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Yang X, Qi X, Zuo K, Huang Y, Bian X, Wang J, Yu H, Feng Q, Lei X, Chen T. Vitamin D alleviation of oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:314. [PMID: 38965086 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell damage is a major factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a powerful antioxidant and it has been suggested to have anti-aging properties and potential for treating AMD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of VD3 on RPE cell oxidative apoptosis of RPE cells in order to provide experimental evidence for the treatment of AMD. METHODS Human retinal pigment epithelial cell 19 (ARPE-19) cells were divided into four groups: blank group (untreated), model group (incubated in medium with 400 μmol/L H2O2 for 1 h), VD3 group (incubated in medium with 100 μmol/L VD3 for 24 h), and treatment group (incubated in medium with 400 μmol/L H2O2 for 1 h and 100 μmol/L VD3 for 24 h). Cell viability, cell senescence, ROS content, expression levels of vitamin D specific receptors, Akt, Sirt1, NAMPT, and JNK mRNA expression levels, SOD activity, and MDA, GSH, and GPX levels were measured. RESULTS We first established an ARPE-19 cell stress model with H2O2. Our control experiment showed that VD3 treatment had no significant effect on ARPE-19 cell viability within 6-48 h. Treating the stressed ARPE-19 cells with VD3 showed mixed results; caspase-3 expression was decreased, Bcl-2 expression was increased, MDA level of ARPE-19 cells was decreased, GSH-PX, GPX and SOD levels were increased, the relative mRNA expression levels of Akt, Sirt1, NAMPT were increased (P < 0.05), and the relative mRNA expression level of JNK was decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION VD3 can potentially slow the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Xing Qi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Kun Zuo
- College of Pharmacy, Jia Mu Si University, Jiamusi, 154100, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Xiyun Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Jia Mu Si University, Jiamusi, 154100, China
| | - Qinbei Feng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Xia Lei
- Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, 214071, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tingli Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, 214000, China.
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Zhang L, Li Y, Wu Z, Shen Q, Zeng C, Liu H, Zhang X, Yang J, Liu Q, Tang D, Ou K, Fang Y. Metrnl inhibits choroidal neovascularization by attenuating the choroidal inflammation via inactivating the UCHL-1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379586. [PMID: 38745648 PMCID: PMC11091344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) represents the predominant form of advanced wet Age-related Macular Degeneration (wAMD). Macrophages play a pivotal role in the pathological progression of CNV. Meteorin-like (Metrnl), a novel cytokine known for its anti-inflammatory properties in macrophages, is the focus of our investigation into its mechanism of action and its potential to impede CNV progression. Methods Cell viability was evaluated through CCK-8 and EdU assays following Metrnl treatment. Expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and proteins were assessed using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blot techniques. Protein-protein interactions were identified through protein mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Additionally, in vivo and in vitro neovascularization models were employed to evaluate angiogenesis. Results Our results revealed downregulated Metrnl levels in the choroid-sclera complex of CNV mice, the aqueous humor of wAMD patients, and activated macrophages. Metrnl overexpression demonstrated a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine production, influenced endothelial cell function, and suppressed angiogenesis in choroid explants and CNV models. Through protein mass spectrometry and Co-IP, we confirmed Metrnl binds to UCHL-1 to modulate the NF-κB signaling pathway. This interaction inhibited the transcription and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ultimately suppressing angiogenesis. Conclusion In summary, our findings indicate that Metrnl down-regulates macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion via the UCHL-1/NF-κB signaling pathway. This mechanism alleviates the inflammatory microenvironment and effectively inhibits choroidal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Youjian Li
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation (IATTI), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation (IATTI), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqin Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuedong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxing Yang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation (IATTI), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation (IATTI), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Dianyong Tang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation (IATTI), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Kepeng Ou
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation (IATTI), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanhong Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing, China
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3
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Iezzi R, Scruggs BA, Gandhi J, Zenti FN, Shafi N, Berger A, Marmorstein AD. Early Choriocapillaris Loss in a Porcine Model of RPE Cell Debridement Precedes Pathology That Simulates Advanced Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:8. [PMID: 38568620 PMCID: PMC10996981 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose No large-mammal surgical models exist for geographic atrophy (GA), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and pachychoroidal vascular remodeling. Our goal was to develop a porcine RPE debridement model of advanced macular degeneration to study photoreceptor cell loss and choroidal remodeling. Methods Seven 2-month-old female domestic pigs were used for this study. After 25G vitrectomy, the area centralis was detached via subretinal bleb. A nitinol wire (Finesse Flex Loop) was used to debride RPE cells across a 3- to 5-mm diameter region. Fluid-air exchange was performed, and 20% SF6 gas injected. Animals underwent fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT-angiography (OCTA) at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Retinal histology was obtained at euthanasia, 2 months (n = 3), 3 months (n = 2), or 6 months (n = 2) after surgery. Results RPE debridement resulted in GA with rapid loss of choriocapillaris, progressive loss of photoreceptors, and pachychoroidal changes in Sattler's and Haller's layers in all seven eyes undergoing debridement within 2 months. OCT and histological findings included subretinal disciform scar with overlying outer retinal atrophy; outer retinal tubulations and subretinal hyper-reflective material. OCTA revealed type 2 CNV (n = 4) at the edges of the debridement zone by 2 months, but there was no significant exudation noted at any time point. Conclusions Surgical debridement of the RPE results in GA, CNV, and pachychoroid and reproduced all forms of advanced macular degeneration. This surgical model may be useful in examining the role of RPE and other cell replacement in treating advanced macular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Iezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Brittni A. Scruggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jarel Gandhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Francesca N. Zenti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Noah Shafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Aubrey Berger
