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Wang T, Lian P, Zhan J, Li Y, Liu B, Zhao X, Wu Q, Li H, Lu L, Chen S. The landscape of angiogenesis and inflammatory factors in eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization before and after anti-VEGF injection. Cytokine 2024; 179:156640. [PMID: 38735245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the levels of angiogenesis and inflammatory cytokines in individuals with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) and the changes in these factors following intravitreal anti-VEGF injection. METHODS Aqueous humor samples were gathered from eyes with mCNV, those with single macular bleeding (SMB) without mCNV in highly myopic eyes, and those with age-related cataracts. Using a multiplex bead immunoassay, we analyzed 28 angiogenesis and inflammatory factors in the aqueous humor. Furthermore, clinical data were documented for correlation analysis. RESULTS In this study, the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and fibroblast growth factors 1 (FGF-1) were significantly elevated in mCNV compared to SMB eyes (p < 0.05). Their odds ratios for mCNV occurrence were 1.05, 3.45, and 2.64, respectively. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and VEGF-C were notably higher in mCNV than in cataract patients (p < 0.05), and VEGF-C correlated to the degree of myopic atrophic maculopathy (p = 0.024). Axial length exhibited a negative correlation with VEGF-A and positive correlations with VEGF-C, HGF, and MCP-1 (p < 0.01). Following anti-VEGF treatment, a reduction in VEGF-A, endothelin-1, and FGF-2 was noted in mCNV patients (p < 0.05), but MCP-1 levels increased. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the predominant role of angiogenesis and inflammation factors in mCNV pathogenesis. VEGF-C's correlation with axial length and atrophy suggests its involvement in the process of myopic atrophic maculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ping Lian
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinlian Zhan
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qingxiu Wu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haichun Li
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Shida Chen
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Noh YH, Jung KI. The Relationship between Myopia and Obesity in Adults. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 38:137-146. [PMID: 38449306 PMCID: PMC11016688 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2023.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between myopia and obesity through direct measurements of fat content. METHODS A cross-sectional study used a stratified, multistage survey, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010). Subjects 19 years or older (n = 10,305) were included. Participants were divided into three groups according to refractive status: myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ -1.0 diopter [D]), emmetropia (-1.0 D < SE ≤ 1.0 D), and hyperopia (SE > 1.0 D). Obesity was investigated with assessment of fat mass and body mass index or waist circumference. Fat mass was measured with whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body fat percentage was calculated as (total fat mass / body weight × 100). RESULTS Higher obesity index was found in individuals with myopic eyes after adjustment for age, sex, education level, income status, physical activity, residence, and serum vitamin D level. The significant difference in total body fat percentages among myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia was significant in the young age group (19-39 years, p < 0.05) but not in the middle age group (40-64 years) and the old age group (≥65 years). Individuals with a higher percentage of total body fat had greater odds ratios for myopia (fourth quartile of body fat; odds ratio, 1.352; 95% confidence interval, 1.178-1.551). CONCLUSIONS An association was found between adiposity and myopia in relatively young adults using direct measurements of fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Noh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung In Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Yang JLX, Li DL, Chen J, Wang JJ, Du LL, Liu SC, He XG, Pan CW. Effect modification of time spent outdoors on the association between early childhood overweight and myopia: a one-year follow-up study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:107-115. [PMID: 38264954 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the moderating role of outdoor time on the relationship between overweight and myopia. METHODS The data for this study was obtained from a prospective study in Shanghai, where non-myopic children wore wristwear and were followed up for 1 year. Eye examinations were performed at each visit. The modification effect was assessed on the additive scale using multivariable logistic regression, and relative excess risk due to interaction was used to calculate the modification effect. RESULTS A total of 4683 non-myopic children were included with 32.20% being overweight at baseline. Following a 1-year period, 17.42% of children had myopia. When compared to those who spent <90 minutes outdoors, children who spent >120 had a relative risk of myopia onset that was reduced to 0.61. As time spent outdoors decreased, more risks of myopia onset were identified among overweight children than among normal children, the modification effect on the additive scale was -0.007, with ~70% of this effect attributed to the modifying influence of outdoor time. CONCLUSIONS Increasing outdoor time can reduce myopia more among overweight children than normal. Future interventions should focus on outdoor activities among overweight children to reduce myopia risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Liu-Xing Yang
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Lin Li
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Lin Du
- Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Chen Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Gui He
- Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai Vision Health Center & Shanghai Children Myopia Institute, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Center of Eye Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Ohguro H, Umetsu A, Sato T, Furuhashi M, Watanabe M. Lipid Metabolism Regulators Are the Possible Determinant for Characteristics of Myopic Human Scleral Stroma Fibroblasts (HSSFs). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:501. [PMID: 38203671 PMCID: PMC10778967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current investigation was to elucidate what kinds of responsible mechanisms induce elongation of the sclera in myopic eyes. To do this, two-dimensional (2D) cultures of human scleral stromal fibroblasts (HSSFs) obtained from eyes with two different axial length (AL) groups, <26 mm (low AL group, n = 2) and >27 mm (high AL group, n = 3), were subjected to (1) measurements of Seahorse mitochondrial and glycolytic indices to evaluate biological aspects and (2) analysis by RNA sequencing. Extracellular flux analysis revealed that metabolic indices related to mitochondrial and glycolytic functions were higher in the low AL group than in the high AL group, suggesting that metabolic activities of HSSF cells are different depending the degree of AL. Based upon RNA sequencing of these low and high AL groups, the bioinformatic analyses using gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified that sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2) is both a possible upstream regulator and a causal network regulator. Furthermore, SREBF1, insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) were detected as upstream regulators, and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) was detected as a causal network regulator. Since those possible regulators were all pivotally involved in lipid metabolisms including fatty acid (FA), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (Chol) biosynthesis, the findings reported here indicate that FA, TG and Chol biosynthesis regulation may be responsible mechanisms inducing AL elongation via HSSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan; (H.O.); (A.U.)
| | - Araya Umetsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan; (H.O.); (A.U.)
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan; (H.O.); (A.U.)
