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Broome SC, Whitfield J, Karagounis LG, Hawley JA. Mitochondria as Nutritional Targets to Maintain Muscle Health and Physical Function During Ageing. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02072-7. [PMID: 39060742 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and physical function leads to a loss of independence and an increased reliance on health-care. Mitochondria are crucial in the aetiology of sarcopenia and have been identified as key targets for interventions that can attenuate declines in physical capacity. Exercise training is a primary intervention that reduces many of the deleterious effects of ageing in skeletal muscle quality and function. However, habitual levels of physical activity decline with age, making it necessary to implement adjunct treatments to maintain skeletal muscle mitochondrial health and physical function. This review provides an overview of the effects of ageing and exercise training on human skeletal muscle mitochondria and considers several supplements that have plausible mechanistic underpinning to improve physical function in ageing through their interactions with mitochondria. Several supplements, including MitoQ, urolithin A, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs), and a combination of glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) can improve physical function in older individuals through a variety of inter-dependent mechanisms including increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and energetics, decreases in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission and oxidative damage, and improvements in mitochondrial quality control. While there is evidence that some nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursors can improve physical function in older individuals, such an outcome seems unrelated to and independent of changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Future research should investigate the safety and efficacy of compounds that can improve skeletal muscle health in preclinical models through mechanisms involving mitochondria, such as mitochondrial-derived peptides and mitochondrial uncouplers, with a view to extending the human health-span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Broome
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Jamie Whitfield
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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Liu D, Wang S, Liu S, Wang Q, Che X, Wu G. Frontiers in sarcopenia: Advancements in diagnostics, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101270. [PMID: 38583268 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The onset of sarcopenia is intimately linked with aging, posing significant implications not only for individual patient quality of life but also for the broader societal healthcare framework. Early and accurate identification of sarcopenia and a comprehensive understanding of its mechanistic underpinnings and therapeutic targets paramount to addressing this condition effectively. This review endeavors to present a cohesive overview of recent advancements in sarcopenia research and diagnosis. We initially delve into the contemporary diagnostic criteria, specifically referencing the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) 2 and Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 benchmarks. Additionally, we elucidate comprehensive assessment techniques for muscle strength, quantity, and physical performance, highlighting tools such as grip strength, chair stand test, dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), gait speed, and short physical performance battery (SPPB), while also discussing their inherent advantages and limitations. Such diagnostic advancements pave the way for early identification and unequivocal diagnosis of sarcopenia. Proceeding further, we provide a deep-dive into sarcopenia's pathogenesis, offering a thorough examination of associated signaling pathways like the Myostatin, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin/IGF-1 Signaling (IIS), and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways. Each pathway's role in sarcopenia mediation is detailed, underscoring potential therapeutic target avenues. From a mechanistic perspective, the review also underscores the pivotal role of mitochondrial dysfunction in sarcopenia, emphasizing elements such as mitochondrial oxidative overload, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy, and highlighting their therapeutic significance. At last, we capture recent strides made in sarcopenia treatment, ranging from nutritional and exercise interventions to potential pharmacological and supplementation strategies. In sum, this review meticulously synthesizes the latest scientific developments in sarcopenia, aiming to enhance diagnostic precision in clinical practice and provide comprehensive insights into refined mechanistic targets and innovative therapeutic interventions, ultimately contributing to optimized patient care and advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Qifei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiangyu Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
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Bubak MP, Mann SN, Borowik AK, Pranay A, Batushansky A, Mondal SA, Diodge SM, Davidyan A, Szczygiel MM, Peelor FR, Rigsby S, Broomfield M, Lacy CI, Rice HC, Stout MB, Miller BF. 17α-estradiol Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Inflammatory and Metabolic Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscle of Male and Female Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542870. [PMID: 37398463 PMCID: PMC10312580 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a central role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), a naturally-occurring non-feminizing diastereomer of 17β-estradiol that demonstrates efficacy for improving metabolic outcomes in male, but not female, mice. Despite several lines of evidence showing that 17α-E2 treatment improves metabolic parameters in middle-aged obese and old male mice through effects in brain, liver, and white adipose tissue little is known about how 17α-E2 alters skeletal muscle metabolism, and what role this may play in mitigating metabolic declines. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if 17α-E2 treatment improves metabolic outcomes in skeletal muscle from obese male and female mice following chronic high fat diet (HFD) administration. We hypothesized that male, but not female, mice, would benefit from 17α-E2 treatment during HFD. To test this hypothesis, we used a multi-omics approach to determine changes in lipotoxic lipid intermediates, metabolites, and proteins related to metabolic homeostasis. In male mice, we show that 17α-E2 alleviates HFD-induced metabolic detriments of skeletal muscle by reducing the accumulation of diacylglycerol (DAGs) and ceramides, inflammatory cytokine levels, and reduced the abundance of most of the proteins related to lipolysis and beta-oxidation. In contrast to males, 17α-E2 treatment in female mice had little effect on the DAGs and ceramides content, muscle inflammatory cytokine levels, or changes to the relative abundance of proteins involved in beta-oxidation. These data support to the growing evidence that 17α-E2 treatment could be beneficial for overall metabolic health in male mammals.
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Xiang T, Fu P, Zhou L. Sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1181139. [PMID: 37265691 PMCID: PMC10230055 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1181139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are closely interconnected and associated with adverse health outcomes. Osteosarcopenia is the concurrent presence of the two conditions and has rarely been reported in hemodialysis patients. Whether hemodialysis patients with osteosarcopenia are at greater risk of mortality than those with either condition alone remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with osteoporosis and to determine its impact on survival risk in hemodialysis patients. Methods A total of 209 adults undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled from the dialysis center in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University, and our study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (number: ChiCTR2100043932). Muscle mass, handgrip strength, bone mineral density (BMD), and biochemical parameters were assessed. All deaths were recorded during a follow-up of 35.15 ± 15.37 months. Results Seventy-eight patients were diagnosed with sarcopenia, with a prevalence of 37.3%. After adjustment for potential confounders, age (OR=1.094, P <0.001), female sex (OR= 3.44, P =0.005), diabetes (OR=3.756, P =0.008), CRP (OR=1.09, P =0.015), serum magnesium (OR=0.755, p=0.042) and BMI (OR=0.701, P <0.001) were independently associated with sarcopenia. Among the 209 patients, 103 patients completed the BMD assessment. The prevalence of osteosarcopenia was 22.3%, while 20.4% of participants had sarcopenia alone and 12.6% had osteoporosis alone. The proportions of patients who died were 13.0% for nonsarcopenia&nonosteoporosis, 15.4% for osteoporosis alone, 47.6% for sarcopenia alone, and 52.2% for osteosarcopenia. Cox regression analysis showed that osteosarcopenia was independently associated with all-cause mortality (HR=3.74, 95% CI: 1.172-11.938), while osteoporosis alone and sarcopenia alone were not. Conclusion Patients undergoing hemodialysis had a high incidence of sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia, muscle mass and strength showed a significant association with BMD, and osteosarcopenia might have a powerful impact on mortality in those patients. Clinical trial registration http://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR2100043932.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Fu
- *Correspondence: Ping Fu, ; Li Zhou,
| | - Li Zhou
- *Correspondence: Ping Fu, ; Li Zhou,
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Effects of lifelong spontaneous exercise on skeletal muscle and angiogenesis in super-aged mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263457. [PMID: 35976884 PMCID: PMC9384990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing awareness of sarcopenia, which is characterized by a concomitant decrease in skeletal muscle mass and quality due to aging. Resistance exercise is considered more effective than aerobic exercise in terms of therapeutic exercise. To confirm the effect of long-term aerobic exercise in preventing sarcopenia, we evaluated the skeletal muscle mass, quality, and angiogenic capacity of super-aged mice that had undergone lifelong spontaneous exercise (LSE) through various experiments. Our findings show that LSE could maintain skeletal muscle mass, quality, and fitness levels in super-aged mice. In addition, ex vivo experiments showed that the angiogenic capacity was maintained at a high level. However, these results were not consistent with the related changes in the expression of genes and/or proteins involved in protein synthesis or angiogenesis. Based on the results of previous studies, it seems certain that the expression at the molecular level does not represent the phenotypes of skeletal muscle and angiogenesis. This is because aging and long-term exercise are variables that can affect both protein synthesis and the expression patterns of angiogenesis-related genes and proteins. Therefore, in aging and exercise-related research, various physical fitness and angiogenesis variables and phenotypes should be analyzed. In conclusion, LSE appears to maintain the potential of angiogenesis and slow the aging process to maintain skeletal muscle mass and quality. Aerobic exercise may thus be effective for the prevention of sarcopenia.