- Regenerative Sciences, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Alan D. Marmorstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Tu Y, Guo Y, Sun H, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Xu Y, Xie L, Zhu M. Tocilizumab attenuates choroidal neovascularization by regulating macrophage polarization through the IL-6R/STAT3/VEGF pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27893. [PMID: 38524531 PMCID: PMC10958357 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment. Up to 80% of severe vision loss is caused by AMD, which is characterized by the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Uncertainty exists regarding the precise pathophysiological mechanisms of CNV. It has been suggested that the interleukin (IL) IL-6/IL-6R signaling pathway is crucial in the progression of CNV. Tocilizumab (TCZ), a monoclonal antibody, binds to soluble and membrane-bound IL-6R and competitively inhibits IL-6 downstream signaling. Previous research has demonstrated that TCZ promotes several roles related to inflammation and neovascularization. However, the effects of TCZ on CNV and the underlying mechanism are still unknown. This study found that TCZ administration decreased the area and leakage of CNV lesions in the mice model of laser-induced CNV. Additionally, results demonstrated that TCZ promotes the expression of iNOS, CCL-3, CCL-5, TNF-α and inhibits the expression of Arg-1, IL-10, YM-1 and CD206. Furthermore, TCZ treatment inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) STAT3/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, which was activated after CNV formation. Colivelin, a STAT3 agonist, reversed the inhibitory effects of TCZ on CNV formation and macrophage polarization. In a mouse model of laser-induced CNV, our findings demonstrated that TCZ attenuated CNV formation and inhibited the leakage of CNV lesions by regulating macrophage polarization via inhibiting the STAT3/VEGF axis. TCZ is the potential therapeutic strategy for CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiqian Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laiqing Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ou K, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Luo Y, Jiang J, Dan J, Tang D, Chen Z, Wu J. Marine bromophenols suppressed choroidal neovascularization by targeting HUWE1 through NF-κb signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128620. [PMID: 38070804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the progression of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Regular intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF medication is required for many patients to sustain eye condition as CNV always recurs due to persistent chronic inflammation in the retina and choroid. Marine bromophenols (BDB) have been widely studied due to their diverse bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory effect, though the mechanism of which remained unclear. Our study demonstrated that BDB could restricted endothelial cells' function and suppressed choroidal explants both in vitro and in vivo without out affecting the cells viability. BDB also significantly reduced numerous inflammatory cytokines in both raw cells and choroidal tissue, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4 and MMP-9. Moreover, we demonstrated that BDB down regulated phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in the raw cells. By Co-IP assay, HUWE1 was found to be bound with BDB and the binding location was at sequences position 4214. When overexpressed HUWE1 in HUVECs, the suppression of endothelial cells' function by BDB became more significant. Taken together, the findings in this study showed that BDB suppressed endothelial cells' function and choroidal neovascularization by targeting HUWE1 through NF-κB pathway, which suggested that BDB could be a potential therapeutic candidate in treating chronic inflammation in choroidal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Ou
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Youjian Li
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yafei Luo
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqing Dan
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Dianyong Tang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhongzhu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China..
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Navneet S, Wilson K, Rohrer B. Müller Glial Cells in the Macula: Their Activation and Cell-Cell Interactions in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:42. [PMID: 38416457 PMCID: PMC10910558 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Müller glia, the main glial cell of the retina, are critical for neuronal and vascular homeostasis in the retina. During age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis, Müller glial activation, remodeling, and migrations are reported in the areas of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) degeneration, photoreceptor loss, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions. Despite this evidence indicating glial activation localized to the regions of AMD pathogenesis, it is unclear whether these glial responses contribute to AMD pathology or occur merely as a bystander effect. In this review, we summarize how Müller glia are affected in AMD retinas and share a prospect on how Müller glial stress might directly contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. The goal of this review is to highlight the need for future studies investigating the Müller cell's role in AMD. This may lead to a better understanding of AMD pathology, including the conversion from dry to wet AMD, which has no effective therapy currently and may shed light on drug intolerance and resistance to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Navneet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Kyrie Wilson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
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7
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Zeng J, Wang Y, Zhu M, Wu M, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Xu Y, Lin F, Wang J, Li Y, Liang S, Wang Z, Xie L, Liu X. Neutrophil extracellular traps boost laser-induced mouse choroidal neovascularization through the activation of the choroidal endothelial cell TLR4/HIF-1α pathway. FEBS J 2023; 290:5395-5410. [PMID: 37552110 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is characterized by the infiltration of immune cells, particularly neutrophils. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) facilitates the angiogenesis of pulmonary endothelial cells via activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). TLR4 promotes the expression of transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which promotes inflammation and angiogenesis via the up-regulation of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In the present study, we aimed to identify the formation of NET and its role in CNV. Our results showed that NET levels were increased in a mouse laser-induced CNV model via oxidative stress, whereas the inhibition of NET alleviated CNV. In vitro, NET activated the TLR4/HIF-1α pathway in human choroidal endothelial cells (HCECs). Additionally, NET increased the transcription and expression of MMP-9 and IL-1β in HCECs via activating the TLR4/HIF-1α pathway. Meanwhile, NET promoted the inflammatory response accompanied by the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HCECs in a MMP-9- and IL-1β-dependent manner. In conclusion, NET was up-regulated in CNV and promoted the formation of CNV via activating the TLR4/HIF-1α pathway in choroidal endothelial cells. Our data uncovered the novel role of NET in promoting the formation of CNV. The underlying mechanism of NET could be targeted to delay the process of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, China
