apoptotic death. It is possible that dysregulation of these immune responses contributes to the continued loss of RGC in some patients.
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Harder JM, Williams PA, Braine CE, Yang HS, Thomas JM, Foxworth NE, John SWM, Howell GR. Complement peptide C3a receptor 1 promotes optic nerve degeneration in DBA/2J mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:336. [PMID: 33176797 PMCID: PMC7656757 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of glaucoma increases significantly with age and exposure to elevated intraocular pressure, two factors linked with neuroinflammation. The complement cascade is a complex immune process with many bioactive end-products, including mediators of inflammation. Complement cascade activation has been shown in glaucoma patients and models of glaucoma. However, the function of complement-mediated inflammation in glaucoma is largely untested. Here, the complement peptide C3a receptor 1 was genetically disrupted in DBA/2J mice, an ocular hypertensive model of glaucoma, to test its contribution to neurodegeneration. METHODS A null allele of C3ar1 was backcrossed into DBA/2J mice. Development of iris disease, ocular hypertension, optic nerve degeneration, retinal ganglion cell activity, loss of RGCs, and myeloid cell infiltration in C3ar1-deficient and sufficient DBA/2J mice were compared across multiple ages. RNA sequencing was performed on microglia from primary culture to determine global effects of C3ar1 on microglia gene expression. RESULTS Deficiency in C3ar1 lowered the risk of degeneration in ocular hypertensive mice without affecting intraocular pressure elevation at 10.5 months of age. Differences were found in the percentage of mice affected, but not in individual characteristics of disease progression. The protective effect of C3ar1 deficiency was then overcome by additional aging and ocular hypertensive injury. Microglia and other myeloid-derived cells were the primary cells identified that express C3ar1. In the absence of C3ar1, microglial expression of genes associated with neuroinflammation and other immune functions were differentially expressed compared to WT. A network analysis of these data suggested that the IL10 signaling pathway is a major interaction partner of C3AR1 signaling in microglia. CONCLUSIONS C3AR1 was identified as a damaging neuroinflammatory factor. These data help suggest complement activation causes glaucomatous neurodegeneration through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation. Microglia and infiltrating myeloid cells expressed high levels of C3ar1 and are the primary candidates to mediate its effects. C3AR1 appeared to be a major regulator of microglia reactivity and neuroinflammatory function due to its interaction with IL10 signaling and other immune related pathways. Targeting myeloid-derived cells and C3AR1 signaling with therapies is expected to add to or improve neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pete A Williams
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Division of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine E Braine
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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Pauly D, Agarwal D, Dana N, Schäfer N, Biber J, Wunderlich KA, Jabri Y, Straub T, Zhang NR, Gautam AK, Weber BHF, Hauck SM, Kim M, Curcio CA, Stambolian D, Li M, Grosche A. Cell-Type-Specific Complement Expression in the Healthy and Diseased Retina. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2835-2848.e4. [PMID: 31775049 PMCID: PMC6911814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement dysregulation is a feature of many retinal diseases, yet mechanistic understanding at the cellular level is limited. Given this knowledge gap about which retinal cells express complement, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ~92,000 mouse retinal cells and validated our results in five major purified retinal cell types. We found evidence for a distributed cell-type-specific complement expression across 11 cell types. Notably, Müller cells are the major contributor of complement activators c1s, c3, c4, and cfb. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) mainly expresses cfh and the terminal complement components, whereas cfi and cfp transcripts are most abundant in neurons. Aging enhances c1s, cfb, cfp, and cfi expression, while cfh expression decreases. Transient retinal ischemia increases complement expression in microglia, Müller cells, and RPE. In summary, we report a unique complement expression signature for murine retinal cell types suggesting a well-orchestrated regulation of local complement expression in the retinal microenvironment. Overshooting complement activity contributes to retinal degeneration. Pauly et al. demonstrate a distinct complement expression profile of retinal cell types that changes with aging and during retinal degeneration. This prompts the intriguing concept of a local retinal complement activation possibly independent of the systemic components typically produced by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pauly
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany.
| | - Divyansh Agarwal
- Genomics and Computational Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Dana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicole Schäfer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Josef Biber
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Yassin Jabri
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Core Facility Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Nancy R Zhang
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Avneesh K Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich 80939, Germany
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany.
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Reinhard J, Wiemann S, Joachim SC, Palmhof M, Woestmann J, Denecke B, Wang Y, Downey GP, Faissner A. Heterozygous Meg2 Ablation Causes Intraocular Pressure Elevation and Progressive Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:4322-4345. [PMID: 30315478 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucomatous neurodegeneration represents one of the major causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Yet, the detailed molecular mechanisms that initiate optic nerve damage and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss are not fully understood. Members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily are key players in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In order to investigate the potential functional relevance of the PTP megakaryocyte 2 (Meg2) in retinal neurodegeneration, we analyzed Meg2 knockout (KO) and heterozygous (HET)-synonym protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 9 (Ptpn9)-mice. Interestingly, via global microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses of Meg2 KO and HET retinae, we observed a dysregulation of several candidate genes that are highly associated with retinal degeneration and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, the main risk factor for glaucoma. Subsequent IOP measurements in Meg2 HET mice verified progressive age-dependent IOP elevation. Ultrastructural analyses and immunohistochemistry showed severe optic nerve degeneration accompanied by a dramatic loss of RGCs. Additionally, HET mice displayed reactive micro-/macrogliosis and early activation of the classical complement cascade with pronounced deposition of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the retina and optic nerve. When treated with latanoprost, significant IOP lowering prevented RGC loss and microglial invasion in HET mice. Finally, electroretinogram (ERG) recordings revealed reduced a- and b-wave amplitudes, indicating impaired retinal functionality in Meg2 HET mice. Collectively, our findings indicate that the heterozygous loss of Meg2 in mice is sufficient to cause IOP elevation and glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Thus, Meg2 HET mice may serve as a novel animal model to study the pathomechanism involved in the onset and progression of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/594, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Wiemann
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/594, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marina Palmhof
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Woestmann
