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Vijayakumar A, Wang M, Kailasam S. The Senescent Heart-"Age Doth Wither Its Infinite Variety". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3581. [PMID: 38612393 PMCID: PMC11011282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. While many factors like smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, a sedentary lifestyle, and genetic factors can predispose to cardiovascular diseases, the natural process of aging is by itself a major determinant of the risk. Cardiac aging is marked by a conglomerate of cellular and molecular changes, exacerbated by age-driven decline in cardiac regeneration capacity. Although the phenotypes of cardiac aging are well characterised, the underlying molecular mechanisms are far less explored. Recent advances unequivocally link cardiovascular aging to the dysregulation of critical signalling pathways in cardiac fibroblasts, which compromises the critical role of these cells in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the myocardium. Clearly, the identification of cardiac fibroblast-specific factors and mechanisms that regulate cardiac fibroblast function in the senescent myocardium is of immense importance. In this regard, recent studies show that Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase predominantly located in cardiac fibroblasts, has an obligate role in cardiac fibroblast function and cardiovascular fibrosis. Incisive studies on the molecular basis of cardiovascular aging and dysregulated fibroblast function in the senescent heart would pave the way for effective strategies to mitigate cardiovascular diseases in a rapidly growing elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vijayakumar
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyothi Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Shivakumar Kailasam
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum 695581, India
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Salas-Groves E, Alcorn M, Childress A, Galyean S. The Effect of Web-Based Culinary Medicine to Enhance Protein Intake on Muscle Quality in Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e49322. [PMID: 38349721 PMCID: PMC10900082 DOI: 10.2196/49322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common age-related musculoskeletal disorder is sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is the progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. The causes of sarcopenia can include insufficient nutritional status, which may be due to protein-energy malnutrition, anorexia, limited food access and eating ability, or malabsorption. In the United States, 15.51% of older adults have been diagnosed with sarcopenia. Culinary medicine (CM) is a novel evidence-based medical field that combines the science of medicine with food and cooking to prevent and treat potential chronic diseases. CM helps individuals learn and practice culinary skills while tasting new recipes. Therefore, this program could successfully reduce barriers to protein intake, enabling older adults to enhance their diet and muscle quality. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine how a web-based CM intervention, emphasizing convenient ways to increase lean red meat intake, could improve protein intake with the promotion of physical activity to see how this intervention could affect older adults' muscle strength and mass. METHODS A 16-week, single-center, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare a web-based CM intervention group (CMG) with a control group (CG) while monitoring each group's muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical activity for muscle quality. The CMG received weekly web-based cooking demonstrations and biweekly nutrition education videos about enhancing protein intake, whereas the CG just received the recipe handout. Anthropometrics, muscle mass, muscle strength, dietary habits, physical activity, and cooking effectiveness were established at baseline and measured after the intervention. The final number of participants for the data analysis was 24 in the CMG and 23 in the CG. RESULTS No between-group difference in muscle mass (P=.88) and strength (dominant P=.92 and nondominant P=.72) change from the prestudy visit was detected. No statistically significant difference in protein intake was seen between the groups (P=.50). A nonsignificant time-by-intervention interaction was observed for daily protein intake (P=.08). However, a statistically significant time effect was observed (P≤.001). Post hoc testing showed that daily protein intake was significantly higher at weeks 1 to 16 versus week 0 (P<.05). At week 16, the intake was 16.9 (95% CI 5.77-27.97) g higher than that at the prestudy visit. CONCLUSIONS This study did not affect protein intake and muscle quality. Insufficient consistent protein intake, low physical activity, intervention adherence, and questionnaire accuracy could explain the results. These studies could include an interdisciplinary staff, different recruitment strategies, and different muscle mass measurements. Future research is needed to determine if this intervention is sustainable in the long term and should incorporate a follow-up to determine program efficacy on several long-term behavioral and health outcomes, including if the participants can sustain their heightened protein intake and how their cooking skills have changed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05593978; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05593978.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Alcorn
- Hospitality and Retail Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Allison Childress
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Shannon Galyean
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Zhou D, Zhang D, Zeng C, Zhang L, Gao X, Wang X. Impact of sarcopenia on the survival of patients undergoing liver transplantation for decompensated liver cirrhosis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2602-2612. [PMID: 37735907 PMCID: PMC10751414 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC) are prone to skeletal muscle loss, namely, sarcopenia, before liver transplantation (LT). While sarcopenia is reportedly associated with adverse outcomes after LT, these findings are limited owing to mixed diseases and retrospective data. We investigated the association between sarcopenia and 1-year overall survival (OS) in patients with DC after LT and established and validated a prediction model for postoperative OS based on sarcopenia. METHODS Overall, 222 consecutive patients who underwent LT at our centre were registered between September 2020 and June 2022. Third lumbar spine skeletal muscle mass index was measured using computed tomography. Patients were divided into sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups according to the skeletal muscle mass index, and baseline data and postoperative outcomes were collected, compared and analysed. The primary outcome was the 1-year OS after LT. We established a dynamic nomogram of the OS predictive model. RESULTS We included 177 DC patients [mean (standard deviation) age, 50.2 ± 9.3 years; 52 women (29.4%)]; 73 (41.2%) had sarcopenia. The mean (standard deviation) body mass index was 22.6 ± 4.5 kg/m2 , 28 (15.8%) patients had weight loss ≥5% within 6 months before admission, and the mean (standard deviation) model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 18.4 ± 7.9. Patients with sarcopenia had a longer duration of intensive care unit stay (4.1 ± 2.2 vs. 3.1 ± 1.1 days, P = 0.008), higher rate of major complications (45.2% vs. 22.1%, P = 0.001) and higher postoperative mortality (15.1% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.003) than those without sarcopenia. The median 1-year OS after surgery was shorter in patients with sarcopenia than in those without (P < 0.001). Sarcopenia [hazard ratio (HR), 2.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.54-5.63; P = 0.022], weight loss ≥5% (HR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.39-5.09; P = 0.015) and MELD score (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09; P = 0.009) were independent risk factors associated with 1-year OS. The area under the curve of the established dynamic nomogram was 0.774, the calibration curve showed good consistency, and analysis of the decision curve showed more clinical benefits than the MELD score alone. High-risk patients (>102.9 points calculated using the nomogram) had a significantly reduced survival rate. CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia is associated with adverse outcomes after LT in patients with DC. High-risk patients should be classified by dynamic nomogram upon admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Donghua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chenghao Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xuejin Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
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Li J, Xin Y, Wang Z, Li J, Li W, Li H. The role of cardiac resident macrophage in cardiac aging. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e14008. [PMID: 37817547 PMCID: PMC10726886 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in longevity research have provided insights into the impact of cardiac aging on the structural and functional aspects of the heart. Notable changes include the gradual remodeling of the myocardium, the occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and the decline in both systolic and diastolic functions. Macrophages, a type of immune cell, play a pivotal role in innate immunity by serving as vigilant agents against pathogens, facilitating wound healing, and orchestrating the development of targeted acquired immune responses. Distinct subsets of macrophages are present within the cardiac tissue and demonstrate varied functions in response to myocardial injury. The differentiation of cardiac macrophages according to their developmental origin has proven to be a valuable strategy in identifying reparative macrophage populations, which originate from embryonic cells and reside within the tissue, as well as inflammatory macrophages, which are derived from monocytes and recruited to the heart. These subsets of macrophages possess unique characteristics and perform distinct functions. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the roles and phenotypes of cardiac macrophages in various conditions, including the steady state, aging, and other pathological conditions. Additionally, it will highlight areas that require further investigation to expand our knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanguo Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhaojia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jingye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Laboratory for Clinical MedicineBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular DiseaseBeijingChina
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Takahashi Y, Yamaguchi T, Otsubo T, Nakashima K, Shinzato K, Osako R, Shichida S, Kawano Y, Fukui A, Kawaguchi A, Aishima S, Saito T, Takahashi N, Node K. Histological validation of atrial structural remodelling in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3339-3353. [PMID: 37350738 PMCID: PMC10499545 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study aimed to histologically validate atrial structural remodelling associated with atrial fibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation and endomyocardial atrial biopsy were included (n = 230; 67 ± 12 years old; 69 women). Electroanatomic mapping was performed during right atrial pacing. Voltage at the biopsy site (Vbiopsy), global left atrial voltage (VGLA), and the proportion of points with fractionated electrograms defined as ≥5 deflections in each electrogram (%Fractionated EGM) were evaluated. SCZtotal was calculated as the total width of slow conduction zones, defined as regions with a conduction velocity of <30 cm/s. Histological factors potentially associated with electroanatomic characteristics were evaluated using multiple linear regression analyses. Ultrastructural features and immune cell infiltration were evaluated by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining in 33 and 60 patients, respectively. Fibrosis, intercellular space, myofibrillar loss, and myocardial nuclear density were significantly associated with Vbiopsy (P = .014, P < .001, P < .001, and P = .002, respectively) and VGLA (P = .010, P < .001, P = .001, and P < .001, respectively). The intercellular space was associated with the %Fractionated EGM (P = .001). Fibrosis, intercellular space, and myofibrillar loss were associated with SCZtotal (P = .028, P < .001, and P = .015, respectively). Electron microscopy confirmed plasma components and immature collagen fibrils in the increased intercellular space and myofilament lysis in cardiomyocytes, depending on myofibrillar loss. Among the histological factors, the severity of myofibrillar loss was associated with an increase in macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSION Histological correlates of atrial structural remodelling were fibrosis, increased intercellular space, myofibrillar loss, and decreased nuclear density. Each histological component was defined using electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toyokazu Otsubo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kana Nakashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kodai Shinzato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Osako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shichida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawano
