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Chakraborty R, Baranton K, Pic E, Didone J, Kim W, Lam K, Papandrea A, Kousa J, Bhasme T, Edmonds C, Trieu C, Chang E, Coleman A, Hussain A, Lacan P, Spiegel D, Barrau C. Axial length reduction and choroidal thickening with short-term exposure to cyan light in human subjects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:1414-1432. [PMID: 39244703 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given the potential role of light and its wavelength on ocular growth, this study investigated the effect of short-term exposure to red, cyan and blue light on ocular biometry in humans. METHODS Forty-four young adults and 20 children, comprising emmetropes and myopes, underwent 2-h sessions of cyan (507 nm), red (638 nm) and broadband white light on three separate days via light-emitting glasses. Additionally, young adults were exposed to blue light (454 nm) on an additional day. Axial length (AL) and choroidal thickness (CT) were measured in the right eye before the light exposure (0 min), after 60 and 120 min of exposure and 30 min after light offset using an optical biometer and optical coherence tomographer, respectively. RESULTS Compared to broadband light, exposure to red light resulted in a significant increase in AL (mean difference between white and red light at 120 min, +0.007 mm [0.002]), but no significant change in CT, while cyan light caused a significant AL reduction (-0.010 mm [0.003]) and choroidal thickening (+0.008 mm [0.002]) in young adults (p < 0.05). Blue light caused a significant decrease of -0.007 mm (0.002) in young adult eyes at 60 min (p < 0.05). In children, cyan light led to a significant reduction in AL (-0.016 mm [0.004]) and strong sustained choroidal thickening (+0.014 mm [0.004]) compared to broadband light at 120 min (p < 0.05). The effects of cyan light on AL and CT were found to be stronger in myopic young adults and emmetropic children. The opposing effects of red and cyan light on ocular biometry were similar between the two age groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to cyan light resulted in AL reduction and choroidal thickening in both young adults and children. Further research is needed to determine the application of these results in developing interventions for myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Chakraborty
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Konogan Baranton
- Essilor International, Centre of Innovation and Technologies Europe, Paris, France
| | - Eleonore Pic
- Essilor International, Centre of Innovation and Technologies Europe, Paris, France
| | - Julia Didone
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wanki Kim
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Lam
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alessandro Papandrea
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jad Kousa
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tiana Bhasme
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chloe Edmonds
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cindy Trieu
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eunjong Chang
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander Coleman
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Azfira Hussain
- Myopia and Visual Development Lab, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pascale Lacan
- Essilor International, Centre of Innovation and Technologies Europe, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Spiegel
- Essilor Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, Singapore City, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Coralie Barrau
- Essilor International, Centre of Innovation and Technologies Europe, Paris, France
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Derelі Fіdan E, Yaygıngül R, Kaya M. Effects of intermittent lighting program and light colour on ocular health variables as welfare indicators in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39177037 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2383911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
1. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of lighting programs and light colour on ocular health variables as welfare indicators in Ross 308 broilers.2. A total of 384, male, one-d-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were placed in a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of lighting program (continuous or intermittent) and light colour (white and green LED light). Ross 308 broilers under restricted lighting had 18 h of light (18 L:6D), while those under intermittent lighting had cycles of 17 L:3D:1 L:3D throughout the experimental period, which lasted 42 d.3. At the end of the experiment, all eyes of birds (n = 96 birds) underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included the Schirmer tear test I, intraocular pressure and eye dimensions. In addition, 32 broilers (eight birds per trial groups) aged 42 d underwent ophthalmic examination to include assessment of ocular ultrasound biometry.4. Light colour had a significant influence on the mean intraocular pressure (p < 0.001). The Ross 308 broilers kept with intermittent lighting had lower eye weights (2.29 g; p < 0.05), palpebral fissure length (14.39 mm; p < 0.01), eye dorsoventral diameter (17.46 mm; p < 0.05), anteroposterior size (13.70 mm; p < 0.01) and corneal dorsoventral diameter (7.81 mm; p < 0.05) compared to those reared under restricted lighting.5. In conclusion, these values for Ross 308 broilers may be applied in poultry ophthalmology to detect early eye disease symptoms and to help the diagnosis of tear disorders that could cause economic losses and welfare issues. Intermittent lighting and green LED light may help reduce eye health problems thus contributing to improved welfare in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Derelі Fіdan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - R Yaygıngül
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - M Kaya
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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Li DL, Dong XX, Yang JLX, Lanca C, Grzybowski A, Pan CW. Lower indoor spatial frequency increases the risk of myopia in children. Br J Ophthalmol 2024:bjo-2024-325888. [PMID: 39122351 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2024-325888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Animal models have shown that the absence of high-frequency visual information can precipitate the onset of myopia, but this relationship remains unclear in humans. This study aims to explore the association between the spatial frequency content of the visual environment and myopia in children. METHODS Images from the rooms of children and their frequently visited outdoor areas were taken by their parents and collected by the researcher through questionnaires. The spatial frequency was quantified using Matlab. Cycloplegic refraction was used to measure the spherical equivalent (SE), and IOL Master was used to measure axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR). AL/CR ratio was calculated. RESULTS The study included 566 children with an average age of (8.04±1.47) years, of which 270 were girls (47.7%), and the average SE was (0.70±1.21) D. Image analysis revealed that indoor spatial frequency slope was lower than that of the outdoor environment (-1.43±0.18 vs -1.11±0.23, p<0.001). There were 79 myopic individuals (14.0%). Images from indoor content of myopic children had a lower spatial frequency slope than non-myopic children (-1.47±0.16 vs 1.43±0.18, p=0.03) while there was no significant difference in outdoor spatial frequency slope. Regression analysis indicated that the indoor spatial frequency slope was positively associated with SE value (β=0.60, p=0.02) and inversely related to myopia (OR=0.24, p<0.05). CONCLUSION The spatial frequency of the outdoor environment is significantly higher than that of the indoor environment. Indoor spatial frequency is related to children's refractive status, with lower indoor spatial frequency being associated with a higher degree of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Lin Li
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xuan Dong
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Liu-Xing Yang
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Carla Lanca
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Chen YY, Tsai TH, Liu YL, Lin HJ, Wang IJ. The impact of light properties on ocular growth and myopia development. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2024; 14:143-150. [PMID: 39027063 PMCID: PMC11253990 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-24-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article is to comprehensively review the effect of environmental lighting on ocular growth and refractive status in both animal and clinical studies, with an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. This review was performed by searching research articles and reviews utilizing the terms "myopia," "light therapy," "axial length," "refractive error," and "emmetropization" in PubMed datasets. The review was finalized in December 2023. In the animal studies, high lighting brightness, illumination periods aligning with circadian rhythm, and color contrast signals including multiple wavelengths all help regulate ocular growth against myopia. Long wavelengths have been found to induce myopia in chicks, mice, fish, and guinea pigs, whereas shorter wavelengths lead to hyperopia. In contrast, red light has been observed to have a protective effect against myopia in tree shrews and rhesus monkeys. Apart from wavelength, flicker status also showed inconsistent effects on ocular growth, which could be attributed to differences in ocular refractive status, evolutionary disparities in retinal cone cells across species, and the selection of myopia induction models in experiments. In the clinical studies, current evidence suggests a control effect with red light therapy. Although the lighting conditions diverge from those in animal experiments, further reports are needed to assess the long-term effects. In conclusion, this review encompasses research related to the impact of light exposure on myopia and further explores the retinoscleral signaling pathway in refractive development. The aim is to establish a theoretical foundation for optimizing environmental factors in lighting design to address the epidemic of childhood myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsun Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Youssef MA, Shehata AR, Adly AM, Ahmed MR, Abo-Bakr HF, Fawzy RM, Gouda AT. Efficacy of Repeated Low-Level Red Light (RLRL) therapy on myopia outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:78. [PMID: 38378527 PMCID: PMC10877869 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is the most prevalent form of refractive error that has a major negative impact on visual function and causes blurring of vision. We aimed to determine if Repeated Low-Level Red Light (RLRL) treatment is beneficial in treating childhood myopia in terms of axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refraction (SER), and sub foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT). METHODS This systematic review was performed on RLRL for treatment of myopia in children compared to single vision spectacles (SVS). We employed the search strategy with key terms myopia and low-level light therapy then we searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. The mean differences (MD) were used to evaluate the treatment effects. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2 statistics and explored by sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in our meta-analysis with a total of 833 patients, 407 in treatment group and 426 in control group. At a 3 month follow up period, pooled studies show a statistical difference in AL between RLRL and SVS group (MD = -0.16; 95% CI [-0.19, -0.12], SER (MD = 0.33; 95% CI [0.27, 0.38]), and SFCT (MD = 43.65; 95% CI [23.72, 45.58]). At a 6 month follow up period, pooled studies show a statistical difference in AL between RLRL and SVS group (MD = -0.21; 95% CI [-0.28, -0.15]), SER (MD = 0.46; 95% CI [0.26, 0.65]), and SFCT (MD = 25.07; 95% CI [18.18, 31.95]). At a 12 month follow up period, pooled studies show a statistical difference in AL between RLRL and SVS group (MD = -0.31; 95% CI [-0.42, -0.19]) and SER (MD = 0.63; 95% CI [0.52, 0.73]). CONCLUSION This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis investigating only RCTs evidence supporting the efficacy of 650 nm RLRL for myopia control in the short term of 3, 6, and 12 months follow up. The present review revealed the clinical significance of RLRL as a new alternative treatment for myopia control with good user acceptability and no documented functional or structural damage. However, the effect of long-term RLRL treatment and the rebound effect after cessation require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Moataz Adly