| | - Yamei Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqian Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Medical College, Nantong University, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Medical College, Nantong University, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Medical College, Nantong University, China
| | | | - Ziyu Wang
- Medical College, Nantong University, China
| | - Laiqing Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, China
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Zhang Y, Huang J, Liang Y, Huang J, Fu Y, Chen N, Lu B, Zhao C. Clearance of lipid droplets by chimeric autophagy-tethering compound ameliorates the age-related macular degeneration phenotype in mice lacking APOE. Autophagy 2023; 19:2668-2681. [PMID: 37266932 PMCID: PMC10472852 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2220540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness among the elderly, and there is currently no clinical treatment targeting the primary impairment of AMD. The earliest clinical hallmark of AMD is drusen, which are yellowish spots mainly composed of lipid droplets (LDs) accumulated under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). However, the potential pathogenic role of this excessive LD accumulation in AMD is yet to be determined, partially due to a lack of chemical tools to manipulate LDs specifically. Here, we employed our recently developed Lipid Droplets·AuTophagy Tethering Compounds (LD∙ATTECs) to degrade LDs and to evaluate its consequence on the AMD-like phenotypes in apoe-/- (apolipoprotein E; B6/JGpt-Apoeem1Cd82/Gpt) mouse model. apoe-/- mice fed with high-fat diet (apoe-/--HFD) exhibited excessive LD accumulation in the retina, particularly with AMD-like phenotypes including RPE degeneration, Bruch's membrane (BrM) thickening, drusen-like deposits, and photoreceptor dysfunction. LD·ATTEC treatment significantly cleared LDs in RPE/choroidal tissues without perturbing lipid synthesis-related proteins and rescued RPE degeneration and photoreceptor dysfunction in apoe-/--HFD mice. This observation implied a causal relationship between LD accumulation and AMD-relevant phenotypes. Mechanically, the apoe-/--HFD mice exhibited elevated oxidative stress and inflammatory signals, both of which were mitigated by the LD·ATTEC treatment. Collectively, this study demonstrated that LD accumulation was a trigger for the process of AMD and provided entry points for the treatment of the initial insult of AMD by degrading LDs.Abbreviations: AMD: age-related macular degeneration; APOE: apolipoprotein E; ATTECs: autophagy-tethering compounds; BODIPY: boron-dipyrromethene; BrM: Bruch's membrane; ERG: electroretinogram; HFD: high-fat diet; LD·ATTECs: Lipid Droplets·AuTophagy Tethering Compounds; LDs: lipid droplets; OA: oleic acid; OPL: outer plexiform layer; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelu Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiancheng Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqiu Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Kushwah N, Bora K, Maurya M, Pavlovich MC, Chen J. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1379. [PMID: 37507918 PMCID: PMC10376043 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in aging-related eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, and glaucoma. With age, antioxidant reparative capacity decreases, and excess levels of reactive oxygen species produce oxidative damage in many ocular cell types underling age-related pathologies. In AMD, loss of central vision in the elderly is caused primarily by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and degeneration and/or choroidal neovascularization that trigger malfunction and loss of photo-sensing photoreceptor cells. Along with various genetic and environmental factors that contribute to AMD, aging and age-related oxidative damage have critical involvement in AMD pathogenesis. To this end, dietary intake of antioxidants is a proven way to scavenge free radicals and to prevent or slow AMD progression. This review focuses on AMD and highlights the pathogenic role of oxidative stress in AMD from both clinical and experimental studies. The beneficial roles of antioxidants and dietary micronutrients in AMD are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Collin J, Hasoon MSR, Zerti D, Hammadi S, Dorgau B, Clarke L, Steel D, Hussain R, Coxhead J, Lisgo S, Queen R, Lako M. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transcriptional changes of human choroidal and retinal pigment epithelium cells during fetal development, in healthy adult and intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1698-1710. [PMID: 36645183 PMCID: PMC10162434 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most prevalent cause of blindness in the developed world. Vision loss in the advanced stages of the disease is caused by atrophy of retinal photoreceptors, overlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroidal endothelial cells. The molecular events that underline the development of these cell types from in utero to adult as well as the progression to intermediate and advanced stages AMD are not yet fully understood. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) of human fetal and adult RPE-choroidal tissues, profiling in detail all the cell types and elucidating cell type-specific proliferation, differentiation and immunomodulation events that occur up to midgestation. Our data demonstrate that progression from the fetal to adult state is characterized by an increase in expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress response and detoxification from heavy metals, suggesting a better defence against oxidative stress in the adult RPE-choroid tissue. Single-cell comparative transcriptional analysis between a patient with intermediate AMD and an unaffected subject revealed a reduction in the number of RPE cells and melanocytes in the macular region of the AMD patient. Together these findings may suggest a macular loss of RPE cells and melanocytes in the AMD patients, but given the complex processing of tissues required for single-cell RNA-Seq that is prone to technical artefacts, these findings need to be validated by additional techniques in a larger number of AMD patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Collin
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Megan S R Hasoon
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Darin Zerti
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Microscopy Centre and Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L’Aquila, L'aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Sarah Hammadi
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Birthe Dorgau
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lucy Clarke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - David Steel
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rafiqul Hussain
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jonathan Coxhead
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rachel Queen
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
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11