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Chen J, Ikeda SI, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets for Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization via Discovery-Driven Data Mining. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:1160-1169. [PMID: 37610842 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2252201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) is a prevalent cause of vision loss. However, the development of effective therapeutic targets for mCNV has been hindered by the paucity of suitable animal models. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify potential genes and pathways associated with mCNV and to unearth prospective therapeutic targets that can be utilized to devise efficacious treatments.Methods: Text data mining was used to identify genes linked to choroid, neovascularization, and myopia. g: Profiler was utilized to analyze the biological processes of gene ontology and the Reactome pathways. Protein interaction network analysis was performed using strings and visualized in Cytoscape. MCODE and cytoHubba were used for further screening.Results: Discovery-driven text data mining identified 55 potential genes related to choroid, neovascularization, and myopia. Gene enrichment analysis revealed 11 biological processes and seven Reactome pathways. A protein-protein interaction network with 47 nodes was constructed and analyzed using centrality ranking. Key clusters were identified through algorithm tools. Finally, 14 genes (IL6, FGF2, MMP9, IL10, TNF, MMP2, HGF, MMP3, IGF1, CCL2, CTNNB1, BDNF, NGF, and EDN1), in addition to VEGFA, were evaluated as targets with potential as future therapeutics.Conclusions: This study provides new potential therapeutic targets for mCNV, including IL6, FGF2, MMP9, IL10, TNF, MMP2, HGF, MMP3, IGF1, CCL2, CTNNB1, BDNF, NGF, and EDN1, which correspond to seven potential enriched pathways. These findings provide a basis for further research and offer new possibilities for developing therapeutic interventions for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Chen
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Xiao X, Liao Z, Zou J. Genetic and epigenetic regulators of retinal Müller glial cell reprogramming. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023; 3:126-133. [PMID: 37846362 PMCID: PMC10577857 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Retinal diseases characterized with irreversible loss of retinal nerve cells, such as optic atrophy and retinal degeneration, are the main causes of blindness. Current treatments for these diseases are very limited. An emerging treatment strategy is to induce the reprogramming of Müller glial cells to generate new retinal nerve cells, which could potentially restore vision. Main text Müller glial cells are the predominant glial cells in retinae and play multiple roles to maintain retinal homeostasis. In lower vertebrates, such as in zebrafish, Müller glial cells can undergo cell reprogramming to regenerate new retinal neurons in response to various damage factors, while in mammals, this ability is limited. Interestingly, with proper treatments, Müller glial cells can display the potential for regeneration of retinal neurons in mammalian retinae. Recent studies have revealed that dozens of genetic and epigenetic regulators play a vital role in inducing the reprogramming of Müller glial cells in vivo. This review summarizes these critical regulators for Müller glial cell reprogramming and highlights their differences between zebrafish and mammals. Conclusions A number of factors have been identified as the important regulators in Müller glial cell reprogramming. The early response of Müller glial cells upon acute retinal injury, such as the regulation in the exit from quiescent state, the initiation of reactive gliosis, and the re-entry of cell cycle of Müller glial cells, displays significant difference between mouse and zebrafish, which may be mediated by the diverse regulation of Notch and TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β) isoforms and different chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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You J, Wu Q, Xu G, Gu C, Allen E, Zhu T, Chen L. Exosomal MicroRNA Profiling in Vitreous Humor Derived From Pathological Myopia Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:9. [PMID: 36648415 PMCID: PMC9851280 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pathologic myopia (PM) is one of the primary causes of blindness. This study aims to explore the possible relations between the composition of microRNA in vitreous exosomes of patients with PM and the progression of myopic maculopathy. Methods Vitreous humor (VH) samples were collected from patients undergoing retinal surgery. A total of 15 and 12 VH samples were obtained from patients with PM and control, respectively. The PM group was divided into PM-L (G2) and PM-H groups (G3 and G4) in order to explore differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) that account for the relatively poor prognosis in G3 and G4 myopic maculopathy. A Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to find the persistently altered key microRNAs in myopic maculopathy progression. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were used. Results High purity exosomes were extracted from the vitreous fluid of patients with PM and control. The top five downregulated DEMs of PM-H versus PM-L can reflect the tendency of deterioration of PM-H myopic maculopathy. MiR-143-3p and miR-145-5p, which were found in WGCNA, may participate in the development of myopic maculopathy. These microRNAs all relate to the insulin resistance pathway. Conclusions This is the first study to explore the relations between the progression of myopic maculopathy and vitreous exosomal microRNAs. Vitreous exosomal miR-143-3p and miR-145-5p can be considered biomarkers for patients with PM, and the vitreous exosomal DEM associated with PM-H may represent alarming signals of myopic maculopathy deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie You
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Edward Allen
- Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianrui Zhu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Peled A, Nitzan I, Megreli J, Derazne E, Tzur D, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Afek A, Twig G. Myopia and BMI: a nationwide study of 1.3 million adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1691-1698. [PMID: 35894082 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed the association between adolescent BMI and myopia severity. METHODS This cross-sectional study comprised 1,359,153 adolescents who were medically examined before mandatory military service. Mild-to-moderate and high myopia were defined based on right-eye refractive data. BMI was categorized based on the US age- and sex-matched percentiles. Logistic regression models were applied separately for women and men to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for myopia per BMI category. RESULTS A total of 318,712 adolescents had mild-to-moderate myopia and 23,569 had high myopia. Compared with low-normal BMI (reference group), adjusted ORs for mild-to-moderate and high myopia increased with increasing BMI status, reaching 1.39 (95% CI: 1.23-1.57) and 1.73 (95% CI: 1.19-2.51) for men with severe obesity, respectively, and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.12-1.27) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.14-1.65) for women with mild obesity, respectively. ORs for mild-to-moderate and high myopia were also higher in men with underweight (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.18-1.23 and OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.30-1.47) and women with underweight (OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03-1.09 and OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04-1.22). The overall size effect was greater for men than women (pinteraction < 0.001), in whom the group with severe obesity did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS BMI was associated with myopia in a J-shaped pattern, with the size effect being greater for adolescent men than women. This study indicates that both low BMI and high BMI are associated with mild-to-moderate and severe myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Peled
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Itay Nitzan
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jacob Megreli
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health and Community, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Estela Derazne
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Tzur
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orit Pinhas-Hamiel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Arnon Afek
- Central Management, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gilad Twig
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Rizkiawan DE, Evelyn M, Tjandra KC, Setiawan B. Utilization of Modified Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as the Advance Therapy of Glaucoma: A Systematic Review. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:2851-2859. [PMID: 36061629 PMCID: PMC9439642 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s372114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy disease that causes cupping of the optic disc and decreased visual field. Glaucoma is still the second leading cause of blindness globally, with a worldwide prevalence of more than 76 million people in 2020. However, no therapy can cure glaucoma completely, especially when optic nerve damage has occurred. Available treatments only play a role in keeping the intraocular pressure stable This research aims to determine the potential use of modified stem cell therapy to treat intraocular damage in glaucoma cases. Literature research was conducted by involving seven online databases, namely Pubmed, ScienceDirect®, Proquest, EBSCOhost®, SAGE®, Clinicalkey®, and Scopus, published between 2010–2020 with the keywords stem cells; therapy; glaucoma; optic nerve. Six articles were selected, and out of the six articles, all writings were experimental research. The entire literature states that modified stem cell therapy has the potential as a therapeutic option in treating intraocular damage in patients with glaucoma. Based on the systematic literature review that has been carried out, it is known that stem cell therapy has the potential to be a therapeutic option in treating glaucoma cases. Much more research is needed to assess the effectiveness of modified stem cell therapy in managing intraocular damage due to glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malinda Evelyn
- Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Budi Setiawan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Budi Setiawan, Department of Internal Medicine, Diponegoro University, Jl. Badak Raya 74, Kota Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 50167, Tel +6285865118118, Fax +622467412115, Email
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Ji S, Ye L, Zhang L, Xu D, Dai J. Retinal neurodegeneration in a mouse model of green-light-induced myopia. Exp Eye Res 2022; 223:109208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Campbell WA, Tangeman A, El-Hodiri HM, Hawthorn EC, Hathoot M, Blum S, Hoang T, Blackshaw S, Fischer AJ. Fatty acid-binding proteins and fatty acid synthase influence glial reactivity and promote the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the chick retina. Development 2022; 149:274285. [PMID: 35132991 PMCID: PMC8959147 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A recent comparative transcriptomic study of Müller glia (MG) in vertebrate retinas revealed that fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are among the most highly expressed genes in chick ( Hoang et al., 2020). Here, we investigate how FABPs and fatty acid synthase (FASN) influence glial cells in the chick retina. During development, FABP7 is highly expressed by retinal progenitor cells and maturing MG, whereas FABP5 is upregulated in maturing MG. PMP2 (FABP8) is expressed by oligodendrocytes and FABP5 is expressed by non-astrocytic inner retinal glial cells, and both of these FABPs are upregulated by activated MG. In addition to suppressing the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), we find that FABP-inhibition suppresses the proliferation of microglia. FABP-inhibition induces distinct changes in single cell transcriptomic profiles, indicating transitions of MG from resting to reactive states and suppressed MGPC formation, with upregulation of gene modules for gliogenesis and decreases in neurogenesis. FASN-inhibition increases the proliferation of microglia and suppresses the formation of MGPCs. We conclude that fatty acid metabolism and cell signaling involving fatty acids are important in regulating the reactivity and dedifferentiation of MG, and the proliferation of microglia and MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Allen Tangeman
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Heithem M El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Evan C Hawthorn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maddie Hathoot
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sydney Blum
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Peled A, Raz I, Zucker I, Derazne E, Megreli J, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Einan-Lifshitz A, Morad Y, Pras E, Lutski M, Cukierman-Yaffe T, Mosenzon O, Tzur D, Tirosh A, Gerstein HC, Afek A, Twig G. Myopia and Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e663-e671. [PMID: 34505129 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A correlation between myopia and insulin resistance has been suggested. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between myopia in adolescence and type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence in young adulthood. METHODS This population-based, retrospective, cohort study comprised 1 329 705 adolescents (579 543 women, 43.6%) aged 16 to 19 years, who were medically examined before mandatory military service during 1993 to 2012, and whose data were linked to the Israel National Diabetes Registry. Myopia was defined based on right-eye refractive data. Cox proportional models were applied, separately for women and men, to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for T2D incidence per person-years of follow-up. RESULTS There was an interaction between myopia and sex with T2D (P < .001). For women, T2D incidence rates (per 100 000 person-years) were 16.6, 19.2, and 25.1 for those without myopia, and with mild-to-moderate and high myopia, respectively. These corresponded to HRs of 1.29 (95% CI, 1.14-1.45) and 1.63 (1.21-2.18) for women with mild-to-moderate and high myopia, respectively, compared to those without myopia, after adjustment for age at study entry, birth year, adolescent body mass index, cognitive performance, socioeconomic status, and immigration status. Results persisted in extensive sensitivity and subgroup analyses. When managed as a continuous variable, every 1-diopter lower spherical equivalent yielded a 6.5% higher adjusted HR for T2D incidence (P = .003). There was no significant association among men. CONCLUSION For women, myopia in adolescence was associated with a significantly increased risk for incident T2D in young adulthood, in a severity-dependent manner. This finding may support the role of insulin resistance in myopia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Peled
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Itamar Raz
- The Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbar Zucker
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Ministry of Health, Israel Center for Disease Control, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Estela Derazne
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Megreli
- Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health and Community, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orit Pinhas-Hamiel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Adi Einan-Lifshitz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yair Morad
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Eran Pras
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Miri Lutski
- Ministry of Health, Israel Center for Disease Control, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Cukierman-Yaffe
- Ministry of Health, Israel Center for Disease Control, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ofri Mosenzon
- The Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dorit Tzur
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Tirosh
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Arnon Afek
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Central Management, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gilad Twig
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Retinal Stem Cell 'Retirement Plans': Growth, Regulation and Species Adaptations in the Retinal Ciliary Marginal Zone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126528. [PMID: 34207050 PMCID: PMC8234741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate retina develops from a specified group of precursor cells that adopt distinct identities and generate lineages of either the neural retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, or ciliary body. In some species, including teleost fish and amphibians, proliferative cells with stem-cell-like properties capable of continuously supplying new retinal cells post-embryonically have been characterized and extensively studied. This region, termed the ciliary or circumferential marginal zone (CMZ), possibly represents a conserved retinal stem cell niche. In this review, we highlight the research characterizing similar CMZ-like regions, or stem-like cells located at the peripheral margin, across multiple different species. We discuss the proliferative parameters, multipotency and growth mechanisms of these cells to understand how they behave in vivo and how different molecular factors and signalling networks converge at the CMZ niche to regulate their activity. The evidence suggests that the mature retina may have a conserved propensity for homeostatic growth and plasticity and that dysfunction in the regulation of CMZ activity may partially account for dystrophic eye growth diseases such as myopia and hyperopia. A better understanding of the properties of CMZ cells will enable important insight into how an endogenous generative tissue compartment can adapt to altered retinal physiology and potentially even restore vision loss caused by retinal degenerative conditions.