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/594, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute of the University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics and Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/594, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Adaptive and Maladaptive Complement Activation in the Retina. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1185:33-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Bell K, Und Hohenstein-Blaul NVT, Teister J, Grus F. Modulation of the Immune System for the Treatment of Glaucoma. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:942-958. [PMID: 28730968 PMCID: PMC6120111 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170720094529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: At present intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering therapies are the only approach to treat glaucoma. Neuroprotective strategies to protect the retinal ganglion cells (RGC) from apoptosis are lacking to date. Substantial amount of research concerning the role of the immune system in glaucoma has been performed in the recent years. This review aims to analyse changes found in the peripheral immune system, as well as selected local changes of retina immune cells in the glaucomatous retina. Methods: By dividing the immune system into the innate and the adaptive immune system, a systematic literature research was performed to find recent approaches concerning the modulation of the immune system in the context of glaucoma. Also ClinicalTrials.gov was assessed to identify studies with a translational context. Results: We found that some aspects of the immune system, such as changes in antibody levels, changes in toll like receptor signalling, T cells and retinal microglial cells, experience more research activity than other areas such as changes in dendritic cells or macrophages. Briefly, results from clinical studies revealed altered immunoreactivities against retinal and optic nerve antigens in sera and aqueous humor of glaucoma patients and point toward an autoimmune involvement in glaucomatous neurodegeneration and RGC death. IgG accumulations along with plasma cells were found localised in human glaucomatous retinae in a pro-inflammatory environment possibly maintained by microglia. Animal studies show that antibodies (e.g. anti- heat shock protein 60 and anti-myelin basic protein) elevated in glaucoma patients provoke autoaggressive RGC loss and are associated with IgG depositions and increased microglial cells. Also, studies addressing changes in T lymphocytes, macrophages but also local immune responses in the retina have been performed and also hold promising results. Conclusions: This recapitulation of recent literature demonstrates that the immune system definitely plays a role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Multiple changes in the peripheral innate as well as adaptive immune system have been detected and give room for further research concerning valuable therapeutic targets. We conclude that there still is a great need to bring together the results derived from basic research analysing different aspects of the immune system in glaucoma to understand the immune context of the disease. Furthermore local immune changes in the retina of glaucoma patients still leave room for further therapeutic targets
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bell
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology Mainz, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine von Thun Und Hohenstein-Blaul
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology Mainz, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Teister
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology Mainz, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology Mainz, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Bosco A, Anderson SR, Breen KT, Romero CO, Steele MR, Chiodo VA, Boye SL, Hauswirth WW, Tomlinson S, Vetter ML. Complement C3-Targeted Gene Therapy Restricts Onset and Progression of Neurodegeneration in Chronic Mouse Glaucoma. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2379-2396. [PMID: 30217731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the complement system is implicated in neurodegeneration, including human and animal glaucoma. Optic nerve and retinal damage in glaucoma is preceded by local complement upregulation and activation, but whether targeting this early innate immune response could have therapeutic benefit remains undefined. Because complement signals through three pathways that intersect at complement C3 activation, here we targeted this step to restore complement balance in the glaucomatous retina and to determine its contribution to degeneration onset and/or progression. To achieve this, we combined adeno-associated virus retinal gene therapy with the targeted C3 inhibitor CR2-Crry. We show that intravitreal injection of AAV2.CR2-Crry produced sustained Crry overexpression in the retina and reduced deposition of the activation product complement C3d on retinal ganglion cells and the inner retina of DBA/2J mice. This resulted in neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cell axons and somata despite continued intraocular pressure elevation, suggesting a direct restriction of neurodegeneration onset and progression and significant delay to terminal disease stages. Our study uncovers a damaging effect of complement C3 or downstream complement activation in glaucoma, and it establishes AAV2.CR2-Crry as a viable therapeutic strategy to target pathogenic C3-mediated complement activation in the glaucomatous retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bosco
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Sarah R Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin T Breen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cesar O Romero
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael R Steele
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vince A Chiodo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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13
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Inafuku S, Klokman G, Connor KM. The Alternative Complement System Mediates Cell Death in Retinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:278. [PMID: 30174588 PMCID: PMC6107794 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury induces retinal cell death and contributes to visual impairment. Previous studies suggest that the complement cascade plays a key role in IR injury in several systemic diseases. However, the role of the complement pathway in the ischemic retina has not been investigated. The aim of this study is to determine if the alternative complement cascade plays a role in retinal IR injury, and identify which components of the pathway mediate retinal degeneration in response to IR injury. To accomplish this, we utilized the mouse model of retinal IR injury, wherein the intraocular pressure (IOP) is elevated for 45 min, collapsing the retinal blood vessels and inducing retinal ischemia, followed by IOP normalization and subsequent reperfusion. We found that mRNA expression of complement inhibitors complement receptor 1-related gene/protein-y (Crry), Cd55 and Cd59a was down-regulated after IR. Moreover, genetic deletion of complement component 3 (C3−/−) and complement factor b (Fb−/−) decreased IR-induced retinal apoptosis. Because vascular dysfunction is central to IR injury, we also assessed the role of complement in a model of shear stress. In human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs), shear stress up-regulated complement inhibitors Cd46, Cd55, and Cd59, and suppressed complement-mediated cell death, indicating that a lack of vascular flow, commonly observed in IR injury, allows for complement mediated attack of the retinal vasculature. These results suggested that in retinal IR injury, the alternative complement system is activated by suppression of complement inhibitors, leading to vascular dysfunction and neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Inafuku
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Garrett Klokman
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kip M Connor
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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CLINICAL ENDPOINTS FOR THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2017; 36:1806-22. [PMID: 27652913 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the recent literature describing the application of modern technologies in the study of patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Review of the literature describing the terms and definitions used to describe GA, imaging modalities used to capture and measure GA, and the tests of visual function and functional deficits that occur in patients with GA. RESULTS In this paper, we describe the evolution of the definitions used to describe GA. We compare imaging modalities used in the characterization of GA, report on the sensitivity and specificity of the techniques where data exist, and describe the correlations between these various modes of capturing the presence of GA. We review the functional tests that have been used in patients with GA, and critically examine their ability to detect and quantify visual deficits. CONCLUSION Ophthalmologists and retina specialists now have a wide range of assessments available for the functional and anatomic characterization of GA in patients with age-related macular degeneration. To date, studies have been limited by their unimodal approach, and we recommend that future studies of GA use multimodal imaging. We also suggest strategies for the optimal functional testing of patients with GA.