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Xie Z, Wu XJ, Cheng RW, Cui JH, Yuan ST, Zhou JW, Liu QH. JP1, a polypeptide specifically targeting integrin αVβ3, ameliorates choroidal neovascularization and diabetic retinopathy in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:897-912. [PMID: 36280689 PMCID: PMC10043287 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have revolutionized the treatment of neovascular eye diseases, but responses are incomplete in some patients. Recent evidence shows that integrins are involved in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. JP1, derived from an optimized seven-amino-acid fragment of JWA protein, is a polypeptide specifically targeting integrin αVβ3. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of JP1 on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and retinal vascular leakage. CNV mice received a single intravitreal (IVT) injection of JP1 (10, 20, 40 µg) or ranibizumab (RBZ, 10 µg). We showed that JP1 injection dose-dependently inhibited laser-induced CNV; the effect of RBZ was comparable to that of 20 µg JP1; a combined IVT injection of JP1 (20 μg) and RBZ (5 μg) exerted a synergistic effect on CNV. In the 3rd month after streptozotocin injection, diabetic mice receiving IVT injection of JP1 (40 µg) or RBZ (10 µg) once a week for 4 weeks showed significantly suppressed retinal vascular leakage. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, JP1 counteracted oxidative stress and inflammation via inhibiting ROS/NF-κB signaling in microglial cells, and angiogenesis via modulating MEK1/2-SP1-integrin αVβ3 and TRIM25-SP1-MMP2 axes in vascular endothelial cells. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of JP1 (1, 5 or 10 mg) once every other day for 3 times also dose-dependently inhibited CNV. After intraperitoneal injection of FITC-labeled JP1 (FITC-JP1) or FITC in laser-induced CNV mice, the fluorescence intensity in the CNV lesion was markedly increased in FITC-JP1 group, compared with that in FITC group, confirming that JP1 could penetrate the blood-retinal barrier to target CNV lesion. We conclude that JP1 can be used to design novel CNV-targeting therapeutic agents that may replace current invasive intraocular injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xin-Jing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Rui-Wen Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jia-Hua Cui
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Song-Tao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Jian-Wei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Qing-Huai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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12
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Sreekumar PG, Su F, Spee C, Araujo E, Nusinowitz S, Reddy ST, Kannan R. Oxidative Stress and Lipid Accumulation Augments Cell Death in LDLR-Deficient RPE Cells and Ldlr-/- Mice. Cells 2022; 12:43. [PMID: 36611838 PMCID: PMC9818299 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation from oxidative stress is considered a major contributor to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The retina is abundant with circulating low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which are taken up by LDL receptor (LDLR) in the RPE and Müller cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of LDLR in the NaIO3-induced model of dry AMD. Confluent primary human RPE (hRPE) and LDLR-silenced ARPE-19 cells were stressed with 150 µM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH) and caspase 3/7 activation was determined. WT and Ldlr-/- mice were administered NaIO3 (20 mg/kg) intravenously. On day 7, fundus imaging, OCT, ERG, and retinal thickness were measured. Histology, TUNEL, cleaved caspase 3 and lipid accumulation were assessed. Treatment of hRPE with tBH markedly decreased LDLR expression. Caspase 3/7 activation was significantly increased in LDLR-silenced ARPE-19 cells treated with tBH. In Ldlr-/- mice, NaIO3 administration resulted in significant (a) retinal thinning, (b) compromised photoreceptor function, (c) increased percentage of cleaved caspase 3 positive and apoptotic cells, and (d) increased lipid droplet accumulation in the RPE, Bruch membrane, choroid, and sclera, compared to WT mice. Our findings imply that LDLR loss leads to lipid accumulation and impaired retinal function, which may contribute to the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng Su
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Eduardo Araujo
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ram Kannan
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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13
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Tian R, Deng A, Pang X, Chen Y, Gao Y, Liu H, Hu Z. VR-10 polypeptide interacts with CD36 to induce cell apoptosis and autophagy in choroid-retinal endothelial cells: Identification of VR-10 as putative novel therapeutic agent for choroid neovascularization (CNV) treatment. Peptides 2022; 157:170868. [PMID: 36067926 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Choroid neovascularization (CNV) is important adverse pathological changes that contributes to the aggravation of hypoxic-ischemic eye diseases, and our preliminary work evidences that the thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) synthetic polypeptide VR-10 may be the candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of CNV, but its detailed effects and molecular mechanisms are not fully delineated. In this study, the CNV models in BN rats were established by using the laser photocoagulation method, which were further subjected to VR-10 peptide treatment. The RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis suggested that VR-10 peptide significantly altered the expression patterns of genes in the rat ocular tissues, and the changed genes were especially enriched in the CD36-associated signal pathways. Next, by performing the Real-Time qPCR and Western Blot analysis, we expectedly found that VR-10 upregulated the anti-angiogenesis biomarker (PEDF) and downregulated pro-angiogenesis biomarkers (VEGF, HIF-1 and IL-17) in rat tissues. In addition, we evidenced that VR-10 downregulated CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D2 to induce cell cycle arrest, upregulated cleaved Caspase-3, Bax and downregulated Bcl-2 to promote cell apoptosis, and increased LC3B-II/I ratio and facilitate p62 degradation to promote cell autophagy in RF/6A cells, which were all reversed by knocking down CD36. Moreover, VR-10 upregulated PEDF, and decreased the expression levels of VEGF, HIF-1 and IL-17 to block angiogenesis of RF/6A cells in a CD36-dependent manner. Taken together, VR-10 peptide interacts with its receptor CD36 to regulate the biological functions of RF/6A cells, and these data suggest that VR-10 peptide may be the putative therapeutic drug for the treatment of CNV in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Qingnian Road No. 176, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Aiping Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Qingnian Road No. 176, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Xueyuan Street No. 38, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yunli Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lijiang People's Hospital, Fuhui Road No. 526, Gucheng District, Lijiang, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yufei Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Qingnian Road No. 176, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Qingnian Road No. 176, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zhulin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Qingnian Road No. 176, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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14