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14
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Bian J, Sze YH, Tse DYY, To CH, McFadden SA, Lam CSY, Li KK, Lam TC. SWATH Based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Significant Lipid Metabolism in Early Myopic Guinea Pig Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4721. [PMID: 33946922 PMCID: PMC8124159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the previous myopic animal studies employed a single-candidate approach and lower resolution proteomics approaches that were difficult to detect minor changes, and generated limited systems-wide biological information. Hence, a complete picture of molecular events in the retina involving myopic development is lacking. Here, to investigate comprehensive retinal protein alternations and underlying molecular events in the early myopic stage, we performed a data-independent Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH) based proteomic analysis coupled with different bioinformatics tools in pigmented guinea pigs after 4-day lens-induced myopia (LIM). Myopic eyes compared to untreated contralateral control eyes caused significant changes in refractive error and choroid thickness (p < 0.05, n = 5). Relative elongation of axial length and the vitreous chamber depth were also observed. Using pooled samples from all individuals (n = 10) to build a species-specific retinal ion library for SWATH analysis, 3202 non-redundant proteins (with 24,616 peptides) were identified at 1% global FDR. For quantitative analysis, the 10 individual retinal samples (5 pairs) were analyzed using a high resolution Triple-TOF 6600 mass spectrometry (MS) with technical replicates. In total, 37 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated proteins were found significantly changed after LIM treatment (log2 ratio (T/C) > 0.26 or < -0.26; p ≤ 0.05). Data are accepted via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025003. Through Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA), "lipid metabolism" was found as the top function associated with the differentially expressed proteins. Based on the protein abundance and peptide sequences, expression patterns of two regulated proteins (SLC6A6 and PTGES2) identified in this pathway were further successfully validated with high confidence (p < 0.05) using a novel Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) assay on a QTRAP 6500+ MS. In summary, through an integrated discovery and targeted proteomic approach, this study serves as the first report to detect and confirm novel retinal protein changes and significant biological functions in the early LIM mammalian guinea pigs. The study provides new workflow and insights for further research to myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Bian
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Ying-Hon Sze
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Dennis Yan-Yin Tse
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sally A. McFadden
- School of Psychology, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Carly Siu-Yin Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - King-Kit Li
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518052, China
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15
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Becker C, Lust K, Wittbrodt J. Igf signaling couples retina growth with body growth by modulating progenitor cell division. Development 2021; 148:dev.199133. [PMID: 33722901 PMCID: PMC8077508 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
How the body and organs balance their relative growth is of key importance for coordinating size and function. This is of particular relevance in organisms, which continue to grow over their entire life span. We addressed this issue in the neuroretina of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes), a well-studied system with which to address vertebrate organ growth. We reveal that a central growth regulator, Igf1 receptor (Igf1r), is necessary and sufficient for proliferation control in the postembryonic retinal stem cell niche: the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ). Targeted activation of Igf1r signaling in the CMZ uncouples neuroretina growth from body size control, and we demonstrate that Igf1r operates on progenitor cells, stimulating their proliferation. Activation of Igf1r signaling increases retinal size while preserving its structural integrity, revealing a modular organization in which progenitor differentiation and neurogenesis are self-organized and highly regulated. Our findings position Igf signaling as a key module for controlling retinal size and composition, with important evolutionary implications. Highlighted Article: Targeted activation of Igf1r signaling in the retinal stem cell niche increases retina size through expanding the progenitor but not stem cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Becker
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Katharina Lust
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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16
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Lee BJ, Lee K, Chung SA, Lim HT. Ocular biometric features of pediatric patients with fibroblast growth factor receptor-related syndromic craniosynostosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6172. [PMID: 33731768 PMCID: PMC7969619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ametropia is reported as a common ophthalmic manifestation in craniosynostosis. We retrospectively compared childhood refractive error and ocular biometric features of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-related syndromic craniosynostosis patients with those of non-syndromic craniosynostosis and control subjects. Thirty-six eyes (18 patients) with FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis, 76 eyes (38 patients) with non-syndromic craniosynostosis, and 114 eyes (57 patients) of intermittent exotropes were included in the analysis. Mean age at examination was 7.82 ± 2.51 (range, 4–16) years and mean spherical equivalent was -0.09 ± 1.46 Diopter. Mean age and refractive error were not different between groups, but syndromic craniosynostosis patients had significantly longer axial length, lower corneal power, and lower lens power than other groups (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively). Axial length was positively correlated and keratometry and lens power were negatively correlated with age in non-syndromic craniosynostosis and controls, while these correlations between age and ocular biometric parameters were not present in the FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis. In conclusion, ocular biometric parameters in FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis differed from those of non-syndromic craniosynostosis and age-matched controls, and did not show the relations with age, suggesting this cohort may have abnormal refractive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Joo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World Cup‑ro, Yeongtong‑gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Seung Ah Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World Cup‑ro, Yeongtong‑gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Taek Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
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17
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Variants in FLRT3 and SLC35E2B identified using exome sequencing in seven high myopia families from Central Europe. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:192-198. [PMID: 33711669 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High myopia (HM) is an eye disorder with both environmental and genetic factors involved. Many genetic factors responsible for HM were recognized worldwide, but little is known about genetic variants underlying HM in Central Europe. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify rare sequence variants involved in HM in families from Central Europe to better understand the genetic basis of HM. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed 17 individuals from 7 unrelated Central European families with hereditary HM using exome sequencing (ES). Segregation of selected variants in other available family members was performed using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Detected 73 rare variants were selected for verification. We observed 2 missense variants, c.938C>T in SLC35E2B - encoding solute carrier family 35 member E2B, and c.1642G>C in FLRT3 - encoding fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein, segregating with HM in one family. CONCLUSIONS FLRT3 and/or SLC35E2B could represent disease candidate genes and identified sequence variants might be responsible for HM in the studied family.