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Abstract
Sarcopenia is common in aging and in patients with heart failure (HF) who may experience worse outcomes. Patients with muscle wasting are more likely to experience falls and can have serious complications when undergoing cardiac procedures. While intensive nutritional support and exercise rehabilitation can help reverse some of these changes, they are often under-prescribed in a timely manner, and we have limited insights into who would benefit. Mechanistic links between gut microbial metabolites (GMM) have been identified and may contribute to adverse clinical outcomes in patients with cardio-renal diseases and aging. This review will examine the emerging evidence for the influence of the gut microbiome-derived metabolites and notable signaling pathways involved in both sarcopenia and HF, especially those linked to dietary intake and mitochondrial metabolism. This provides a unique opportunity to gain mechanistic and clinical insights into developing novel therapeutic strategies that target these GMM pathways or through tailored nutritional modulation to prevent progressive muscle wasting in elderly patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Liu
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Seo JH, Lee Y. Association of physical activity with sarcopenia evaluated based on muscle mass and strength in older adults: 2008-2011 and 2014 - 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:217. [PMID: 35296249 PMCID: PMC8928682 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-02900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate physical activity (PA) is essential for preventing sarcopenia in older adults. However, there are insufficient epidemiological data on the intensity of PA needed to prevent age-related sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of PA intensity with skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. Methods This was a population-based study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted using data from the 2008 − 2011 and 2014 − 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, which included a total of 11,162 participants aged ≥ 60 years. PA was assessed using the results of a questionnaire and organized by intensity, frequency, and duration. The study population was divided into the following groups based on PA intensity: no exercise, walking only, moderate PA, and vigorous PA. To assess sarcopenia, skeletal muscle index (SMI) and hand grip strength (HGS) were measured as indicators of muscle mass and strength, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between PA intensity and sarcopenia. Results SMI and HGS were significantly higher in men and women engaged in moderate to vigorous PA than in those who did not exercise. The odds ratios (ORs) for sarcopenia defined based on SMI and HGS were lowest in men engaged in vigorous PA (0.444, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.242 − 0.818 and 0.450, 95% CI: 0.228 − 0.890, respectively). In women, the OR for sarcopenia defined based on HGS was the lowest in the group engaged in vigorous PA (0.441, 95% CI: 0.199 − 0.975), while there was no risk reduction for sarcopenia defined based on SMI. Conclusions Moderate to vigorous PA was highly correlated with SMI and HGS in men and women. Intensive PA was positively correlated with sarcopenia prevention, which can be monitored using HGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Hyun Seo
- Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Jinhwangdo-ro 61-gil 53, Gangdong-gu Seoul, Korea.
| | - Young Lee
- Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Jinhwangdo-ro 61-gil 53, Gangdong-gu Seoul, Korea
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Exercise and Nutrition Impact on Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia-The Incidence of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124499. [PMID: 34960050 PMCID: PMC8705961 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are diseases which affect the myoskeletal system and often occur in older adults. They are characterized by low bone density and loss of muscle mass and strength, factors which reduce the quality of life and mobility. Recently, apart from pharmaceutical interventions, many studies have focused on non-pharmaceutical approaches for the prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia with exercise and nutrition to being the most important and well studied of those. The purpose of the current narrative review is to describe the role of exercise and nutrition on prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older adults and to define the incidence of osteosarcopenia. Most of the publications which were included in this review show that resistance and endurance exercises prevent the development of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Furthermore, protein and vitamin D intake, as well as a healthy diet, present a protective role against the development of the above bone diseases. However, current scientific data are not sufficient for reaching solid conclusions. Although the roles of exercise and nutrition on osteoporosis and sarcopenia seem to have been largely evaluated in literature over the recent years, most of the studies which have been conducted present high heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Therefore, they cannot reach final conclusions. In addition, osteosarcopenia seems to be caused by the effects of osteoporosis and sarcopenia on elderly. Larger meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials are needed designed based on strict inclusion criteria, in order to describe the exact role of exercise and nutrition on osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
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Vays V, Vangely I, Eldarov C, Holtze S, Hildebrandt T, Bakeeva L, Skulachev V. Progressive reorganization of mitochondrial apparatus in aging skeletal muscle of naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) as revealed by electron microscopy: potential role in continual maintenance of muscle activity. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24524-24541. [PMID: 34839281 PMCID: PMC8660618 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the ultrastructure of mitochondrial apparatus of skeletal muscles of naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) from the age of 6 months to 11 years. The obtained results have demonstrated that the mitochondria in skeletal muscles of naked mole rats aged below 5 years is not well-developed and represented by few separate small mitochondria. Mitochondrial reticulum is absent. Starting from the age of 5 years, a powerful mitochondrial structure is developed. By the age of 11 years, it become obvious that the mitochondrial apparatus formed differs from that in the skeletal muscle of adult rats and mice, but resembles that of cardiomyocytes of rats or naked mole rats cardiomyocytes. From the age of 6 months to 11 years, percentage area of mitochondria in the skeletal muscle of naked mole rat is increasing by five times. The growth of mitochondria is mainly driven by increased number of organelles. Such significant growth of mitochondria is not associated with any abnormal changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure. We suppose that specific structure of mitochondrial apparatus developed in the skeletal muscle of naked mole rats by the age of 11 years is necessary for continual skeletal muscle activity of these small mammals burrowing very long holes in stony earth, resembling continual activity of heart muscle. In any case, ontogenesis of naked mole rat skeletal muscles is much slower than of rats and mice (one more example of neoteny).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Vays
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina Vangely
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Chupalav Eldarov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin 10315, Germany
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin 10315, Germany
| | - Lora Bakeeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Skulachev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
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An Overview of Physical Exercise and Antioxidant Supplementation Influences on Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101528. [PMID: 34679663 PMCID: PMC8532825 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the essential injuries caused by moderate to high-intensity and short-duration physical activities is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damaging various body tissues such as skeletal muscle (SM). However, ROS is easily controlled by antioxidant defense systems during low to moderate intensity and long-term exercises. In stressful situations, antioxidant supplements are recommended to prevent ROS damage. We examined the response of SM to ROS generation during exercise using an antioxidant supplement treatment strategy in this study. The findings of this review research are paradoxical due to variances in antioxidant supplements dose and duration, intensity, length, frequency, types of exercise activities, and, in general, the lack of a regular exercise and nutrition strategy. As such, further research in this area is still being felt.
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Barros MPD, Bachi ALL, Santos JDMBD, Lambertucci RH, Ishihara R, Polotow TG, Caldo-Silva A, Valente PA, Hogervorst E, Furtado GE. The poorly conducted orchestra of steroid hormones, oxidative stress and inflammation in frailty needs a maestro: Regular physical exercise. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111562. [PMID: 34560197 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines the various factors associated with unhealthy aging which includes becoming frail and dependent. With many people not engaging in recommended exercise, facilitators and barriers to engage with exercise must be investigated to promote exercise uptake and adherence over the lifespan for different demographics, including the old, less affluent, women, and those with different cultural-ethnic backgrounds. Governmental and locally funded public health messages and environmental facilitation (gyms, parks etc.) can play an important role. Studies have shown that exercise can act as a conductor to balance oxidative stress, immune and endocrine functions together to promote healthy aging and reduce the risk for age-related morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis, and promote cognition and mood over the lifespan. Like a classic symphony orchestra, consisting of four groups of related musical instruments - the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings - the aging process should also perform in harmony, with compassion, avoiding the aggrandizement of any of its individual parts during the presentation. This review discusses the wide variety of molecular, cellular and endocrine mechanisms (focusing on the steroid balance) underlying this process and their interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), MSc/PhD Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, 01506-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - André Luís Lacerda Bachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04025-002, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Ishihara
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Geraldo Polotow
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), MSc/PhD Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, 01506-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Caldo-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso Valente
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- Applied Cognitive Research National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal; Institute Polytechnic of Maia, Porto, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal.