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15
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Lavik E, Kuehn MH, Shoffstall AJ, Atkins K, Dumitrescu AV, Kwon YH. Sustained Delivery of Timolol Maleate for Over 90 Days by Subconjunctival Injection. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:642-649. [PMID: 27835065 PMCID: PMC5165680 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medical treatment of glaucoma relies on intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications, typically administered daily by the patient. While these medications are effective when applied correctly, patient adherence is a major obstacle in glaucoma treatment. We have developed a sustained-release formulation of timolol maleate that can be injected subconjunctivally to avoid patient noncompliance. METHODS A biodegradable microsphere formulation for timolol maleate was injected subconjunctivally in normal rabbits. We measured timolol levels in tears, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and serum of study rabbits. Furthermore, IOP profiles were recorded longitudinally. Tissue compatibility and side effects were evaluated using histochemistry. RESULTS The microsphere formulation led to measureable amounts of timolol in the aqueous humor and the tear film for up to 90 days. Timolol was not detectable in the serum at any time. A significant reduction of IOP was observed in treated eyes. Clinically, the subconjunctival administration of the microspheres was well tolerated with no signs of inflammation or infection. The absence of local inflammation was confirmed by histology. CONCLUSIONS A single subconjunctival administration of timolol microspheres achieved delivery and IOP reduction in rabbits for up to 90 days without local or systemic inflammation or toxicity. This approach has the potential to improve the management of glaucoma in patient populations, who are challenged to adhere to a regimen of daily eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lavik
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Markus H. Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Andrew J. Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristyn Atkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alina V. Dumitrescu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Young H. Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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16
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Chrysostomou V, Galic S, Wijngaarden P, Trounce IA, Steinberg GR, Crowston JG. Exercise reverses age-related vulnerability of the retina to injury by preventing complement-mediated synapse elimination via a BDNF-dependent pathway. Aging Cell 2016; 15:1082-1091. [PMID: 27613664 PMCID: PMC5114604 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) become increasingly vulnerable to injury with advancing age. We recently showed that this vulnerability can be strongly modified in mice by exercise. However, the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of retinal protection with exercise remain unknown. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate cellular changes associated with exercise‐induced protection of aging retinal cells and the role of local and peripheral trophic signalling in mediating these effects. We focussed on two molecules that are thought to play key roles in mediating beneficial effects of exercise: brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). In middle‐aged (12 months old) C57BL/6J mice, we found that exercise protected RGCs against dysfunction and cell loss after an acute injury induced by elevation of intra‐ocular pressure. This was associated with preservation of inner retinal synapses and reduced synaptic complement deposition. Retinal expression of BDNF was not upregulated in response to exercise alone. Rather, exercise maintained BDNF levels in the retina, which were decreased postinjury in nonexercised animals. Confirming a critical role for BDNF, we found that blocking BDNF signalling during exercise by pharmacological means or genetic knock‐down suppressed the functional protection of RGCs afforded by exercise. Protection of RGCs with exercise was independent of activation of AMPK in either retina or skeletal muscle. Our data support a previously unidentified mechanism in which exercise prevents loss of BDNF in the retina after injury and preserves neuronal function and survival by preventing complement‐mediated elimination of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Chrysostomou
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne 32 Gisborne Street East Melbourne Vic. 3002 Australia
| | - Sandra Galic
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine University of Melbourne 41 Victoria Parade Fitzroy Vic. 3065 Australia
| | - Peter Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne 32 Gisborne Street East Melbourne Vic. 3002 Australia
| | - Ian A. Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne 32 Gisborne Street East Melbourne Vic. 3002 Australia
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Jonathan G. Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne 32 Gisborne Street East Melbourne Vic. 3002 Australia
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17
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Abstract
The term glaucoma summarizes a group of eye diseases that are accompanied by impairments of the optic nerve and related visual field deficits. An early diagnosis of glaucoma is currently not possible due to a lack of diagnostic tests; therefore, in most cases the disease is diagnosed many years after onset, which prevents an early therapy. The known risk factors for the development and progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy comprise elevated intraocular pressure and a broad range of pressure fluctuations as well as lipometabolic disorders, genetic factor and diabetes. The consequences include the induction of anti-inflammatory proteins, elevated levels of oxidative stress and the destruction of retinal ganglion cells. Changes in the autoantibody repertoire have also been observed in the course of the disease. Basic ophthalmological research therefore focuses on the investigation of basic biochemical processes in the course of the disease. A better understanding of physiological and biochemical events is sought in order to develop new and more sensitive diagnostic options and to allow more targeted therapeutic measures. The understanding of biochemical processes allows a better insight into glaucoma progression to be gained, which will lead to improvements in diagnosis and therapy.
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18
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Transplantation of iPSC-derived TM cells rescues glaucoma phenotypes in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3492-500. [PMID: 27274060 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604153113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common cause of vision loss or blindness and reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) has been proven beneficial in a large fraction of glaucoma patients. The IOP is maintained by the trabecular meshwork (TM) and the elevation of IOP in open-angle glaucoma is associated with dysfunction and loss of the postmitotic cells residing within this tissue. To determine if IOP control can be maintained by replacing lost TM cells, we transplanted TM-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells into the anterior chamber of a transgenic mouse model of glaucoma. Transplantation led to significantly reduced IOP and improved aqueous humor outflow facility, which was sustained for at least 9 wk. The ability to maintain normal IOP engendered survival of retinal ganglion cells, whose loss is ultimately the cause for reduced vision in glaucoma. In vivo and in vitro analyses demonstrated higher TM cellularity in treated mice compared with littermate controls and indicated that this increase is primarily because of a proliferative response of endogenous TM cells. Thus, our study provides in vivo demonstration that regeneration of the glaucomatous TM is possible and points toward novel approaches in the treatment of this disease.