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18
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Wang WY, Chen C, Chang J, Chien L, Shih YF, Lin LLK, Pang CP, Wang IJ. Pharmacotherapeutic candidates for myopia: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111092. [PMID: 33378986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insights into the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of myopia and potential targets for clinical intervention. Although the etiology of myopia involves both environmental and genetic factors, recent evidence has suggested that the prevalence and severity of myopia appears to be affected more by environmental factors. Current pharmacotherapeutics are aimed at inhibiting environmentally induced changes in visual input and subsequent changes in signaling pathways during myopia pathogenesis and progression. Recent studies on animal models of myopia have revealed specific molecules potentially involved in the regulation of eye development. Among them, the dopamine receptor plays a critical role in controlling myopia. Subsequent studies have reported pharmacotherapeutic treatments to control myopia progression. In particular, atropine treatment yielded favorable outcomes and has been extensively used; however, current studies are aimed at optimizing its efficacy and confirming its safety. Furthermore, future studies are required to assess the efficacy of combinatorial use of low-dose atropine and contact lenses or orthokeratology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Camille Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Justine Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lillian Chien
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Luke L K Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, KLN, Hong Kong, China.
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Ding X, Fu D, Ge S, Guan Q, Chen M, Yu Z. DNA methylation and mRNA expression of IGF-1 and MMP-2 after form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:491-501. [PMID: 32495406 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular mechanism of form-deprivation myopia is unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the roles of scleral DNA methylation and mRNA expression of IGF-1 and MMP-2 in a guinea pig model of form-deprivation myopia. METHODS Seventy 2-week-old male guinea pigs were assigned to three groups: (1) zero week group that was used to collect baseline data; (2) monocular deprivation treatment (MDT) group, in which a thin slice of opaque latex glove was placed over the right eyes of the animals for four weeks, and the left eyes were untreated and served as the monocular contralateral control (MCC) group; (3) control group (CG), in which the animals grew four weeks, but received no manipulation. Animals in each group were evenly divided for DNA methylation assay and quantitative PCR (qPCR). After eye enucleation, the sclerae were harvested for DNA methylation assay and qPCR. The DNA methylation pattern in the promoter and exon regions of IGF-1 and MMP-2, along with the mRNA expression level of them, were determined by base-specific cleavage and mass spectrometry and qPCR, respectively. RESULTS After four weeks of form-deprivation, DNA methylation at 4/8 cytosine-guanine sites in the IGF-1 promoter was significantly lower in the MDT eyes than in the MCC or CG eyes. In addition, the level of IGF-1 mRNA was moderately higher in MDT eyes compared to the MCC eyes and CG eyes. DNA methylation at 4/14 cytosine-guanine sites in the MMP-2 gene was very low, and no significant change was observed between the MDT eyes and the MCC or CG ones. However, the level of MMP-2 mRNA in MDT eyes was significant higher compared with MCC eyes and CG eyes, with an increase of 217% and 222%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In our guinea pig model of form-deprivation myopia, the methylation of four cytosine-guanine sites in the IGF-1 gene promoter was significantly lower in the sclera after four weeks of MDT, and the transcription level of scleral IGF-1 was moderately higher. Hence, the IGF-1 gene methylation might play a role in the pathogenesis of form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. The level of MMP-2 mRNA in the sclera of MDT eyes was significantly higher, but not regulated by the methylation pathway, as the methylation status of MMP-2 was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ding
- Eye Department, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Fu
- Eye Department, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichao Ge
- Department of Research & Development, Shanghai Benegene Biotechnology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Guan
- Department of Research & Development, Shanghai Benegene Biotechnology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Minjie Chen
- Eye Department, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Eye Department, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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20
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Fleming T, Balderas-Márquez JE, Epardo D, Ávila-Mendoza J, Carranza M, Luna M, Harvey S, Arámburo C, Martínez-Moreno CG. Growth Hormone Neuroprotection Against Kainate Excitotoxicity in the Retina is Mediated by Notch/PTEN/Akt Signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4532-4547. [PMID: 31675424 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In the retina, growth hormone (GH) promotes axonal growth, synaptic restoration, and protective actions against excitotoxicity. Notch signaling pathway is critical for neural development and participates in the retinal neuroregenerative process. We investigated the interaction of GH with Notch signaling pathway during its neuroprotective effect against excitotoxic damage in the chicken retina. Methods Kainate (KA) was used as excitotoxic agent and changes in the mRNA expression of several signaling markers were determined by qPCR. Also, changes in phosphorylation and immunoreactivity were determined by Western blotting. Histology and immunohistochemistry were performed for morphometric analysis. Overexpression of GH was performed in the quail neuroretinal-derived immortalized cell line (QNR/D) cell line. Exogenous GH was administered to retinal primary cell cultures to study the activation of signaling pathways. Results KA disrupted the retinal cytoarchitecture and induced significant cell loss in several retinal layers, but the coaddition of GH effectively prevented these adverse effects. We showed that GH upregulates the Notch signaling pathway during neuroprotection leading to phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways through downregulation of PTEN. In contrast, cotreatment of GH with the Notch signaling inhibitor, DAPT, prevented its neuroprotective effect against KA. We identified binding sites in Notch1 and Notch2 genes for STAT5. Also, GH prevented Müller cell transdifferentiation and downregulated Sox2, FGF2, and PCNA after cotreatment with KA. Additionally, GH modified TNF receptors immunoreactivity suggesting anti-inflammatory actions. Conclusions Our data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of GH against KA injury in the retina are mediated through the regulation of Notch signaling. Additionally, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fleming
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jerusa E Balderas-Márquez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - David Epardo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - José Ávila-Mendoza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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21
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Tsingos E, Höckendorf B, Sütterlin T, Kirchmaier S, Grabe N, Centanin L, Wittbrodt J. Retinal stem cells modulate proliferative parameters to coordinate post-embryonic morphogenesis in the eye of fish. eLife 2019; 8:42646. [PMID: 30910010 PMCID: PMC6486154 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining clonal analysis with a computational agent based model, we investigate how tissue-specific stem cells for neural retina (NR) and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes) coordinate their growth rates. NR cell division timing is less variable, consistent with an upstream role as growth inducer. RPE cells divide with greater variability, consistent with a downstream role responding to inductive signals. Strikingly, the arrangement of the retinal ciliary marginal zone niche results in a spatially biased random lineage loss, where stem- and progenitor cell domains emerge spontaneously. Further, our data indicate that NR cells orient division axes to regulate organ shape and retinal topology. We highlight an unappreciated mechanism for growth coordination, where one tissue integrates cues to synchronize growth of nearby tissues. This strategy may enable evolution to modulate cell proliferation parameters in one tissue to adapt whole-organ morphogenesis in a complex vertebrate organ. By the time babies reach adulthood, they have grown many times larger than they were at birth. This development is driven by an increase in the number and size of cells in the body. In particular, special types of cells, called stem cells, act as a reservoir for tissues: they divide to create new cells that will mature into various specialized structures. The retina is the light-sensitive part of the eye. It consists of the neural retina, a tissue that contains light-detecting cells, which is supported by the retinal pigment epithelium or RPE. In fish, the RPE and neural retina are replenished by distinct groups of stem cells that do not mix, despite the tissues being close together. Unlike humans, fish grow throughout adulthood, and their eyes must then keep pace with the body. This means that the different tissues in the retina must somehow coordinate to expand at the same rate: otherwise, the retina would get wrinkled and not work properly. Tsingos et al. therefore wanted to determine how stem cells in the neural retina and RPE co-operated to produce the right number of new cells at the right time. First, stem cells in the eyes of newly hatched fish were labelled with a visible marker so that their divisions could be tracked over time to build cell family trees. This showed that stem cells behaved differently in the neural retina and the RPE. Computer simulations of the growing retina explained this behavior: stem cells in the neural retina were telling the RPE stem cells when it was time to divide. Combining results from the simulations with data from the experiments revealed that a stem cell decided to keep up dividing partly because of its position in the tissue, and partly because of random chance. To be healthy, the body needs to fine-tune the number of cells it produces: creating too few cells may make it difficult to heal after injury, but making too many could lead to diseases such as cancer. Understanding how tissues normally agree to grow together could therefore open new avenues of treatment for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tsingos
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Höckendorf
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Sütterlin
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Hamamatsu TIGA Center, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Kirchmaier
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grabe
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Hamamatsu TIGA Center, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lazaro Centanin