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12
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Koh FH, Chua JMW, Tan JLJ, Foo FJ, Tan WJ, Sivarajah SS, Ho LML, Teh BT, Chew MH. Paradigm shift in gastrointestinal surgery − combating sarcopenia with prehabilitation: Multimodal review of clinical and scientific data. World J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 13:734-755. [PMID: 34512898 PMCID: PMC8394378 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i8.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the prognostic significance of sarcopenia in surgical patients as an independent predictor of postoperative complications and outcomes. These included an increased risk of total complications, major complications, re-admissions, infections, severe infections, 30 d mortality, longer hospital stay and increased hospitalization expenditures. A program to enhance recovery after surgery was meant to address these complications; however, compliance to the program since its introduction has been less than ideal. Over the last decade, the concept of prehabilitation, or “pre-surgery rehabilitation”, has been discussed. The presurgical period represents a window of opportunity to boost and optimize the health of an individual, providing a compensatory “buffer” for the imminent reduction in physiological reserve post-surgery. Initial results have been promising. We review the literature to critically review the utility of prehabilitation, not just in the clinical realm, but also in the scientific realm, with a resource management point-of-view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick H Koh
- Division of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore 544886, Singapore
| | - Jason MW Chua
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Joselyn LJ Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Fung-Joon Foo
- Division of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore 544886, Singapore
| | - Winson J Tan
- Division of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore 544886, Singapore
| | | | - Leonard Ming Li Ho
- Division of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore 544886, Singapore
| | - Bin-Tean Teh
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Min-Hoe Chew
- Division of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore 544886, Singapore
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Fealy CE, Grevendonk L, Hoeks J, Hesselink MKC. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial network dynamics in metabolic disorders and aging. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:1033-1044. [PMID: 34417125 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With global demographics trending towards an aging population, the numbers of individuals with an age-associated loss of independence is increasing. A key contributing factor is loss of skeletal muscle mitochondrial, metabolic, and contractile function. Recent advances in imaging technologies have demonstrated the importance of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we examine the evidence for altered mitochondrial dynamics as a mechanism in age and obesity-associated loss of skeletal muscle function, with a particular focus on the available human data. We highlight some of the areas where more data are needed to identify the specific mechanisms connecting mitochondrial morphology and skeletal muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán E Fealy
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Lotte Grevendonk
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Torma F, Gombos Z, Fridvalszki M, Langmar G, Tarcza Z, Merkely B, Naito H, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Takeda M, Murlasits Z, Osvath P, Radak Z. Blood flow restriction in human skeletal muscle during rest periods after high-load resistance training down-regulates miR-206 and induces Pax7. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:470-477. [PMID: 32813644 PMCID: PMC8343007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Blood flow restriction (BFR) with low-intensity resistance training has been shown to result in hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that BFR during the rest periods between acute, high-intensity resistance exercise sessions (70% of 1 repetition maximum, 7 sets with 10 repetitions) enhances the effects of the resistance training. METHODS A total of 7 healthy young men performed squats, and between sets BFR was carried out on one leg while the other leg served as a control. Because BFR was applied during rest periods, even severe occlusion pressure (approximately 230 mmHg), which almost completely blocked blood flow, was well-tolerated by the participants. Five muscle-specific microRNAs were measured from the biopsy samples, which were taken 2 h after the acute training. RESULTS Doppler data showed that the pattern of blood flow recovery changed significantly between the first and last BFR. microRNA-206 levels significantly decreased in the BFR leg compared to the control. The mRNA levels of RAC-β serine/threonine-protein kinase v22, nuclear respiratory factor 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70 genes (p < 0.05), and paired box 7 (p < 0.01) increased in the BFR leg. The protein levels of paired box 7, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α did not differ between the BFR leg and the control leg. CONCLUSION BFR, during the rest periods of high-load resistance training, could lead to mRNA elevation of those proteins that regulate angiogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle hypertrophy and repair. However, BFR also can cause DNA damage, judging from the increase in mRNA levels of lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Torma
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Gombos
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Marcell Fridvalszki
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Gergely Langmar
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Tarcza
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Bela Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Takeda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Zsolt Murlasits
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Peter Osvath
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary.
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15
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Strasser B, Pesta D, Rittweger J, Burtscher J, Burtscher M. Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051409. [PMID: 33922108 PMCID: PMC8143537 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical exercise and a healthy diet are major determinants of a healthy lifespan. Although aging is associated with declining endurance performance and muscle function, these components can favorably be modified by regular physical activity and especially by exercise training at all ages in both sexes. In addition, age-related changes in body composition and metabolism, which affect even highly trained masters athletes, can in part be compensated for by higher exercise metabolic efficiency in active individuals. Accordingly, masters athletes are often considered as a role model for healthy aging and their physical capacities are an impressive example of what is possible in aging individuals. In the present review, we first discuss physiological changes, performance and trainability of older athletes with a focus on sex differences. Second, we describe the most important hormonal alterations occurring during aging pertaining regulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure and the modulatory role of exercise training. The third part highlights nutritional aspects that may support health and physical performance for older athletes. Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for adequate energy and protein intake for preventing low bone and muscle mass and a higher demand for specific nutrients (e.g., vitamin D and probiotics) that may reduce the infection burden in masters athletes. Fourth, we present important research findings on the association between exercise, nutrition and the microbiota, which represents a rapidly developing field in sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strasser
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, A-1020 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)1-798-40-98
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (D.P.); (J.R.)
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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16
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Pascual-Fernández J, Fernández-Montero A, Córdova-Martínez A, Pastor D, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Roche E. Sarcopenia: Molecular Pathways and Potential Targets for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228844. [PMID: 33266508 PMCID: PMC7700275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with sarcopenia. The loss of strength results in decreased muscle mass and motor function. This process accelerates the progressive muscle deterioration observed in older adults, favoring the presence of debilitating pathologies. In addition, sarcopenia leads to a decrease in quality of life, significantly affecting self-sufficiency. Altogether, these results in an increase in economic resources from the National Health Systems devoted to mitigating this problem in the elderly, particularly in developed countries. Different etiological determinants are involved in the progression of the disease, including: neurological factors, endocrine alterations, as well as nutritional and lifestyle changes related to the adoption of more sedentary habits. Molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been clearly characterized, resulting in the absence of an effective treatment for sarcopenia. Nevertheless, physical activity seems to be the sole strategy to delay sarcopenia and its symptoms. The present review intends to bring together the data explaining how physical activity modulates at a molecular and cellular level all factors that predispose or favor the progression of this deteriorating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfredo Córdova-Martínez
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, GIR Physical Exercise and Aging, University of Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain;
| | - Diego Pastor
- Department of Sport Sciences, University Miguel Hernández (Elche), 03202 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 3690 Alicante, Spain;
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965222029
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17
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Zeng Z, Liang J, Wu L, Zhang H, Lv J, Chen N. Exercise-Induced Autophagy Suppresses Sarcopenia Through Akt/mTOR and Akt/FoxO3a Signal Pathways and AMPK-Mediated Mitochondrial Quality Control. Front Physiol 2020; 11:583478. [PMID: 33224037 PMCID: PMC7667253 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.583478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is one of the most effective interventional strategies for sarcopenia in aged people. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms are not well recognized. Increasing studies have reported abnormal regulation of autophagy in aged skeletal muscle. Our current study aims to explore the efficiency of exercise interventions, including treadmill exercise, resistance exercise, alternating exercise with treadmill running and resistance exercise, and voluntary wheel running, on 21-month-old rats with sarcopenia and to detect the underlying mechanisms. Results showed the declined mass of gastrocnemius muscle with deficient autophagy and excessive apoptosis as a result of up-regulated Atrogin-1 and MuRF1, declined Beclin1 level and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, accumulated p62, increased Bax, and reduced Bcl-2 levels, and also exhibited a defective mitochondrial quality control due to declined PGC-1α, Mfn2, Drp1, and PINK1 levels. However, 12-week exercise interventions suppressed the decline in mass loss of skeletal muscle, accompanied by down-regulated Atrogin-1 and MuRF1, increased Beclin1 level, improved LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, declined p62 level, and reduced Bax and increased Bcl-2 level, as well as enhanced mitochondrial function due to the increased PGC-1α, Mfn2, Drp1, and PINK1 levels. Moreover, exercise interventions also down-regulated the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and FoxO3a, and up-regulated phosphorylated AMPK to regulate the functional status of autophagy and mitochondrial quality control. Therefore, exercise-induced autophagy is beneficial for remedying sarcopenia by modulating Akt/mTOR and Akt/FoxO3a signal pathways and AMPK-mediated mitochondrial quality control, and resistance exercise exhibits the best interventional efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Zeng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China.,Sports Institute, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiling Liang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangwen Wu