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef city, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Taha Gouda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef city, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Peng S, Guo M, Wu C, Liu J, Zou B, Chen Y, Su Y, Shi L, Zhu S, Xu S, Guo D, Ju R, Wei L, Wei Y, Liu C. Age and light damage influence Fzd5 regulation of ocular growth-related genes. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109769. [PMID: 38154732 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors can independently or coordinatively drive ocular axis growth. Mutations in FRIZZLED5 (FZD5) have been associated with microphthalmia, coloboma, and, more recently, high myopia. The molecular mechanism of how Fzd5 participates in ocular growth remains unknown. In this study, we compiled a list of human genes associated with ocular growth abnormalities based on public databases and a literature search. We identified a set of ocular growth-related genes from the list that was altered in the Fzd5 mutant mice by RNAseq analysis at different time points. The Fzd5 regulation of this set of genes appeared to be impacted by age and light damage. Further bioinformatical analysis indicated that these genes are extracellular matrix (ECM)-related; and meanwhile an altered Wnt signaling was detected. Altogether, the data suggest that Fzd5 may regulate ocular growth through regulating ECM remodeling, hinting at a genetic-environmental interaction in gene regulation of ocular axis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mingzhu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yingchun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shiyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dianlei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Chunqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Liu L, Wang Y, Liu F, Yu X, Xie L, Tan S, Liu J, Liu Y, Huang J, Zhang S, Jiang Y. Effects of repeated low-level red-light therapy on macular retinal thickness and microvascular system in children with myopia. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103938. [PMID: 38244655 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to use optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to analyze the effects of repeated low-level red-light (LLLT) therapy on macular retinal thickness and the microvascular system in children with myopia to evaluate the safety of this therapy. METHODS This prospective study included 40 school-age children with myopia (80 eyes), aged 7-14 years, who received therapy using a LLLT instrument. At baseline and therapy for 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, all children underwent comprehensive ophthalmological examinations, including slit-lamp examination, uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent degree, axial length, and OCTA. The vessel densities of the superficial retinal capillary plexus, macular inner retinal thickness, and full-layer retinal thickness were measured. RESULTS The macular inner retinal thickness increased at 1 month and remained unchanged thereafter, It differed significantly in nine areas at 1, 3, and 6 months compared to the thicknesses before therapy (P < 0.05); however, we observed no significant differences between the different time points (P > 0.05). The macular full-layer retinal thickness increased at 1 month and remained unchanged thereafter; the changes showed significant differences at 1 month and 3 months compared to before therapy, for the inner nasal region (P < 0.05). The other eight areas showed significant differences at 1, 3, and 6 months compared with before therapy (P < 0.05); however, no significant difference was observed between the different time points after therapy (P > 0.05). The vessel density of the superficial retinal capillary plexus did not differ significantly among the four groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LLLT therapy was safe. The school-aged children exhibited macular thickening after LLLT therapy, which had no significant effect on macular microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Xixia County People's Hospital, Nanyang, Henan, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinghui Yu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lianfeng Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuxiang Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yiping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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Biswas S, El Kareh A, Qureshi M, Lee DMX, Sun CH, Lam JSH, Saw SM, Najjar RP. The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia. J Physiol Anthropol 2024; 43:7. [PMID: 38297353 PMCID: PMC10829372 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged as a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood has heightened the risk of developing high myopia and related sight-threatening eye conditions in adulthood. This surge in myopia rates, occurring within a relatively stable genetic framework, underscores the profound influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on this condition. In this comprehensive narrative review, we shed light on both established and potential environmental and lifestyle contributors that affect the development and progression of myopia. MAIN BODY Epidemiological and interventional research has consistently revealed a compelling connection between increased outdoor time and a decreased risk of myopia in children. This protective effect may primarily be attributed to exposure to the characteristics of natural light (i.e., sunlight) and the release of retinal dopamine. Conversely, irrespective of outdoor time, excessive engagement in near work can further worsen the onset of myopia. While the exact mechanisms behind this exacerbation are not fully comprehended, it appears to involve shifts in relative peripheral refraction, the overstimulation of accommodation, or a complex interplay of these factors, leading to issues like retinal image defocus, blur, and chromatic aberration. Other potential factors like the spatial frequency of the visual environment, circadian rhythm, sleep, nutrition, smoking, socio-economic status, and education have debatable independent influences on myopia development. CONCLUSION The environment exerts a significant influence on the development and progression of myopia. Improving the modifiable key environmental predictors like time spent outdoors and engagement in near work can prevent or slow the progression of myopia. The intricate connections between lifestyle and environmental factors often obscure research findings, making it challenging to disentangle their individual effects. This complexity underscores the necessity for prospective studies that employ objective assessments, such as quantifying light exposure and near work, among others. These studies are crucial for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of how various environmental factors can be modified to prevent or slow the progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Biswas
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Antonio El Kareh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Mariyem Qureshi
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Chen-Hsin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janice S H Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Salzano AD, Khanal S, Cheung NL, Weise KK, Jenewein EC, Horn DM, Mutti DO, Gawne TJ. Repeated Low-level Red-light Therapy: The Next Wave in Myopia Management? Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:812-822. [PMID: 37890098 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Exposure to long-wavelength light has been proposed as a potential intervention to slow myopia progression in children. This article provides an evidence-based review of the safety and myopia control efficacy of red light and discusses the potential mechanisms by which red light may work to slow childhood myopia progression.The spectral composition of the ambient light in the visual environment has powerful effects on eye growth and refractive development. Studies in mammalian and primate animal models (macaque monkeys and tree shrews) have shown that daily exposure to long-wavelength (red or amber) light promotes slower eye growth and hyperopia development and inhibits myopia induced by form deprivation or minus lens wear. Consistent with these results, several recent randomized controlled clinical trials in Chinese children have demonstrated that exposure to red light for 3 minutes twice a day significantly reduces myopia progression and axial elongation. These findings have collectively provided strong evidence for the potential of using red light as a myopia control intervention in clinical practice. However, several questions remain unanswered. In this article, we review the current evidence on the safety and efficacy of red light as a myopia control intervention, describe potential mechanisms, and discuss some key unresolved issues that require consideration before red light can be broadly translated into myopia control in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safal Khanal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nathan L Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine K Weise
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Erin C Jenewein
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Darryl M Horn
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald O Mutti
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Timothy J Gawne
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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10
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Jeong H, Lee D, Jiang X, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Opsin 5 mediates violet light-induced early growth response-1 expression in the mouse retina. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17861. [PMID: 37857760 PMCID: PMC10587185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is an abnormal vision condition characterized by difficulties in seeing distant objects. Myopia has become a public health issue not only in Asian countries but also in Western countries. Previously, we found that violet light (VL, 360-400 nm wavelength) exposure effectively suppressed myopia progression in experimental chick and mice models of myopia. The inhibitory effects of VL on myopia progression are reduced in retina-specific opsin 5 (Opn5) knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, VL exposure upregulated early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression in the chorioretinal tissues of chicks. However, the expression of EGR-1 and role of OPN5 in mice following VL exposure remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether VL exposure-induced EGR-1 upregulation depends on Opn5 expression in the mouse retina. EGR-1 mRNA and protein expressions increased in the mouse retina and mouse retinal 661W cells following VL exposure. These increases were consistently reduced in retina specific Opn5 conditional KO mice and Opn5 KO 661W cells. Our results suggest that OPN5 mediates VL-induced EGR-1 upregulation in mice. These molecular targets could be considered for the prevention and treatment of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Deokho Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 304 Toshin Shinanomachi-ekimae Bldg., 34 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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11
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Quint WH, van Buuren R, Kokke NCCJ, Meester-Smoor MA, Willemsen R, Broersma R, Iglesias AI, Lucassen M, Klaver CCW. Exposure to cyan or red light inhibits the axial growth of zebrafish eyes. Exp Eye Res 2023; 230:109437. [PMID: 36924981 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common type of refractive error and is characterized by a mismatch between the optical power and ocular axial length. Light, and more specifically the spectral composition of light, has been known to influence myopic axial growth. In this pilot study, we exposed zebrafish to illuminations that vary in spectral composition and screened for changes in axial length. The illumination spectra included narrow band ultra-violet A (UVA) (peak wavelength 369 nm), violet (425 nm), cyan (483 nm), green/yellow (557 nm), and red (633 nm) light, as well as broad band white light (2700 K and 6500 K), dim white light and broad spectrum (day) light. We found that rearing zebrafish in cyan or red light leads to a reduction of the ocular axial length. The results of this pilot study may contribute to new perspectives on the role of light and lighting as an intervention strategy for myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim H Quint
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renee van Buuren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nina C C J Kokke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rémy Broersma
- Signify Research, Signify, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Adriana I Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Khanal S, Norton TT, Gawne TJ. Limited bandwidth short-wavelength light produces slowly-developing myopia in tree shrews similar to human juvenile-onset myopia. Vision Res 2023; 204:108161. [PMID: 36529048 PMCID: PMC9974583 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal development, an emmetropization feedback mechanism uses visual cues to modulate the axial growth of eyes so that, with maturation, images of distant objects are in focus on the retina. If the visual cues indicate that the eye has become too long, it generates STOP signals that slow eye elongation. Myopia is a failure of this process where the eye becomes too long. The existing animal models of myopia have been essential in understanding the mechanics of emmetropization but use visual cues that lead to rapidly progressing myopia and don't match the stimuli that lead to human myopia. Form deprivation removes esssentially all spatial contrast. Minus lens wear accurately guides axial elongation to restore sharp focus: technically it is not a model of myopia! In contrast, childhood myopia involves a slow drift into myopia, even with the presence of clear images. We hypothesize that, in the modern visual environment, STOP signals are present but often are not quite strong enough to prevent myopic progression. Using tree shrews, small diurnal mammals closely related to primates, we have developed an animal model that we propose better represents this situation. We used limited bandwidth light to provide limited chromatic cues for emmetropization that are not quite enough to produce fully effective STOP signaling, resulting in a slow drift into myopia as seen in children. We hypothesize that this animal model of myopia may prove useful in evaluating anti-myopia therapies where form deprivation and minus lens wear would be too powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safal Khanal
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Timothy J Gawne
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States.