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Futsukaichi Hospital, 3-13-1, Yumachi, Chikushino, Fukoka 818-8516, Japan
| | - Akira Fukui
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Education and Research Center for Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiko Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Salas-Groves E, Childress A, Albracht-Schulte K, Alcorn M, Galyean S. Effectiveness of Home-Based Exercise and Nutrition Programs for Senior Adults on Muscle Outcomes: A Scoping Review. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:1067-1091. [PMID: 37456063 PMCID: PMC10349578 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s400994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review investigates the volume of evidence for home-based exercise and nutrition programs and their effect on muscle quality among senior adults to inform implementation and future research. It aims to answer the research question: What are the evidence, challenges, and needs for research regarding a home-based exercise and nutrition intervention program to improve muscle outcomes in senior adults? This scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA extension for Scoping Review. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Applied filters were used to help condense the research articles. A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria for this scoping review. Most exercise interventions were either resistance or multi-component exercise programs. The nature of the nutrition intervention varied between different supplements, foods, education, or counseling. Muscle outcomes included muscle mass in nine studies, muscle function in all the studies, muscle strength in ten studies, and biochemical analyses in two studies. Two studies found improvements in muscle mass; two studies revealed improvements in all their muscle function tests; and three studies revealed improvements in muscle strength. Muscle biopsy in a study revealed enhanced muscle fibers, but both studies did not reveal any biomarker improvements. The scoping review findings revealed mixed results on the effectiveness of a home-based exercise and nutrition program. However, the current evidence does have many gaps to address before recommending this form of intervention for senior adults as an effective way to prevent and manage sarcopenia. Since this review identified multiple knowledge gaps, strengths, and limitations in this growing field, it can be a starting point to help build future study designs and interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Salas-Groves
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Allison Childress
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Michelle Alcorn
- Department of Hospitality and Retail Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Galyean
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Winicki NM, Nanavati AP, Morrell CH, Moen JM, Axsom JE, Krawczyk M, Petrashevskaya NN, Beyman MG, Ramirez C, Alfaras I, Mitchell SJ, Juhaszova M, Riordon DR, Wang M, Zhang J, Cerami A, Brines M, Sollott SJ, de Cabo R, Lakatta EG. A small erythropoietin derived non-hematopoietic peptide reduces cardiac inflammation, attenuates age associated declines in heart function and prolongs healthspan. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1096887. [PMID: 36741836 PMCID: PMC9889362 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1096887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammation that disrupt proteostasis and mitochondrial function and leads to organism-wide frailty later in life. ARA290 (cibinetide), an 11-aa non-hematopoietic peptide sequence within the cardioprotective domain of erythropoietin, mediates tissue protection by reducing inflammation and fibrosis. Age-associated cardiac inflammation is linked to structural and functional changes in the heart, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteostasis, hypertrophic cardiac remodeling, and contractile dysfunction. Can ARA290 ameliorate these age-associated cardiac changes and the severity of frailty in advanced age? Methods We conducted an integrated longitudinal (n = 48) and cross-sectional (n = 144) 15 months randomized controlled trial in which 18-month-old Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats were randomly assigned to either receive chronic ARA290 treatment or saline. Serial echocardiography, tail blood pressure and body weight were evaluated repeatedly at 4-month intervals. A frailty index was calculated at the final timepoint (33 months of age). Tissues were harvested at 4-month intervals to define inflammatory markers and left ventricular tissue remodeling. Mitochondrial and myocardial cell health was assessed in isolated left ventricular myocytes. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were established. Mixed ANOVA tests and linear mixed regression analysis were employed to determine the effects of age, treatment, and age-treatment interactions. Results Chronic ARA290 treatment mitigated age-related increases in the cardiac non-myocyte to myocyte ratio, infiltrating leukocytes and monocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, total NF-κB, and p-NF-κB. Additionally, ARA290 treatment enhanced cardiomyocyte autophagy flux and reduced cellular accumulation of lipofuscin. The cardiomyocyte mitochondrial permeability transition pore response to oxidant stress was desensitized following chronic ARA290 treatment. Concurrently, ARA290 significantly blunted the age-associated elevation in blood pressure and preserved the LV ejection fraction. Finally, ARA290 preserved body weight and significantly reduced other markers of organism-wide frailty at the end of life. Conclusion Administration of ARA290 reduces cell and tissue inflammation, mitigates structural and functional changes within the cardiovascular system leading to amelioration of frailty and preserved healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan M. Winicki
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alay P. Nanavati
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher H. Morrell
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jack M. Moen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jessie E. Axsom
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Melissa Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Natalia N. Petrashevskaya
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Max G. Beyman
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Ramirez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Irene Alfaras
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah J. Mitchell
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Magdalena Juhaszova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel R. Riordon
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Cerami
- Araim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States
| | - Michael Brines
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Steven J. Sollott
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Edward G. Lakatta,
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Booth LK, Redgrave RE, Tual-Chalot S, Spyridopoulos I, Phillips HM, Richardson GD. Heart Disease and Ageing: The Roles of Senescence, Mitochondria, and Telomerase in Cardiovascular Disease. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:45-78. [PMID: 37120464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
During ageing molecular damage leads to the accumulation of several hallmarks of ageing including mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, genetic instability and chronic inflammation, which contribute to the development and progression of ageing-associated diseases including cardiovascular disease. Consequently, understanding how these hallmarks of biological ageing interact with the cardiovascular system and each other is fundamental to the pursuit of improving cardiovascular health globally. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of how candidate hallmarks contribute to cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and subsequent myocardial infarction, and age-related heart failure. Further, we consider the evidence that, even in the absence of chronological age, acute cellular stress leading to accelerated biological ageing expedites cardiovascular dysfunction and impacts on cardiovascular health. Finally, we consider the opportunities that modulating hallmarks of ageing offer for the development of novel cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Booth
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachael E Redgrave
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen M Phillips
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin D Richardson
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Alam MR, Shahid MA, Alimuzzaman S, Khan AN. Sources, extractions and applications of bio-maker collagen- A review. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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Scavello F, Piacentini L, Castiglione S, Zeni F, Macrì F, Casaburo M, Vinci MC, Colombo GI, Raucci A. Effects of RAGE Deletion on the Cardiac Transcriptome during Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911130. [PMID: 36232442 PMCID: PMC9569842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac aging is characterized by increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial stiffness, and fibrosis, which enhance cardiovascular risk. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is involved in several age-related diseases. RAGE knockout (Rage−/−) mice show an acceleration of cardiac dimension changes and interstitial fibrosis with aging. This study identifies the age-associated cardiac gene expression signature induced by RAGE deletion. We analyzed the left ventricle transcriptome of 2.5-(Young), 12-(Middle age, MA), and 21-(Old) months-old female Rage−/− and C57BL/6N (WT) mice. By comparing Young, MA, and Old Rage−/− versus age-matched WT mice, we identified 122, 192, and 12 differently expressed genes, respectively. Functional inference analysis showed that RAGE deletion is associated with: (i) down-regulation of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen, adaptive immune response, and cellular responses to interferon beta and gamma in Young animals; (ii) up-regulation of genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cardiac structure remodeling and cellular response to hypoxia in MA mice; (iii) up-regulation of few genes belonging to complement activation and triglyceride biosynthetic process in Old animals. Our findings show that the age-dependent cardiac phenotype of Rage−/− mice is associated with alterations of genes related to adaptive immunity and cardiac stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Scavello
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Piacentini
- Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Castiglione
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Zeni
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Macrì
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Casaburo
- Animal Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Vinci
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Gualtiero I. Colombo
- Unit of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.I.C.); (A.R.); Tel.: +39-025-800-2464 (G.I.C.); +39-025-800-2802 (A.R.); Fax: +39-025-800-2342 (G.I.C. & A.R.)
| | - Angela Raucci
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Animal Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.I.C.); (A.R.); Tel.: +39-025-800-2464 (G.I.C.); +39-025-800-2802 (A.R.); Fax: +39-025-800-2342 (G.I.C. & A.R.)