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Mitochondrial biogenesis in organismal senescence and neurodegeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Paul JA, Whittington RA, Baldwin MR. Critical Illness and the Frailty Syndrome: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Anesth Analg 2020; 130:1545-1555. [PMID: 32384344 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a syndrome characterized by decreased reserves across multiple physiologic systems resulting in functional limitations and vulnerability to new stressors. Physical frailty develops over years in community-dwelling older adults but presents or worsens within days in the intensive care unit (ICU) because common mechanisms governing age-related physical frailty are often exacerbated by critical illness. The hallmark of physical frailty is a combined loss of muscle mass, force, and endurance. About one-third of ICU patients have frailty before hospitalization, which increases their risk for both short- and long-term disability and mortality. While there are several valid ways to measure clinical frailty in patients before or after an ICU admission, the mechanistic underpinnings of frailty in critically ill patients and ICU survivors have not been thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions to treat frailty during and after time in the ICU are lacking. In this narrative review, we examine studies that identify potential biological mechanisms underlying the development and propagation of physical frailty in both aging and critical illness (eg, inflammation, mitochondrial myopathy, and neuroendocrinopathy). We discuss specific aspects of these frailty mechanisms in older adults, critically ill patients, and ICU survivors that may represent therapeutic targets. Consistent with complexity underlying frailty, this syndrome is unlikely to result from an excess of a single harmful mediator or deficit of a single protective mediator. Rather, frailty occurs in the presence of an incompletely understood state of multisystem dysregulation. We further describe knowledge gaps that warrant clinical and translational research in frailty and critical care with an overall goal of developing effective frailty treatments in critically ill patients and ICU survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Paul
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert A Whittington
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Matthew R Baldwin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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20
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Sarcopenia: A Contemporary Health Problem among Older Adult Populations. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051293. [PMID: 32370051 PMCID: PMC7282252 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a geriatric disease characterized by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and loss of muscle function, constitutes a rising, often undiagnosed health problem. Its prevalence in the elderly population is largely considered variable, as it ranges from 5% to 50% depending on gender, age, pathological conditions as well as diagnostic criteria. There is no one unified approach of treatment or assessment, which makes sarcopenia even harder to assess. There is a pressing need to provide better diagnosis, diagnostics, prevention, and individualized health care. Physical activity and nutrition are the main studied ways to prevent sarcopenia, and they also offer better outcomes. This review aims to report the prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults, its etiology, prevention, and treatment techniques.
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21
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Estimation of Dietary Amino Acid Intake and Independent Correlates of Skeletal Muscle Mass Index among Korean Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041043. [PMID: 32290069 PMCID: PMC7231279 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a database to identify dietary amino acid intake levels, and to determine whether any amino acid groups were independently correlated with skeletal muscle mass index (SMI). We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011, and a total of 3292 participants aged 50–64 years were included in the analysis. Dietary data were obtained using the 24 h recall method. Data regarding dietary amino acid intake was assessed using the computer-aided nutritional analysis program 4.0 published by the Korean Nutrition Society. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify independent correlates of SMI. The major food group that contributed the highest essential amino acid intake was grain and grain products (histidine 25.5%, isoleucine 43.9%, leucine 44.2%, methionine 31.0%, phenylalanine 44.8%, tryptophan 26.4%, and valine 50.8%). Higher SMI was independently associated with sex (men), lower age and body mass index, higher levels of physical activity, and a higher intake of energy and branched-chain amino acids. These results are expected to be used as a basis for developing dietary amino acid intake guidelines for Koreans.
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22
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Bareja A, Lee DE, White JP. Maximizing Longevity and Healthspan: Multiple Approaches All Converging on Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:183. [PMID: 31555646 PMCID: PMC6742954 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular basis of aging has greatly increased over the past few decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the key signaling pathways associated with aging, and whose modulation has been shown to extend lifespan in a range of model organisms. We also describe how these pathways converge onto autophagy, a catabolic process that functions to recycle dysfunctional cellular material and maintains energy homeostasis. Finally, we consider various approaches of therapeutically modulating these longevity pathways, highlighting exercise as a potent geroprotector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Bareja
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David E Lee
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - James P White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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23
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Sherk VD, Rosen CJ. Senescent and apoptotic osteocytes and aging: Exercise to the rescue? Bone 2019; 121:255-258. [PMID: 30735796 PMCID: PMC6459182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most prevalent cell in the skeleton and are the master regulator of bone remodeling. Despite the understanding that osteocytes have a multiyear lifespan, and some factors induce apoptosis in osteocytes, much less is understood about the induction and consequences of osteocyte senescence. Filling these gaps in knowledge will provide novel approaches to slowing age-related bone loss and preventing fragility fractures. The purpose of this review is to examine the roles of senescence and apoptosis in osteocytes in age-related bone loss. Based on evidence that exercise can prevent senescence in skeletal muscle, we provide a novel hypothesis by which exercise can prolong skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Sherk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America.
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough, ME, United States of America
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24
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Fiorenza M, Gunnarsson TP, Ehlers TS, Bangsbo J. High-intensity exercise training ameliorates aberrant expression of markers of mitochondrial turnover but not oxidative damage in skeletal muscle of men with essential hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13208. [PMID: 30339318 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine whether hypertensive individuals exhibit altered muscle mitochondrial turnover and redox homeostasis compared with healthy normotensive counterparts, and whether the antihypertensive effect of high-intensity exercise training is associated with improved mitochondrial quality and enhanced anti-oxidant defence. METHODS In a cross-sectional and longitudinal parallel design, 24 essential hypertensive (HYP) and 13 healthy normotensive (NORM) men completed 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Twenty four-hour ambulatory blood pressure, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise capacity and skeletal muscle characteristics were examined before and after HIIT. Expression of markers of mitochondrial turnover, anti-oxidant protection and oxidative damage was determined in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Muscle protein levels of eNOS and VEGF, and muscle capillarity were also evaluated. RESULTS At baseline, HYP exhibited lower expression of markers of mitochondrial volume/biogenesis, mitochondrial fusion/fission and autophagy along with depressed eNOS expression compared with NORM. Expression of markers of anti-oxidant protection was similar in HYP and NORM, whereas oxidative damage was higher in HYP than in NORM. In HYP, HIIT lowered blood pressure, improved body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise capacity, up-regulated markers of mitochondrial volume/biogenesis and autophagy and increased eNOS and VEGF protein content. Furthermore, in HYP, HIIT induced divergent responses in markers of mitochondrial fusion and anti-oxidant protection, did not affect markers of mitochondrial fission, and increased apoptotic susceptibility and oxidative damage. CONCLUSION The present results indicate aberrant muscle mitochondrial turnover and augmented oxidative damage in hypertensive individuals. High-intensity exercise training can partly reverse hypertension-related impairments in muscle mitochondrial turnover, but not redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fiorenza
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Thomas P. Gunnarsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Thomas S. Ehlers
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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25
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Radak Z, Torma F, Berkes I, Goto S, Mimura T, Posa A, Balogh L, Boldogh I, Suzuki K, Higuchi M, Koltai E. Exercise effects on physiological function during aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:33-41. [PMID: 30389495 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in cognitive/motor functions and physical abilities severely affects the aging population in carrying out daily activities. These disabilities become a burden on individuals, families and society in general. It is known that aging conditions are ameliorated with regular exercise, which attenuates the age-associated decline in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreases in oxidative damage to molecules, and functional impairment in various organs. While benefits of physical exercise are well-documented, the molecular mechanisms responsible for functional improvement and increases in health span are not well understood. Recent findings imply that exercise training attenuates the age-related deterioration in the cellular housekeeping system, which includes the proteasome, Lon protease, autophagy, mitophagy, and DNA repair systems, which beneficially impacts multiple organ functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exercise lessens the deleterious effects of aging. However, it seems unlikely that systemic effects are mediated through a specific biomarker. Rather, complex multifactorial mechanisms are involved to maintain homeostatic functions that tend to decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ferenc Torma
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Berkes
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sataro Goto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan, Hungary
| | - Tatsuya Mimura
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka Sangyo University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aniko Posa
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Balogh