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19
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Reinehr S, Reinhard J, Gandej M, Kuehn S, Noristani R, Faissner A, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Simultaneous Complement Response via Lectin Pathway in Retina and Optic Nerve in an Experimental Autoimmune Glaucoma Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:140. [PMID: 27313510 PMCID: PMC4887475 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease and especially mechanisms occurring independently from an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are still unknown. Likely, the immune system contributes to the glaucoma pathogenesis. Previously, IgG antibody depositions and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss were found in an IOP-independent autoimmune glaucoma model. Therefore, we investigated the possible participation of the complement system in this model. Here, rats were immunized with bovine optic nerve homogenate antigen (ONA), while controls (Co) received sodium chloride (n = 5–6/group). After 14 days, RGC density was quantified on flatmounts. No changes in the number of RGCs could be observed at this point in time. Longitudinal optic nerve sections were stained against the myelin basic protein (MBP). We could note few signs of degeneration processes. In order to detect distinct complement components, retinas and optic nerves were labeled with complement markers at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days and analyzed. Significantly more C3 and MAC depositions were found in retinas and optic nerves of the ONA group. These were already present at day 7, before RGC loss and demyelination occurred. Additionally, an upregulation of C3 protein was noted via Western Blot at this time. After 14 days, quantitative real-time PCR revealed significantly more C3 mRNA in the ONA retinas. An upregulation of the lectin pathway-associated mannose-serine-protease-2 (MASP2) was observed in the retinas as well as in the optic nerves of the ONA group after 7 days. Significantly more MASP2 in retinas could also be observed via Western Blot analyses at this point in time. No effect was noted in regard to C1q. Therefore, we assume that the immunization led to an activation of the complement system via the lectin pathway in retinas and optic nerves at an early stage in this glaucoma model. This activation seems to be an early response, which then triggers degeneration. These findings can help to develop novel therapy strategies for glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcel Gandej
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Rozina Noristani
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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20
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Gramlich OW, Burand AJ, Brown AJ, Deutsch RJ, Kuehn MH, Ankrum JA. Cryopreserved Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Maintain Potency in a Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Model: Toward an off-the-shelf Therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26463. [PMID: 27212469 PMCID: PMC4876464 DOI: 10.1038/srep26463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to use mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) directly out of cryostorage would significantly reduce the logistics of MSC therapy by allowing on-site cryostorage of therapeutic doses of MSC at hospitals and clinics. Such a paradigm would be especially advantageous for the treatment of acute conditions such as stroke and myocardial infarction, which are likely to require treatment within hours after ischemic onset. Recently, several reports have emerged that suggest MSC viability and potency are damaged by cryopreservation. Herein we examine the effect of cryopreservation on human MSC viability, immunomodulatory potency, growth factor secretion, and performance in an ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Using modifications of established cryopreservation methods we developed MSC that retain >95% viability upon thawing, remain responsive to inflammatory signals, and are able to suppress activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Most importantly, when injected into the eyes of mice 3 hours after the onset of ischemia and 2 hours after the onset of reperfusion, cryopreserved performed as well as fresh MSC to rescue retinal ganglion cells. Thus, our data suggests when viability is maintained throughout the cryopreservation process, MSC retain their therapeutic potency in both in vitro potency assays and an in vivo ischemia/reperfusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Gramlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anthony J Burand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alex J Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Riley J Deutsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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21
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Automatic quantitative analysis of experimental primary and secondary retinal neurodegeneration: implications for optic neuropathies. Cell Death Discov 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.31 ecollection 2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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22
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Automatic quantitative analysis of experimental primary and secondary retinal neurodegeneration: implications for optic neuropathies. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16031. [PMID: 27551521 PMCID: PMC4979431 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary neurodegeneration is thought to play an important role in the pathology of neurodegenerative disease, which potential therapies may target. However, the quantitative assessment of the degree of secondary neurodegeneration is difficult. The present study describes a novel algorithm from which estimates of primary and secondary degeneration are computed using well-established rodent models of partial optic nerve transection (pONT) and ocular hypertension (OHT). Brn3-labelled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were identified in whole-retinal mounts from which RGC density, nearest neighbour distances and regularity indices were determined. The spatial distribution and rate of RGC loss were assessed and the percentage of primary and secondary degeneration in each non-overlapping segment was calculated. Mean RGC number (82 592±681) and RGC density (1695±23.3 RGC/mm2) in naïve eyes were comparable with previous studies, with an average decline in RGC density of 71±17 and 23±5% over the time course of pONT and OHT models, respectively. Spatial analysis revealed greatest RGC loss in the superior and central retina in pONT, but significant RGC loss in the inferior retina from 3 days post model induction. In comparison, there was no significant difference between superior and inferior retina after OHT induction, and RGC loss occurred mainly along the superior/inferior axis (~30%) versus the nasal–temporal axis (~15%). Intriguingly, a significant loss of RGCs was also observed in contralateral eyes in experimental OHT. In conclusion, a novel algorithm to automatically segment Brn3a-labelled retinal whole-mounts into non-overlapping segments is described, which enables automated spatial and temporal segmentation of RGCs, revealing heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of primary and secondary degenerative processes. This method provides an attractive means to rapidly determine the efficacy of neuroprotective therapies with implications for any neurodegenerative disorder affecting the retina.