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13
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Zhang C, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zheng Y. Ubiquitous light-emitting diodes: Potential threats to retinal circadian rhythms and refractive development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160809. [PMID: 36502986 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased considerably in the 21st century with humans living in a modern photoperiod with brighter nights and dimmer days. Prolonged exposure to LEDs, especially at night, is considered a new source of pollution because it may affect the synthesis and secretion of retinal melatonin and dopamine, resulting in negative impacts on retinal circadian clocks and potentially disrupting retinal circadian rhythms. The control of ocular refraction is believed to be related to retinal circadian rhythms. Moreover, the global prevalence of myopia has increased at an alarming rate in recent decades. The widespread use of LEDs and the rapid increase in the prevalence of myopia overlap, which is unlikely to be a coincidence. The connection among LEDs, retinal circadian rhythms, and refractive development is both fascinating and confusing. In this review, we aim to develop a systematic framework that includes LEDs, retinal circadian rhythms and refractive development. This paper summarizes the possible mechanisms by which LEDs may disrupt retinal circadian rhythms. We propose that prolonged exposure to LEDs may induce myopia by disrupting retinal circadian rhythms. Finally, we suggest several possible countermeasures to prevent LED interference on retinal circadian rhythms, with the hope of reducing the onset and progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Eye Institute, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Zhaoying Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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14
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Rozema J, Dankert S, Iribarren R. Emmetropization and nonmyopic eye growth. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00037-1. [PMID: 36796457 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Most eyes start with a hypermetropic refractive error at birth, but the growth rates of the ocular components, guided by visual cues, will slow in such a way that this refractive error decreases during the first 2 years of life. Once reaching its target, the eye enters a period of stable refractive error as it continues to grow by balancing the loss in corneal and lens power with the axial elongation. Although these basic ideas were first proposed over a century ago by Straub, the exact details on the controlling mechanism and the growth process remained elusive. Thanks to the observations collected in the last 40 years in both animals and humans, we are now beginning to get an understanding how environmental and behavioral factors stabilize or disrupt ocular growth. We survey these efforts to present what is currently known regarding the regulation of ocular growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Rozema
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Chen H, Wang W, Liao Y, Zhou W, Li Q, Wang J, Tang J, Pei Y, Wang X. Low-intensity red-light therapy in slowing myopic progression and the rebound effect after its cessation in Chinese children: a randomized controlled trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:575-584. [PMID: 35976467 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of low-intensity red-light (LRL) therapy on myopic control and the response after its cessation. METHODS A prospective clinical trial. One hundred two children aged 6 to 13 with myopia were included in the LRL group (n = 51) and the single-focus spectacles (SFS) group (n = 51). In LRL group, subjects wore SFS and received LRL therapy provided by a laser device that emitted red-light of 635 nm and power of 0.35 ± 0.02 mW. One year after the control trial, LRL therapy was stopped for 3 months. The outcomes mainly included axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refraction (SER), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and accommodative function. RESULTS After 12 months of therapy, 46 children in the LRL group and 40 children in the SFS group completed the trial. AL elongation and myopic progression were 0.01 mm (95%CI: - 0.05 to 0.07 mm) and 0.05 D (95%CI: - 0 .08 to 0.19 D) in the LRL group, which were less than 0.39 mm (95%CI: 0.33 to 0.45 mm) and - 0.64 D (95%CI: - 0.78 to - 0.51 D) in the SFS group (p < 0.05). The change of SFCT in the LRL group was greater than that in the SFS group (p < 0.05). Accommodative response and positive relative accommodation in the LRL group were more negative than those in the SFS group (p < 0.05). Forty-two subjects completed the observation of LRL cessation, AL and SER increased by 0.16 mm (95%CI: 0.11 to 0.22 mm) and - 0.20 D (95%CI: - 0.26 to - 0.14 D) during the cessation (p < 0.05), and SFCT returned to baseline (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LRL is an effective measure for preventing and controlling myopia, and it may also have the ability to improve the accommodative function. There may be a slight myopic rebound after its cessation. The effect of long-term LRL therapy needs to be further explored. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: Chinese Clinical Trails registry: ChiCTR2100045250. Registered 9 April 2021; retrospectively registered. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=124250.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Community and Health Education, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Community and Health Education, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Community and Health Education, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- Department of Community and Health Education, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Nickla DL, Wang X, Rucker F, Chen W, Taylor C. Effects of Morning or Evening Narrow-band Blue Light on the Compensation to Lens-induced Hyperopic Defocus in Chicks. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:33-42. [PMID: 36473083 PMCID: PMC11572035 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Exposure to blue light before bedtime is purported to be deleterious to various aspects of human health. In chicks, blue evening light stimulated ocular growth, suggesting a role in myopia development. To further investigate this hypothesis, we asked if brief blue light altered the compensatory responses to hyperopic defocus. PURPOSE Previous work showed that several hours' evening exposure to blue light stimulated ocular growth in chicks, but morning exposure was only effective at a lower illuminance. By contrast, rearing in blue light has inhibited ocular growth in untreated eyes and eyes exposed to form deprivation or defocus. We studied the effects of brief exposures to blue light on the compensation to hyperopic defocus. METHODS Chicks wore monocular negative lenses (-10 D) starting at age 10 days. They were subsequently exposed to blue light (460 nm) for 4 hours in the morning or evening for 8 to 9 days ("dim," 200 lux[morning, n = 9; evening, n = 11]; "bright," 600 lux[morning, n = 8; evening, n = 20]); controls wore lenses in white light (n = 14). Ultrasonography was done on days 1, 5, 8, and 9 for "evening" groups and days 1, 6, and 8 for "morning." All data are reported as interocular differences (experimental minus fellow eyes). Refractions were measured on the last day. RESULTS For evening exposure, dim blue light enhanced the axial compensation at all times (change in axial length: day 6: 465 vs. 329 μm/9 days, analysis of variance P < .001, P = .03; day 9: 603 vs. 416 μm/9 days, analysis of variance P < .001; P < .05). Bright blue light had a transient inhibitory effect (day 5: 160 vs. 329 μm; P < .005). Refractive errors were consistent with axial growth, with dim causing more myopia than bright (-9.4 vs. -4.7 D; P < .05). Morning blue light had no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that these findings reflect a complex interaction between illuminance, defocus, and time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora L. Nickla
- The New England College of Optometry, Department of Biosciences and Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xia Wang
- The New England College of Optometry, Department of Biosciences and Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frances Rucker
- The New England College of Optometry, Department of Biosciences and Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William Chen
- The New England College of Optometry, Department of Biosciences and Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Taylor
- The New England College of Optometry, Department of Biosciences and Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Zhang D, Zhu H, Yu X, Wang L, Wen Y, Zhang L, Tong J, Shen Y. Blue light attenuates TGF-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells via autophagy impairment. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:456. [DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) was related to pathological epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs). It has been reported that blue light could have an effect on EMT. This study aims to elucidate the role and potential mechanism of autophagy in EMT after blue light exposure in LECs.
Methods
HLE-B3 cells were treated with TGF-β2 with different concentration and time to induce EMT as a model of PCO in vitro. Cells were exposed to blue light with or without TGF-β2. The expression levels of EMT-associated markers were analyzed by qRT-PCR, western blotting and cell migration ability was determined by transwell migration assay and wound healing assay. The expressions of autophagy-related proteins were analyzed by western blotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Rapamycin and chloroquine were utilized in cells for autophagy activation and inhibition.
Results
TGF-β2 induced autophagy activation during EMT progression in HLE-B3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Blue light exposure inhibited TGF-β2-induced EMT characterized by inhibited expression of EMT related markers and reduced migration capacity. Meanwhile, blue light exposure impaired autophagy activated by TGF-β2. Furthermore, Autophagy activation with rapamycin rescued EMT attenuated by blue light. Autophagy inhibition with chloroquine reduced TGF-β2-induced EMT in HLE-B3 cells.
Conclusion
Blue light exposure had inhibited effects on TGF-β2-induced EMT in LECs through autophagy impairment, which provides a new insight on prevention and treatment of PCO.
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18
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Brown DM, Mazade R, Clarkson-Townsend D, Hogan K, Datta Roy PM, Pardue MT. Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109071. [PMID: 35447101 PMCID: PMC9701099 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of myopia, or nearsightedness, has increased at an alarming rate over the last few decades. An eye is myopic if incoming light focuses prior to reaching the retinal photoreceptors, which indicates a mismatch in its shape and optical power. This mismatch commonly results from excessive axial elongation. Important drivers of the myopia epidemic include environmental factors, genetic factors, and their interactions, e.g., genetic factors influencing the effects of environmental factors. One factor often hypothesized to be a driver of the myopia epidemic is environmental light, which has changed drastically and rapidly on a global scale. In support of this, it is well established that eye size is regulated by a homeostatic process that incorporates visual cues (emmetropization). This process allows the eye to detect and minimize refractive errors quite accurately and locally over time by modulating the rate of elongation of the eye via remodeling its outermost coat, the sclera. Critically, emmetropization is not dependent on post-retinal processing. Thus, visual cues appear to influence axial elongation through a retina-to-sclera, or retinoscleral, signaling cascade, capable of transmitting information from the innermost layer of the eye to the outermost layer. Despite significant global research interest, the specifics of retinoscleral signaling pathways remain elusive. While a few pharmacological treatments have proven to be effective in slowing axial elongation (most notably topical atropine), the mechanisms behind these treatments are still not fully understood. Additionally, several retinal neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, and other small molecules have been found to influence axial length and/or refractive error or be influenced by myopigenic cues, yet little progress has been made explaining how the signal that originates in the retina crosses the highly vascular choroid to affect the sclera. Here, we compile and synthesize the evidence surrounding three of the major candidate pathways receiving significant research attention - dopamine, retinoic acid, and adenosine. All three candidates have both correlational and causal evidence backing their involvement in axial elongation and have been implicated by multiple independent research groups across diverse species. Two hypothesized mechanisms are presented for how a retina-originating signal crosses the choroid - via 1) all-trans retinoic acid or 2) choroidal blood flow influencing scleral oxygenation. Evidence of crosstalk between the pathways is discussed in the context of these two mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon M Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Reece Mazade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Danielle Clarkson-Townsend
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kelleigh Hogan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Pooja M Datta Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA.