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11
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Bozzi M, Parisi V, Poggio P. Macrophages in the heart: Active players or simple bystanders? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:109-141. [PMID: 35636926 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Today, more and more studies focus on the processes in which macrophages are involved. These discoveries provide new perspectives on the cellular mechanisms that regulate the physiological functions of the healthy heart. Moreover, they offer a deeper knowledge of the pathologic processes underlying the onset and the evolution of specific cardiac impairment. The heterogeneous population of macrophages within the heart can be divided by origin, expression profile, and function. The pool of cardiac macrophages includes at least two distinct subsets with different ontogeny. The first one has an embryonic origin, deriving from the yolk sac and the fetal liver, while the other macrophage subset results from the postnatal recruitment of monocytes produced in the bone marrow. This review will focus on new phenotypes and functions of cardiac macrophages that have been identified in the last years and that need to be deeply studied to unveil new potential therapies aimed at treating cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bozzi
- Unit for the Study of Aortic, Valvular, and Coronary Pathologies, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Poggio
- Unit for the Study of Aortic, Valvular, and Coronary Pathologies, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Shindo Y, Nakamura HM, Nakai J, Wakamori M, Nakamura T. Induction of myoepithelial cell differentiation by carbachol, a parasympathetic neurotransmitter agonist, during salivary gland development. Exp Cell Res 2022; 416:113137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Li Z, Tong X, Ma Y, Bao T, Yue J. Prevalence of depression in patients with sarcopenia and correlation between the two diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:128-144. [PMID: 34997702 PMCID: PMC8818614 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression may be the most common cause of emotional distress later in life and can significantly reduce the quality of life in elderly individuals. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the continuous loss of skeletal muscle mass and decreased strength and function. In recent years, many studies have shown a correlation between sarcopenia and depression. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression among individuals with sarcopenia and to ascertain whether sarcopenia is independently associated with depression. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases for papers on sarcopenia published up to 31 August 2021. We reviewed the literature on the number of individuals with sarcopenia, the number of individuals with both sarcopenia and depression, and the odds ratio (OR) of sarcopenia to depression. Statistical analyses were performed using Meta-DiSc 1.4 software and Stata version 12.0. RESULTS Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria for review: nine reported both prevalence and ORs, four described prevalence only, and six detailed the ORs only. Regarding prevalence, there were 1476 cases of sarcopenia and 364 of depression in the selected studies; the mean age of the patients was 75.5 years, and the overall prevalence of depression was 0.28 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21-0.36]. Significant heterogeneity was noted (P < 0.001; I2 = 92.2%). In the case of ORs, there were 16 869 subjects with a mean age of 73 years; the overall adjusted OR between sarcopenia and depression was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.32-1.86). Significant heterogeneity was noted in the adjusted ORs (P < 0.001; I2 = 75.1%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of depression in patients with sarcopenia was high relatively, and there was a correlation between sarcopenia and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- Health Management Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Bao
- Health Management Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirong Yue
- Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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da Silva FS, Aquino de Souza NCS, de Moraes MV, Abreu BJ, de Oliveira MF. CmyoSize: An ImageJ macro for automated analysis of cardiomyocyte size in images of routine histology staining. Ann Anat 2022; 241:151892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Genomic instability in the naturally and prematurely aged myocardium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022974118. [PMID: 34465617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022974118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, the unresolved accumulation of DNA variants, is hypothesized as one of the contributors to the natural aging process. We assessed the frequency of unresolved DNA damage reaching the transcriptome of the murine myocardium during the course of natural aging and in hearts from four distinct mouse models of premature aging with established aging-related cardiac dysfunctions. RNA sequencing and variant calling based on total RNA sequencing was compared between hearts from naturally aging mice, mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deficiency of Ercc1, a component of the DNA repair machinery, mice with reduced mitochondrial antioxidant capacity, Tert-deficient mice with reduced telomere length, and a mouse model of human Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). Our results demonstrate that no enrichment in variants is evident in the naturally aging murine hearts until 2 y of age from the HGPS mouse model or mice with reduced telomere lengths. In contrast, a dramatic accumulation of variants was evident in Ercc1 cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mice with deficient DNA repair machinery, in mice with reduced mitochondrial antioxidant capacity, and in the intestine, liver, and lung of naturally aging mice. Our data demonstrate that genomic instability does not evidently contribute to naturally aging of the mouse heart in contrast to other organs and support the contention that the endogenous DNA repair machinery is remarkably active to maintain genomic integrity in cardiac cells throughout life.
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16
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Scavello F, Zeni F, Milano G, Macrì F, Castiglione S, Zuccolo E, Scopece A, Pezone G, Tedesco CC, Nigro P, Degani G, Gambini E, Veglia F, Popolo L, Pompilio G, Colombo GI, Bianchi ME, Raucci A. Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products regulates age-associated Cardiac Fibrosis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2399-2416. [PMID: 34326683 PMCID: PMC8315019 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial aging increases the cardiovascular risk in the elderly. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) is involved in age-related disorders. The soluble isoform (sRAGE) acts as a scavenger blocking the membrane-bound receptor activation. This study aims at investigating RAGE contribution to age-related cardiac remodeling. We analyzed the cardiac function of three different age groups of female Rage-/- and C57BL/6N (WT) mice: 2.5- (Young), 12- (Middle-age, MA) and 21-months (Old) old. While aging, Rage-/- mice displayed an increase in left ventricle (LV) dimensions compared to age-matched WT animals, with the main differences observed in the MA groups. Rage-/- mice showed higher fibrosis and a larger number of α-Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA)+ cells with age, along with increased expression of pro-fibrotic Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 pathway components. RAGE isoforms were undetectable in LV of WT mice, nevertheless, circulating sRAGE declined with aging and inversely associated with LV diastolic dimensions. Human cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with sRAGE exhibited a reduction in proliferation, pro-fibrotic proteins and TGF-beta Receptor 1 (TGFbR1) expression and Smad2-3 activation. Finally, sRAGE administration to MA WT animals reduced cardiac fibrosis. Hence, our work shows that RAGE associates with age-dependent myocardial changes and indicates sRAGE as an inhibitor of cardiac fibroblasts differentiation and age-dependent cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Scavello
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Zeni
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Milano
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Macrì
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Castiglione
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Estella Zuccolo
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Scopece
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pezone
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Nigro
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Genny Degani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Gambini
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Veglia
- Unit of Biostatistics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Popolo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gualtiero I Colombo
- Unit of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Raucci
- Unit of Experimental Cardio-Oncology and Cardiovascular Aging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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17
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Hong K, Linton JA, Kim S, Song Y, Shin H. Analysis of thyroid hormones and sarcopenia: association of creatine kinase and thyroid hormones (thyroid‐stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine): a cross‐sectional study. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/crt2.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ki‐Hong Hong
- Department of Family Medicine Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul Korea
| | - John A. Linton
- International Health Care Center Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Sue Kim
- International Health Care Center Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Yu‐Hyeon Song
- Department of Family Medicine Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul Korea
| | - Hye‐Jung Shin
- Biostatistics Collaboration Units, Department of Research Affairs Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul Korea
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18
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Varshney R, Ranjit R, Chiao YA, Kinter M, Ahn B. Myocardial Hypertrophy and Compensatory Increase in Systolic Function in a Mouse Model of Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2039. [PMID: 33670798 PMCID: PMC7921997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals, or reactive oxygen species, have been implicated as one of the primary causes of myocardial pathologies elicited by chronic diseases and age. The imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants, termed "oxidative stress", involves several pathological changes in mouse hearts, including hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms and adaptations of the hearts in mice lacking cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (Sod1KO) have not been investigated. We used echocardiography to characterize cardiac function and morphology in vivo. Protein expression and enzyme activity of Sod1KO were confirmed by targeted mass spectrometry and activity gel. The heart weights of the Sod1KO mice were significantly increased compared with their wildtype peers. The increase in heart weights was accompanied by concentric hypertrophy, posterior wall thickness of the left ventricles (LV), and reduced LV volume. Activated downstream pathways in Sod1KO hearts included serine-threonine kinase and ribosomal protein synthesis. Notably, the reduction in LV volume was compensated by enhanced systolic function, measured by increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening. A regulatory sarcomeric protein, troponin I, was hyper-phosphorylated in Sod1KO, while the vinculin protein was upregulated. In summary, mice lacking cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase were associated with an increase in heart weights and concentric hypertrophy, exhibiting a pathological adaptation of the hearts to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Varshney
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73103, USA; (R.V.); (R.R.); (Y.A.C.); (M.K.)
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73103, USA; (R.V.); (R.R.); (Y.A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Ying Ann Chiao
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73103, USA; (R.V.); (R.R.); (Y.A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73103, USA; (R.V.); (R.R.); (Y.A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Bumsoo Ahn
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73103, USA; (R.V.); (R.R.); (Y.A.C.); (M.K.)