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lind A, Dahlgren J, Raffa L, Allvin K, Ghazi Mroué D, Andersson Grönlund M. Visual Function and Fundus Morphology in Relation to Growth and Cardiovascular Status in 10-Year-Old Moderate-to-Late Preterm Children. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 195:121-130. [PMID: 30081018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study visual function and ocular fundus morphology in relation to growth, metabolic status, and blood pressure in moderate-to-late preterm (MLP) children at 10 years of age. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS In this population-based observational study, nonsyndromic MLP children born in Gothenburg, Sweden, were examined neonatally in the years 2002-2003 concerning length, weight, head circumference, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). At 10 years of age, 33 children (10 girls) were examined regarding previously mentioned variables, and regarding visual acuity, refraction, fundus morphology, IGF binding protein 3, leptin, adiponectin, and blood pressure. An age- and sex-matched control group consisted of 28 children (9 girls). RESULTS Myopia was more commonly found in MLP children than in controls (P = .004, 95% CI 1.8 to 49.8). The MLP group had smaller optic disc area (P = .01, 95% CI -0.5 to -0.1), smaller rim area (P = .001, 95% CI -0.5 to -0.2), fewer branching points (P = .0001, 95% CI -5.7 to -2.1), and higher index of tortuosity of arteries (P = .03, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.03) and veins (P = .02, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.02). Refraction correlated with IGF-I (P = .0005, rs = 0.60 in right eye, and P = .002, rs = 0.55 in left eye) at 10 years of age. Tortuosity of arteries at assessment correlated with neonatal IGF-I levels (P = .03, rs = -0.39). Tortuosity of veins correlated with a leptin/adiponectin ratio at assessment (P = .04, rs = 0.37). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that being born MLP is associated with myopia, smaller optic disc and rim areas, and abnormal retinal vascularization. Furthermore, metabolic status and growth factors seem to have an impact on ocular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lind
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jovanna Dahlgren
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Raffa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kerstin Allvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Deala Ghazi Mroué
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marita Andersson Grönlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Fleming T, Martinez-Moreno CG, Carranza M, Luna M, Harvey S, Arámburo C. Growth hormone promotes synaptogenesis and protects neuroretinal dendrites against kainic acid (KA) induced damage. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 265:111-120. [PMID: 29454595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that suggests a possible role for GH in retinal development and synaptogenesis. While our previous studies have focused largely on embryonic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), our current study demonstrates that GH has a synaptogenic effect in retinal primary cell cultures, increasing the abundance of both pre- (SNAP25) and post- (PSD95) synaptic proteins. In the neonatal chick, kainate (KA) treatment was found to damage retinal synapses and abrogate GH expression. In response to damage, an increase in Cy3-GH internalization into RGCs was observed when administered shortly before or after damage. This increase in internalization also correlated with increase in PSD95 expression, suggesting a neuroprotective effect on the dendritic trees of RGCs and the inner plexiform layer (IPL). In addition, we observed the presence of PSD95 positive Müller glia, which may suggest GH is having a neuroregenerative effect in the kainate-damaged retina. This work puts forth further evidence that GH acts as a synaptogenic modulator in the chick retina and opens a new possibility for the use of GH in retinal regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fleming
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Carlos G Martinez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro 76230, Mexico
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro 76230, Mexico
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro 76230, Mexico
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro 76230, Mexico.
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Chakraborty R, Ostrin LA, Nickla DL, Iuvone PM, Pardue MT, Stone RA. Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:217-245. [PMID: 29691928 PMCID: PMC6038122 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite extensive research, mechanisms regulating postnatal eye growth and those responsible for ametropias are poorly understood. With the marked recent increases in myopia prevalence, robust and biologically-based clinical therapies to normalize refractive development in childhood are needed. Here, we review classic and contemporary literature about how circadian biology might provide clues to develop a framework to improve the understanding of myopia etiology, and possibly lead to rational approaches to ameliorate refractive errors developing in children. RECENT FINDINGS Increasing evidence implicates diurnal and circadian rhythms in eye growth and refractive error development. In both humans and animals, ocular length and other anatomical and physiological features of the eye undergo diurnal oscillations. Systemically, such rhythms are primarily generated by the 'master clock' in the surpachiasmatic nucleus, which receives input from the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) through the activation of the photopigment melanopsin. The retina also has an endogenous circadian clock. In laboratory animals developing experimental myopia, oscillations of ocular parameters are perturbed. Retinal signaling is now believed to influence refractive development; dopamine, an important neurotransmitter found in the retina, not only entrains intrinsic retinal rhythms to the light:dark cycle, but it also modulates refractive development. Circadian clocks comprise a transcription/translation feedback control mechanism utilizing so-called clock genes that have now been associated with experimental ametropias. Contemporary clinical research is also reviving ideas first proposed in the nineteenth century that light exposures might impact refraction in children. As a result, properties of ambient lighting are being investigated in refractive development. In other areas of medical science, circadian dysregulation is now thought to impact many non-ocular disorders, likely because the patterns of modern artificial lighting exert adverse physiological effects on circadian pacemakers. How, or if, such modern light exposures and circadian dysregulation contribute to refractive development is not known. SUMMARY The premise of this review is that circadian biology could be a productive area worthy of increased investigation, which might lead to the improved understanding of refractive development and improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Chakraborty
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
- Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur
| | - Richard A. Stone
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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25
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Hui SP, Sheng DZ, Sugimoto K, Gonzalez-Rajal A, Nakagawa S, Hesselson D, Kikuchi K. Zebrafish Regulatory T Cells Mediate Organ-Specific Regenerative Programs. Dev Cell 2017; 43:659-672.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Todd L, Suarez L, Quinn C, Fischer AJ. Retinoic Acid-Signaling Regulates the Proliferative and Neurogenic Capacity of Müller Glia-Derived Progenitor Cells in the Avian Retina. Stem Cells 2017; 36:392-405. [PMID: 29193451 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the retina, Müller glia have the potential to become progenitor cells with the ability to proliferate and regenerate neurons. However, the ability of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) to proliferate and produce neurons is limited in higher vertebrates. Using the chick model system, we investigate how retinoic acid (RA)-signaling influences the proliferation and the formation of MGPCs. We observed an upregulation of cellular RA binding proteins (CRABP) in the Müller glia of damaged retinas where the formation of MGPCs is known to occur. Activation of RA-signaling was stimulated, whereas inhibition suppressed the proliferation of MGPCs in damaged retinas and in fibroblast growth factor 2-treated undamaged retinas. Furthermore, inhibition of RA-degradation stimulated the proliferation of MGPCs. Levels of Pax6, Klf4, and cFos were upregulated in MGPCs by RA agonists and downregulated in MGPCs by RA antagonists. Activation of RA-signaling following MGPC proliferation increased the percentage of progeny that differentiated as neurons. Similarly, the combination of RA and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) significantly increased neurogenesis from retinal progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ). In summary, RA-signaling stimulates the formation of proliferating MGPCs and enhances the neurogenic potential of MGPCs and stem cells in the CMZ. Stem Cells 2018;36:392-405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lilianna Suarez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Colin Quinn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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27
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Wisely CE, Sayed JA, Tamez H, Zelinka C, Abdel-Rahman MH, Fischer AJ, Cebulla CM. The chick eye in vision research: An excellent model for the study of ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:72-97. [PMID: 28668352 PMCID: PMC5653414 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The domestic chicken, Gallus gallus, serves as an excellent model for the study of a wide range of ocular diseases and conditions. The purpose of this manuscript is to outline some anatomic, physiologic, and genetic features of this organism as a robust animal model for vision research, particularly for modeling human retinal disease. Advantages include a sequenced genome, a large eye, relative ease of handling and maintenance, and ready availability. Relevant similarities and differences to humans are highlighted for ocular structures as well as for general physiologic processes. Current research applications for various ocular diseases and conditions, including ocular imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, are discussed. Several genetic and non-genetic ocular disease models are outlined, including for pathologic myopia, keratoconus, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinal degeneration, ocular albinism, and ocular tumors. Finally, the use of stem cell technology to study the repair of damaged tissues in the chick eye is discussed. Overall, the chick model provides opportunities for high-throughput translational studies to more effectively prevent or treat blinding ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ellis Wisely
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Javed A Sayed
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Heather Tamez
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Chris Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mohamed H Abdel-Rahman
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
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28
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Martinez-Moreno CG, Fleming T, Carranza M, Ávila-Mendoza J, Luna M, Harvey S, Arámburo C. Growth hormone protects against kainate excitotoxicity and induces BDNF and NT3 expression in chicken neuroretinal cells. Exp Eye Res 2017; 166:1-12. [PMID: 29030174 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest a beneficial neuroprotective effect of growth hormone (GH) in the nervous system. While our previous studies have largely focused on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), we have also found conclusive evidence of a pro-survival effect of GH in cells of the inner nuclear layer (INL) as well as a protective effect on the dendritic trees of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) in the retina. The administration of GH in primary neuroretinal cell cultures protected and induced neural outgrowths. Our results, both in vitro (embryo) and in vivo (postnatal), showed neuroprotective actions of GH against kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in the chicken neuroretina. Intravitreal injections of GH restored brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in retinas treated with KA. In addition, we demonstrated that GH over-expression and exogenous administration increased BDNF and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) gene expression in embryonic neuroretinal cells. Thus, GH neuroprotective actions in neural tissues may be mediated by a complex cascade of neurotrophins and growth factors which have been classically related to damage prevention and neuroretinal tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Martinez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico.