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Petronyuk YS, Trofimova NN, Zak PP, Khramtsova EA, Andryukhina OM, Andryukhina AS, Ryabtseva AA, Guryeva TS, Mednikova EI, Titov SA, Levin VM. Study of Eye Pathologies in the Japanese Quail Biomodel Coturnix japonica. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Nickla DL, Rucker F, Taylor CP, Sarfare S, Chen W, Elin-Calcador J, Wang X. Effects of morning and evening exposures to blue light of varying illuminance on ocular growth rates and ocular rhythms in chicks. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108963. [PMID: 35093392 PMCID: PMC8957570 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that moderate levels of blue light are sufficient to suppress the nighttime rise in serum melatonin in humans, suggesting that luminous screens may be deleterious to sleep cycles and to other functions. Little is known however, about the effects of exposures to blue light on ocular physiology. We tested the effects of transient blue light exposures of various illuminances on ocular growth rates and ocular rhythms in chicks. 10-day old chicks were exposed to narrow band blue light (460 nm) of specific illuminance for 4 h in the evening (ZT8-ZT12) or the morning (ZT0-ZT4) for 9 days; for the remainder of the day they were in white light (588 lux). For the evening, four illuminances were tested: 0.15 lux (n = 15), 200 lux (radiometrically matched to white controls; n = 16), 600 lux (photometrically matched to white controls; n = 15) or 1000 lux (n = 8). The 600 lux condition was also tested using a 2-h duration (n = 8). The 200 and 600 lux conditions were extended to 14 and 21 days (n = 8 each). For morning exposures, 200 lux (n = 9), 600 lux (n = 9) and 1000 lux (n = 8) were tested. Controls remained in white light (n = 23). Ocular dimensions were measured by A-scan ultrasonography on days 1 and 9 to assess growth rates. On day 8 or 9, measurements were made at 6-h intervals over 24 h starting at noon to assess rhythm parameters. Evening exposure to blue light stimulated ocular growth rates relative to controls for all except the bright condition (0.15 lux, 200 lux, 600 lux vs bright and white respectively: 845 μm, 838 μm, 898 μm vs 733 μm and 766 μm; p < 0.05 for all comparisons). 2 h exposures to 600 lux were similarly effective (915 μm vs 766 μm; p < 0.05). Morning exposures only resulted in growth stimulation for the 200 lux condition (200 lux vs white: 884 μm vs 766 μm; p < 0.05). Furthermore, for this group only, growth of the anterior chamber had a significant contribution to the overall effect (vs white: p < 0.05), and choroids showed significant thickening. For evening exposures to 200 and 600 lux, the growth stimulatory effect lasted for 14 days (p = 0.01); by 21 days only the 600 lux group still differed (p < 0.0001). Evening exposures caused circadian disruptions in the choroidal thickness rhythms, and morning exposures disrupted both axial and choroidal rhythms. Exposure to 4 h of blue light at lower illuminances (less than 1000 lux) at transition times of lights-on and lights-off stimulates ocular growth rates and affects ocular rhythms in chicks, suggesting that such exposures may be deleterious to emmetropization in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora L Nickla
- The New England College of Optometry, Dept of Biosciences and Disease, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Impact of cone abundancy ratios and light spectra on emmetropization in chickens. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this article was to comprehensively review the relationship between light exposure and myopia with a focus on the effects of the light wavelength, illuminance, and contrast on the occurrence and progression of myopia. METHODS This review was performed by searching PubMed data sets including research articles and reviews utilizing the terms "light", "myopia", "refractive error", and "illuminance", and the review was concluded in November 2021. Myopia onset and progression were closely linked with emmetropization and hyperopia. To better elucidate the mechanism of myopia, some of the articles that focused on this topic were included. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. RESULTS The pathogenesis and prevention of myopia are not completely clear. Studies have provided evidence supporting the idea that light could affect eye growth in three ways. Changing the corresponding conditions will cause changes in the growth rate and mode of the eyes, and preliminary results have shown that FR/NIR (far red/near-infrared) light is effective for myopia in juveniles. CONCLUSION This review discusses the results of studies on the effects of light exposure on myopia with the aims of providing clues and a theoretical basis for the use of light to control the development of myopia and offering new ideas for subsequent studies.
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23
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Remonato Franco B, Leis ML, Wong M, Shynkaruk T, Crowe T, Fancher B, French N, Gillingham S, Schwean-Lardner K. Light Color and the Commercial Broiler: Effect on Ocular Health and Visual Acuity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:855266. [PMID: 35360232 PMCID: PMC8960735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.855266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is a critical management factor for broiler production, and the wavelength spectrum, one of its components, can affect bird physiology, behavior and production. Among all the senses, sight is important to birds, and their visual system possess several adaptations that allow them to perceive light differently from humans. Therefore, it is critical to consider whether the exposure to monochromatic light colors influences broiler visual ability, which could affect behavioral expression. The present study examined the effects of various light colors on the visual systems of broiler chickens. Ross 708 males were raised from 0 to 35 days under three wavelength programs [blue (dominant wavelengths near 455 nm), green (dominant wavelengths near 510 nm) or white]. Broilers were given a complete ophthalmic examination, including chromatic pupillary light reflex testing, rebound tonometry, anterior segment biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy (n = 36, day 21). To assess ocular anatomy, broilers were euthanized, eyes were weighed, and dimensions were taken (n = 108, day 16 and day 24). An autorefractor was used to assess the refractive index and the corneal curvature (n = 18, day 26). To evaluate spatial vision, broilers underwent a grating acuity test at one of three distances–50, 75, or 100 cm (n = 24, day 29). Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA using the MIXED procedure or Proc Par1way for non-normally distributed data. Significant differences were observed for refractive index and spatial vision. Birds raised under blue light were slightly more hyperopic, or far-sighted, than birds raised under white light (P = 0.01). As for spatial vision, birds raised under blue light took less time to approach the stimulus at distances of 50 cm (P = 0.03) and 75 cm (P = 0.0006) and had a higher success rate (choosing the right feeder, P = 0.03) at 100 cm than birds raised under white light. Improvements in spatial vision for birds exposed to blue light can partially explain the behavioral differences resulting from rearing broilers under different wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Remonato Franco
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Marina L. Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Melody Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saskatoon City Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tory Shynkaruk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Trever Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Bryan Fancher
- Aviagen™ Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Nick French
- Aviagen™ Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Scot Gillingham
- Aviagen™ Inc., Cummings Research Park, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Karen Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Karen Schwean-Lardner,
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24
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Gan J, Li SM, Atchison DA, Kang MT, Wei S, He X, Bai W, Li H, Kang Y, Cai Z, Li L, Jin ZB, Wang N. Association Between Color Vision Deficiency and Myopia in Chinese Children Over a Five-Year Period. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:2. [PMID: 35103751 PMCID: PMC8819485 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the relationship of color vision deficiency with myopia progression and axial elongation in Chinese primary school children during a five-year cohort study. Methods A total of 2849 grade 1 students (aged 7.1 ± 0.4 years) from 11 primary schools were enrolled and followed up for five years. Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length were measured annually. Color vision testing was performed using Ishihara's test and the City University color vision test. Results The prevalence of color vision deficiency was 1.68%, with 2.81% in boys and 0.16% in girls. Color-deficient cases consisted of 91.6% deutan and 8.3% protan. Over the five years, the cumulative incidence of myopia was 35.4% (17/48) in the color-vision deficiency group, which was lower than the 56.7% (1017/1794) in the color normal group (P = 0.004). Over the five-year study period, the change in spherical equivalent refraction in the color vision–deficiency group (−1.81 D) was also significantly lower than that in the color normal group (−2.41 D) (P = 0.002). Conclusions The lower incidence and slower progression of myopia in children with color-vision deficiency over the five-year follow-up period suggest that color-deficient individuals are less susceptible to myopia onset and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Gan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - David A Atchison
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Meng-Tian Kang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Shifei Wei
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Xi He
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Weiling Bai
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - He Li
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuting Kang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhining Cai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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25
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Muralidharan AR, Low SWY, Lee YC, Barathi VA, Saw SM, Milea D, Najjar RP. Recovery From Form-Deprivation Myopia in Chicks Is Dependent Upon the Fullness and Correlated Color Temperature of the Light Spectrum. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:16. [PMID: 35133400 PMCID: PMC8822367 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of full-spectrum light-emitting diodes mimicking sunlight (Sunlike LEDs) on ocular growth and refractive error development in a chicken model of myopia. Methods One-day old chicks (n = 39) were distributed into 3 groups and raised for 28 days in isoluminant (approximately 285 lux) fluorescent (n = 18, [FL-4000], correlated color temperature [CCT] = 4000 K) or Sunlike LED (n = 12, [SL-4000], CCT = 4000 K; n = 9, [SL-6500], CCT = 6500 K) white lighting environments. Form-deprivation myopia was induced monocularly from day 1 post-hatching (D1) until D14. On D14, form deprivation was halted and the recovery of form-deprived (FD) eyes was monitored until D28. Axial length (AL), refraction, choroidal thickness, and anterior chamber depth were measured in vivo on D1, D7, D14, D22, and D28. Differences in outcome measures between eyes and groups were compared using 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results AL and myopic refraction of FD eyes increased similarly among groups during form-deprivation. FD eyes of animals raised under SL-4000 (D22: P < 0.001 and D28: P < 0.001) and SL-6500 (D22: P = 0.006 and D28: P < 0.001) recovered faster from axial elongation compared with animals raised under FL-4000. The refractive status of FD eyes reared under SL-6500, not under FL-4000 or SL-4000, was similar to control eyes on D28 (P > 0.05). However, SL-4000 and SL-6500 exhibited similar refraction on D28 than FL-4000 (P > 0.05). Choroidal thickness was significantly greater in FD eyes of chickens raised under SL-6500 than in animals raised under FL-4000 (P = 0.03). Conclusions Compared to fluorescent light, moderate intensities of full-spectrum Sunlike LEDs can accelerate recovery from form-deprivation myopia in chickens, potentially through a change in the choroid-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam R Muralidharan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | | | - Veluchamy A Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Li J, Li J, Zhang L, Liu X, Cao Y, Wang P, Wang X. Comparison of red light and blue light therapies for mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris: A randomized controlled clinical study. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022; 38:459-464. [PMID: 34981580 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red and blue light therapies are safe and effective treatments for mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris. However, very few previous studies have directly compared the characteristics of these two methods. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and side effects of red light (RL) and blue light (BL) for acne vulgaris and to assess these two therapies in different types of lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 28 subjects with mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris were randomized into the RL group or the BL group. Subjects in each group received different light treatments, and they were followed up regularly until 2 weeks after the last treatment. The improvement rates of different types of acne lesions were compared between the 2 groups, as well as the incidence of adverse reactions. RESULTS At the 2-week follow-up, the average improvement rate of total acne lesions was 36.2% in the RL group and 30.7% in the BL group (p > .05). The average improvement rate of inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions was 51.5% and 17.3% in the RL group, compared with 26.4% and 10.0% in the BL group (all p > .05). Treatment-related adverse reactions were observed distinctly in the BL group. CONCLUSIONS Red light and BL therapies have similar efficacy in mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris, especially for inflammatory lesions. RL had advantages with fewer adverse reactions compared with BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Li