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23
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Larkin PB, Muchowski PJ. Genetic Deficiency of Complement Component 3 Does Not Alter Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 1:107-18. [PMID: 23097680 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-2012-120021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several genes and proteins of the complement cascade are present at elevated levels in brains of patients with Huntington's disease (HD). The complement cascade is well characterized as an effector arm of the immune system, and in the brain it is important for developmental synapse elimination. We hypothesized that increased levels of complement in HD brains contributes to disease progression, perhaps by contributing to synapse elimination or inflammatory signaling. We tested this hypothesis in the R6/2 mouse model of HD by crossing mice deficient in complement component 3 (C3), a crucial complement protein found at increased levels in HD brains, to R6/2 mice and monitoring behavioral and neuropathological disease progression. We found no alterations in multiple behavioral assays, weight or survival in R6/2 mice lacking C3. We also quantified the expression of several complement cascade genes in R6/2 brains and found that the large scale upregulation of complement genes observed in HD brains is not mirrored in R6/2 brains. These data show that C3 deficiency does not alter disease progression in the R6/2 mouse model of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Larkin
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Cueva Vargas JL, Belforte N, Di Polo A. The glial cell modulator ibudilast attenuates neuroinflammation and enhances retinal ganglion cell viability in glaucoma through protein kinase A signaling. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:156-71. [PMID: 27163643 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Vision deficits in glaucoma result from the selective loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Glial cell-mediated neuroinflammation has been proposed to contribute to disease pathophysiology, but whether this response is harmful or beneficial for RGC survival is not well understood. To test this, we characterized the role of ibudilast, a clinically approved cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor with preferential affinity for PDE type 4 (PDE4). Here, we demonstrate that intraocular administration of ibudilast dampened macroglia and microglia reactivity in the retina and optic nerve hence decreasing production of proinflammatory cytokines in a rat model of ocular hypertension. Importantly, ibudilast promoted robust RGC soma survival, prevented axonal degeneration, and improved anterograde axonal transport in glaucomatous eyes without altering intraocular pressure. Intriguingly, ocular hypertension triggered upregulation of PDE4 subtype A in Müller glia, and ibudilast stimulated cAMP accumulation in these cells. Co-administration of ibudilast with Rp-cAMPS, a cell-permeable and non-hydrolysable cAMP analog that inhibits protein kinase A (PKA), completely blocked ibudilast-induced neuroprotection. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ibudilast, a safe and well-tolerated glial cell modulator, attenuates gliosis, decreases levels of proinflammatory mediators, and enhances neuronal viability in glaucoma through activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway. This study provides insight into PDE4 signaling as a potential target to counter the harmful effects associated with chronic gliosis and neuroinflammation in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Cueva Vargas
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Belforte
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Silverman SM, Kim BJ, Howell GR, Miller J, John SWM, Wordinger RJ, Clark AF. C1q propagates microglial activation and neurodegeneration in the visual axis following retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:24. [PMID: 27008854 PMCID: PMC4806521 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C1q represents the initiating protein of the classical complement cascade, however recent findings indicate pathway independent roles such as developmental pruning of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Furthermore, chronic neuroinflammation, including increased expression of C1q and activation of microglia and astrocytes, appears to be a common finding among many neurodegenerative disease models. Here we compare the effects of a retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on glial activation and neurodegeneration in wild type (WT) and C1qa-deficient mice in the retina and superior colliculus (SC). Retinal I/R was induced in mice through elevation of intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 60 min followed by reperfusion. Glial cell activation and population changes were assessed using immunofluorescence. Neuroprotection was determined using histological measurements of retinal layer thickness, RGC counts, and visual function by flash electroretinography (ERG). Results Retinal I/R injury significantly upregulated C1q expression in the retina as early as 72 h and within 7 days in the superficial SC, and was sustained as long as 28 days. Accompanying increased C1q expression was activation of microglia and astrocytes as well as a significantly increased glial population density observed in the retina and SC. Microglial activation and changes in density were completely ablated in C1qa-deficient mice, interestingly however there was no effect on astrocytes. Furthermore, loss of C1qa significantly rescued I/R-induced loss of RGCs and protected against retinal layer thinning in comparison to WT mice. ERG assessment revealed early preservation of b-wave amplitude deficits from retinal I/R injury due to C1qa-deficiency that was lost by day 28. Conclusions Our results for the first time demonstrate the spatiotemporal changes in the neuroinflammatory response following retinal I/R injury at both local and distal sites of injury. In addition, we have shown a role for C1q as a primary mediator of microglial activation and pathological damage. This suggests developmental mechanisms of C1q may be re-engaged during injury response, modulation of which may be beneficial for neuroprotection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0089-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Silverman
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, CBH-441, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Byung-Jin Kim
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, CBH-441, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | | | | | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, 04609, ME, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Robert J Wordinger
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, CBH-441, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, CBH-441, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of progressive optic neuropathies, characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells related to the level of intraocular pressure and other factors. The exact pathogenesis of glaucoma is not known, and current therapeutic options are not sufficient to prevent or recover vision loss in glaucoma patients. Functional, repeatable, and easy-to-use animal models are therefore needed. Because of their inherent advantages, rodent animals, including mice and rats, have been widely developed as models to study various aspects of glaucoma and to evaluate possible novel therapies. However, no single model has been shown to emulate all aspects of glaucoma. In this review, we discuss currently available rodent animal models of glaucoma, their strengths and weaknesses, and the possible implications for current glaucoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Chen
- From the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Bian Y, Ren L, Wang L, Xu S, Tao J, Zhang X, Huang Y, Qian Y, Zhang X, Song Z, Wu W, Wang Y, Liang G. A novel imidazopyridine derivative, X22, prevents the retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of MAPKs. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Immune phenomena in glaucoma and conformational disorders: why is the second eye not involved? J Glaucoma 2015; 23:S59-61. [PMID: 25275909 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Data along several lines of evidence have suggested that a systemic autoimmune response may be provoked in glaucoma and could contribute to retinal ganglion cell loss. If such an autoimmune response exists, one could predict that in cases of unilateral glaucoma, autoantibodies generated would affect both eyes, leading to damage in the unaffected, contralateral eye in an intraocular pressure-independent manner. However, such an effect has not yet been reported. There are currently no data to reconcile these contrasting observations but a review of the literature suggests a possible explanation.