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Huang DD, Fan SD, Chen XY, Yan XL, Zhang XZ, Ma BW, Yu DY, Xiao WY, Zhuang CL, Yu Z. Nrf2 deficiency exacerbates frailty and sarcopenia by impairing skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in an age-dependent manner. Exp Gerontol 2019; 119:61-73. [PMID: 30690066 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Mitochondrial dysfunction during aging is a key factor that contributes to sarcopenia. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been increasingly recognized to regulate mitochondrial function. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Nrf2 in the development of frailty and sarcopenia during aging, and to demonstrate whether Nrf2 contributes to the maintenance of muscle mass and function by regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics during the aging process. METHODS Young (5-6 months), middle-aged (11-13 months), old (20-24 months) Nrf2-/- (knockout, KO) mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) C57/BL6 mice were used in this study. Physical function of the mice in the 6 groups was assessed by grip strength test, four paw inverted hanging test, rotarod analysis, open field analysis, and treadmill endurance test. Muscle mass was measured by cross-sectional area (CSA) of tibialis anterior muscles and gastrocnemius muscle weight. The frailty status of the 25 old WT mice and 23 old KO mice were assessed based on the mouse frailty phenotype assessment. Expression levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM)) and mitochondrial dynamics (optic atrophy protein 1 (Opa1), mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)) were measured in the skeletal muscle. SDH staining was performed and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was measured. Transmission electron microscopy was used to measure the mitochondria number and morphology. RESULTS Physical function and muscle mass decreased during aging. The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 decreased with increasing frailty phenotype scores in the old WT mice. There were minimal differences in the physical function and muscle mass between the WT and KO mice in the young groups, whereas Nrf2 deficiency caused a declined physical function and muscle mass in the middle-aged and old mice, and exacerbated frailty in the old mice. The decreases of the physical function and muscle mass were accompanied by the reduced expression levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, as well as a reduction of mitochondrial number, mitochondrial content, mtDNA copy number, and an impaired mitochondria morphology in the skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION Nrf2 deficiency exacerbated frailty and sarcopenia during aging, at least partially by impairing skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Dong Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xia-Lin Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Wei Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Ye Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Yu Xiao
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Chongming Branch Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Le Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Chongming Branch Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Mac-Marcjanek K, Zieleniak A, Zurawska-Klis M, Cypryk K, Wozniak L, Wojcik M. Expression Profile of Diabetes-Related Genes Associated with Leukocyte Sirtuin 1 Overexpression in Gestational Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123826. [PMID: 30513672 PMCID: PMC6321739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although compelling evidence indicates that Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) plays a prominent role in type 2 diabetes, its relationship with gestational diabetes (GDM) remains elusive. This study was aimed at identifying diabetes-related genes and cellular pathways linked to changes of leukocyte SIRT1 expression at the time of GDM diagnosis. For this purpose, 122 GDM patients were screened for leukocyte SIRT1 expression, and two subgroups were distinguished, namely GDM/SIRT1(↑) (n = 30, p < 0.05) and GDM/SIRT1(↔) (n = 92, p > 0.05), with significant and insignificant changes in leukocyte SIRT1 expression compared to a normal glucose tolerant (NGT) group (n = 41), respectively. PCR array analysis identified 11 diabetes-related genes with at least a ± 2-fold difference in expression in GDM/SIRT1(↑) patients (n = 9) vs. NGT controls (n = 7); in addition, significant differences in the expression of four of the six investigated genes were confirmed between the entire GDM/SIRT1(↑) group and the whole NGT group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, of these four genes, only ACLY expression was found to significantly differ between GDM/SIRT1(↑) and GDM/SIRT1(↔). This study demonstrates that under hyperglycemic conditions, leukocyte SIRT1 overexpression is accompanied by an over-abundance of three transcripts and an under-abundance of another; these four govern related metabolism, inflammation, and transport functions, suggesting that such alterations might represent systemic biological adaptations with a unique ACLY under-expression in GDM/SIRT1(↑) women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mac-Marcjanek
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Zieleniak
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Monika Zurawska-Klis
- Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz.
| | - Katarzyna Cypryk
- Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz.
| | - Lucyna Wozniak
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marzena Wojcik
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland.
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28
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Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Bokov RO, Volodina MA, Kurochkina NS, Makhnovskii PA, Vyssokikh MY, Vinogradova OL. Effect of aerobic training on baseline expression of signaling and respiratory proteins in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13868. [PMID: 30198217 PMCID: PMC6129775 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies examining the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation of human skeletal muscles to aerobic exercise focused on the response to acute exercise. Here, we examined the effect of a 2-month aerobic training program on baseline parameters in human muscle. Ten untrained males performed a one-legged knee extension exercise for 1 h with the same relative intensity before and after a 2-month aerobic training program. Biopsy samples were taken from vastus lateralis muscle at rest before and after the 2 month training program (baseline samples). Additionally, biopsy samples were taken from the exercised leg 1 and 4 h after the one-legged continuous knee extension exercise. Aerobic training decreases baseline phosphorylation of FOXO1Ser256 , increases that of CaMKIIThr286 , CREB1Ser133 , increases baseline expression of mitochondrial proteins in respiratory complexes I-V, and some regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM, NR4A3, and CRTC2). An increase in the baseline content of these proteins was not associated with a change in baseline expression of their genes. The increase in the baseline content of regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM and NR4A3) was associated with a transient increase in transcription after acute exercise. Contrariwise, the increase in the baseline content of respiratory proteins does not seem to be regulated at the transcriptional level; rather, it is associated with other mechanisms. Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to regular aerobic exercise is associated not only with transient molecular responses to exercise, but also with changes in baseline phosphorylation and expression of regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V. Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
- Faculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Evgeny A. Lysenko
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
- Faculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Roman O. Bokov
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Maria A. Volodina
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial MedicineResearch Center for ObstetricsGynecology and PerinatologyMinistry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationMoscowRussia
| | - Nadia S. Kurochkina
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Pavel A. Makhnovskii
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Mikhail Y. Vyssokikh
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial MedicineResearch Center for ObstetricsGynecology and PerinatologyMinistry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationMoscowRussia
| | - Olga L. Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
- Faculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
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29
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Yoo SZ, No MH, Heo JW, Park DH, Kang JH, Kim SH, Kwak HB. Role of exercise in age-related sarcopenia. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:551-558. [PMID: 30276173 PMCID: PMC6165967 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836268.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-associated decline of skeletal muscle mass and function and is known to lead to frailty, cachexia, osteoporosis, metabolic syndromes, and death. Notwithstanding the increasing incidence of sarcopenia, the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving age-related sarcopenia are not completely understood. This article reviews current definitions of sarcopenia, its potential mechanisms, and effects of exercise on sarcopenia. The pathogenesis of age-related sarcopenia is multifactorial and includes myostatin, inflammatory cytokines, and mitochondria-derived problems. Especially, age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria, impedes mitochondrial dynamics, interrupts mitophagy, and leads to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Aerobic exercise provides at least a partial solution to sarcopenia as it ameliorates mitochondria-derived problems, and resistance exercise strengthens muscle mass and function. Furthermore, combinations of these exercise types provide the benefits of both. Collectively, this review summarizes potential mechanisms of age-related sarcopenia and emphasizes the use of exercise as a therapeutic strategy, suggesting that combined exercise provides the most beneficial means of combating age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Zi Yoo
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun No
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jun-Won Heo
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - So Hun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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30
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Dethlefsen MM, Halling JF, Møller HD, Plomgaard P, Regenberg B, Ringholm S, Pilegaard H. Regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in mouse and human skeletal muscle with aging and lifelong exercise training. Exp Gerontol 2018; 111:141-153. [PMID: 30030137 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training has been reported to prevent the age-induced decline in muscle mass and fragmentation of mitochondria, as well as to affect autophagy and mitophagy. The interaction between these pathways during aging as well as the similarity between such changes in human and mouse skeletal muscle is however not fully understood. Therefore the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that cellular degradation pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy and mitophagy are coordinately regulated in mouse and human skeletal muscle during aging and lifelong exercise training through a PGC-1α-p53 axis. Muscle samples were obtained from young untrained, aged untrained and aged lifelong exercise trained men, and from whole-body PGC-1α knockout mice and their littermate controls that were either lifelong exercise trained or sedentary young and aged. Lifelong exercise training prevented the aging-induced reduction in PGC-1α, p53 and p21 mRNA as well as the increase in LC3II and BNIP3 protein in mouse skeletal muscle, while aging decreased the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio, LC3I and BAX protein in mouse skeletal muscle without effects of lifelong exercise training. In humans, aging was associated with reduced PGC-1α mRNA as well as decreased p62 and p21 protein in skeletal muscle, while lifelong exercise training increased BNIP3 protein and decreased p53 mRNA. In conclusion, there was a divergent regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in mouse muscle with aging and lifelong exercise training, whereas healthy aged human skeletal muscle seemed rather robust to changes in apoptosis, autophagy and mitophagy markers compared with mouse muscle at the investigated age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Munk Dethlefsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Frey Halling