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiandan Li
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajing Cao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiru Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Thakur S, Dhakal R, Verkicharla PK. Short-Term Exposure to Blue Light Shows an Inhibitory Effect on Axial Elongation in Human Eyes Independent of Defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:22. [PMID: 34935883 PMCID: PMC8711007 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Given the potential role of light and its wavelength on ocular growth, we investigated the effect of short-term exposure to the red, green, and blue light on ocular biometry in the presence and absence of lens-induced defocus in humans. Methods Twenty-five young adults were exposed to blue (460 nm), green (521 nm), red (623 nm), and white light conditions for 1-hour each on 4 separate experimental sessions conducted on 4 different days. In each light condition, hyperopic defocus (3D) was induced to the right eye with the fellow eye experiencing no defocus. Axial length and choroidal thickness were measured before and immediately after the light exposure with a non-contact biometer. Results Axial length increased from baseline after red light (mean difference ± standard error in the defocussed eye and non-defocussed eye = 11.2 ± 2 µm and 6.4 ± 2.3 µm, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) and green light exposure (9.2 ± 3 µm and 7.0 ± 2.5 µm, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) with a significant decrease in choroidal thickness (P < 0.05, both red and green light) after 1-hour of exposure. Blue light exposure resulted in a reduction in axial length in both the eyes (−8.0 ± 3 µm, P < 0.001 in the defocussed eye and −6.0 ± 3 µm, P = 0.11 in the non-defocused eye) with no significant changes in the choroidal thickness. Conclusions Exposure to red and green light resulted in axial elongation, and blue light resulted in inhibition of axial elongation in human eyes. Impact of such specific wavelength exposure on children and its application in myopia control need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Thakur
- Myopia Research Lab - Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India and Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rohit Dhakal
- Myopia Research Lab - Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India and Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pavan K Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab - Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India and Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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朱 秋, 刘 陇. [Relationship between Myopia and Light Exposure]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2021; 52:901-906. [PMID: 34841751 PMCID: PMC10408837 DOI: 10.12182/20211160205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies found that the incidence of myopia was increasing year by year and the age of onset of myopia was showing a trend of affecting increasingly younger children. Reducing the occurrence of myopia and controlling the increase of myopia diopter have always been the focus of research on the prevention and control of myopia. Large randomized controlled clinical trials have found that outdoor activities can effectively reduce the incidence of myopia and delay the progression of myopia. Basic experiments also revealed that there were certain connections between light exposure and myopia. We herein review the research progress, limitations and future directions of research on light exposure and myopia. From the perspective of light properties, increasing the intensity of light can slow the progression of myopia and reduce the occurrence of experimentally induced myopia. However, the actual mechanism of action is still unclear. The rhythmic changes of light exposure caused by the light/dark cycle may cause abnormalities in the secretion of melatonin and dopamine, and changes in the circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness, thus affecting myopia. The red light, with relatively longer wavelength and forming images behind the retina, tends to induce myopia more easily, while the blue light, with medium and short wavelength and forming images before the retina, tends to delay myopia progression. However, different species respond differently to lights of different wavelengths, and the relationship between light wavelength and myopia needs further investigation. Future research can be done to further explore the mechanism of action of how light exposure changes the progression of myopia, including the following aspects: how light changes dopamine levels, causing changes in downstream signal pathways, and thus controlling the growth of the axial length of the eye; how retinal photoreceptor cells receive light signals of different wavelengths in order to adjust the refractive power of the eyes; and how to design artificial lighting of reasonable intensity, composition and properties, and apply the design in myopia prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- 秋蓉 朱
- 四川大学华西临床医学院 眼视光学系 (成都 610041)Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 陇黔 刘
- 四川大学华西临床医学院 眼视光学系 (成都 610041)Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼视光学与视觉科学研究室 (成都 610041)Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西医院 眼科 (成都 610041)Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Tian T, Zou L, Wang S, Liu R, Liu H. The Role of Dopamine in Emmetropization Modulated by Wavelength and Temporal Frequency in Guinea Pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:20. [PMID: 34546324 PMCID: PMC8458992 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Wavelength and temporal frequency have been found to influence refractive development. This study investigated whether retinal dopamine (DA) plays a role in these processes. Methods Guinea pigs were randomly divided into nine groups that received different lighting conditions for 4 weeks, as follows: white, green, or blue light at 0, 0.5, or 20.0 Hz. Refractions and axial lengths were measured using streak retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasound imaging. DA and its metabolites were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. Results At 0 Hz, green and blue light produced myopic and hyperopic shifts compared with that of white light. At 0.5 Hz, no significant changes were observed compared with those of green or blue light at 0 Hz, whereas white light at 0.5 Hz induced a myopic shift compared with white light at 0 or 20 Hz. At 20 Hz, green and blue light acted like white light. Among all levels of DA and its metabolites, only vitreous 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels and retinal DOPAC/DA ratios were dependent on wavelength, frequency, and their interaction. Specifically, retinal DOPAC/DA ratios were positively correlated with refractions in white and green light conditions. However, blue light (0, 0.5, and 20.0 Hz) produced hyperopic shifts but decreased vitreous DOPAC levels and retinal DOPAC/DA ratios. Conclusions The retinal DOPAC/DA ratio, indicating the metabolic efficiency of DA, is correlated with ocular growth. It may underlie myopic shifts from light exposure with a long wavelength and low temporal frequency. However, different biochemical pathways may contribute to the hyperopic shifts from short wavelength light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Khanal S, Norton TT, Gawne TJ. Amber light treatment produces hyperopia in tree shrews. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:1076-1086. [PMID: 34382245 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to narrow-band red light, which stimulates only the long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) cones, slows axial eye growth and produces hyperopia in tree shrews and macaque monkeys. We asked whether exposure to amber light, which also stimulates only the LWS cones but with a greater effective illuminance than red light, has a similar hyperopia-inducing effect in tree shrews. METHODS Starting at 24 ± 1 days of visual experience, 15 tree shrews (dichromatic mammals closely related to primates) received light treatment through amber filters (BPI 500/550 dyed acrylic) either atop the cage (Filter group, n = 8, 300-400 human lux) or fitted into goggles in front of both eyes (Goggle group, n = 7). Non-cycloplegic refractive error and axial ocular dimensions were measured daily. Treatment groups were compared with age-matched animals (Colony group, n = 7) raised in standard colony fluorescent lighting (100-300 lux). RESULTS At the start of treatment, mean refractive errors were well-matched across the three groups (p = 0.35). During treatment, the Filter group became progressively more hyperopic with age (p < 0.001). By contrast, the Goggle and Colony groups showed continued normal emmetropization. When the treatment ended, the Filter group exhibited significantly greater hyperopia (mean [SE] = 3.5 [0.6] D) compared with the Goggle (0.2 [0.8] D, p = 0.01) and Colony groups (1.0 [0.2] D, p = 0.01). However, the refractive error in the Goggle group was not different from that in the Colony group (p = 0.35). Changes in the vitreous chamber were consistent with the refractive error changes. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to ambient amber light produced substantial hyperopia in the Filter group but had no effect on refractive error in the Goggle group. The lack of effect in the Goggle group could be due to the simultaneous activation of the short-wavelength sensitive (SWS) and LWS cones caused by the scattering of the broad-band light from the periphery of the goggles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safal Khanal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timothy J Gawne
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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31
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Riddell N, Crewther SG, Murphy MJ, Tani Y. Long-Wavelength-Filtered Light Transiently Inhibits Negative Lens-Induced Axial Eye Growth in the Chick Myopia Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:38. [PMID: 34459859 PMCID: PMC8411858 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.9.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Eye growth and myopia development in chicks, and some other animal models, can be suppressed by rearing under near-monochromatic, short-wavelength blue light. We aimed to determine whether similar effects could be achieved using glass filters that transmit a broader range of short and middle wavelengths. Methods On day 6 or 7 post-hatch, 169 chicks were assigned to one of three monocular lens conditions (−10 D, +10 D, plano) and reared for 7 or 10 days under one of four 201-lux lighting conditions: (1) B410 long-wavelength–filtered light, (2) B460 long-wavelength–filtered light, (3) Y48 short-wavelength–filtered light, or (4) HA50 broadband light. Results At 7 days, B410 (but not B460) long-wavelength–filtered light had significantly inhibited negative lens induced axial growth relative to Y48 short-wavelength–filtered light (mean difference in experimental eye = −0.249 mm; P = 0.006) and HA50 broadband light (mean difference = −0.139 mm; P = 0.038). B410 filters also inhibited the negative lens-induced increase in vitreous chamber depth relative to all other filter conditions. Corresponding changes in refraction did not occur, and biometric measurements in a separate cohort of chicks suggested that the axial dimension changes were transient and not maintained at 10 days. Conclusions Chromatic effects on eye growth can be achieved using filters that transmit a broad range of wavelengths even in the presence of strong cues for myopia development. Translational Relevance Broad-wavelength filters that provide a more “naturalistic” visual experience relative to monochromatic light have potential to alter myopia development, although the effects shown here were modest and transient and require exploration in further species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie J Murphy
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuki Tani