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Galindez SM, Keightley A, Koulen P. Differential distribution of steroid hormone signaling networks in the human choroid-retinal pigment epithelial complex. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:406. [PMID: 36266625 PMCID: PMC9583547 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a layer of pigmented cells that lies between the neurosensory retina and the underlying choroid, plays a critical role in maintaining the functional integrity of photoreceptor cells and in mediating communication between the neurosensory retina and choroid. Prior studies have demonstrated neurotrophic effects of select steroids that mitigate the development and progression of retinal degenerative diseases via an array of distinct mechanisms of action. Methods Here, we identified major steroid hormone signaling pathways and their key functional protein constituents controlling steroid hormone signaling, which are potentially involved in the mitigation or propagation of retinal degenerative processes, from human proteome datasets with respect to their relative abundances in the retinal periphery, macula, and fovea. Results Androgen, glucocorticoid, and progesterone signaling networks were identified and displayed differential distribution patterns within these three anatomically distinct regions of the choroid-retinal pigment epithelial complex. Classical and non-classical estrogen and mineralocorticoid receptors were not identified. Conclusion Identified differential distribution patterns suggest both selective susceptibility to chronic neurodegenerative disease processes, as well as potential substrates for drug target discovery and novel drug development focused on steroid signaling pathways in the choroid-RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Galindez
- School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Andrew Keightley
- School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Peter Koulen
- School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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15
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Melecchi A, Amato R, Lapi D, Dal Monte M, Rusciano D, Bagnoli P, Cammalleri M. Increased efficacy of dietary supplement containing wax ester-rich marine oil and xanthophylls in a mouse model of dry macular degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1038730. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1038730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is nowadays considered among the retinal diseases whose clinical management lacks established treatment approaches, mainly for its atrophic (dry) form. In this respect, the use of dietary patterns enriched in omega-3 and antioxidant xanthophylls has emerged as a promising approach to counteract dry AMD progression although the prophylactic potential of omega-3 of fish origin has been discussed. Whether enriched availability of omega-3 and xanthophylls may increase the effectiveness of diet supplementation in preventing dry AMD remains to be fully established. The present study aims at comparing the efficacy of an existing orally administered formulation based on lutein and fish oil, as a source of omega-3, with a novel formulation providing the combination of lutein and astaxanthin with Calanus oil (COil), which contains omega-3 together with their precursors policosanols. Using a mouse model of dry AMD based on subretinal injection of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400, we assessed the comparative efficacy of both formulations on PEG-induced major hallmarks including oxidative stress, inflammation, glial reactivity and outer retinal thickness. Dietary supplementation with both mixtures has been found to exert a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity as reflected by the overall amelioration of the PEG-induced pathological hallmarks. Noteworthy, the formulation based on COil appeared to be more protective than the one based on fish oil, presumably because of the higher bioavailability of omega-3 in COil. These results support the use of dietary supplements combining omega-3 and xanthophylls in the prevention and treatment of AMD and suggest that the source of omega-3 might contribute to treatment efficacy.
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16
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Tolentino MJ, Tolentino AJ. Investigational drugs in clinical trials for macular degeneration. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:1067-1085. [PMID: 35962560 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2113375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections for exudative age-related macular degeneration (eAMD) are effective and safe but require frequent injections and have nonresponding patients. Geographic atrophy/dry AMD (gaAMD) remains an unmet medical need . New therapies are needed to address this leading cause of blindness in the increasing aged population. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the pathogenesis of macular degeneration, current and failed therapeutics, therapies undergoing clinical trials and a rationale for why certain AMD therapies may succeed or fail . EXPERT OPINION VEGF- inhibitors reduce both vascular leakage and neovascularization. Experimental therapies that only address neovascularization or leakage will unlikely supplant anti-VEGF therapies. The most promising future therapies for eAMD, are those that target, more potently inhibit and have a more sustained effect on the VEGF pathway such as KSI-301, RGX-314, CLS-AX, EYEP-1901, OTX-TKI. GaAMD is a phenotype of phagocytic retinal cell loss. Inhibiting phagocytic activity of retinal microglial/macrophages at the border of GA and reducing complement derived activators of microglial/macrophage is the most promising strategy. Complement inhibitors (Pegcetacoplan and Avacincaptad pegol) will likely obtain FDA approval but will serve to pave the way for combined complement and direct phagocytic inhibitors such as AVD-104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Tolentino
- University of Central Florida, FL, USA.,Blue Ocean Clinical Research, Lakeland, FL, USA.,Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
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17
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Targeting the Complement Cascade for Treatment of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081884. [PMID: 36009430 PMCID: PMC9405256 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly population. AMD is characterized in its late form by neovascularization (wet type) or geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium cell layer (dry type). Regarding the latter type, there is growing evidence supporting an association between the pathophysiology of dry AMD and key proteins in the complement cascade. The complement cascade works as a central part of the innate immune system by defending against foreign pathogens and modified self-tissues. Through three distinct pathways, a series of plasma and membrane-associated serum proteins are activated upon identification of a foreign entity. Several of these proteins have been implicated in the development and progression of dry AMD. Potential therapeutic targets include C1q, C3, C5, complement factors (B, D, H, I), membrane attack complex, and properdin. In this review, we provide an understanding of the role of the complement system in dry AMD and discuss the emerging therapies in early phase clinical trials. The tentative hope is that these drugs may offer the potential to intervene at earlier stages in dry AMD pathogenesis, thereby preventing progression to late disease.