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Emre E, Yüksel N, Duruksu G, Pirhan D, Subaşi C, Erman G, Karaöz E. Neuroprotective effects of intravitreally transplanted adipose tissue and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental ocular hypertension model. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:543-59. [PMID: 25618560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of bone marrow bone marrow-derived and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that were intravitreally transplanted in an experimental ocular hypertension (OHT) model. METHODS An OHT rat model was generated by means of intracameral injection of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber. MSCs labeled with green fluorescence protein were transplanted intravitreally 1 week after OHT induction. At the end of the second and fourth weeks, retinal ganglion cells were visualized with the use of a flat-mount retina method and were evaluated by means of immunofluorescence staining against green fluorescence protein, vimentin, CD105, and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1Ra, prostaglandin E2 receptor, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β1, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α). RESULTS The retinal ganglion cell numbers per area were significantly improved in stem cell-treated OHT groups compared with that in the non-treated OHT group (P < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemical analyses indicated that a limited number of stem cells had integrated into the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. The number of cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α) decreased in the MSC-transferred group compared with that in the OHT group after 4 weeks (P < 0.01). On the other hand, IL-1Ra and prostaglandin E2 receptor expressions were increased in the rat bone marrow-derived MSC group but were more significant in the rat adipose tissue-derived MSC group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS After intravitreal transplantation, MSCs showed a neuroprotective effect in the rat OHT model. Therefore, MSCs promise an alternative therapy approach for functional recovery in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Emre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Çerkezköy State Hospital, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Nurşen Yüksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Duruksu
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Dilara Pirhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cansu Subaşi
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (Liv MedCell) Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Erman
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (Liv MedCell) Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Peterson SL, Anderson AJ. Complement and spinal cord injury: traditional and non-traditional aspects of complement cascade function in the injured spinal cord microenvironment. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:35-47. [PMID: 25017886 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathology associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused not only by primary mechanical trauma, but also by secondary responses of the injured CNS. The inflammatory response to SCI is robust and plays an important but complex role in the progression of many secondary injury-associated pathways. Although recent studies have begun to dissect the beneficial and detrimental roles for inflammatory cells and proteins after SCI, many of these neuroimmune interactions are debated, not well understood, or completely unexplored. In this regard, the complement cascade is a key component of the inflammatory response to SCI, but is largely underappreciated, and our understanding of its diverse interactions and effects in this pathological environment is limited. In this review, we discuss complement in the context of SCI, first in relation to traditional functions for complement cascade activation, and then in relation to novel roles for complement proteins in a variety of models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Peterson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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31
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Soto I, Howell GR. The complex role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:cshperspect.a017269. [PMID: 24993677 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder affecting 80 million people worldwide. Loss of retinal ganglion cells and degeneration of their axons in the optic nerve are the major pathological hallmarks. Neuroinflammatory processes, inflammatory processes in the central nervous system, have been identified in human glaucoma and in experimental models of the disease. Furthermore, neuroinflammatory responses occur at early stages of experimental glaucoma, and inhibition of certain proinflammatory pathways appears neuroprotective. Here, we summarize the current understanding of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system, with emphasis on events at the optic nerve head during early stages of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Soto
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
| | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609 School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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32
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Abstract
In glaucoma, regardless of its etiology, retinal ganglion cells degenerate and eventually die. Although age and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are the main risk factors, there are still many mysteries in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. The advent of genome-wide microarray expression screening together with the availability of animal models of the disease has allowed analysis of differential gene expression in all parts of the eye in glaucoma. This review will outline the findings of recent genome-wide expression studies and discuss their commonalities and differences. A common finding was the differential regulation of genes involved in inflammation and immunity, including the complement system and the cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Other genes of interest have roles in the extracellular matrix, cell-matrix interactions and adhesion, the cell cycle, and the endothelin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana C Jakobs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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33
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Kim BJ, Braun TA, Wordinger RJ, Clark AF. Progressive morphological changes and impaired retinal function associated with temporal regulation of gene expression after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:21. [PMID: 23800383 PMCID: PMC3695831 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important cause of visual impairment. However, questions remain on the overall I/R mechanisms responsible for progressive damage to the retina. In this study, we used a mouse model of I/R and characterized the pathogenesis by analyzing temporal changes of retinal morphology and function associated with changes in retinal gene expression. Transient ischemia was induced in one eye of C57BL/6 mice by raising intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 60 min followed by retinal reperfusion by restoring normal pressure. At various time points post I/R, retinal changes were monitored by histological assessment with H&E staining and by SD-OCT scanning. Retinal function was also measured by scotopic ERG. Temporal changes in retinal gene expression were analyzed using cDNA microarrays and real-time RT-PCR. In addition, retinal ganglion cells and gliosis were observed by immunohistochemistry. H&E staining and SD-OCT scanning showed an initial increase followed by a significant reduction of retinal thickness in I/R eyes accompanied with cell loss compared to contralateral control eyes. The greatest reduction in thickness was in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). Retinal detachment was observed at days 3 and 7 post- I/R injury. Scotopic ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes and implicit times were significantly impaired in I/R eyes compared to contralateral control eyes. Microarray data showed temporal changes in gene expression involving various gene clusters such as molecular chaperones and inflammation. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining confirmed Müller cell gliosis in the damaged retinas. The time-dependent changes in retinal morphology were significantly associated with functional impairment and altered retinal gene expression. We demonstrated that I/R-mediated morphological changes the retina closely associated with functional impairment as well as temporal changes in retinal gene expression. Our findings will provide further understanding of molecular pathogenesis associated with ischemic injury to the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jin Kim
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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34
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Scheetz TE, Fingert JH, Wang K, Kuehn MH, Knudtson KL, Alward WLM, Boldt HC, Russell SR, Folk JC, Casavant TL, Braun TA, Clark AF, Stone EM, Sheffield VC. A genome-wide association study for primary open angle glaucoma and macular degeneration reveals novel Loci. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58657. [PMID: 23536807 PMCID: PMC3594156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the two leading causes of visual loss in the United States. We utilized a novel study design to perform a genome-wide association for both primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and AMD. This study design utilized a two-stage process for hypothesis generation and validation, in which each disease cohort was utilized as a control for the other. A total of 400 POAG patients and 400 AMD patients were ascertained and genotyped at 500,000 loci. This study identified a novel association of complement component 7 (C7) to POAG. Additionally, an association of central corneal thickness, a known risk factor for POAG, was found to be associated with ribophorin II (RPN2). Linked monogenic loci for POAG and AMD were also evaluated for evidence of association, none of which were found to be significantly associated. However, several yielded putative associations requiring validation. Our data suggest that POAG is more genetically complex than AMD, with no common risk alleles of large effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Luo C, Chen M, Madden A, Xu H. Expression of complement components and regulators by different subtypes of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Inflammation 2013; 35:1448-61. [PMID: 22450524 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Under inflammatory conditions, macrophages can differentiate into different functional subtypes. We show that bone marrow-derived macrophages constitutively express different levels of various complement-related genes. The relative expression levels are C1qb > Crry > CFH > C3 > C1r > CFB > DAF1 > CD59a > C2 > C1INH > C1s > C4. Upon activation, the expression of C1r, C1s, C3, C2, CFB, and C1INH was up-regulated, and CFH, CD59a, and DAF1, down-regulated in M1 (induced by interferon-γ + lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) and M2b (induced by immune complex + LPS) macrophages. The expression of C4 and CFH was slightly up-regulated in interleukin (IL)-10-induced M2c macrophages. Complement gene expression in IL-4-induced M2a macrophages was weakly down-regulated as compared to resting M0 macrophages. Higher levels of C3, C1INH, and CFB but lower levels of CFH expression in M1 and M2b macrophage suggests that they may be involved in the alternative pathway of complement activation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Luo