- Technical Research & Development Department, Vision Care Section, HOYA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Neumann A, Breher K, Wahl S. Effects of screen-based retinal light stimulation measured with a novel contrast sensitivity test. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254877. [PMID: 34324537 PMCID: PMC8320929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is increasing worldwide hence it exists a pressing demand to find effective myopia control strategies. Previous studies have shown that light, spectral composition, spatial frequencies, and contrasts play a critical role in refractive development. The effects of light on multiple retinal processes include growth regulation, but also visual performance and perception. Changes in subjective visual performance can be examined by contrast sensitivity (CS). This study was conducted to investigate whether retinal light stimulation of different wavelength ranges is able to elicit changes in CS and, therefore, may be used for myopia control purposes. In total, 30 right eyes were stimulated with the light of different wavelength ranges, including dominant wavelengths of ∼480 nm, ∼530 nm, ∼630 nm and polychromatic light via a commercial liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. Stimulation was performed screen full-field and on the optic nerve head only. CS was measured before any stimulation and after each stimulation condition using a novel and time-efficient CS test. Post-stimulation CS changes were analyzed by ANOVA regarding the influencing factors spatial frequency, stimulation wavelength and stimulation location. A priorly conducted verification study on a subset of five participants compared the newly developed CS test to a validated CS test. The novel CS test exhibited good reliability of 0.94 logCS and repeatability of 0.13 logCS with a duration of 92 sec ± 17 sec. No clinically critical change between pre- and post-stimulation CS was detected (all p>0.05). However, the results showed that post-stimulation CS differed significantly at 18 cpd after stimulation with polychromatic light from short-wavelength light (p<0.0001). Location of illumination (screen full-field vs. optic nerve head) or any interactions with other factors did not reveal significant influences (all p>0.05). To summarize, a novel CS test measures the relationship between retinal light stimulation and CS. However, using retinal illumination via LCD screens to increase CS is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Neumann
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Breher
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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33
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of myopia is a significant public health concern. Unfortunately, the mechanisms driving myopia remain elusive, limiting effective treatment options. This report identifies a refractive development pathway that requires Opn5-expressing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Stimulation of Opn5 RGCs with short-wavelength violet light prevented experimental myopia in mice. Furthermore, this effect was dependent on the time of day, with evening exposure being sufficient to protect against experimental myopia. Thus, these studies suggest Opn5 RGCs may contribute to the mechanisms of emmetropization and identify the OPN5 pathway as a potential target for the treatment of myopia. Myopia has become a major public health concern, particularly across much of Asia. It has been shown in multiple studies that outdoor activity has a protective effect on myopia. Recent reports have shown that short-wavelength visible violet light is the component of sunlight that appears to play an important role in preventing myopia progression in mice, chicks, and humans. The mechanism underlying this effect has not been understood. Here, we show that violet light prevents lens defocus–induced myopia in mice. This violet light effect was dependent on both time of day and retinal expression of the violet light sensitive atypical opsin, neuropsin (OPN5). These findings identify Opn5-expressing retinal ganglion cells as crucial for emmetropization in mice and suggest a strategy for myopia prevention in humans.
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34
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Jong M, Jonas JB, Wolffsohn JS, Berntsen DA, Cho P, Clarkson-Townsend D, Flitcroft DI, Gifford KL, Haarman AEG, Pardue MT, Richdale K, Sankaridurg P, Tedja MS, Wildsoet CF, Bailey-Wilson JE, Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Kaprio J, MacGregor S, Mackey DA, Musolf AM, Klaver CCW, Verhoeven VJM, Vitart V, Smith EL. IMI 2021 Yearly Digest. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:7. [PMID: 33909031 PMCID: PMC8088231 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The International Myopia Institute (IMI) Yearly Digest highlights new research considered to be of importance since the publication of the first series of IMI white papers. Methods A literature search was conducted for articles on myopia between 2019 and mid-2020 to inform definitions and classifications, experimental models, genetics, interventions, clinical trials, and clinical management. Conference abstracts from key meetings in the same period were also considered. Results One thousand articles on myopia have been published between 2019 and mid-2020. Key advances include the use of the definition of premyopia in studies currently under way to test interventions in myopia, new definitions in the field of pathologic myopia, the role of new pharmacologic treatments in experimental models such as intraocular pressure-lowering latanoprost, a large meta-analysis of refractive error identifying 336 new genetic loci, new clinical interventions such as the defocus incorporated multisegment spectacles and combination therapy with low-dose atropine and orthokeratology (OK), normative standards in refractive error, the ethical dilemma of a placebo control group when myopia control treatments are established, reporting the physical metric of myopia reduction versus a percentage reduction, comparison of the risk of pediatric OK wear with risk of vision impairment in myopia, the justification of preventing myopic and axial length increase versus quality of life, and future vision loss. Conclusions Large amounts of research in myopia have been published since the IMI 2019 white papers were released. The yearly digest serves to highlight the latest research and advances in myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Jong
- Discipline of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James S. Wolffsohn
- Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Berntsen
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Pauline Cho
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danielle Clarkson-Townsend
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Daniel I. Flitcroft
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate L. Gifford
- Myopia Profile Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT) School of Optometry and Vision Science, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kathryn Richdale
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony M. Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
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35
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Logan NS, Radhakrishnan H, Cruickshank FE, Allen PM, Bandela PK, Davies LN, Hasebe S, Khanal S, Schmid KL, Vera-Diaz FA, Wolffsohn JS. IMI Accommodation and Binocular Vision in Myopia Development and Progression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:4. [PMID: 33909034 PMCID: PMC8083074 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of accommodation in myopia development and progression has been debated for decades. More recently, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in accommodation and the consequent alterations in ocular parameters has expanded. This International Myopia Institute white paper reviews the variations in ocular parameters that occur with accommodation and the mechanisms involved in accommodation and myopia development and progression. Convergence is synergistically linked with accommodation and the impact of this on myopia has also been critiqued. Specific topics reviewed included accommodation and myopia, role of spatial frequency, and contrast of the task of objects in the near environment, color cues to accommodation, lag of accommodation, accommodative-convergence ratio, and near phoria status. Aspects of retinal blur from the lag of accommodation, the impact of spatial frequency at near and a short working distance may all be implicated in myopia development and progression. The response of the ciliary body and its links with changes in the choroid remain to be explored. Further research is critical to understanding the factors underlying accommodative and binocular mechanisms for myopia development and its progression and to guide recommendations for targeted interventions to slow myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Logan
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hema Radhakrishnan
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona E Cruickshank
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, School of Psychology and Sports Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Praveen K Bandela
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon N Davies
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Satoshi Hasebe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Safal Khanal
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Katrina L Schmid
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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36
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Morgan IG, Wu PC, Ostrin LA, Tideman JWL, Yam JC, Lan W, Baraas RC, He X, Sankaridurg P, Saw SM, French AN, Rose KA, Guggenheim JA. IMI Risk Factors for Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:3. [PMID: 33909035 PMCID: PMC8083079 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factor analysis provides an important basis for developing interventions for any condition. In the case of myopia, evidence for a large number of risk factors has been presented, but they have not been systematically tested for confounding. To be useful for designing preventive interventions, risk factor analysis ideally needs to be carried through to demonstration of a causal connection, with a defined mechanism. Statistical analysis is often complicated by covariation of variables, and demonstration of a causal relationship between a factor and myopia using Mendelian randomization or in a randomized clinical trial should be aimed for. When strict analysis of this kind is applied, associations between various measures of educational pressure and myopia are consistently observed. However, associations between more nearwork and more myopia are generally weak and inconsistent, but have been supported by meta-analysis. Associations between time outdoors and less myopia are stronger and more consistently observed, including by meta-analysis. Measurement of nearwork and time outdoors has traditionally been performed with questionnaires, but is increasingly being pursued with wearable objective devices. A causal link between increased years of education and more myopia has been confirmed by Mendelian randomization, whereas the protective effect of increased time outdoors from the development of myopia has been confirmed in randomized clinical trials. Other proposed risk factors need to be tested to see if they modulate these variables. The evidence linking increased screen time to myopia is weak and inconsistent, although limitations on screen time are increasingly under consideration as interventions to control the epidemic of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Chang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - J Willem L Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weizhong Lan
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier School of Optometry, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China.,Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China.,Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rigmor C Baraas
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Xiangui He
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Amanda N French
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Rose
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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37
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Najjar RP, Chao De La Barca JM, Barathi VA, Ho CEH, Lock JZ, Muralidharan AR, Tan RKY, Dhand C, Lakshminarayanan R, Reynier P, Milea D. Ocular growth and metabolomics are dependent upon the spectral content of ambient white light. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7586. [PMID: 33828194 PMCID: PMC8026599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia results from an excessive axial growth of the eye, causing abnormal projection of remote images in front of the retina. Without adequate interventions, myopia is forecasted to affect 50% of the world population by 2050. Exposure to outdoor light plays a critical role in preventing myopia in children, possibly through the brightness and blue-shifted spectral composition of sunlight, which lacks in artificial indoor lighting. Here, we evaluated the impact of moderate levels of ambient standard white (SW: 233.1 lux, 3900 K) and blue-enriched white (BEW: 223.8 lux, 9700 K) lights on ocular growth and metabolomics in a chicken-model of form-deprivation myopia. Compared to SW light, BEW light decreased aberrant ocular axial elongation and accelerated recovery from form-deprivation. Furthermore, the metabolomic profiles in the vitreous and retinas of recovering form-deprived eyes were distinct from control eyes and were dependent on the spectral content of ambient light. For instance, exposure to BEW light was associated with deep lipid remodeling and metabolic changes related to energy production, cell proliferation, collagen turnover and nitric oxide metabolism. This study provides new insight on light-dependent modulations in ocular growth and metabolomics. If replicable in humans, our findings open new potential avenues for spectrally-tailored light-therapy strategies for myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Najjar
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- The Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Juan Manuel Chao De La Barca
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MITOVASC, CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Veluchamy A Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- The Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Royston K Y Tan
- Department of Ocular Bio-Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chetna Dhand
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | | | - Pascal Reynier
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MITOVASC, CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- The Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore.