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19
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Mechanosensing dysregulation in the fibroblast: A hallmark of the aging heart. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101150. [PMID: 32846223 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The myofibroblast is a specialized fibroblast that expresses α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and participates in wound contraction and fibrosis. The fibroblast to myofibroblast transition depends on chemical and mechanical signals. A fibroblast senses the changes in the environment (extracellular matrix (ECM)) and transduces these changes to the cytoskeleton and the nucleus, resulting in activation or inhibition of α-SMA transcription in a process called mechanosensing. A stiff matrix greatly facilitates the transition from fibroblast to myofibroblast, and although the aging heart is much stiffer than the young one, the aging fibroblast has difficulties in transitioning into the contractile phenotype. This suggests that the events occurring downstream of the matrix, such as activation or changes in expression levels of various proteins participating in mechanotransduction can negatively alter the ability of the aging fibroblast to become a myofibroblast. In this review, we will discuss in detail the changes in ECM, receptors (integrin or non-integrin), focal adhesions, cytoskeleton, and transcription factors involved in mechanosensing that occur with aging.
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20
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Dong M, Yang Z, Fang H, Xiang J, Xu C, Zhou Y, Wu Q, Liu J. Aging Attenuates Cardiac Contractility and Affects Therapeutic Consequences for Myocardial Infarction. Aging Dis 2020; 11:365-376. [PMID: 32257547 PMCID: PMC7069457 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac function of the human heart changes with age. The age-related change of systolic function is subtle under normal conditions, but abrupt under stress or in a pathogenesis state. Aging decreases the cardiac tolerance to stress and increases susceptibility to ischemia, which caused by aging-induced Ca2+ transient impairment and metabolic dysfunction. The changes of contractility proteins and the relative molecules are in a non-linear fashion. Specifically, the expression and activation of cMLCK increase first then fall during ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). This change is responsible for the nonmonotonic contractility alteration in I/R which the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Contractility recovery in I/R is also attenuated by age. The age-related change in cardiac contractility influences the therapeutic effect and intervention timepoint. For most cardiac ischemia therapies, the therapeutic result in the elderly is not identical to the young. Anti-aging treatment has the potential to prevent the development of ischemic injury and improves cardiac function. In this review we discuss the mechanism underlying the contractility changes in the aged heart and age-induced ischemic injury. The potential mechanism underlying the increased susceptibility to ischemic injury in advanced age is highlighted. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of age and the administration time for intervention in cardiac ischemia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongcheng Fang
- Shenzhen Shajing Hospital, Affiliated of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqing Xiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqing Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianying Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Guangdong, China
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21
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Loredo-Mendoza ML, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Bustamante-Pozo MM, Ayala M, Navarrete V, Garate-Carrillo A, Ito BR, Ceballos G, Omens J, Villarreal F. The role of inflammation in driving left ventricular remodeling in a pre-HFpEF model. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:748-757. [PMID: 32183553 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220912699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The incidence of HFpEF continues to increase and ∼2/3 of the patient population are post-menopausal women. Unfortunately, most studies focus on the use of male animal models of remodeling. In this study, however, using female rats to set a model of pre-HFpEF, we provide insights to possible mechanisms that contribute to HFpEF development in humans that will lead us to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Loredo-Mendoza
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico 07738, Mexico
- Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Universidad Panamericana, Ciudad de Mexico 03920, Mexico
| | - Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico 07738, Mexico
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0021, USA
| | - Moises Muratt Bustamante-Pozo
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico 07738, Mexico
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0021, USA
| | - Marcos Ayala
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Viridiana Navarrete
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Garate-Carrillo
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico 07738, Mexico
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0021, USA
| | - Bruce R Ito
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0021, USA
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Jeffrey Omens
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0021, USA
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0021, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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22
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Regulatory Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Function and Cardiac Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041359. [PMID: 32085438 PMCID: PMC7072955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the major cause of death worldwide. Cardiac myocytes, which hold the most abundant mitochondrial population, are terminally differentiated cells with diminished regenerative capacity in the adult. Cardiomyocyte mitochondrial dysfunction is a characteristic feature of the aging heart and one out of the nine features of cellular aging. Aging and cardiac pathologies are also associated with increased senescence in the heart. However, the cause and consequences of cardiac senescence during aging or in cardiac pathologies are mostly unrecognized. Further, despite recent advancement in anti-senescence therapy, the targeted cell type and the effect on cardiac structure and function have been largely overlooked. The unique cellular composition of the heart, and especially the functional properties of cardiomyocytes, need to be considered when designing therapeutics to target cardiac aging. Here we review recent findings regarding key factors regulating cell senescence, mitochondrial health as well as cardiomyocyte rejuvenation.
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Abstract
Modifications of lean mass are a frequent critical determinant in the pathophysiology and progression of heart failure (HF). Sarcopenia may be considered one of the most important causes of low physical performance and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness in older patients with HF. Sarcopenia is frequently misdiagnosed as cachexia. However, muscle wasting in HF has different pathogenetic features in sarcopenic and cachectic conditions. HF may induce sarcopenia through common pathogenetic pathways such as hormonal changes, malnutrition, and physical inactivity; mechanisms that influence each other. In the opposite way, sarcopenia may favor HF development by different mechanisms, including pathological ergoreflex. Paradoxically, sarcopenia is not associated with a sarcopenic cardiac muscle, but the cardiac muscle shows a hypertrophy which seems to be “not-functional.” First-line agents for the treatment of HF, physical activity and nutritional interventions, may offer a therapeutic advantage in sarcopenic patients irrespective of HF. Thus, sarcopenia is highly prevalent in patients with HF, contributing to its poor prognosis, and both conditions could benefit from common treatment strategies based on pharmacological, physical activity, and nutritional approaches.
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Buchard B, Boirie Y, Cassagnes L, Lamblin G, Coilly A, Abergel A. Assessment of Malnutrition, Sarcopenia and Frailty in Patients with Cirrhosis: Which Tools Should We Use in Clinical Practice? Nutrients 2020; 12:E186. [PMID: 31936597 PMCID: PMC7020005 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is a common comorbidity in patients with cirrhosis. Its prognostic value is indisputable as it greatly affects the evolution of liver diseases. It has a major impact on both morbi-mortality before and after liver transplantation. Being now integrated in the definition of malnutrition and recognized as a new entity in the international classification of diseases, physicians have taken great interest in sarcopenia. Its negative consequences on the fate of patients with cirrhosis are well-demonstrated. The concept of frailty has recently been enlarged to chronic liver diseases as symptoms of impaired global physical functioning. In this article, we will discuss the definitions of malnutrition and emphasize its links with sarcopenia and frailty. We will show the relevance of frailty and sarcopenia in the course of liver diseases. The emerging role of muscle depletion on the cardiorespiratory system will also be highlighted. The importance of body composition will be demonstrated and the main tools reviewed. Finally, we adapted the definition of malnutrition to patients with cirrhosis based on the assessment of sarcopenia together with reduced food intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Buchard
- Service de Médecine Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Yves Boirie
- Service de Nutrition Clinique, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR 1019 INRA-Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lucie Cassagnes
- Service de radiologie adultes, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Institut Pascal, Thérapies guidées par l’image, UMR 6602 CNRS-SIGMA-Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Géraldine Lamblin
- Service de Médecine Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.L.); (A.A.)
| | - A. Coilly
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, UMR 1193 INSERM-Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Armando Abergel
- Service de Médecine Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.L.); (A.A.)
- Institut Pascal, Thérapies guidées par l’image, UMR 6602 CNRS-SIGMA-Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Bhanji RA, Montano-Loza AJ, Watt KD. Sarcopenia in Cirrhosis: Looking Beyond the Skeletal Muscle Loss to See the Systemic Disease. Hepatology 2019; 70:2193-2203. [PMID: 31034656 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a common complication of cirrhosis and is defined as a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. Sarcopenia is associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. How sarcopenia and muscle wasting relate to such poor outcomes requires looking beyond the overt muscle loss and at this entity as a systemic disease that affects muscles of vital organs including cardiac and respiratory muscles. This review explores the pathophysiological pathways and mechanisms that culminate in poor outcomes associated with sarcopenia. This provides a launching pad to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and optimization to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahima A Bhanji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aldo J Montano-Loza
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kymberly D Watt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Yap J, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Irei J, Hausenloy DJ, Boisvert WA. Role of Macrophages in Cardioprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2474. [PMID: 31109146 PMCID: PMC6566352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. It is widely known that non-resolving inflammation results in atherosclerotic conditions, which are responsible for a host of downstream pathologies including thrombosis, myocardial infarction (MI), and neurovascular events. Macrophages, as part of the innate immune response, are among the most important cell types in every stage of atherosclerosis. In this review we discuss the principles governing macrophage function in the healthy and infarcted heart. More specifically, how cardiac macrophages participate in myocardial infarction as well as cardiac repair and remodeling. The intricate balance between phenotypically heterogeneous populations of macrophages in the heart have profound and highly orchestrated effects during different phases of myocardial infarction. In the early "inflammatory" stage of MI, resident cardiac macrophages are replaced by classically activated macrophages derived from the bone marrow and spleen. And while the macrophage population shifts towards an alternatively activated phenotype, the inflammatory response subsides giving way to the "reparative/proliferative" phase. Lastly, we describe the therapeutic potential of cardiac macrophages in the context of cell-mediated cardio-protection. Promising results demonstrate innovative concepts; one employing a subset of yolk sac-derived, cardiac macrophages that have complete restorative capacity in the injured myocardium of neonatal mice, and in another example, post-conditioning of cardiac macrophages with cardiosphere-derived cells significantly improved patient's post-MI diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yap
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Monterrey, NL 264610, Mexico.