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, BT12 6BA, Belfast, UK
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36
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Mullins RF, Kuehn MH, Radu RA, Enriquez GS, East JS, Schindler EI, Travis GH, Stone EM. Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa due to ABCA4 mutations: clinical, pathologic, and molecular characterization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:1883-94. [PMID: 22395892 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by progressive loss of retinal photoreceptor cells. In order to gain new insights into the pathogenesis of ARRP, we evaluated the morphological, biochemical, and gene expression changes in eyes from a human donor with ARRP due to mutations in the ABCA4 gene. METHODS Eyes were obtained postmortem from a donor with end-stage retinitis pigmentosa. The coding sequences of the RDS, RHO, and ABCA4 genes were screened for disease-causing mutations. Morphological changes in different regions of the retina were examined histologically, and levels of lipofuscin-associated bisretinoids were measured. Gene expression was examined in retinal/choroidal tissue using microarray analysis, and all parameters were compared to those in unaffected control donors. RESULTS Genetic analysis of the donor's DNA identified two mutations in the ABCA4 gene, IVS14+1G > C and Phe1440del1 cT, each on a separate allele. Morphological evaluation revealed complete loss of the outer nuclear layer, remodeling of the inner retina, loss of retinal vasculature, and regional neovascularization. The retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris exhibited regional preservation. Microarray analysis revealed loss of photoreceptor cell-associated transcripts, with preservation of multiple genes expressed specifically in inner retinal neurons. CONCLUSIONS The persistence of transcripts expressed by inner retinal neurons suggests that despite significant plasticity that occurs during retinal degeneration, bipolar cells and ganglion cells remain at least partially differentiated. Findings from this study suggest that some forms of therapy currently under investigation may have benefit even in advanced retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Nickells RW, Howell GR, Soto I, John SWM. Under pressure: cellular and molecular responses during glaucoma, a common neurodegeneration with axonopathy. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35:153-79. [PMID: 22524788 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is expected to affect 80 million people by the end of this decade. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the most affected cell type and progressively degenerate over the course of the disease. RGC axons exit the eye and enter the optic nerve by passing through the optic nerve head (ONH). The ONH is an important site of initial damage in glaucoma. Higher intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important risk factor for glaucoma, but the molecular links between elevated IOP and axon damage in the ONH are poorly defined. In this review and focusing primarily on the ONH, we discuss recent studies that have contributed to understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of glaucoma. We also identify areas that require further investigation and focus on mechanisms identified in other neurodegenerations that may contribute to RGC dysfunction and demise in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a common clinical entity and, due to relatively ineffective treatment, remains a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. Generally, ischemic syndromes are initially characterized by low homeostatic responses which, with time, induce injury to the tissue due to cell loss by apoptosis. In this respect, retinal ischemia is a primary cause of neuronal death. It can be considered as a sort of final common pathway in retinal diseases and results in irreversible morphological and functional changes. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on the effects of ischemia in retinal tissue and points out experimental strategies/models performed to gain better comprehension of retinal ischemia diseases. In particular, the nature of the mechanisms leading to neuronal damage (i.e., excess of glutamate release, oxidative stress and inflammation) will be outlined as well as the potential and most intriguing retinoprotective approaches and the possible therapeutic use of naturally occurring molecules such as neuropeptides. There is a general agreement that a better understanding of the fundamental pathophysiology of retinal ischemia will lead to better management and improved clinical outcome. In this respect, to contrast this pathological state, specific pharmacological strategies need to be developed aimed at the many putative cascades generated during ischemia.
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39
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The molecular basis of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:152-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dursun O, Yilmaz A, Ayaz L, Tamer L. Serum levels and H/L gene polymorphism of mannose-binding lectin in primary open angle glaucoma. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:212-7. [PMID: 22335808 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.639124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the serum levels and H/L gene polymorphisms of mannose-binding lectin-2 (MBL-2) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) cases and control subjects to investigate whether MBL-2 has a possible role in the development and pathogenesis of POAG. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 45 POAG cases and age and sex-matched 45 healthy controls, Elisa Kit was used to determine serum levels of MBL-2. The genomic DNA of patient and control groups was extracted from whole blood using High Pure PCR template preparation kit. Genotyping of MBL-2 polymorphisms were detected by using a MBL-2 mutation detection kit in real-time PCR. Chi-square or Fisher's Exact Tests were used to evaluate the distribution of MBL-2 H/L genotypes among patients and control subjects. Associations between the H/L genotype and POAG risk were analyzed by using binary logistic regression. The serum MBL-2 levels of both groups were compared with Independent Sample t-test. RESULTS Mean MBL-2 serum levels in the patient group (21.30 ± 4.97 µg/mL) was significantly higher than the control group (17.48 ± 3.66 µg/mL), (p < 0.001). The distribution of alleles in the patient group was 28.9% for LL, 44.4% for HL, 26.7% for HH and in controls was 33.3% for LL, 37.8% for HL, 28.3% for HH. According to genotype ratios, the two groups were not different from each other. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may suggest an association between high serum MBL-2 levels and POAG, but H/L gene polymorphism of MBL-2 seems not to be associated with POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozer Dursun
- Mersin State Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, Mersin, Turkey
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41
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Zode GS, Kuehn MH, Nishimura DY, Searby CC, Mohan K, Grozdanic SD, Bugge K, Anderson MG, Clark AF, Stone EM, Sheffield VC. Reduction of ER stress via a chemical chaperone prevents disease phenotypes in a mouse model of primary open angle glaucoma. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3542-53. [PMID: 21821918 DOI: 10.1172/jci58183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in myocilin (MYOC) are the most common genetic cause of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), but the mechanisms underlying MYOC-associated glaucoma are not fully understood. Here, we report the development of a transgenic mouse model of POAG caused by the Y437H MYOC mutation; the mice are referred to herein as Tg-MYOC(Y437H) mice. Analysis of adult Tg-MYOC(Y437H) mice, which we showed express human MYOC containing the Y437H mutation within relevant eye tissues, revealed that they display glaucoma phenotypes (i.e., elevated intraocular pressure [IOP], retinal ganglion cell death, and axonal degeneration) closely resembling those seen in patients with POAG caused by the Y437H MYOC mutation. Mutant myocilin was not secreted into the aqueous humor but accumulated in the ER of the trabecular meshwork (TM), thereby inducing ER stress in the TM of Tg-MYOC(Y437H) mice. Furthermore, chronic and persistent ER stress was found to be associated with TM cell death and elevation of IOP in Tg-MYOC(Y437H) mice. Reduction of ER stress with a chemical chaperone, phenylbutyric acid (PBA), prevented glaucoma phenotypes in Tg-MYOC(Y437H) mice by promoting the secretion of mutant myocilin in the aqueous humor and by decreasing intracellular accumulation of myocilin in the ER, thus preventing TM cell death. These results demonstrate that ER stress is linked to the pathogenesis of POAG and may be a target for treatment in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulab S Zode
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Complement mediated apoptosis leads to the loss of retinal ganglion cells in animal model of glaucoma. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:2151-8. [PMID: 21821293 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of complement in the protection of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in chronic ocular hypertension model of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated in the right eye of Lewis rats by laser photocoagulation (two treatments, 7days apart) of episcleral and limbal veins. Left eye did not receive laser treatment and served as control. Animals were injected with cobra venom factor every fifth day starting day 7 after first laser, to deplete the complement system. Animals were sacrificed at 6-week post-laser. Levels of C3 split products and membrane attack complex (MAC) were elevated in the retina of eyes with increased IOP and complement depletion reduced the loss of Brn3a(+) RGCs accompanied by decreased expression of GFAP and reduced MAC deposition. In complement depleted rats with increased IOP, reduced TUNEL(+) cells in ganglion cell layer, and decreased levels of active caspase-8 and active caspase-9 was observed compared to PBS treated complement sufficient rats with increased IOP. Interestingly, complement depletion also resulted in reduction of calcium influx and levels of BAD in the retinal cells of the eyes with increased IOP. Together, our results provide evidence that complement mediated apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the loss of RGCs in chronic ocular hypertension model of glaucoma.