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik D Møller
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet and The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Regenberg
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Ringholm
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Chen PB, Yang JS, Park Y. Adaptations of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria to Obesity, Exercise, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Lipids 2018; 53:271-278. [PMID: 29663395 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria intricately modulate their energy production through the control of mitochondrial adaptation (mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, and/or fission) to meet energy demands. Nutrient overload may result in dysregulated mitochondrial biogenesis, morphology toward mitochondrial fragmentation, and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle. In addition, physical activity and diet components influence mitochondrial function. Exercise may stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and promote mitochondrial fusion/fission in the skeletal muscle. Moreover, some dietary fatty acids, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid, have been identified to positively regulate mitochondrial adaptation in the skeletal muscle. This review discusses the association of mitochondrial impairments and obesity, and presents an overview of various mechanisms of which exercise training and mitochondrial nutrients promote mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe B Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jason S Yang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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32
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Abstract
A substantial loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia), a decreased regenerative capacity, and a compromised physical performance are hallmarks of aging skeletal muscle. These changes are typically accompanied by impaired muscle metabolism, including mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. A challenge in the field of muscle aging is to dissociate the effects of chronological aging per se on muscle characteristics from the secondary influence of lifestyle and disease processes. Remarkably, physical activity and exercise are well-established countermeasures against muscle aging, and have been shown to attenuate age-related decreases in muscle mass, strength, and regenerative capacity, and slow or prevent impairments in muscle metabolism. We posit that exercise and physical activity can influence many of the changes in muscle during aging, and thus should be emphasized as part of a lifestyle essential to healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Distefano
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida 32804
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida 32804
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827
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33
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Vilela TC, Effting PS, Dos Santos Pedroso G, Farias H, Paganini L, Rebelo Sorato H, Nesi RT, de Andrade VM, de Pinho RA. Aerobic and strength training induce changes in oxidative stress parameters and elicit modifications of various cellular components in skeletal muscle of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2018; 106:21-27. [PMID: 29471131 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle aging is associated with loss of mass, function, and strength-a condition known as sarcopenia. It has been reported that sarcopenia can be attenuated by physical exercise. Therefore, we investigated whether 2 different physical exercise protocols could modulate and induce changes in oxidative and inflammatory parameters, as well as in BDNF and DNA repair enzyme levels in skeletal muscle tissue of aged rats. Aging Wistar rats performed treadmill or strength training for 50 min 3 to 4 times a week for 8 weeks. Strength training decreased 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation (P = 0.0062); however, nitric oxide, protein deglycase DJ-1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels increased after aerobic training (P = 0.04, P = 0.027 and P = 0.009, respectively). Both exercise protocols increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity (P = 0.0017 and P = 0.0326) whereas the activity of glutathione (GSH) (P = 0.0001) was decreased. Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels were not affected by exercise, but 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) decreased after strength training (P = 0.0007). In conclusion, oxidative parameters showed that skeletal muscle adapt to increased ROS levels, reducing the risk of free radical damage to the tissue after both exercise protocols. These results show that the effects of physical exercise on skeletal muscle are mediated in an exercise type-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Ceresér Vilela
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Pauline Souza Effting
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Giulia Dos Santos Pedroso
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Hemelin Farias
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lara Paganini
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helen Rebelo Sorato
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renata Tiescoski Nesi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Moraes de Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aurino de Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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34
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Zampieri S, Mammucari C, Romanello V, Barberi L, Pietrangelo L, Fusella A, Mosole S, Gherardi G, Höfer C, Löfler S, Sarabon N, Cvecka J, Krenn M, Carraro U, Kern H, Protasi F, Musarò A, Sandri M, Rizzuto R. Physical exercise in aging human skeletal muscle increases mitochondrial calcium uniporter expression levels and affects mitochondria dynamics. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/24/e13005. [PMID: 28039397 PMCID: PMC5210373 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Age‐related sarcopenia is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass with decline in specific force, having dramatic consequences on mobility and quality of life in seniors. The etiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial and underlying mechanisms are currently not fully elucidated. Physical exercise is known to have beneficial effects on muscle trophism and force production. Alterations of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis regulated by mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) have been recently shown to affect muscle trophism in vivo in mice. To understand the relevance of MCU‐dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in aging and to investigate the effect of physical exercise on MCU expression and mitochondria dynamics, we analyzed skeletal muscle biopsies from 70‐year‐old subjects 9 weeks trained with either neuromuscular electrical stimulation (ES) or leg press. Here, we demonstrate that improved muscle function and structure induced by both trainings are linked to increased protein levels of MCU. Ultrastructural analyses by electron microscopy showed remodeling of mitochondrial apparatus in ES‐trained muscles that is consistent with an adaptation to physical exercise, a response likely mediated by an increased expression of mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1. Altogether these results indicate that the ES‐dependent physiological effects on skeletal muscle size and force are associated with changes in mitochondrial‐related proteins involved in Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial shape. These original findings in aging human skeletal muscle confirm the data obtained in mice and propose MCU and mitochondria‐related proteins as potential pharmacological targets to counteract age‐related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zampieri
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria .,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Barberi
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, CeSI-Met - Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine & DNICS University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Aurora Fusella
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, CeSI-Met - Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine & DNICS University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Mosole
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaia Gherardi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Höfer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nejc Sarabon
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jan Cvecka
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matthias Krenn
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ugo Carraro
- Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venezia, Italy
| | - Helmut Kern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, CeSI-Met - Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine & DNICS University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science at Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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35
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Ziaaldini MM, Marzetti E, Picca A, Murlasits Z. Biochemical Pathways of Sarcopenia and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise: A Narrative Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:167. [PMID: 29046874 PMCID: PMC5632757 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process characterized by progressive multisystem derangement predisposing individuals to increased risk of developing negative health outcomes. Sarcopenia is the age-related decline of muscle mass and function/strength and represents a highly prevalent correlate of aging. Several factors have been indicated to play a role in the onset and progression of sarcopenia; however, its pathophysiology is still unclear. Physical exercise is to date one of the few strategies able to improve muscle health in old age through multiple metabolic and transcriptional adaptations. Although the benefits of different exercise modalities on the function and structure of aged myocytes is acknowledged, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying such effects are not yet fully identified. Here, we briefly overview the current knowledge on the biochemical pathways associated with the onset and progression of sarcopenia. We subsequently describe the effects of exercise on relevant signaling pathways involved in sarcopenia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Zsolt Murlasits
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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36
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High Volume Exercise Training in Older Athletes Influences Inflammatory and Redox Responses to Acute Exercise. J Aging Phys Act 2017; 25:559-569. [PMID: 28181836 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2016-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To examine whether the volume of previous exercise training in older athletes influences inflammatory, redox, and hormonal profiles, 40 trained marathon runners were divided into higher-volume (HVG, ∼480 min/week) and lower-volume groups (LVG, ∼240 min/week). Plasma inflammatory proteins, redox biomarkers, salivary testosterone, and cortisol were assessed at restand following two maximal acute exercise bouts. At rest, the LVG exhibited higher CRP, higher protein carbonyls, and lower SOD activity compared to the HVG (p's < .05). In response to exercise, TNF-α declined similarly in both groups whereas CRP increased differentially (+60% LVG; +24% HVG; p's < .05). Protein carbonyls decreased and thiols increased similarly in both groups, but SOD declined differentially between groups (-14% LVG; -20% HVG; p's < .05). Salivary testosterone decreased similarly in both groups, whereas cortisol did not change. A higher volume of training is associated with favorable inflammatory and redox profiles at rest, perhaps mediated by small inflammatory responses to acute exercise.