| | - T Fleming
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - M Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| | - J Ávila-Mendoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| | - M Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| | - S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - C Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
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29
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Fujita S, Honda K, Hiramoto D, Gyu M, Okuda M, Nakayama S, Yamaguchi M, Saneyasu T, Kamisoyama H. Central and peripheral administrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 suppress food intake in chicks. Physiol Behav 2017; 179:308-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Klein RH, Hu W, Kashgari G, Lin Z, Nguyen T, Doan M, Andersen B. Characterization of enhancers and the role of the transcription factor KLF7 in regulating corneal epithelial differentiation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18937-18950. [PMID: 28916725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During tissue development, transcription factors bind regulatory DNA regions called enhancers, often located at great distances from the genes they regulate, to control gene expression. The enhancer landscape during embryonic stem cell differentiation has been well characterized. By contrast, little is known about the shared and unique enhancer regulatory mechanisms in different ectodermally derived epithelial cells. Here we use ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify domains enriched for the histone marks histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation, histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation, and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K4me3, H3K4me1, and H3K27ac) and define, for the first time, the super enhancers and typical enhancers active in primary human corneal epithelial cells. We show that regulatory regions are often shared between cell types of the ectodermal lineage and that corneal epithelial super enhancers are already marked as potential regulatory domains in embryonic stem cells. Kruppel-like factor (KLF) motifs were enriched in corneal epithelial enhancers, consistent with the important roles of KLF4 and KLF5 in promoting corneal epithelial differentiation. We now show that the Kruppel family member KLF7 promotes the corneal progenitor cell state; on many genes, KLF7 antagonized the corneal differentiation-promoting KLF4. Furthermore, we found that two SNPs linked previously to corneal diseases, astigmatism, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome fall within corneal epithelial enhancers and alter their activity by disrupting transcription factor motifs that overlap these SNPs. Taken together, our work defines regulatory enhancers in corneal epithelial cells, highlights global gene-regulatory relationships shared among different epithelial cells, identifies a role for KLF7 as a KLF4 antagonist in corneal epithelial cell differentiation, and explains how two SNPs may contribute to corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Herndon Klein
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and.,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - William Hu
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
| | | | - Ziguang Lin
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
| | - Tuyen Nguyen
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and.,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Michael Doan
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
| | - Bogi Andersen
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and .,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and
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31
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Todd L, Palazzo I, Squires N, Mendonca N, Fischer AJ. BMP- and TGFβ-signaling regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina. Glia 2017; 65:1640-1655. [PMID: 28703293 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) have the capability to regenerate neurons in the retinas of different vertebrate orders. The formation of MGPCs is regulated by a network of cell-signaling pathways. The purpose of this study was to investigate how BMP/Smad1/5/8- and TGFβ/Smad2/3-signaling are coordinated to influence the formation of MGPCs in the chick model system. We find that pSmad1/5/8 is selectively up-regulated in the nuclei of Müller glia following treatment with BMP4, FGF2, or NMDA-induced damage, and this up-regulation is blocked by a dorsomorphin analogue DMH1. By comparison, Smad2/3 is found in the nuclei of Müller glia in untreated retinas, and becomes localized to the cytoplasm following NMDA- or FGF2-treatment. These findings suggest a decrease in TGFβ- and increase in BMP-signaling when MGPCs are known to form. In both NMDA-damaged and FGF2-treated retinas, inhibition of BMP-signaling suppressed the proliferation of MGPCs, whereas inhibition of TGFβ-signaling stimulated the proliferation of MGPCs. Consistent with these findings, TGFβ2 suppressed the formation of MGPCs in NMDA-damaged retinas. Our findings indicate that BMP/TGFβ/Smad-signaling is recruited into the network of signaling pathways that controls the formation of proliferating MGPCs. We conclude that signaling through BMP4/Smad1/5/8 promotes the formation of MGPCs, whereas signaling through TGFβ/Smad2/3 suppresses the formation of MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Natalie Squires
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Ninoshka Mendonca
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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Bergen MA, Park HN, Chakraborty R, Landis EG, Sidhu C, He L, Iuvone PM, Pardue MT. Altered Refractive Development in Mice With Reduced Levels of Retinal Dopamine. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:4412-4419. [PMID: 27750284 PMCID: PMC5015967 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The neuromodulator dopamine (DA) has been implicated in the prevention of excessive ocular elongation and myopia in various animal models. This study used retina-specific DA knockout mice to investigate the role of retinal DA in refractive development and susceptibility to experimental myopia. Methods Measurements of refractive error, corneal curvature, and ocular biometrics were obtained as a function of age for both untreated and form-deprived (FD) groups of retina-specific tyrosine hydroxylase knockout (rTHKO) and control (Ctrl) mice. Retinas from each group were analyzed by HPLC for levels of DA and its primary metabolite (DOPAC). Results Under normal visual conditions, rTHKO mice showed significantly myopic refractions (F(1,188) = 7.602, P < 0.001) and steeper corneas (main effect of genotype F(1,180) = 5.1, P < 0.01) at 4 and 6 weeks of age compared with Ctrl mice. Retina-specific THKO mice also had thinner corneas (main effect of genotype F(1,181) = 37.17, P < 0.001), thinner retinas (F(6,181) = 6.07, P < 0.001), and shorter axial lengths (F(6,181) = 3.78, P < 0.01) than Ctrl mice. Retina-specific THKO retinas contained less than 15% of DA and DOPAC compared with Ctrl retinas, and the remaining DA had a significantly higher turnover, as indicated by DOPAC/DA ratios (Student's t-test, P < 0.05). Retina-specific THKO mice showed similar, yet more variable, responses to 6 weeks of FD compared with Ctrl mice. Conclusions Diminished retinal DA induced spontaneous myopia in mice raised under laboratory conditions without form deprivation. The relative myopic shift in rTHKO mice may be explained by steeper corneas, an unexpected finding. The chronic loss of DA did not significantly alter the FD myopia response in rTHKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bergen
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States 2Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Han Na Park
- Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ranjay Chakraborty
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States 3Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Erica G Landis
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States 4Neuroscience, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Curran Sidhu
- Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Li He
- Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 4Neuroscience, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 5Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States 3Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 4Neuroscience, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Zhang D, Zeng G, Hu J, McCormick K, Shi Y, Gong B. Association of IGF1 polymorphism rs6214 with high myopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:434-439. [PMID: 28135889 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1253105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the association of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) polymorphism rs6214 with high myopia through a systematic review and meta-analysis of candidate genetic association study. METHODS All case-control association studies on IGF1 and high myopia reported up to 15 June 2016 in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Chinese Biomedical Database were retrieved. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) using fixed and random effects models according to between study heterogeneity. Publication bias analyses were conducted using Begg's test. RESULTS A total of eight studies from published articles were included in our analysis. The meta-analyses for IGF1 rs6214, composed of 4242 high myopia patients and 4430 controls, showed low heterogeneity for the included populations in all the genetic models, except that of the allelic genetic model in the pooled populations. The analyses of all the genetic models in Chinese, Japanese, and overall pooled populations did not identify any significant association between high myopia and IGF1 rs6214. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis showed there was no association detected between IGF1 rs6214 and high myopia. Given the limited sample size, further investigations including more ethnic groups are required to validate the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Zhang
- a Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Guangqun Zeng
- b Department of Clinical Laboratory , People's Hospital of Pengzhou , Pengzhou , Sichuan , China
| | - Jinliang Hu
- c Institute of Health Policy and Hospital Management, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China.,d School of Public Health , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Kerry McCormick
- e College of Science and Mathematics , California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , California , USA
| | - Yi Shi
- a Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Bo Gong
- a Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
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Violet Light Exposure Can Be a Preventive Strategy Against Myopia Progression. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:210-219. [PMID: 28063778 PMCID: PMC5233810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. Outdoor activity is one of the most important environmental factors for myopia control. Here we show that violet light (VL, 360–400 nm wavelength) suppresses myopia progression. First, we confirmed that VL suppressed the axial length (AL) elongation in the chick myopia model. Expression microarray analyses revealed that myopia suppressive gene EGR1 was upregulated by VL exposure. VL exposure induced significantly higher upregulation of EGR1 in chick chorioretinal tissues than blue light under the same conditions. Next, we conducted clinical research retrospectively to compare the AL elongation among myopic children who wore eyeglasses (VL blocked) and two types of contact lenses (partially VL blocked and VL transmitting). The data showed the VL transmitting contact lenses suppressed myopia progression most. These results suggest that VL is one of the important outdoor environmental factors for myopia control. Since VL is apt to be excluded from our modern society due to the excessive UV protection, VL exposure can be a preventive strategy against myopia progression. Violet light (360–400 nm wavelengths) suppressed the axial length elongation both in a chick myopia model and in human. The myopia suppressive gene EGR1 was upregulated by the violet light exposure. Violet light, one of the myopia suppressive factors in the outdoor environment, is deficient from our modern society.