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Harper MM, Grozdanic SD, Blits B, Kuehn MH, Zamzow D, Buss JE, Kardon RH, Sakaguchi DS. Transplantation of BDNF-secreting mesenchymal stem cells provides neuroprotection in chronically hypertensive rat eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4506-15. [PMID: 21498611 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) engineered to produce and secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to protect retinal function and structure after intravitreal transplantation in a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension (COH). METHODS COH was induced by laser cauterization of trabecular meshwork and episcleral veins in rat eyes. COH eyes received an intravitreal transplant of MSCs engineered to express BDNF and green fluorescent protein (BDNF-MSCs) or just GFP (GFP-MSCs). Computerized pupillometry and electroretinography (ERG) were performed to assess optic nerve and retinal function. Quantification of optic nerve damage was performed by counting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and evaluating optic nerve cross-sections. RESULTS After transplantation into COH eyes, BDNF-MSCs preserved significantly more retina and optic nerve function than GFP-MSC-treated eyes when pupil light reflex (PLR) and ERG function were evaluated. PLR analysis showed significantly better function (P = 0.03) in BDNF-MSC-treated eyes (operated/control ratio = 63.00% ± 11.39%) than GFP-MSC-treated eyes (operated/control ratio = 31.81% ± 9.63%) at 42 days after surgery. The BDNF-MSC-transplanted eyes also displayed a greater level of RGC preservation than eyes that received the GFP-MSCs only (RGC cell counts: BDNF-MSC-treated COH eyes, 112.2 ± 19.39 cells/section; GFP-MSC-treated COH eyes, 52.21 ± 11.54 cells/section; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The authors have demonstrated that lentiviral-transduced BDNF-producing MSCs can survive in eyes with chronic hypertension and can provide retina and optic nerve functional and structural protection. Transplantation of BDNF-producing stem cells may be a viable treatment strategy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Harper
- Veterans Affairs Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa 52246-2209, USA.
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Tezel G, Yang X, Luo C, Kain AD, Powell DW, Kuehn MH, Kaplan HJ. Oxidative stress and the regulation of complement activation in human glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5071-82. [PMID: 20484586 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As part of ongoing studies on proteomic alterations during glaucomatous neurodegeneration, this study focused on the complement system. METHODS Human retinal protein samples obtained from donor eyes with (n = 10) or without (n = 10) glaucoma were analyzed by a quantitative proteomic approach using mass spectrometry. Cellular localization of protein expression for different complement components and regulators were also determined by immunohistochemical analysis of an additional group of human donor eyes with glaucoma (n = 34) compared with age-matched control eyes without glaucoma (n = 20). In addition, to determine the regulation of complement factor H (CFH) by oxidative stress, in vitro experiments were performed using rat retinal cell cultures incubated in the presence and absence of an oxidant treatment. RESULTS Proteomic analysis detected the expression and differential regulation of several complement components in glaucomatous samples, which included proteins involved in the classical and the lectin pathways of complement activation. In addition, several complement regulatory proteins were detected in the human retinal proteome, and glaucomatous samples exhibited a trend toward downregulation of CFH expression. In vitro experiments revealed that oxidative stress, which was also prominently detectable in the glaucomatous human retinas, downregulated CFH expression in retinal cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings expand the current knowledge of complement activation by presenting new evidence in human glaucoma and support that despite important roles in tissue cleaning and healing, a potential deficiency in intrinsic regulation of complement activation, as is evident in the presence of oxidative stress, may lead to uncontrolled complement attack with neurodestructive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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Rosen AM, Stevens B. The Role of the Classical Complement Cascade in Synapse Loss During Development and Glaucoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 703:75-93. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5635-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mullins RF, Faidley EA, Daggett HT, Jomary C, Lotery AJ, Stone EM. Localization of complement 1 inhibitor (C1INH/SERPING1) in human eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:767-73. [PMID: 19607829 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common degenerative disease resulting in injury to the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris. Recent data from histopathology, animal models and genetic studies have implicated altered regulation of the complement system as a major factor in the incidence and progression of this disease. A variant in the gene SERPING1, which encodes C1INH, an inhibitor of the classical and lectin pathways of complement activation, was recently shown to be associated with AMD. In this study we sought to determine the localization of C1INH in human donor eyes. Immunofluorescence studies using a monoclonal antibody directed against C1INH revealed localization to photoreceptor cells, inner nuclear layer neurons, choriocapillaris, and choroidal extracellular matrix. Drusen did not exhibit labeling. Genotype at rs2511989 did not appear to affect C1INH abundance or localization, nor was it associated with significant molecular weight differences when evaluated by Western blot. In a small number of eyes (n = 7 AMD and n = 7 control) AMD affection status was correlated with increased abundance of choroidal C1INH. These results indicate that C1INH protein is present in the retina and choroid, where it may regulate complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Mullins
- Carver Family Center for Macular Degeneration, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, 4135E MERF, 375 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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