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore 169609, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Jason Irei
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore 169609, Singapore.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Research & Development, London W1T 7DN, UK.
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia.
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Clinical factors associated with the recovery of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:29. [PMID: 30857534 PMCID: PMC6410519 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes patients. Although several risk factors for CAN progression have been established, whether CAN is reversible remains unclear and the clinical factors associated with CAN recovery have not been identified. This study aimed to determine clinical factors related to CAN recovery. Methods Type 2 diabetes patients with CAN but free of cardiovascular disease at baseline were enrolled and followed for 2–3 years in this retrospective longitudinal study. CAN was classified as early (one abnormal parasympathetic test), definite (two or more abnormal parasympathetic tests), severe (definite plus orthostatic hypotension), or atypical (early plus orthostatic hypotension or orthostatic hypotension alone) based on Ewing’s method. CAN recovery was classified as partial or complete: Partial recovery was defined as one-step improvement in CAN stage (early to normal, definite to early, or severe to definite), including the disappearance of only one abnormal result in any stage. Complete recovery was defined as normalization from definite or severe CAN. Results Among 759 subjects with CAN, 29.9% (n = 227) experienced CAN recovery, and 1.2% (n = 9) recovered completely. In a multivariate model, younger age (odds ratio [OR] per 5-year decrease 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–1.78, P < 0.001), shorter duration of diabetes (OR per 5-year decrease 1.33; 95% CI 1.05–1.67, P = 0.016), presence of micro/macroalbuminuria (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.15–0.78, P = 0.011), body weight reduction (OR per 1-kg decrease 1.11; 95% CI 1.02–1.21, P = 0.016), and HbA1c reduction (OR per 1% decrease 1.32; 95% CI 1.05–1.67, P = 0.019) were significantly associated with composite events of partial and complete CAN recovery. Age had the highest relative significance among the associated clinical factors. In addition, younger age was the only significant factor in complete CAN recovery. Conclusions Younger age was the most important factor in CAN recovery in subjects with type 2 diabetes, including recovery from the definite or severe stage. HbA1c reduction, body weight reduction, no concurrent micro/macroalbuminuria, and shorter duration of diabetes were also significantly associated with CAN recovery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0830-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Fatemifar F, Feldman MD, Oglesby M, Han HC. Comparison of Biomechanical Properties and Microstructure of Trabeculae Carneae, Papillary Muscles, and Myocardium in the Human Heart. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:021007. [PMID: 30418486 PMCID: PMC6298537 DOI: 10.1115/1.4041966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trabeculae carneae account for a significant portion of human ventricular mass, despite being considered embryologic remnants. Recent studies have found trabeculae hypertrophy and fibrosis in hypertrophied left ventricles with various pathological conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the passive mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of trabeculae carneae and papillary muscles compared to the myocardium in human hearts. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on samples of trabeculae carneae and myocardium strips, while biaxial tensile tests were performed on samples of papillary muscles and myocardium sheets. The experimental data were fitted with a Fung-type strain energy function and material coefficients were determined. The secant moduli at given diastolic stress and strain levels were determined and compared among the tissues. Following the mechanical testing, histology examinations were performed to investigate the microstructural characteristics of the tissues. Our results demonstrated that the trabeculae carneae were significantly stiffer (Secant modulus SM2 = 80.06 ± 10.04 KPa) and had higher collagen content (16.10 ± 3.80%) than the myocardium (SM2 = 55.14 ± 20.49 KPa, collagen content = 10.06 ± 4.15%) in the left ventricle. The results of this study improve our understanding of the contribution of trabeculae carneae to left ventricular compliance and will be useful for building accurate computational models of the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fatemifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Marc D. Feldman
- Department of Medicine,
University of Texas Health Science
Center at San Antonio,
San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Meagan Oglesby
- Department of Medicine,
University of Texas Health Science
Center at San Antonio,
San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Hai-Chao Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, TX 78249
e-mail:
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Boo SH, Joo MC, Lee JM, Kim SC, Yu YM, Kim MS. Association between skeletal muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness in community-dwelling elderly men. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:49-57. [PMID: 29916089 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-0987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia reduces physical ability and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), leading to poor quality of life. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and CRF in elderly men. METHODS We assessed 102 community-dwelling men over 60 years old. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated as ASM divided by the square of height. Subjects with an SMI less than 7.0 kg/m2 were included in the sarcopenic group, as recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. To investigate CRF parameters, a cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed using the Bruce protocol. CRF parameters were subdivided into aerobic capacity, cardiovascular response, and ventilatory response. RESULTS Of the 102 subjects, 15 (14.7%) were included in the sarcopenic group. There were significant correlations between SMI and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (r = 0.597, p < 0.001), and between SMI and VO2peak/weight (r = 0.268, p = 0.024). Moreover, there were positive correlations between SMI and first ventilatory threshold (VT1) (r = 0.352, p = 0.008) and between SMI and VT1/weight (r = 0.189, p = 0.039). Additionally, peak oxygen pulse (O2pulsepeak) was significantly correlated with SMI (r = 0.558, p < 0.001). VO2peak, VO2peak/weight and O2pulsepeak showed significant differences between the sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic groups (p < 0.05, all). In multiple linear regression analyses, the factor related to VO2peak was SMI (β = 0.473, p < 0.001) and that related to O2pulsepeak was also SMI (β = 0.442, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that skeletal muscle mass might be closely associated with CRF. Therefore, sarcopenia should be appropriately managed to improve an individual's CRF.
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Spurthi KM, Sarikhani M, Mishra S, Desingu PA, Yadav S, Rao S, Maity S, Tamta AK, Kumar S, Majumdar S, Jain A, Raghuraman A, Khan D, Singh I, Samuel RJ, Ramachandra SG, Nandi D, Sundaresan NR. Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency hyperactivates the FoxO1 transcription factor and induces aging-associated cardiac dysfunction in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13073-13089. [PMID: 29929978 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors involved in innate immunity. Previous studies have shown that TLR2 inhibition protects the heart from acute stress, including myocardial infarction and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in animal models. However, the role of TLR2 in the development of aging-associated heart failure is not known. In this work, we studied aging-associated changes in structure and function of TLR2-deficient mice hearts. Whereas young TLR2-KO mice did not develop marked cardiac dysfunction, 8- and 12-month-old TLR2-KO mice exhibited spontaneous adverse cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in an age-dependent manner. The hearts of the 8-month-old TLR2-KO mice had increased fibrosis, cell death, and reactivation of fetal genes. Moreover, TLR2-KO hearts displayed reduced infiltration by macrophages, increased numbers of myofibroblasts and atrophic cardiomyocytes, and higher levels of the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases MuRF-1 and atrogin-1. Mechanistically, TLR2 deficiency impaired the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, leading to hyperactivation of the transcription factor Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) and, in turn, to elevated expression of FoxO target genes involved in the regulation of muscle wasting and cell death. AS1842856-mediated chemical inhibition of FoxO1 reduced the expression of the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases and significantly reversed the adverse cardiac remodeling while improving the contractile functions in the TLR2-KO mice. Interestingly, TLR2 levels decreased in hearts of older mice, and the activation of TLR1/2 signaling improved cardiac functions in these mice. These findings suggest that TLR2 signaling is essential for protecting the heart against aging-associated adverse remodeling and contractile dysfunction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondapalli Mrudula Spurthi
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Mohsen Sarikhani
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sneha Mishra
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Perumal Arumugam Desingu
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Shikha Yadav
- the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Swathi Rao
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sangeeta Maity
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Tamta
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Shweta Kumar
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Shamik Majumdar
- the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Aditi Jain
- the Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India, and
| | - Aishwarya Raghuraman
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Danish Khan
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Ishwar Singh
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Rosa J Samuel
- the Central Animal Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Subbaraya G Ramachandra
- the Central Animal Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Nagalingam R Sundaresan
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India,