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37
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The Combination of Physical Exercise with Muscle-Directed Antioxidants to Counteract Sarcopenia: A Biomedical Rationale for Pleiotropic Treatment with Creatine and Coenzyme Q10. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7083049. [PMID: 29123615 PMCID: PMC5632475 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7083049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia represents an increasing public health risk due to the rapid aging of the world's population. It is characterized by both low muscle mass and function and is associated with mobility disorders, increased risk of falls and fractures, loss of independence, disabilities, and increased risk of death. Despite the urgency of the problem, the development of treatments for sarcopenia has lagged. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased antioxidant (AO) defences seem to be important factors contributing to muscle impairment. Studies have been conducted to verify whether physical exercise and/or AOs could prevent and/or delay sarcopenia through a normalization of the etiologically relevant ROS imbalance. Despite the strong rationale, the results obtained were contradictory, particularly with regard to the effects of the tested AOs. A possible explanation might be that not all the agents included in the general heading of "AOs" could fulfill the requisites to counteract the complex series of events causing/accelerating sarcopenia: the combination of the muscle-directed antioxidants creatine and coenzyme Q10 with physical exercise as a biomedical rationale for pleiotropic prevention and/or treatment of sarcopenia is discussed.
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38
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Mitochondrial Function and Mitophagy in the Elderly: Effects of Exercise. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2012798. [PMID: 28900532 PMCID: PMC5576425 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2012798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural, multifactorial and multiorganic phenomenon wherein there are gradual physiological and pathological changes over time. Aging has been associated with a decrease of autophagy capacity and mitochondrial functions, such as biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy. These processes are essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial structural integrity and, therefore, for cell life, since mitochondrial dysfunction leads to an impairment of energy metabolism and increased production of reactive oxygen species, which consequently trigger mechanisms of cellular senescence and apoptotic cell death. Moreover, reduced mitochondrial function can contribute to age-associated disease phenotypes in model organisms and humans. Literature data show beneficial effects of exercise on the impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics and on the decrease in the mitophagic capacity associated to aging. Thus, exercise could have effects on the major cell signaling pathways that are involved in the mitochondria quality and quantity control in the elderly. Although it is known that several exercise protocols are able to modify the activity and turnover of mitochondria, further studies are necessary in order to better identify the mechanisms of interaction between mitochondrial functions, aging, and physical activity, as well as to analyze possible factors influencing these processes.
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Distefano G, Standley RA, Dubé JJ, Carnero EA, Ritov VB, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FGS, Piva SR, Goodpaster BH, Coen PM. Chronological Age Does not Influence Ex-vivo Mitochondrial Respiration and Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:535-542. [PMID: 27325231 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable debate continues to surround the concept of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging muscle. We tested the overall hypothesis that age per se does not influence mitochondrial function and markers of mitochondria quality control, that is, expression of fusion, fission, and autophagy proteins. We also investigated the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and adiposity (body mass index) on these associations. Methods Percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained from sedentary young (n = 14, 24±3 years), middle-aged (n = 24, 41±9 years) and older adults (n = 20, 78±5 years). A physically active group of young adults (n = 10, 27±5 years) was studied as a control. Mitochondrial respiration was determined in saponin permeabilized fiber bundles. Fusion, fission and autophagy protein expression was determined by Western blot. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by a graded exercise test. Results Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and expression of fusion (OPA1 and MFN2) and fission (FIS1) proteins were not different among sedentary groups despite a wide age range (21 to 88 years). Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and fusion and fission proteins were, however, negatively associated with body mass index, and mitochondrial respiratory capacity was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. The young active group had higher respiration, complex I and II respiratory control ratios, and expression of fusion and fission proteins. Finally, the expression of fusion, fission, and autophagy proteins were linked with mitochondrial respiration. Conclusions Mitochondrial respiration and markers of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) are not associated with chronological age per se, but rather are more strongly associated with body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Distefano
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and
| | | | - John J Dubé
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Elvis A Carnero
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando
| | - Vladimir B Ritov
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Sara R Piva
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and
| | | | - Paul M Coen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
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40
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Abstract
We present the hypothesis that an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria initiates a signaling cascade leading to motor neuron and muscle fiber death and culminating in sarcopenia. Interactions between neural and muscle cells that contain dysfunctional mitochondria exacerbate sarcopenia. Preventing sarcopenia will require identifying mitochondrial sources of dysfunction that are reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Alway
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology; 2Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, and Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics; and 3Centers for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV
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Navas-Enamorado I, Bernier M, Brea-Calvo G, de Cabo R. Influence of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on age-related pathways in skeletal muscle. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:39-52. [PMID: 28487241 PMCID: PMC5549001 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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42
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Impact of Aging and Exercise on Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3165396. [PMID: 28656072 PMCID: PMC5471566 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3165396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are characterized by its pivotal roles in managing energy production, reactive oxygen species, and calcium, whose aging-related structural and functional deteriorations are observed in aging muscle. Although it is still unclear how aging alters mitochondrial quality and quantity in skeletal muscle, dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamic controls has been suggested as key players for that. In this paper, we summarize current understandings on how aging regulates muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, while focusing on transcriptional regulations including PGC-1α, AMPK, p53, mtDNA, and Tfam. Further, we review current findings on the muscle mitochondrial dynamic systems in aging muscle: fusion/fission, autophagy/mitophagy, and protein import. Next, we also discuss how endurance and resistance exercises impact on the mitochondrial quality controls in aging muscle, suggesting possible effective exercise strategies to improve/maintain mitochondrial health.
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Layne AS, Krehbiel LM, Mankowski RT, Anton SD, Leeuwenburgh C, Pahor M, Sandesara B, Wu SS, Buford TW. Resveratrol and exercise to treat functional limitations in late life: design of a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2017; 6:58-63. [PMID: 28944303 PMCID: PMC5608101 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function declines with age and is a key factor in the maintenance of physical function among older adults. Research studies from animals and humans have consistently demonstrated that exercise improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in early and middle adulthood. However, mitochondrial adaptations to both acute and chronic exercise are attenuated in late life. Thus, there is an important need to identify adjuvant therapies capable of augmenting mitochondrial adaptations to exercise (e.g. improved mitochondrial respiration, muscle mitochondria biogenesis) among older adults. This study is investigating the potential of resveratrol supplementation for this purpose. The objective of this randomized, double-masked pilot trial is to evaluate the efficacy of resveratrol supplementation combined with a comprehensive supervised exercise program exercise for improving physical function among older adults. Moderately functioning, sedentary participants aged ≥60 years will perform 24 sessions (2 day/wk for 12 weeks) of center-based walking and resistance training and are randomly assigned to receive either (1) 500 mg/day resveratrol (2) 1000 mg/day resveratrol or (3) placebo. Study dependent outcomes include changes in 1) knee extensor strength, 2) objective measures of physical function (e.g. 4m walk test, Short Physical Performance Battery), 3) subjective measures of physical function assessed by Late Life Function and Disability Instrument, and 4) skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. This study will provide novel information regarding the therapeutic potential of resveratrol supplementation combined with exercise while also informing about the long-term clinical viability of the intervention by evaluating participant safety and willingness to engage in the intervention.