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Abstract
Purpose To determine the effects of narrowband light exposure on choroidal thickness and the pupil response in humans. Methods Twenty subjects, ages 21 to 43 years, underwent 1 hour of exposure to broadband, short wavelength “blue,” or long wavelength “red” light, or darkness. Choroidal thickness, imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, axial length, determined from biometry, and rod/cone- and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupil responses were measured before and after exposure. Pupil stimuli were six 1 second alternating red (651 nm) and blue (456 nm) stimuli, 60 seconds apart. Pupil metrics included maximum constriction and the 6 second post-illumination pupil response (PIPR). Results Compared with before exposure, the choroid significantly thinned after broadband light, red light, and dark exposure (all P < 0.05), but not after blue light exposure (P = 0.39). The maximum constriction to 1 second red stimuli significantly decreased after all light exposures (all P < 0.001), but increased after dark exposure (P = 0.02), compared with before exposure. Maximum constriction and 6-second PIPR to 1 second blue stimuli significantly decreased after all light exposures compared with before exposure (all P < 0.005), with no change after dark exposure (P > 0.05). There were no differences in axial length change or 6-second PIPR to red stimuli between exposures. Conclusions Narrowband blue and red light exposure induced differential changes in choroidal thickness. Maximum constriction, a function of rod/cone activity, and the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-mediated PIPR were attenuated after all light exposures. Findings demonstrate differing effects of short-term narrowband light and dark exposure on the choroid, rod/cone activity, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX 77096, United States
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39
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Zhu Q, Xiao S, Hua Z, Yang D, Hu M, Zhu YT, Zhong H. Near Infrared (NIR) Light Therapy of Eye Diseases: A Review. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:109-119. [PMID: 33390779 PMCID: PMC7738953 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.52980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) light therapy, or photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), has gained persistent worldwide attention in recent years as a new novel scientific approach for therapeutic applications in ophthalmology. This ongoing therapeutic adoption of NIR therapy is largely propelled by significant advances in the fields of photobiology and bioenergetics, such as the discovery of photoneuromodulation by cytochrome c oxidase and the elucidation of therapeutic biochemical processes. Upon transcranial delivery, NIR light has been shown to significantly increase cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities which suggests its role in inducing metabolic and antioxidant beneficial effects. Furthermore, NIR light may also boost cerebral blood flow and cognitive functions in humans without adverse effects. In this review, we highlight the value of NIR therapy as a novel paradigm for treatment of visual and neurological conditions, and provide scientific evidence to support the use of NIR therapy with emphasis on molecular and cellular mechanisms in eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Shuyuan Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Zhijuan Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650021, China
| | | | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
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40
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Muralidharan AR, Lança C, Biswas S, Barathi VA, Wan Yu Shermaine L, Seang-Mei S, Milea D, Najjar RP. Light and myopia: from epidemiological studies to neurobiological mechanisms. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211059246. [PMID: 34988370 PMCID: PMC8721425 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211059246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is far beyond its inconvenience and represents a true, highly prevalent, sight-threatening ocular condition, especially in Asia. Without adequate interventions, the current epidemic of myopia is projected to affect 50% of the world population by 2050, becoming the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Although blurred vision, the predominant symptom of myopia, can be improved by contact lenses, glasses or refractive surgery, corrected myopia, particularly high myopia, still carries the risk of secondary blinding complications such as glaucoma, myopic maculopathy and retinal detachment, prompting the need for prevention. Epidemiological studies have reported an association between outdoor time and myopia prevention in children. The protective effect of time spent outdoors could be due to the unique characteristics (intensity, spectral distribution, temporal pattern, etc.) of sunlight that are lacking in artificial lighting. Concomitantly, studies in animal models have highlighted the efficacy of light and its components in delaying or even stopping the development of myopia and endeavoured to elucidate possible mechanisms involved in this process. In this narrative review, we (1) summarize the current knowledge concerning light modulation of ocular growth and refractive error development based on studies in human and animal models, (2) summarize potential neurobiological mechanisms involved in the effects of light on ocular growth and emmetropization and (3) highlight a potential pathway for the translational development of noninvasive light-therapy strategies for myopia prevention in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Visual Neurosciences Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856
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Watts NS, Taylor C, Rucker FJ. Temporal color contrast guides emmetropization in chick. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108331. [PMID: 33152390 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a result of longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA), longer wavelengths are blurred when shorter wavelengths are in focus, and vice versa. As a result, LCA affects the color and temporal aspects of the retinal image with hyperopic defocus. In this experiment, we investigated how the sensitivity to temporal color contrast affects emmetropization. Ten-day-old chicks were exposed for three days to sinusoidal color modulation. The modulation was either blue/yellow flicker (BY) (n = 57) or red/green flicker (RG) (n = 60) simulating hyperopic defocus with and without a blue light component. The color contrasts tested were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 Michelson contrast. The mean illuminance of all stimuli was 680 lux. Temporal modulation was either of a high (10 Hz) or low (0.2 Hz) temporal frequency. To test the role of short- and double-cone stimulation, an additional condition silenced these cones in RG_0.4 (D-) and was compared with RG_0.4 (D+) (n = 14). Changes in ocular components and refractive error were measured using Lenstar and a photorefractometer. With high temporal frequency BY representing an in-focus condition for shorter-wavelengths, we found that high temporal frequency BY contrast was positively correlated with vitreous expansion (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.01), expanding the vitreous to compensate for hyperopic defocus. This expansion was offset by low temporal frequency RG, which represented blurred longer wavelengths. The reduction in vitreous expansion in RG_0.4, was enhanced in D+ compared to D- (p < 0.001), indicating a role for short- and/or double-cones. With high temporal frequency RG representing an in-focus condition for longer-wavelengths, we found that high temporal frequency RG contrast was also positively correlated with a linear increase in vitreous chamber depth (R2 = 0.84, p < 0.01) and eye length (R2 = 0.30, p ≤ 0.05), required to compensate for hyperopic defocus, but also with RG sensitive choroidal thickening (R2 = 0.18: p < 0.0001). These increases in the vitreous and eye length were enhanced with D+ compared to D- (p = 0.003) showing the role of short- and double-cones in finessing the vitreous response to hyperopic defocus. Overall, the increase in vitreous chamber depth in RG was offset by reduced expansion in BY, indicating sensitivity to the shorter focal length of blue light and wavelength defocus. Predictable changes in cone contrast and temporal frequency of the retinal image that occur with LCA and defocus result in homeostatic control of emmetropization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S Watts
- New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Taylor
- New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frances J Rucker
- New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Liu XN, Naduvilath TJ, Wang J, Xiong S, He X, Xu X, Sankaridurg PR. Sleeping late is a risk factor for myopia development amongst school-aged children in China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17194. [PMID: 33057123 PMCID: PMC7566837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia, a leading cause of distance vision impairment, is projected to affect half of the world's population in 30 years. We analysed the relationship between certain demographic, environmental, and behavioural factors and myopia from a 2-year school-based, prospective trial conducted in Shanghai, China. This trial enrolled 6295 school-aged children at baseline and followed them up for 24 months. The relationship between abovementioned factors and myopia was examined and the role of sleep in childhood myopia development was highlighted. Our results suggest that 'sleeping late' is a risk factor for myopia prevalence at baseline (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, p = 0.04), 2-year myopia incidence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44, p = 0.02) and progression over 24 months (p = 0.005), after adjusting for residency area, age, gender, sleep duration, and time spent outdoors. The identification and consistency of results with late sleepers being a susceptible group to both myopia onset and progression suggests a complex relationship between circadian rhythm, indoor environment, habitual indoor activities and myopia development and progression. These results can offer new insights to future myopia aetiology studies as well as aid in decision-making of myopia prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Nicole Liu
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Thomas John Naduvilath
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyu Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangui He
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Padmaja R Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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43
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A role of color vision in emmetropization in C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14895. [PMID: 32913294 PMCID: PMC7483713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectral composition affects emmetropization in both humans and animal models. Because color vision interacts the effects of chromatic defocus, we developed a method to bypass the effects of longitudinal chromatic aberration by placing a spectral filter behind the optics of the eye, using genetic tools. Newborn C57BL/6J (B6) mice were reared in quasi-monochromatic red (585–660 nm) or blue (410–510 nm) light beginning before eye-opening. Refractive states and ocular dimensions were compared at 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks with mice reared in normal white light. Cre recombinase-dependent Ai9 reporter mice were crossed with Chx10-Cre to obtain Chx10-Cre;Ai9 mice, expressing red fluorescent protein in retinal Cre-positive cells. Ai9 offsprings, with and without Cre, were reared under a normal visual environment. Refraction and axial components were measured as described above. Expression levels of M and S opsin were quantified by western blotting at 10 weeks. Compared with those reared in white light, B6 mice reared in red light developed relative hyperopia, principally characterized by flattening of corneal curvature. Emmetropization was not affected by blue light, possibly because the reduction in vitreous chamber depth compensated for the increase in corneal curvature. Compared with Cre-negative littermates, the refraction and axial dimensions of Chx10-Cre;Ai9 mice were not significantly different at the follow-up timepoints. M opsin levels were higher in Chx10-Cre;Ai9 mice at 10 weeks while S opsin levels were not different. Red light induced a hyperopic shift in mouse refractive development. Emmetropization was not impacted in mice with perturbed color vision caused by intrinsic red-fluorescent protein, suggesting that color vision may not be necessary in mouse emmetropization when other mechanisms are present.