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El Hajj EC, El Hajj MC, Ninh VK, Gardner JD. Inhibitor of lysyl oxidase improves cardiac function and the collagen/MMP profile in response to volume overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H463-H473. [PMID: 29775412 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00086.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix is a complex architectural network that serves many functions, including providing structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells and regulating intercellular signaling pathways. Cardiac function is directly affected by extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and alterations of the ECM contribute to the progression of heart failure. Initially, collagen deposition is an adaptive response that aims to preserve tissue integrity and maintain normal ventricular function. However, the synergistic effects of proinflammatory and profibrotic responses induce a vicious cycle, which causes excess activation of myofibroblasts, significantly increasing collagen deposition and accumulation in the matrix. Furthermore, excess synthesis and activation of the enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) during disease increases collagen cross-linking, which significantly increases collagen resistance to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In the present study, the aortocaval fistula model of volume overload (VO) was used to determine whether LOX inhibition could prevent adverse changes in the ECM and subsequent cardiac dysfunction. The major findings from this study were that LOX inhibition 1) prevented VO-induced increases in left ventricular wall stress; 2) partially attenuated VO-induced ventricular hypertrophy; 3) completely blocked the increases in fibrotic proteins, including collagens, MMPs, and their tissue inhibitors; and 4) prevented the VO-induced decline in cardiac function. It remains unclear whether a direct interaction between LOX and MMPs exists; however, our experiments suggest a potential link between the two because LOX inhibition completely attenuated VO-induced increases in MMPs. Overall, our study demonstrated key cardioprotective effects of LOX inhibition against adverse cardiac remodeling due to chronic VO. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although the primary role of lysyl oxidase (LOX) is to cross-link collagens, we found that elevated LOX during cardiac disease plays a key role in the progression of heart failure. Here, we show that inhibition of LOX in volume-overloaded rats prevented the development of cardiac dysfunction and improved ventricular collagen and matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia C El Hajj
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Milad C El Hajj
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Van K Ninh
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jason D Gardner
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
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DeLeon-Pennell KY, Iyer RP, Ma Y, Yabluchanskiy A, Zamilpa R, Chiao YA, Cannon PL, Kaplan A, Cates CA, Flynn ER, Halade GV, de Castro Brás LE, Lindsey ML. The Mouse Heart Attack Research Tool 1.0 database. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H522-H530. [PMID: 29775405 PMCID: PMC6172643 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00172.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of big data has enabled systems-level dissections into the mechanisms of cardiovascular pathology. Integration of genetic, proteomic, and pathophysiological variables across platforms and laboratories fosters discoveries through multidisciplinary investigations and minimizes unnecessary redundancy in research efforts. The Mouse Heart Attack Research Tool (mHART) consolidates a large data set of over 10 yr of experiments from a single laboratory for cardiovascular investigators to generate novel hypotheses and identify new predictive markers of progressive left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. We designed the mHART REDCap database using our own data to integrate cardiovascular community participation. We generated physiological, biochemical, cellular, and proteomic outputs from plasma and left ventricles obtained from post-MI and no-MI (naïve) control groups. We included both male and female mice ranging in age from 3 to 36 mo old. After variable collection, data underwent quality assessment for data curation (e.g., eliminate technical errors, check for completeness, remove duplicates, and define terms). Currently, mHART 1.0 contains >888,000 data points and includes results from >2,100 unique mice. Database performance was tested, and an example is provided to illustrate database utility. This report explains how the first version of the mHART database was established and provides researchers with a standard framework to aid in the integration of their data into our database or in the development of a similar database. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The Mouse Heart Attack Research Tool combines >888,000 cardiovascular data points from >2,100 mice. We provide this large data set as a REDCap database to generate novel hypotheses and identify new predictive markers of adverse left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction in mice and provide examples of use. The Mouse Heart Attack Research Tool is the first database of this size that integrates data sets across platforms that include genomic, proteomic, histological, and physiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson Mississippi.,Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson Mississippi
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson Mississippi
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Translational GeroScience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Ying Ann Chiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Presley L Cannon
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson Mississippi
| | - Abdullah Kaplan
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson Mississippi
| | - Courtney A Cates
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson Mississippi
| | - Elizabeth R Flynn
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson Mississippi
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lisandra E de Castro Brás
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson Mississippi.,Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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Al-Gebaly AS. Ameliorating role of whey syrup against ageing-related damage of myocardial muscle of Wistar Albino rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:950-956. [PMID: 31303824 PMCID: PMC6600591 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-ing is involved in gradual breakdown of biological structure and function of body organs. The heart represents the main organ responsible for pumping the main issues of life which involving oxygen, nutrients and bioactive molecules necessary for maintaining the body functions. The present study has been conducted to assess the anti-aging properties of whey syrup collected from fermented milk in 4, 18 and 30-months-old rats. The histopathological and histochemical changes of carbohydrates and proteins were investigated. Immunohistochemical expression of smooth muscle actin and P53 was performed to assess the function of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Annexin v and biochemical changes of different cardio-biomarkers were carried out to evaluate the effects of aging. The present result of 30 months-old rats revealed myocardial infarction assessed by widening of myocardial fibers, diffused with numerous blood capillaries and dense leukocytic infiltration. The assessed biochemical markers confirmed myocardial damage. Whey supplementation improved the myocardial structure, but less improvement was observed for the 30-months-old rats. The author recommended supplementation with whey is beneficial in giving a body the demand for amino acids and minerals essential for supporting the myocardium and also provides protection against age-ing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S Al-Gebaly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman, University, 11474 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Shirai H, Kaido T, Hamaguchi Y, Kobayashi A, Okumura S, Yao S, Yagi S, Kamo N, Taura K, Okajima H, Uemoto S. Preoperative Low Muscle Mass and Low Muscle Quality Negatively Impact on Pulmonary Function in Patients Undergoing Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2018; 7:76-89. [PMID: 29662835 PMCID: PMC5892357 DOI: 10.1159/000484487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is a prognostic factor for mortality in digestive surgery. However, the correlation between preoperative cardiopulmonary function and sarcopenia in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. METHODS The present study investigated the impact of preoperative sarcopenia on cardiopulmonary function in 402 patients who underwent first hepatectomy for HCC between April 2005 and April 2015. The quantity and quality of skeletal muscle were evaluated using psoas muscle index (PMI) and intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC), respectively, as determined from preoperative computed tomography imaging. Correlations between preoperative cardiopulmonary function and sarcopenic factors (PMI and IMAC) were evaluated. RESULTS No significant correlations were found between left ventricular ejection fraction and the two sarcopenic factors. On the other hand, preoperative vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) correlated significantly with PMI (p < 0.001 each) in males and with IMAC (p < 0.001 each) in females. Moreover, VC and FEV1 in the preoperative low PMI (p < 0.001 each) and high IMAC (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) groups were significantly lower than in the normal group in males. In females, VC and FEV1 were significantly lower in the preoperative high IMAC group than in the normal group (p < 0.001 each). CONCLUSION Preoperative low muscle mass in males and low muscle quality in males and females were significantly associated with pulmonary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshimi Kaido
- *Toshimi Kaido, MD, PhD, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 (Japan), E-Mail
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Ma Y, Mouton AJ, Lindsey ML. Cardiac macrophage biology in the steady-state heart, the aging heart, and following myocardial infarction. Transl Res 2018; 191:15-28. [PMID: 29106912 PMCID: PMC5846093 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play critical roles in homeostatic maintenance of the myocardium under normal conditions and in tissue repair after injury. In the steady-state heart, resident cardiac macrophages remove senescent and dying cells and facilitate electrical conduction. In the aging heart, the shift in macrophage phenotype to a proinflammatory subtype leads to inflammaging. Following myocardial infarction (MI), macrophages recruited to the infarct produce both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and growth factors), phagocytize dead cells, and promote angiogenesis and scar formation. These diverse properties are attributed to distinct macrophage subtypes and polarization status. Infarct macrophages exhibit a proinflammatory M1 phenotype early and become polarized toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype later post-MI. Although this classification system is oversimplified and needs to be refined to accommodate the multiple different macrophage subtypes that have been recently identified, general concepts on macrophage roles are independent of subtype classification. This review summarizes current knowledge about cardiac macrophage origins, roles, and phenotypes in the steady state, with aging, and after MI, as well as highlights outstanding areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss
| | - Alan J Mouton
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Miss.