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18
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Wang Y, Fung NSK, Lam WC, Lo ACY. mTOR Signalling Pathway: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071304. [PMID: 35883796 PMCID: PMC9311918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the research of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway demonstrated that mTOR is a robust therapeutic target for ocular degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma. Although the exact mechanisms of individual ocular degenerative diseases are unclear, they share several common pathological processes, increased and prolonged oxidative stress in particular, which leads to functional and morphological impairment in photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). mTOR not only modulates oxidative stress but is also affected by reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation. It is essential to understand the complicated relationship between the mTOR pathway and oxidative stress before its application in the treatment of retinal degeneration. Indeed, the substantial role of mTOR-mediated autophagy in the pathogenies of ocular degenerative diseases should be noted. In reviewing the latest studies, this article summarised the application of rapamycin, an mTOR signalling pathway inhibitor, in different retinal disease models, providing insight into the mechanism of rapamycin in the treatment of retinal neurodegeneration under oxidative stress. Besides basic research, this review also summarised and updated the results of the latest clinical trials of rapamycin in ocular neurodegenerative diseases. In combining the current basic and clinical research results, we provided a more complete picture of mTOR as a potential therapeutic target for ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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19
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Ren J, Ren A, Deng X, Huang Z, Jiang Z, Li Z, Gong Y. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites Regulate Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:865-880. [PMID: 35173457 PMCID: PMC8842733 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s347231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a blinding eye disease, whose incidence strongly increases with ages. The etiology of AMD is complex, including aging, abnormal lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are essential for ocular structures and functions. This review summarizes the regulatory effects of LCPUFA on inflammation in AMD. LCPUFA are related to aging, autophagy and chronic inflammation. They are metabolized to pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites by various enzymes. These metabolites stimulate inflammation in response to oxidative stress, causing innate and acquired immune responses. This review also discusses the possible clinical applications, which provided novel targets for the prevention and treatment of AMD and other age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Ren
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anli Ren
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xizhi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yan Gong; Zhi Li, Tel +86 27 6781 1461; +86 27 6781 2622, Fax +86 27 6781 1471; +86 27 6781 3133, Email ;
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20
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Ma Y, Ding X, Shao M, Qiu Y, Li S, Cao W, Xu G. Association of Serum Complement C1q and C3 Level with Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Women. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:285-294. [PMID: 35058703 PMCID: PMC8765539 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s348539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between serum complement components and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 118 AMD patients and age- and sex-matched 106 control subjects were included. Demographic data and the level of serum complement component (C)1q, C3 and C4 were evaluated. Based on sex, the subjects were stratified into male and female subgroups. RESULTS The level of C1q (226.31±45.33mg/dL) was significantly higher and C3 (121.14±15.76mg/dL) was significantly lower than that in control group (200.03±38.54mg/dL) (128.42±19.81mg/dL) in the female AMD patients (p = 0.005, p = 0.045). Logistic regression showed that increased C1q (OR = 1.132, p = 0.016) and decreased C3 (OR = 0.960, p = 0.048) were independent risk factors for female AMD patients. No statistical significance was observed in the male. CONCLUSION Increased C1q and decreased C3 were associated with increased risk of AMD, suggesting that the complement classical pathway probably be involved in AMD, especially in female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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21
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Jha KA, Rasiah PK, Gentry J, Del Mar NA, Kumar R, Adebiyi A, Reiner A, Gangaraju R. Mesenchymal stem cell secretome protects against oxidative stress-induced ocular blast visual pathologies. Exp Eye Res 2022; 215:108930. [PMID: 35016886 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visual deficits are a common concern among subjects with head trauma. Stem cell therapies have gained recent attention in treating visual deficits following head trauma. Previously, we have shown that adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) concentrated conditioned medium (ASC-CCM), when delivered via an intravitreal route, yielded a significant improvement in vision accompanied by a decrease in retinal neuroinflammation in a focal cranial blast model that indirectly injures the retina. The purpose of the current study is to extend our previous studies to a direct ocular blast injury model to further establish the preclinical efficacy of ASC-CCM. Adult C57BL/6J mice were subjected to repetitive ocular blast injury (rOBI) of 25 psi to the left eye, followed by intravitreal delivery of ASC-CCM (∼200 ng protein/2 μl) or saline within 2-3 h. Visual function and histological changes were measured 4 weeks after injury and treatment. In vitro, Müller cells were used to evaluate the antioxidant effect of ASC-CCM. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and b-wave amplitudes in rOBI mice receiving saline were significantly decreased compared with age-matched sham blast mice. Immunohistological analyses demonstrated a significant increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (a retinal injury marker) in Müller cell processes, DNA/RNA damage, and nitrotyrosine (indicative of oxidative stress) in the retina, while qPCR analysis revealed a >2-fold increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, ICAM1, and Ccl2) in the retina, as well as markers for microglia/macrophage activation (IL-1β and CD86). Remarkably, rOBI mice that received ASC-CCM demonstrated a significant improvement in visual function compared to saline-treated rOBI mice, with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and b-wave amplitudes that were not different from those in sham mice. This improvement in visual function also was associated with a significant reduction in retinal GFAP, neuroinflammation markers, and oxidative stress compared to saline-treated rOBI mice. In vitro, Müller cells exposed to oxidative stress via increasing doses of hydrogen peroxide demonstrated decreased viability, increased GFAP mRNA expression, and reduced activity for the antioxidant catalase. On the other hand, oxidatively stressed Müller cells pre-incubated with ASC-CCM showed normalized GFAP, viability, and catalase activity. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that a single intravitreal injection of ASC-CCM in the rOBI can significantly rescue retinal injury and provide significant restoration of visual function. Our in vitro studies suggest that the antioxidant catalase may play a major role in the protective effects of ASC-CCM, uncovering yet another aspect of the multifaceted benefits of ASC secretome therapies in neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite 769, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Pratheepa Kumari Rasiah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite 769, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite 769, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Nobel A Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 317 Wittenborg Building, 875 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Coleman Building, Suite C211, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Coleman Building, Suite C211, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 522 Wittenborg Building, 875 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anatomy & Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite 768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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22