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Grabowska W, Sikora E, Bielak-Zmijewska A. Sirtuins, a promising target in slowing down the ageing process. Biogerontology 2017; 18:447-476. [PMID: 28258519 PMCID: PMC5514220 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a plastic process and can be successfully modulated by some biomedical approaches or pharmaceutics. In this manner it is possible to delay or even prevent some age-related pathologies. There are some defined interventions, which give promising results in animal models or even in human studies, resulting in lifespan elongation or healthspan improvement. One of the most promising targets for anti-ageing approaches are proteins belonging to the sirtuin family. Sirtuins were originally discovered as transcription repressors in yeast, however, nowadays they are known to occur in bacteria and eukaryotes (including mammals). In humans the family consists of seven members (SIRT1-7) that possess either mono-ADP ribosyltransferase or deacetylase activity. It is believed that sirtuins play key role during cell response to a variety of stresses, such as oxidative or genotoxic stress and are crucial for cell metabolism. Although some data put in question direct involvement of sirtuins in extending human lifespan, it was documented that proper lifestyle including physical activity and diet can influence healthspan via increasing the level of sirtuins. The search for an activator of sirtuins is one of the most extensive and robust topic of research. Some hopes are put on natural compounds, including curcumin. In this review we summarize the involvement and usefulness of sirtuins in anti-ageing interventions and discuss the potential role of curcumin in sirtuins regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Grabowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Avloniti A, Chatzinikolaou A, Deli CK, Vlachopoulos D, Gracia-Marco L, Leontsini D, Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Mastorakos G, Fatouros IG. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6010006. [PMID: 28106721 PMCID: PMC5384170 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults demonstrate an upregulation of their pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms in response to acute exercise while systematic exercise training enhances their antioxidant capacity, thereby leading to a reduced generation of free radicals both at rest and in response to exercise stress. However, less information exists regarding oxidative stress responses and the underlying mechanisms in the pediatric population. Evidence suggests that exercise-induced redox perturbations may be valuable in order to monitor exercise-induced inflammatory responses and as such training overload in children and adolescents as well as monitor optimal growth and development. The purpose of this review was to provide an update on oxidative stress responses to acute and chronic exercise in youth. It has been documented that acute exercise induces age-specific transient alterations in both oxidant and antioxidant markers in children and adolescents. However, these responses seem to be affected by factors such as training phase, training load, fitness level, mode of exercise etc. In relation to chronic adaptation, the role of training on oxidative stress adaptation has not been adequately investigated. The two studies performed so far indicate that children and adolescents exhibit positive adaptations of their antioxidant system, as adults do. More studies are needed in order to shed light on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses, following acute exercise and training adaptations in youth. Available evidence suggests that small amounts of oxidative stress may be necessary for growth whereas the transition to adolescence from childhood may promote maturation of pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms. Available evidence also suggests that obesity may negatively affect basal and exercise-related antioxidant responses in the peripubertal period during pre- and early-puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Avloniti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece.
| | - Chariklia K Deli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
| | - Diamanda Leontsini
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece.
| | - George Mastorakos
- Faculty of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11528, Greece.
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece.
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DeBalsi KL, Hoff KE, Copeland WC. Role of the mitochondrial DNA replication machinery in mitochondrial DNA mutagenesis, aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:89-104. [PMID: 27143693 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As regulators of bioenergetics in the cell and the primary source of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), dysfunctional mitochondria have been implicated for decades in the process of aging and age-related diseases. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is replicated and repaired by nuclear-encoded mtDNA polymerase γ (Pol γ) and several other associated proteins, which compose the mtDNA replication machinery. Here, we review evidence that errors caused by this replication machinery and failure to repair these mtDNA errors results in mtDNA mutations. Clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations results in mitochondrial dysfunction, such as decreased electron transport chain (ETC) enzyme activity and impaired cellular respiration. We address the literature that mitochondrial dysfunction, in conjunction with altered mitochondrial dynamics, is a major driving force behind aging and age-related diseases. Additionally, interventions to improve mitochondrial function and attenuate the symptoms of aging are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L DeBalsi
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kirsten E Hoff
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - William C Copeland
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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47
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Ziaaldini MM, Hosseini SR, Fathi M. Mitochondrial adaptations in aged skeletal muscle: effect of exercise training. Physiol Res 2016; 66:1-14. [PMID: 27982690 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging process is associated with a decline in mitochondrial functions. Mitochondria dysfunction is involved in initiation and progression of many health problems including neuromuscular, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. It is well known that endurance exercise improves mitochondrial function, especially in the elderly. However, recent studies have demonstrated that resistance training lead also to substantial increases in mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. A comprehensive understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in the skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to exercise training in healthy elderly subjects, can help practitioners to design and prescribe more effective exercise trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ziaaldini
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Mendham AE, Duffield R, Coutts AJ, Marino FE, Boyko A, McAinch AJ, Bishop DJ. Similar mitochondrial signaling responses to a single bout of continuous or small-sided-games-based exercise in sedentary men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1326-1334. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00289.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the mitochondrial related signaling responses to a single bout of noncontact, modified football (touch rugby), played as small-sided games (SSG), or cycling (CYC) exercise in sedentary, obese, middle-aged men. In a randomized, crossover design, nine middle-aged, sedentary, obese men completed two, 40-min exercise conditions (CYC and SSG) separated by a 21-day recovery period. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during each bout. Needle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were collected at rest and 30 and 240 min postexercise for analysis of protein content and phosphorylation (PGC-1α, SIRT1, p53, p53Ser15, AMPK, AMPKThr172, CAMKII, CAMKIIThr286, p38MAPK, and p38MAPKThr180/Tyr182) and mRNA expression (PGC-1α, p53, NRF1, NRF2, Tfam, and cytochrome c). A main effect of time effect for both conditions was evident for HR, RPE, and blood lactate ( P < 0.05), with no condition by time interaction ( P > 0.05). Both conditions increased PGC1-α protein and mRNA expression at 240 min ( P < 0.05). AMPKThr172 increased 30 min post CYC ( P < 0.05), with no change in SSG ( P > 0.05). CYC increased p53 protein content at 240 min to a greater extent than SSG ( P < 0.05). mRNA expression of NRF2 decreased in both conditions ( P < 0.05). No condition by time interactions were evident for mRNA expression of Tfam, NRF1, cytochrome c, and p53. The similar PGC-1α response between intensity-matched conditions suggests both conditions are of similar benefit for stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Differences between conditions regarding fluctuation in exercise intensity and type of muscle contraction may explain the increase of p53 and AMPK within CYC and not SSG (noncontact, modified football).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Mendham
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, UTS: Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aaron J. Coutts
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, UTS: Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank E. Marino
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andriy Boyko
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, UTS: Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Diseases, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - David John Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
It is now well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. In fact, ROS act as secondary messengers in intracellular signalling cascades; however, they can also induce cellular senescence and apoptosis. Aging is an intricate phenomenon characterized by a progressive decline in physiological functions and an increase in mortality, which is often accompanied by many pathological diseases. ROS are involved in age-associated damage to macromolecules, and this may cause derangement in ROS-mediated cell signalling, resulting in stress and diseases. Moreover, the role of oxidative stress in age-related sarcopenia provides strong evidence for the important contribution of physical activity to limit this process. Regular physical activity is considered a preventive measure against oxidative stress-related diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the currently available studies investigating the effects of chronic and/or acute physical exercise on the oxidative stress process in healthy elderly subjects. Although studies on oxidative stress and physical activity are limited, the available information shows that acute exercise increases ROS production and oxidative stress damage in older adults, whereas chronic exercise could protect elderly subjects from oxidative stress damage and reinforce their antioxidant defences. The available studies reveal that to promote beneficial effects of physical activity on oxidative stress, elderly subjects require moderate-intensity training rather than high-intensity exercise.
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Goljanek-Whysall K, Iwanejko LA, Vasilaki A, Pekovic-Vaughan V, McDonagh B. Ageing in relation to skeletal muscle dysfunction: redox homoeostasis to regulation of gene expression. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:341-57. [PMID: 27215643 PMCID: PMC4935741 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and function—sarcopenia, associated with reduced independence and quality of life in older generations. A better understanding of the mechanisms, both genetic and epigenetic, underlying this process would help develop therapeutic interventions to prevent, slow down or reverse muscle wasting associated with ageing. Currently, exercise is the only known effective intervention to delay the progression of sarcopenia. The cellular responses that occur in muscle fibres following exercise provide valuable clues to the molecular mechanisms regulating muscle homoeostasis and potentially the progression of sarcopenia. Redox signalling, as a result of endogenous generation of ROS/RNS in response to muscle contractions, has been identified as a crucial regulator for the adaptive responses to exercise, highlighting the redox environment as a potentially core therapeutic approach to maintain muscle homoeostasis during ageing. Further novel and attractive candidates include the manipulation of microRNA expression. MicroRNAs are potent gene regulators involved in the control of healthy and disease-associated biological processes and their therapeutic potential has been researched in the context of various disorders, including ageing-associated muscle wasting. Finally, we discuss the impact of the circadian clock on the regulation of gene expression in skeletal muscle and whether disruption of the peripheral muscle clock affects sarcopenia and altered responses to exercise. Interventions that include modifying altered redox signalling with age and incorporating genetic mechanisms such as circadian- and microRNA-based gene regulation, may offer potential effective treatments against age-associated sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8XL, UK.
| | - Lesley A Iwanejko
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8XL, UK
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8XL, UK
| | - Vanja Pekovic-Vaughan
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8XL, UK
| | - Brian McDonagh
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8XL, UK.
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