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Shirai H, Kaido T, Hamaguchi Y, Yao S, Kobayashi A, Okumura S, Kamo N, Yagi S, Okajima H, Uemoto S. Preoperative low muscle mass has a strong negative effect on pulmonary function in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation. Nutrition 2018; 45:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kain V, Ingle KA, Kachman M, Baum H, Shanmugam G, Rajasekaran NS, Young ME, Halade GV. Excess ω-6 fatty acids influx in aging drives metabolic dysregulation, electrocardiographic alterations, and low-grade chronic inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H160-H169. [PMID: 28986357 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00297.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a balance of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids is essential for cardiac health. Current ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids in the American diet have shifted from the ideal ratio of 2:1 to almost 20:1; while there is a body of evidence that suggests the negative impact of such a shift in younger organisms, the underlying age-related metabolic signaling in response to the excess influx of ω-6 fatty acids is incompletely understood. In the present study, young (6 mo old) and aging (≥18 mo old) mice were fed for 2 mo with a ω-6-enriched diet. Excess intake of ω-6 enrichment decreased the total lean mass and increased nighttime carbohydrate utilization, with higher levels of cardiac cytokines indicating low-grade chronic inflammation. Dobutamine-induced stress tests displayed an increase in PR interval, a sign of an atrioventricular defect in ω-6-fed aging mice. Excess ω-6 fatty acid intake in aging mice showed decreased 12-lipoxygenase with a concomitant increase in 15-lipoxygenase levels, resulting in the generation of 15( S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, whereas cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 generated prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, and thromboxane B2. Furthermore, excessive ω-6 fatty acids led to dysregulated nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant-responsive element in aging mice. Moreover, ω-6 fatty acid-mediated changes were profound in aging mice with respect to the eicosanoid profile while minimal changes were observed in the size and shape of cardiomyocytes. These findings provide compelling evidence that surplus consumption of ω-6 fatty acids, coupled with insufficient intake of ω-3 fatty acids, is linked to abnormal changes in ECG. These manifestations contribute to functional deficiencies and expansion of the inflammatory mediator milieu during later stages of aging. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging has a profound impact on the metabolism of fatty acids to maintain heart function. The excess influx of ω-6 fatty acids in aging perturbed electrocardiography with marked signs of inflammation and a dysregulated oxidative-redox balance. Thus, the quality and quantity of fatty acids determine the cardiac pathology and energy utilization in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Kain
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kevin A Ingle
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Maureen Kachman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Heidi Baum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gobinath Shanmugam
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine , Birmingham, Alabama
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Valli H, Ahmad S, Chadda KR, Al-Hadithi ABAK, Grace AA, Jeevaratnam K, Huang CLH. Age-dependent atrial arrhythmic phenotype secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction in Pgc-1β deficient murine hearts. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 167:30-45. [PMID: 28919427 PMCID: PMC5652526 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ageing and several age-related chronic conditions including obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and represent independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Atrial arrhythmogenesis was investigated in Langendorff-perfused young (3-4 month) and aged (>12 month), wild type (WT) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β deficient (Pgc-1β-/-) murine hearts modeling age-dependent chronic mitochondrial dysfunction during regular pacing and programmed electrical stimulation (PES). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Pgc-1β-/- genotype was associated with a pro-arrhythmic phenotype progressing with age. Young and aged Pgc-1β-/- hearts showed compromised maximum action potential (AP) depolarization rates, (dV/dt)max, prolonged AP latencies reflecting slowed action potential (AP) conduction, similar effective refractory periods and baseline action potential durations (APD90) but shortened APD90 in APs in response to extrasystolic stimuli at short stimulation intervals. Electrical properties of APs triggering arrhythmia were similar in WT and Pgc-1β-/- hearts. Pgc-1β-/- hearts showed accelerated age-dependent fibrotic change relative to WT, with young Pgc-1β-/- hearts displaying similar fibrotic change as aged WT, and aged Pgc-1β-/- hearts the greatest fibrotic change. Mitochondrial deficits thus result in an arrhythmic substrate, through slowed AP conduction and altered repolarisation characteristics, arising from alterations in electrophysiological properties and accelerated structural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Valli
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Shiraz Ahmad
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Karan R Chadda
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7AL, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ali B A K Al-Hadithi
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Grace
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7AL, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; PU-RCSI School of Medicine, Perdana University, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher L-H Huang
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom.
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Jamieson KL, Samokhvalov V, Akhnokh MK, Lee K, Cho WJ, Takawale A, Wang X, Kassiri Z, Seubert JM. Genetic deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase provides cardioprotective responses following myocardial infarction in aged mice. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 132:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Toba H, Cannon PL, Yabluchanskiy A, Iyer RP, D'Armiento J, Lindsey ML. Transgenic overexpression of macrophage matrix metalloproteinase-9 exacerbates age-related cardiac hypertrophy, vessel rarefaction, inflammation, and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 312:H375-H383. [PMID: 28011588 PMCID: PMC5402013 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00633.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Advancing age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is secreted by macrophages and robustly increases in the left ventricle (LV) with age. The present study investigated the effect of MMP-9 overexpression in macrophages on cardiac aging. We compared 16- to 21-mo-old C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and transgenic (TG) male and female mice (n = 15-20/group). MMP-9 overexpression amplified the hypertrophic response to aging, as evidenced by increased LV wall thickness and myocyte cross-sectional areas (P < 0.05 for both). MMP-9 overexpression reduced LV expression of the angiogenesis-related factors ICAM-1, integrins α3 and β3, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, thrombospondin-1, tenascin-c, and versican (all P < 0.05). Concomitantly, the number of vessels in the TG was lower than WT LV (P < 0.05). This led to a mismatch in the muscle-to-vessel ratio and resulted in increased cardiac inflammation. Out of 84 inflammatory genes analyzed, 16 genes increased in the TG compared with WT (all P < 0.05). Of the elevated genes, 14 were proinflammatory genes. The increase in cardiac inflammation resulted in greater accumulation of interstitial collagen in TG (P < 0.05). Fractional shortening was similar between groups, indicating that global cardiac function was still preserved at this age. In conclusion, overexpression of MMP-9 in macrophages resulted in exacerbated cardiac hypertrophy in the setting of vessel rarefaction, which resulted in enhanced inflammation and fibrosis to augment the cardiac-aging phenotype. Our results provide evidence that macrophage-derived MMP-9 may be a therapeutic target in elderly subjects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study was the first to use mice with transgenic overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in macrophages to examine the effects of macrophage-derived MMP-9 on cardiac aging. We found that an elevation in macrophage-derived MMP-9 induced a greater age-dependent cardiac hypertrophy and vessel rarefaction phenotype, which enhanced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Toba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Presley L Cannon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jeanine D'Armiento
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Meschiari CA, Ero OK, Pan H, Finkel T, Lindsey ML. The impact of aging on cardiac extracellular matrix. GeroScience 2017; 39:7-18. [PMID: 28299638 PMCID: PMC5352584 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in cardiac homeostasis can be observed at the cellular, extracellular, and tissue levels. Progressive cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and the gradual development of cardiac fibrosis are hallmarks of cardiac aging. In the absence of a secondary insult such as hypertension, these changes are subtle and result in slight to moderate impaired myocardial function, particularly diastolic function. While collagen deposition and cross-linking increase during aging, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation capacity also increases due to increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Of the MMPs elevated with cardiac aging, MMP-9 has been extensively evaluated and its roles are reviewed here. In addition to proteolytic activity on ECM components, MMPs oversee cell signaling during the aging process by modulating cytokine, chemokine, growth factor, hormone, and angiogenic factor expression and activity. In association with elevated MMP-9, macrophage numbers increase in an age-dependent manner to regulate the ECM and angiogenic responses. Understanding the complexity of the molecular interactions between MMPs and the ECM in the context of aging may provide novel diagnostic indicators for the early detection of age-related fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meschiari
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Room G351-04, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Osasere Kelvin Ero
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Room G351-04, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Haihui Pan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Room G351-04, Jackson, MS, USA.
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
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Serum vitamin D, intact parathyroid hormone, and Fetuin A concentrations were associated with geriatric sarcopenia and cardiac hypertrophy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40996. [PMID: 28112206 PMCID: PMC5253676 DOI: 10.1038/srep40996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With aging, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) increases. It plays a crucial role in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Also, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (Vit-D) and iPTH have been observed to be determinants of muscle wasting known as sarcopenia. Fetuin A (FetA), a systemic calcification inhibitor, involves in the development of diastolic heart failure. Hence, we hypothesized that the interplay among FetA, Vit-D and iPTH may contribute to sarcopenic LVH among the elders. We analyzed a database from the Tianliao Old People study with 541 elders (≥65 years) in a Taiwan’s suburban community. After excluding patients with renal function impairment, 120/449 (26.7%) patients were diagnosed with sarcopenia. Sarcopenic patients had lower serum Vit-D levels but higher FetA as well as iPTH. Notably, sarcopenic patients with LVH had significantly lower FetA and higher iPTH levels. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the increase in iPTH was independently associated with sarcopenic LVH (Odds ratio: 1.05; confidence interval: 1.03–1.08, p = 0.005). Using iPTH >52.3 ng/l as a cutoff point, the sensitivity and specificity was 66% and 84%, respectively. In conclusion, FetA, Vit-D, and iPTH levels were all associated with sarcopenia in this geriatric population. Among them, iPTH specifically indicates patients with sarcopenic LVH.