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Gisbert S, Feldkaemper M, Wahl S, Schaeffel F. Interactions of cone abundancies, opsin expression, and environmental lighting with emmetropization in chickens. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108205. [PMID: 32866531 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We had previously found that M to L cone abundancy ratios in the chicken retina are correlated with vitreous chamber depth and refractive state in chickens eyes, when they have normal visual exposure but not when they develop deprivation myopia. The finding suggests an interaction between cone abundancies and emmetropization. In the current study, we analyzed how stable this correlation was against changes in environmental variables and strain differences. We found that the correlation was preserved in two chicken strains, as long as they were raised in the laboratory facilities and not in the animal facilities of the institute. To determine the reasons for this difference, spectral and temporal lighting parameters were better adjusted in both places, whereas temperature, humidity, food, diurnal lighting cycles and illuminance were already matched. It was also verified that both strains of chickens had the same cone opsin amino acid sequences. The correlation between M to L cone abundancy and ocular biometry is highly susceptible to changes in environmental variables. Yet undetermined differences in lighting parameters were the most likely reasons. Other striking findings were that green cone opsin mRNA expression was downregulated when deprivation myopia developed. Similarly, red opsin mRNA was downregulated when chicks wore red spectacles, which made them more hyperopic. In summary, our experiments show that photoreceptor abundancies, opsin expression, and the responses to deprivation, and therefore emmetropization, are surprisingly dependent on subtle differences in lighting parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gisbert
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Elfriede Aulhorn Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marita Feldkaemper
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Elfriede Aulhorn Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Elfriede Aulhorn Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Elfriede Aulhorn Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Elfriede Aulhorn Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Rucker FJ, Eskew RT, Taylor C. Signals for defocus arise from longitudinal chromatic aberration in chick. Exp Eye Res 2020; 198:108126. [PMID: 32717338 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chicks respond to two signals from longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA): a wavelength defocus signal and a chromatic signal. Wavelength defocus predicts reduced axial eye growth in monochromatic short-wavelength light, compared to monochromatic long-wavelength light. Wavelength defocus may also influence growth in broadband light. In contrast, a chromatic signal predicts increased growth when short-wavelength contrast > long-wavelength contrast, but only when light is broadband. We aimed to investigate the influence of blue light, temporal frequency and contrast on these signals under broadband conditions. Starting at 12 to 13 days-old, 587 chicks were exposed to the experimental illumination conditions for three days for 8h/day and spent the remainder of their day in the dark. The stimuli were flickering lights, with a temporal frequency of 0.2 or 10 Hz, low (30%) or high contrast (80%), and a variety of ratios of cone contrast simulating the effects of defocus with LCA. There were two color conditions, with blue contrast (bPlus) and without (bMinus). Stimuli in the "bPlus" condition varied the amounts of long- (L), middle- (M_) and double (D-) cone contrast, relative to short- (S-) and (UV-) cone contrast, to simulate defocus. Stimuli in the "bMinus" condition only varied the relative modulations of the L + D vs. M cones. In all cases, the average of the stimuli was white, with an illuminance of 777 lux, with cone contrast created through temporal modulation. A Lenstar LS 900 and a Hartinger refractometer were used to measure ocular components and refraction. Wavelength defocus signals with relatively high S-cone contrast resulted in reduced axial growth, and more hyperopic refractions, under low-frequency conditions (p = 0.002), in response to the myopic defocus of blue light. Chromatic signals with relatively high S-cone contrast resulted in increased axial growth and more myopic refractions, under high frequency, low contrast, conditions (p < 0.001). We conclude that the chromatic signals from LCA are dependent on the temporal frequency, phase, and relative contrast of S-cone temporal modulation, and recommend broadband spectral and temporal environments, such as the outdoor environment, to optimize the signals-for-defocus in chick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Rucker
- New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Rhea T Eskew
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Christopher Taylor
- New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
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Gawne TJ, Norton TT. An opponent dual-detector spectral drive model of emmetropization. Vision Res 2020; 173:7-20. [PMID: 32445984 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In post-natal developing eyes a feedback mechanism uses optical cues to regulate axial growth so as to achieve good focus, a process termed emmetropization. However, the optical cues that the feedback mechanism uses have remained unclear. Here we present evidence that a primary visual cue may be the detection of different image statistics by the short-wavelength sensitive (SWS) and long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) cone photoreceptors, caused by longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA). We use as a model system the northern tree shrew Tupaia belangeri, diurnal cone-dominated dichromatic mammals closely related to primates. We present an optical model in which the SWS and LWS photoreceptors each represent an image at different levels of defocus. The model posits that an imbalance between SWS and LWS image statistics directs eye growth towards the point at which these image statistics are in balance. Under spectrally broadband ("white") lighting, the focus of the eye is driven to a target point approximately in the middle of the visible spectrum, which is emmetropia. Calculations suggest that the SWS cone array, despite the sparse number of SWS cones, can plausibly detect the wavelength-dependent differences in defocus and guide refractive development. The model is consistent with the effects of various narrow-band illuminants on emmetropization in tree shrews. Simulations suggest that common artificial light spectra do not interfere with emmetropization. Simulations also suggest that multi-spectral multi-focal lenses, where the different optical zones of a multifocal lens have different spectral filtering properties, could be an anti-myopia intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Gawne
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
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Sarfare S, Yang J, Nickla DL. The effects of brief high intensity light on ocular growth in chicks developing myopia vary with time of day. Exp Eye Res 2020; 195:108039. [PMID: 32339518 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the relevant variable in the anti-myopigenic effect of increased time spent outdoors is the increase in light intensity. Because light is the strongest Zeitgeber, it is plausible that the effects of bright light exposure depend on time of day, and may impact circadian rhythms. In these studies, we asked whether the effects on eye growth rates and ocular rhythms of brief daily exposures to bright light differed depending on time of day in eyes developing myopia in response to form deprivation (FD) or negative lens-induced hyperopic defocus (LENS). We also studied the effects of concurrent exposures to brief hyperopic defocus and bright light. Exp. 1: Starting at 12d, chicks wearing monocular diffusers or -10 D lenses were exposed to 3 daily hours (h) of bright light (30K lux) in the morning (FD: n = 12; LENS: n = 7) or evening (FD: n = 21; LENS: n = 7) for a total of 6 exposures. Controls wore diffusers or lenses but weren't exposed to bright light ("not bright" FD: n = 14; LENS: n = 9). Exp. 2: Untreated chicks were exposed to 3 h bright light in the morning (n = 12) or evening (n = 14) for a total of 6 exposures. Controls were not exposed to bright light (n = 11). Exp. 3: Chicks were exposed to 2 h simultaneous monocular hyperopic defocus and bright light in the morning (n = 11), mid-day (n = 7) or evening (n = 8) for 5 exposures. "Not bright" lens-wearing controls were data from published work (Nickla et al., 2017). High frequency A-scan ultrasonography was done at the start and end to measure growth rates. The FD group in Exp. 1 and the morning and evening groups in Exp. 3 were measured at 6-h intervals over the final 24 h to determine parameters for the rhythms in axial length and choroidal thickness. 1. Brief bright light in the evening inhibited eye growth in eyes wearing diffusers or lenses relative to "not bright" controls(interocular differences: FD: 316 vs 468 μm, p = 0.026; LENS: 233 vs 438 μm, p = 0.03); morning bright light had no effect. There was no differential effect of time of day of exposure on the rhythm in axial length; for choroid thickness, "time" accounted for the variance between groups (2-way ANOVA interaction p = 0.027). 2. In binocularly untreated chicks, bright light in the morning had a small but significant growth stimulatory effect relative to evening exposures (803 vs 679 μm/7d; post-hoc p = 0.048). 3. Eyes exposed to simultaneous hyperopic defocus and bright light were significantly more inhibited relative to "not bright" controls for morning exposures (interocular differences: -207 vs 69 μm; p < 0.01). In conclusion, the effects of brief periods of bright light on the growth controller depended on the time of day of exposure and on the contemporaneous state ofocular growth .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Sarfare
- The New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon St, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane Yang
- The New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon St, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debora L Nickla
- The New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon St, Boston, MA, USA.
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Papadogiannis P, Romashchenko D, Unsbo P, Lundström L. Lower sensitivity to peripheral hypermetropic defocus due to higher order ocular aberrations. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:300-307. [PMID: 32031730 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many myopia control interventions are designed to induce myopic relative peripheral refraction. However, myopes tend to show asymmetries in their sensitivity to defocus, seeing better with hypermetropic rather than myopic defocus. This study aims to determine the influence of chromatic aberrations (CA) and higher-order monochromatic aberrations (HOA) in the peripheral asymmetry to defocus. METHODS Peripheral (20° nasal visual field) low-contrast (10%) resolution acuity of nine subjects (four myopes, four emmetropes, one hypermetrope) was evaluated under induced myopic and hypermetropic defocus between ±5 D, under four conditions: (a) Peripheral Best Sphere and Cylinder (BSC) correction in white light; (b) Peripheral BSC correction + CA elimination (green light); (c) Peripheral BSC correction + HOA correction in white light; and (d) Peripheral BSC correction + CA elimination + HOA correction. No cycloplegia was used, and all measurements were repeated three times. RESULTS The slopes of the peripheral acuity as a function of positive and negative defocus differed, especially when the natural HOA and CA were present. This asymmetry was quantified as the average of the absolute sum of positive and negative defocus slopes for all subjects (AVS). The AVS was 0.081 and 0.063 logMAR/D for white and green light respectively, when the ocular HOA were present. With adaptive optics correction for HOA, the asymmetry reduced to 0.021 logMAR/D for white and 0.031 logMAR/D for green light, mainly because the sensitivity to hypermetropic defocus increased when HOA were corrected. CONCLUSION The asymmetry was only slightly affected by the elimination of the CA of the eye, whereas adaptive optics correction for HOA reduced the asymmetry. The HOA mainly affected the sensitivity to hypermetropic defocus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Papadogiannis
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Romashchenko
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Unsbo
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Lundström
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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