Short-sightedness (myopia) has been increasing worldwide especially over the past 50 years. Our studies on chicks and humans revealed that violet light (360–400 nm wavelength) suppressed myopia progression. At a molecular level we found that violet light increased the expression of the gene EGR1 known to prevent myopia. Interestingly, violet light is deficient in our modern society because various ultraviolet-protected products are not transmitting violet light, and light sources such as LED irradiate no violet light. Ultraviolet protection is important for ocular health, but excessive ultraviolet protection, including violet light, should be reconsidered from the aspect of myopia control.
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Zelinka CP, Volkov L, Goodman ZA, Todd L, Palazzo I, Bishop WA, Fischer AJ. mTor signaling is required for the formation of proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the chick retina. Development 2016; 143:1859-73. [PMID: 27068108 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the roles of mTor signaling in the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the chick retina. During embryonic development, pS6 (a readout of active mTor signaling) is present in early-stage retinal progenitors, differentiating amacrine and ganglion cells, and late-stage progenitors or maturing Müller glia. By contrast, pS6 is present at low levels in a few scattered cell types in mature, healthy retina. Following retinal damage, in which MGPCs are known to form, mTor signaling is rapidly activated in Müller glia. Inhibition of mTor in damaged retinas prevented the accumulation of pS6 in Müller glia and reduced numbers of proliferating MGPCs. Inhibition of mTor had no effect on MAPK signaling or on upregulation of the stem cell factor Klf4, whereas Pax6 upregulation was significantly reduced. Inhibition of mTor potently blocked the MGPC-promoting effects of Hedgehog, Wnt and glucocorticoid signaling in damaged retinas. In the absence of retinal damage, insulin, IGF1 and FGF2 induced pS6 in Müller glia, and this was blocked by mTor inhibitor. In FGF2-treated retinas, in which MGPCs are known to form, inhibition of mTor blocked the accumulation of pS6, the upregulation of Pax6 and the formation of proliferating MGPCs. We conclude that mTor signaling is required, but not sufficient, to stimulate Müller glia to give rise to proliferating progenitors, and the network of signaling pathways that drive the formation of MGPCs requires activation of mTor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Leo Volkov
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Zachary A Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - William A Bishop
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
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Wang P, Liu X, Ye Z, Gong B, Yang Y, Zhang D, Wu X, Zheng H, Li Y, Yang Z, Shi Y. Association of IGF1 and IGF1R gene polymorphisms with high myopia in a Han Chinese population. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 38:122-126. [PMID: 27044882 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2016.1145699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) have been shown to influence the development of form-deprivation myopia. However, genetic association between these two genes and high myopia remains inconsistent in different studies. This study was conducted to investigate the association between IGF1and IGF1R and high myopia in a Han Chinese population. METHODS Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IGF1 and IGF1R genes were genotyped by SNaPshot method in a Han Chinese subject group composed of 1244 high myopia patients and 1380 controls. The genotyping data was analyzed by χ2 test and the linkage disequilibrium block structure was examined by Haploview software. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the allele frequencies of IGF1 and IGF1R SNPs and genotypes between patients and controls after Bonferroni multiple-correction (p > 0.05). However, the G allele of rs35766 in the IGF1 gene showed a protective effect for high myopia (p = 0.015, corrected p = 0.21, odds ratio [OR] = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.70-0.97). The carriers of rs35766GG and rs35766GG+AG genotypes displayed a decreased risk of high myopia compared with rs35766AA carriers (p = 0.012, OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47-0.91; p = 0.019, OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50-0.94, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants in the IGF1 and IGF1R genes might not be associated with high myopia in Han Chinese. Further studies are needed to verify the possible function of IGF1 and IGF1R in the development of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- a Department of Neurology , Chongzhou People's Hospital , Chongzhou , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Zimeng Ye
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China.,c College of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Bo Gong
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yin Yang
- d Department of Ophthalmology , Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Hong Zheng
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China.,c College of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yi Shi
- b Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu , Sichuan , China.,c College of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
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Todd L, Volkov LI, Zelinka C, Squires N, Fischer AJ. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) stimulates the proliferation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in avian and murine retinas. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 69:54-64. [PMID: 26500021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia can be stimulated to de-differentiate, proliferate and form Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) that regenerate retinal neurons. In the zebrafish retina, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) may be one of the key factors that stimulate the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Currently nothing is known about the influence of HB-EGF on the proliferative potential of Müller glia in retinas of birds and rodents. In the chick retina, we found that levels of both hb-egf and egf-receptor are rapidly and transiently up-regulated following NMDA-induced damage. Although intraocular injections of HB-EGF failed to stimulate cell-signaling or proliferation of Müller glia in normal retinas, HB-EGF stimulated proliferation of MGPCs in damaged retinas. By comparison, inhibition of the EGF-receptor (EGFR) decreased the proliferation of MGPCs in damaged retinas. HB-EGF failed to act synergistically with FGF2 to stimulate the formation of MGPCs in the undamaged retina and inhibition of EGF-receptor did not suppress FGF2-mediated formation of MGPCs. In the mouse retina, HB-EGF stimulated the proliferation of Müller glia following NMDA-induced damage. Furthermore, HB-EGF not only stimulated MAPK-signaling in Müller glia/MGPCs, but also activated mTor- and Jak/Stat-signaling. We propose that levels of expression of EGFR are rate-limiting to the responses of Müller glia to HB-EGF and the expression of EGFR can be induced by retinal damage, but not by FGF2-treatment. We conclude that HB-EGF is mitogenic to Müller glia in both chick and mouse retinas, and HB-EGF is an important player in the formation of MGPCs in damaged retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Leo I Volkov
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chris Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Natalie Squires
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Coaxial Electrospray of Ranibizumab-Loaded Microparticles for Sustained Release of Anti-VEGF Therapies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135608. [PMID: 26273831 PMCID: PMC4537102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness in people over age 65 in industrialized nations. Intravitreous injection of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapies, such as ranibizumab (trade name: Lucentis), provides an effective treatment option for neovascular AMD. We have developed an improved coaxial electrospray (CES) process to encapsulate ranibizumab in poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) for intravitreous injection and sustained drug release. This microencapsulation process is advantageous for maintaining the stability of the coaxial cone-jet configurations and producing drug-loaded MPs with as high as 70% encapsulation rate and minimal loss of bioactivitiy. The utility of this emerging process in intravitreous drug delivery has been demonstrated in both benchtop and in vivo experiments. The benchtop test simulates ocular drug release using PLGA MPs encapsulating a model drug. The in vivo experiment evaluates the inflammation and retinal cell death after intravitreal injection of the MPs in a chick model. The experimental results show that the drug-load MPs are able to facilitate sustained drug release for longer than one month. No significant long term microglia reaction or cell death is observed after intravitreal injection of 200 μg MPs. The present study demonstrates the technical feasibility of using the improved CES process to encapsulate water-soluble drugs at a high concentration for sustained release of anti-VEGF therapy.