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Pinheiro M, Mancio J, Conceição G, Ferreira W, Carvalho M, Santos A, Vouga L, Gama Ribeiro V, Leite-Moreira A, Falcão-Pires I, Bettencourt N. Frailty Syndrome: Visceral Adipose Tissue and Frailty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:120-128. [PMID: 27999858 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), frailty is a clinically relevant measure of increased vulnerability that should be included in the preoperative risk assessment. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) derived phase angle (PA) reflects cell membrane integrity and function. Few studies are available on the relative contribution of adiposity distribution on frailty, and about the influences of frailty and visceral obesity in PA value. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate associations among frailty, visceral fat depots and PA in patients with symptomatic severe AS. METHODS In a cohort of patients with symptomatic severe AS and preserved ejection fraction, we examined the associations between frailty, visceral fat depots and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) derived phase angle (PA); and between visceral fat and PA. Frailty was defined according the Fried et al. scale criteria and the body fat distribution was determined by multidetector computed tomography and by BIA. RESULTS Of the fifty-five included patients, 26 were frail (47%). Adjusting for age and gender, frailty was associated with indexed epicardial adipose tissue volume (EATVi) (the odds of frailty increased 4.1-fold per additional 100 cm3/m2 of EAT [95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.03 to 16.40, p=0.04] and with PA (OR of 0.50, 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.97, p=0.04), but not with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), indexed total, visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat areas (TAFAi, VAFAi and SAFAi) nor with indexed mediastinal adipose tissue volume (MATVi). In an age and gender adjusted linear model, PA was inversely correlated with EATVi (β=-0.008, 95% CI, -0.016 to -0.001, p=0.03), but not with BMI, WC, nor with MATVi, VAFAi, SAFAi and TAFAi. CONCLUSIONS In patients with symptomatic severe AS, EATVi is associated with frailty, independently of age and gender, but not with MAFVi or VAFAi. Moreover, frailty and EATVi are associated with impaired cell membrane integrity and function assessed by PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinheiro
- Marília Pinheiro, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Portugal, E-mail: , Phone (0351) 918197460
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Chang WT, Chen JS, Tsai MH, Tsai WC, Juang JN, Liu PY. Interplay of Aging and Hypertension in Cardiac Remodeling: A Mathematical Geometric Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168071. [PMID: 27977729 PMCID: PMC5158006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive disorder can cause cardiac deformities. Elastic characteristic parameters, like Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) derived from a traditional cylindrical model, increase significantly with aging. However, the geometric and component changes of aging hearts because of chronic hypertension remain unknown. To better describe the effects, we propose an elliptical elastic and mathematical model to evaluate myocardial stiffness. Ninety-six hypertensive patients (HTNPos) (men: 59.3%; age ≥ 65 years: 20.8%) were enrolled and compared with normotensive controls (HTNNeg) (n = 47, 48.9%). HTNPos patients had a thicker interventricular septum in diastole (IVSd) (HTNPos: 0.96 ± 0.21 cm vs. HTNNeg: 0.77 ± 0.15; p = 0.005) and higher intracardiac pressure (e/e′: 9.06 ± 4.85 cm vs. 7.76 ± 3.41; p = 0.01), especially the elderly (> 65 years) (IVSd: 1.03 ± 0.19 cm, e/e′: 11.39 ± 1.99; p = 0.006 and 0.01, respectively). Nevertheless, the internal dimension decreased more significantly in the HTNPos rather than in the HTNNeg elderly (5.23 ± 0.46 vs. 4.74 ± 0.69 cm; p = 0.02). We found different directions of cardiac remodeling with normotensive and hypertensive loads. Different from the longitudinal and circumferential strain, E and Poisson’s ratio (υ) are values that directly present the rigidity of myocardium. E was significantly higher in the elderly (8011.92 ± 2431.85 vs. 6052.43 ± 3121.50; p = 0.02), whereas υ was significantly higher in all HTNPos patients (0.73 ± 0.12 vs. 0.61 ± 0.07; p < 0.001). Because E and υ reflected the material changes of myocardium in the HTNPos elderly, the proposed elliptical mathematical heart model better describes the geometric deformity induced by aging and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-San Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hang Tsai
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chuan Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Nan Juang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (PYL); (JNJ)
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (PYL); (JNJ)
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Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG, Braselton JF, Childs TE, Booth FW. Left ventricle transcriptomic analysis reveals connective tissue accumulation associates with initial age-dependent decline in V̇o2peak from its lifetime apex. Physiol Genomics 2016; 49:53-66. [PMID: 27913688 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00083.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) strongly predicts morbidity and mortality better than other established risk factors, yet mechanisms associated with its age-associated decline are unknown. Our laboratory has shown that V̇o2peak first begins to decrease at the same age of 19-20 wk in both sedentary and wheel-running, female Wistar rats (Toedebusch et al., Physiol Genomics 48: 101-115, 2016). Here, we employed a total systemic approach using unsupervised interrogation of mRNA with RNA sequencing. The purpose of our study was to analyze transcriptomic profiles from both sedentary (SED) and wheel-running (RUN) conditions as a strategy to identify pathways in the left ventricle that may contribute to the initial reductions in V̇o2peak occurring between 19 and 27 wk of age. Transcriptomic comparisons were made within both SED and RUN rats between 19 and 27 wk (n = 5-8). Analysis of mRNAs shared in SED and RUN between 19 and 27 wk found 17 upregulated (e.g., Adra1d, Rpl17, Xpo7) and 8 downregulated (e.g., Cdo1, Ctfg, Sfrp1) mRNAs, at 19 wk, respectively. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis of mRNAs common to SED and RUN produced networks suggestive of increased connective tissue development at 27 vs. 19 wk. Additionally, Ctfg mRNA was negatively associated with V̇o2peak in both SED and RUN (P < 0.05). In summary, transcriptomic analysis revealed mRNAs and networks associated with increased connective tissue development, decreased α-adrenergic activity, and decreased protein translation in the left ventricle that could, in part, potentially influence the initiation of the lifelong reduction in V̇o2peak, independent of physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Joshua F Braselton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas E Childs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; .,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Kim YJ, Tamadon A, Park HT, Kim H, Ku SY. The role of sex steroid hormones in the pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016; 2:140-155. [PMID: 30775480 PMCID: PMC6372754 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroids influence the maintenance and growth of muscles. Decline in androgens, estrogens and progesterone by aging leads to the loss of muscular function and mass, sarcopenia. These steroid hormones can interact with different signaling pathways through their receptors. To date, sex steroid hormone receptors and their exact roles are not completely defined in skeletal and smooth muscles. Although numerous studies focused on the effects of sex steroid hormones on different types of cells, still many unexplained molecular mechanisms in both skeletal and smooth muscle cells remain to be investigated. In this paper, many different molecular mechanisms that are activated or inhibited by sex steroids and those that influence the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of skeletal and smooth muscle cells are reviewed. Also, the similarities of cellular and molecular pathways of androgens, estrogens and progesterone in both skeletal and smooth muscle cells are highlighted. The reviewed signaling pathways and participating molecules can be targeted in the future development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, South Korea
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Horn MA, Trafford AW. Aging and the cardiac collagen matrix: Novel mediators of fibrotic remodelling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:175-85. [PMID: 26578393 PMCID: PMC4945757 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and there is a pressing need for new therapeutic strategies to treat such conditions. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease increases dramatically with age, yet the majority of experimental research is executed using young animals. The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), consisting predominantly of fibrillar collagen, preserves myocardial integrity, provides a means of force transmission and supports myocyte geometry. Disruptions to the finely balanced control of collagen synthesis, post-synthetic deposition, post-translational modification and degradation may have detrimental effects on myocardial functionality. It is now well established that the aged heart is characterized by fibrotic remodelling, but the mechanisms responsible for this are incompletely understood. Furthermore, studies using aged animal models suggest that interstitial remodelling with disease may be age-dependent. Thus with the identification of new therapeutic strategies targeting fibrotic remodelling, it may be necessary to consider age-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we discuss remodelling of the cardiac collagen matrix as a function of age, whilst highlighting potential novel mediators of age-dependent fibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux A Horn
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 3.06 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew W Trafford
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 3.06 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The heart pumps blood to maintain circulation and ensure the delivery of oxygenated blood to all the organs of the body. Mechanics play a critical role in governing and regulating heart function under both normal and pathological conditions. Biological processes and mechanical stress are coupled together in regulating myocyte function and extracellular matrix structure thus controlling heart function. Here, we offer a brief introduction to the biomechanics of left ventricular function and then summarize recent progress in the study of the effects of mechanical stress on ventricular wall remodeling and cardiac function as well as the effects of wall mechanical properties on cardiac function in normal and dysfunctional hearts. Various mechanical models to determine wall stress and cardiac function in normal and diseased hearts with both systolic and diastolic dysfunction are discussed. The results of these studies have enhanced our understanding of the biomechanical mechanism in the development and remodeling of normal and dysfunctional hearts. Biomechanics provide a tool to understand the mechanism of left ventricular remodeling in diastolic and systolic dysfunction and guidance in designing and developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Voorhees
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA
| | - Hai-Chao Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA
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