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Martínez-Vacas A, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Glial Cell Activation and Oxidative Stress in Retinal Degeneration Induced by β-Alanine Caused Taurine Depletion and Light Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:346. [PMID: 35008772 PMCID: PMC8745531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate glial cell activation and oxidative stress induced by taurine deficiency secondary to β-alanine administration and light exposure. Two months old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group and three experimental groups that were treated with 3% β-alanine in drinking water (taurine depleted) for two months, light exposed or both. Retinal and external thickness were measured in vivo at baseline and pre-processing with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal cryostat cross sections were immunodetected with antibodies against various antigens to investigate microglial and macroglial cell reaction, photoreceptor outer segments, synaptic connections and oxidative stress. Taurine depletion caused a decrease in retinal thickness, shortening of photoreceptor outer segments, microglial cell activation, oxidative stress in the outer and inner nuclear layers and the ganglion cell layer and synaptic loss. These events were also observed in light exposed animals, which in addition showed photoreceptor death and macroglial cell reactivity. Light exposure under taurine depletion further increased glial cell reaction and oxidative stress. Finally, the retinal pigment epithelial cells were Fluorogold labeled and whole mounted, and we document that taurine depletion impairs their phagocytic capacity. We conclude that taurine depletion causes cell damage to various retinal layers including retinal pigment epithelial cells, photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, and increases the susceptibility of the photoreceptor outer segments to light damage. Thus, beta-alanine supplements should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
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23
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MicroRNA-27a Promotes Oxidative-Induced RPE Cell Death through Targeting FOXO1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6666506. [PMID: 34761005 PMCID: PMC8575620 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6666506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactor disease, which is primarily characterized by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell loss. Since the retina is the most metabolically active tissue, RPE cells are exposed to consistent oxidative environment. So, oxidation-induced RPE cell death has long been considered a contributor to the onset of AMD. Here, we applied a retinal degeneration (RD) rat model induced by blue light-emitting diode (LED) and a cell model constructed by H2O2 stimulus to mimic the prooxidant environment of the retina. We detected that the expression of miR-27a was upregulated and the expression of FOXO1 was downregulated in both models. So, we furtherly investigated the role of miR-27a-FOXO1 axis in RPE in protesting against oxidants. Lentivirus-mediated RNA was injected intravitreally into rats to modulate the miR-27a-FOXO1 axis. Retinal function and histopathological changes were evaluated by electroretinography (ERG) analysis and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, respectively. Massive photoreceptor and RPE cell death were examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The damage to the retina was aggravated in the FOXO1 gene-knockdown and miR-27a-overexpression groups after exposure to LED but was alleviated in the FOXO1 gene-overexpression or miR-27a-knockdown groups. Dual luciferase assay was used to detect the binding site of miR-27a and FOXO1. Upregulated miR-27a inhibited the expression of FOXO1 by directly binding to the FOXO1 mRNA 3′UTR and decreased the autophagy activity of ARPE-19 cells, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease of cell viability. The results suggest that miR-27a is a negative regulator of FOXO1. Also, our data emphasize the prominent role of miR-27a/FOXO1 axis in modulating ROS accumulation and cell death in RPE cell model under oxidative stress and influencing the retinal function in the LED-induced RD rat model.
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Modulation of SOD3 Levels Is Detrimental to Retinal Homeostasis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101595. [PMID: 34679728 PMCID: PMC8533566 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal oxidative stress is a common secondary feature of many retinal diseases. Though it may not be the initial insult, it is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of highly prevalent retinal dystrophic diseases like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. We explored the role of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) in retinal homeostasis since SOD3 protects the extracellular matrix (ECM) from oxidative injury. We show that SOD3 is mainly extracellularly localized and is upregulated as a result of environmental and pathogenic stress. Ablation of SOD3 resulted in reduced functional electroretinographic responses and number of photoreceptors, which is exacerbated with age. By contrast, overexpression showed increased electroretinographic responses and increased number of photoreceptors at young ages, but appears deleterious as the animal ages, as determined from the associated functional decline. Our exploration shows that SOD3 is vital to retinal homeostasis but its levels are tightly regulated. This suggests that SOD3 augmentation to combat oxidative stress during retinal degenerative changes may only be effective in the short-term.
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Armento A, Schmidt TL, Sonntag I, Merle DA, Jarboui MA, Kilger E, Clark SJ, Ueffing M. CFH Loss in Human RPE Cells Leads to Inflammation and Complement System Dysregulation via the NF-κB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168727. [PMID: 34445430 PMCID: PMC8396051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly, is a degenerative disease of the macula, where retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are damaged in the early stages of the disease, and chronic inflammatory processes may be involved. Besides aging and lifestyle factors as drivers of AMD, a strong genetic association to AMD is found in genes of the complement system, with a single polymorphism in the complement factor H gene (CFH), accounting for the majority of AMD risk. However, the exact mechanism of CFH dysregulation confers such a great risk for AMD and its role in RPE cell homeostasis is unclear. To explore the role of endogenous CFH locally in RPE cells, we silenced CFH in human hTERT-RPE1 cells. We demonstrate that endogenously expressed CFH in RPE cells modulates inflammatory cytokine production and complement regulation, independent of external complement sources, or stressors. We show that loss of the factor H protein (FH) results in increased levels of inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF) and altered levels of complement proteins (e.g., C3, CFB upregulation, and C5 downregulation) that are known to play a role in AMD. Moreover, our results identify the NF-κB pathway as the major pathway involved in regulating these inflammatory and complement factors. Our findings suggest that in RPE cells, FH and the NF-κB pathway work in synergy to maintain inflammatory and complement balance, and in case either one of them is dysregulated, the RPE microenvironment changes towards a proinflammatory AMD-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Armento
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.L.S.); (I.S.); (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.U.); Tel.: +49-7071-29-84953 (A.A.)
| | - Tiziana L. Schmidt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.L.S.); (I.S.); (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Inga Sonntag
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.L.S.); (I.S.); (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
| | - David A. Merle
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.L.S.); (I.S.); (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Mohamed Ali Jarboui
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.L.S.); (I.S.); (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Ellen Kilger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.L.S.); (I.S.); (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Simon J. Clark
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.L.S.); (I.S.); (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.L.S.); (I.S.); (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.U.); Tel.: +49-7071-29-84953 (A.A.)