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Guo L, Du X, Lu C, Zhang WH. Association between Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Gene rs12423791 or rs6214 Polymorphisms and High Myopia: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129707. [PMID: 26076017 PMCID: PMC4468052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the association of insulin-like growth factor 1 gene rs12423791 and rs6214 polymorphisms with high myopia. Methods An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and the Chinese Biological Abstract Database for articles published prior to May 6, 2014. A meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.1 and Stata 12.0, and the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated in fixed or random effects models based on the results of the Q test. The subgroup analysis was conducted on the basis of the various regions, the sensitivity analysis was also performed to evaluate the stability of the results, and the publication bias was evaluated by a funnel plot and Egger’s linear regression analysis. Results This comprehensive meta-analysis included 2808 high myopia patients and 2778 controls from five unrelated studies. The results demonstrated that the significant association was not present in any genetic models between IGF-1 rs12423791 or rs6214 and high myopia. However, subgroup analysis indicated that rs12423791 polymorphism was associated with high myopia in the Chinese populations in the allelic contrast model (C vs. G: OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.04-1.48 in the fixed-effects model), the dominant model (CC+CG vs. GG: OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.16-1.69 in the fixed-effects model), and the codominant model (CG vs. GG: OR=1.37, 95% CI= 1.12-1.68 in the fixed-effects model). Additionally, none of the individual studies significantly affected the association between IGF-1 rs12423791 and high myopia, according to sensitivity analysis. Conclusion This meta-analysis shows that IGF-1 rs12423791 or rs6214 gene polymorphism is not associated with high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueying Du
- Department of laboratory, Center for the primary and secondary school health promotion, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei-Hong Zhang
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research Centre, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
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Wan J, Zhao XF, Vojtek A, Goldman D. Retinal injury, growth factors, and cytokines converge on β-catenin and pStat3 signaling to stimulate retina regeneration. Cell Rep 2014; 9:285-297. [PMID: 25263555 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia (MG) in the zebrafish retina respond to retinal injury by generating multipotent progenitors for retinal repair. Here, we show that Insulin, Igf-1, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling components are necessary for retina regeneration. Interestingly, these factors synergize with each other and with heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and cytokines to stimulate MG to generate multipotent progenitors in the uninjured retina. These factors act by stimulating a core set of signaling cascades (Mapk/Erk, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K], β-catenin, and pStat3) that are also shared with retinal injury and exhibit a remarkable amount of crosstalk. Our studies suggest that MG both produce and respond to factors that stimulate MG reprogramming and proliferation following retinal injury. The identification of a core set of regeneration-associated signaling pathways required for MG reprogramming not only furthers our understanding of retina regeneration in fish but also suggests targets for enhancing regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhao
- The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anne Vojtek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
Müller glia are the major glial component of the retina. They are one of the last retinal cell types to be born during development, and they function to maintain retinal homeostasis and integrity. In mammals, Müller glia respond to retinal injury in various ways that can be either protective or detrimental to retinal function. Although these cells can be coaxed to proliferate and generate neurons under special circumstances, these responses are meagre and insufficient for repairing a damaged retina. By contrast, in teleost fish (such as zebrafish), the response of Müller glia to retinal injury involves a reprogramming event that imparts retinal stem cell characteristics and enables them to produce a proliferating population of progenitors that can regenerate all major retinal cell types and restore vision. Recent studies have revealed several important mechanisms underlying Müller glial cell reprogramming and retina regeneration in fish that may lead to new strategies for stimulating retina regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of
Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Yoshida M, Meguro A, Yoshino A, Nomura N, Okada E, Mizuki N. Association study of IGF1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to high myopia in a Japanese population. Clin Ophthalmol 2013; 7:2057-62. [PMID: 24204106 PMCID: PMC3804590 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s52726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Polymorphisms in the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene were previously associated with high or extreme myopia in Caucasian and Chinese populations. In the present study, we investigated whether IGF1 polymorphisms are associated with high myopia in a Japanese population. METHODS A total of 446 Japanese patients with high myopia (≤-9.00 diopters) and 481 Japanese healthy controls (+1.50 diopters to -1.50 diopters) were recruited. We genotyped seven tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IGF1 and assessed allelic and haplotypic diversity in cases and controls. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the allele frequencies of IGF1 SNPs and genotypes between cases and controls (P>0.05). However, the A allele of rs5742629 and the G allele of rs12423791 were associated with a moderately increased risk of high myopia (odds ratio [OR] =1.20 and OR =1.21, respectively) with borderline statistical significance (P=0.0502, corrected P (Pc) =0.21 and P=0.064, Pc=0.29, respectively). The haplotype consisting of the A allele of rs5742629 and the G allele of rs12423791 was marginally associated with the risk of high myopia (P=0.041; OR =1.21); this association was not significant after correction (Pc=0.19). CONCLUSION We found that the IGF1 SNPs are not significantly associated with high myopia in our Japanese population. Our results are in contrast to a previous study in which extreme myopia cases had significantly higher frequencies of the G allele of rs5742629 and the C allele of rs12423791 than controls. Therefore, the IGF1 SNPs may not be important factors for susceptibility to high myopia in all populations. Further genetic studies are needed to elucidate the possible contributions of the IGF1 region to the development of high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Yoshida
- Department of Public Health, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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Park H, Tan CC, Faulkner A, Jabbar SB, Schmid G, Abey J, Iuvone PM, Pardue MT. Retinal degeneration increases susceptibility to myopia in mice. Mol Vis 2013; 19:2068-79. [PMID: 24146540 PMCID: PMC3786452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal diseases are often associated with refractive errors, suggesting the importance of normal retinal signaling during emmetropization. For instance, retinitis pigmentosa, a disease characterized by severe photoreceptor degeneration, is associated with myopia; however, the underlying link between these conditions is not known. This study examines the influence of photoreceptor degeneration on refractive development by testing two mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa under normal and form deprivation visual conditions. Dopamine, a potential stop signal for refractive eye growth, was assessed as a potential underlying mechanism. METHODS Refractive eye growth in mice that were homozygous for a mutation in Pde6b, Pde6b(rd1/rd1) (rd1), or Pde6b(rd10/rd10) (rd10) was measured weekly from 4 to 12 weeks of age and compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Refractive error was measured using an eccentric infrared photorefractor, and axial length was measured with partial coherence interferometry or spectral domain ocular coherence tomography. A cohort of mice received head-mounted diffuser goggles to induce form deprivation from 4 to 6 weeks of age. Dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography in each strain after exposure to normal or form deprivation conditions. RESULTS The rd1 and rd10 mice had significantly greater hyperopia relative to the WT controls throughout normal development; however, axial length became significantly longer only in WT mice starting at 7 weeks of age. After 2 weeks of form deprivation, the rd1 and rd10 mice demonstrated a faster and larger myopic shift (-6.14±0.62 and -7.38±1.46 diopter, respectively) compared to the WT mice (-2.41±0.47 diopter). Under normal visual conditions, the DOPAC levels and DOPAC/dopamine ratios, a measure of dopamine turnover, were significantly lower in the rd1 and rd10 mice compared to the WT mice, while the dopamine levels were similar or higher than WT in the rd10 mice. Lower basal levels of DOPAC were highly correlated with increasing myopic shifts. CONCLUSIONS Refractive development under normal visual conditions was disrupted toward greater hyperopia from 4 to 12 weeks of age in these photoreceptor degeneration models, despite significantly lower DOPAC levels. However, the retinal degeneration models with low basal levels of DOPAC had increased susceptibility to form deprivation myopia. These results indicate that photoreceptor degeneration may alter dopamine metabolism, leading to increased susceptibility to myopia with an environmental visual challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher C. Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amanda Faulkner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Rehab Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - Seema B. Jabbar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gregor Schmid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Rehab Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jane Abey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - P. Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Rehab Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA
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Gallina D, Todd L, Fischer AJ. A comparative analysis of Müller glia-mediated regeneration in the vertebrate retina. Exp Eye Res 2013; 123:121-30. [PMID: 23851023 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the potential of Müller glia to become neuronal progenitor cells in the avian retina. We compare and contrast the remarkable proliferative and neurogenic capacity of Müller glia in the fish retina to the limited capacity of Müller glia in avian and rodent retinas. We summarize recent findings regarding the secreted factors, signaling pathways and cell intrinsic factors that have been implicated in the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitors. We discuss several key similarities and differences between the fish, rodent and chick model systems, highlighting several of the key transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donika Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA.
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Hawthorne FA, Young TL. Genetic contributions to myopic refractive error: Insights from human studies and supporting evidence from animal models. Exp Eye Res 2013; 114:141-9. [PMID: 23379998 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of both population-based and recruited affected patient cohorts have identified a number of genomic regions and candidate genes that may contribute to myopic development. Scientists have developed animal models of myopia, as collection of affected tissues from patents is impractical. Recent advances in whole exome sequencing technology show promise for further elucidation of disease causing variants as in the recent identification of rare variants within ZNF644 segregating with pathological myopia. We present a review of the current research trends and findings on genetic contributions to myopic refraction including candidate loci for myopic development and their genomic convergence with expression studies of animal models inducing myopic development.
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