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26
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Kambhampati SP, Bhutto IA, Wu T, Ho K, McLeod DS, Lutty GA, Kannan RM. Systemic dendrimer nanotherapies for targeted suppression of choroidal inflammation and neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2021; 335:527-540. [PMID: 34058271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and neovascularization are key pathological events in human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Activated microglia/macrophages (mi/ma) and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) play an active role in every stage of disease progression. Systemic therapies that can target these cells and address both inflammation and neovascularization will broaden the impact of existing therapies and potentially open new avenues for early AMD where there are no viable therapies. Utilizing a clinically relevant rat model of AMD that mirrors many aspects that of human AMD pathological events, we show that systemic hydroxyl-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimer-triamcinolone acetonide conjugate (D-TA) is selectively taken up by the injured mi/ma and RPE (without the need for targeting ligands). D-TA suppresses choroidal neovascularization significantly (by >80%, >50-fold better than free drug), attenuates inflammation in the choroid and retina, by limiting macrophage infiltration in the pathological area, significantly suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-angiogenic factors, with minimal side effects to healthy ocular tissue and other organs. In ex vivo studies on human postmortem diabetic eyes, the dendrimer is also taken up into choroidal macrophages. These results suggest that the systemic hydroxyl dendrimer-drugs can offer new avenues for therapies in treating early/dry AMD and late/neovascular AMD alone, or in combination with current anti-VEGF therapies. This hydroxyl dendrimer platform but conjugated to a different drug is undergoing clinical trials for severe COVID-19, potentially paving the way for faster clinical translation of similar compounds for ocular and retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Tony Wu
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Katie Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - D Scott McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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Deletion of Mitochondrial Translocator Protein (TSPO) Gene Decreases Oxidative Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Death via Modulation of TRPM2 Channel. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050382. [PMID: 33924902 PMCID: PMC8145237 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary 18 kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is a mitochondria protein of the cellular outer membrane in the mitochondria of several cells, including ARPE19 is TSPO. Accumulating evince indicates that the presence of TSPO participated the modulations of Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial free reactive oxygen species (fROS) generation. The deletion of TSPO gene provides to study the action of TSPO on the levels of apoptosis, ADP-ribose (ADPR), mitochondria-fROS (Mito-fROS), and apoptosis via the stimulation of Ca2+ permeable channels in the models of cell culture. The stimulations of oxidative stress and ADPR induce the activation of TRPM2 in the ARPE19. For clarifying the involvement of TSPO in retinal human diseases, we used the ARPE19 human cell culture model. The current results demonstrated that the deletion of TSPO induces the regulation of TRPM2 in the TSPO gene knockout ARPE19 (ARPE19-KO) In fact, the present results show that the presence of TSPO increased the upregulations of apoptosis and mitochondria oxidative cytotoxicity values via stimulation of TRPM2 in the ARPE19. Nevertheless, the blockages of PARP-1 (PJ34 and DPQ) and TRPM2 (2APB and ACA) downregulated the values of cell death and oxidative cytotoxicity in the ARPE19. In summary, present results clearly demonstrate that the deletion of TSPO decreases mitochondrial oxidative cytotoxicity-mediated cell death via the modulation of TRPM2 in the ARPE19. Abstract The current results indicated the possible protective actions of 18 kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) deletion on TRPM2 stimulation, mitochondrial free ROS (Mito-fROS) and apoptotic harmful actions in the cells of adult retinal pigment epithelial19 (ARPE19). There was a direct relationship between TSPO and the disease of age-related macular degeneration. The nature of TSPO implicates upregulation of Mito-fROS and apoptosis via the activation of Ca2+ channels in ARPE19, although deletion of TSPO gene downregulates the activation. The decrease of oxidative cytotoxicity and apoptosis might induce in TSPO gene deleted cells by the inhibition of Mito-fROS and PARP-1 activation-induced TRPM2 cation channel activation. The ARPE19 cells were divided into two main groups as TSPO expressing (ARPE19) and non-expressing cells (ARPE19-KO). The levels of caspase -3 (Casp -3), caspase -9 (Casp -9), apoptosis, Mito-fROS, TRPM2 current and intracellular free Ca2+ were upregulated in the ARPE19 by the stimulations of H2O2 and ADP-ribose, although their levels were downregulated in the cells by the modulators of PARP-1 (DPQ and PJ34), TRPM2 (ACA and 2APB) and glutathione. However, the H2O2 and ADP-ribose-mediated increases were not observed in the ARPE19-KO. The expression levels of Bax, Casp -3, Casp -9 and PARP-1 were higher in the ARPE19 group as compared to the ARPE19-KO group. In summary, current results confirmed that TRPM2-mediated cell death and oxidative cytotoxicity in the ARPE19 cells were occurred by the presence of TSPO. The deletion of TSPO may be considered as a therapeutic way to TRPM2 activation-mediated retinal oxidative injury.
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28
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Toma C, De Cillà S, Palumbo A, Garhwal DP, Grossini E. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Their Role in Different Stages of Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050653. [PMID: 33922463 PMCID: PMC8145578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact pathogenetic mechanisms leading to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have not been clearly identified, oxidative damage in the retina and choroid due to an imbalance between local oxidants/anti-oxidant systems leading to chronic inflammation could represent the trigger event. Different in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the involvement of reactive oxygen species generated in a highly oxidative environment in the development of drusen and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes in the initial pathologic processes of AMD; moreover, recent evidence has highlighted the possible association of oxidative stress and neovascular AMD. Nitric oxide (NO), which is known to play a key role in retinal physiological processes and in the regulation of choroidal blood flow, under pathologic conditions could lead to RPE/photoreceptor degeneration due to the generation of peroxynitrite, a potentially cytotoxic tyrosine-nitrating molecule. Furthermore, the altered expression of the different isoforms of NO synthases could be involved in choroidal microvascular changes leading to neovascularization. The purpose of this review was to investigate the different pathways activated by oxidative/nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of AMD, focusing on the mechanisms leading to neovascularization and on the possible protective role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Toma
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Stefano De Cillà
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Aurelio Palumbo
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Divya Praveen Garhwal
- Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Elena Grossini
- Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+39-0321-660526
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