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Mink S, Fraunberger P. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing: Role and Indications. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7575. [PMID: 38137643 PMCID: PMC10744049 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, over 769 million confirmed COVID-19 cases, including close to 7 million COVID-19-related deaths, have been reported. Although mortality rates have dropped notably compared to the first months of the pandemic, spikes in reported cases and mortality rates continue to be registered. Both recent spikes in case numbers and the continued emergence of new variants suggest that vulnerable patient groups, including older adults, immunocompromised patients, and patients with severe comorbidities, are going to continue to be affected by COVID-19. In order to curb the pandemic, relieve the pressure on primary care facilities, and reduce mortality rates, global vaccination programs have been established by the WHO, with over 13.5 billion vaccine doses having been administered globally. In most immunocompetent individuals, vaccination against COVID-19 results in the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies. However, certain patient subsets have inadequate or reduced immune responses, and immune responses are known to decrease with age. General recommendations on the timing of booster vaccinations may therefore be insufficient to protect vulnerable patients. This review aims to evaluate the clinical role of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, focusing on measurement indications, prognostic value, and potential as a correlate of protection to guide future booster vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mink
- Central Medical Laboratories, 6800 Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, 9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Peter Fraunberger
- Central Medical Laboratories, 6800 Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, 9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
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2
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Linterman MA. Age-dependent changes in T follicular helper cells shape the humoral immune response to vaccination. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101801. [PMID: 37379670 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is an excellent strategy to limit the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease. Vaccination creates protective, long-lived antibody-mediated immunity by inducing the germinal centre response, an intricate immune reaction that produces memory B cells and long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells that provide protection against (re)infection. The magnitude and quality of the germinal centre response declines with age, contributing to poor vaccine-induced immunity in older individuals. T follicular helper cells are essential for the formation and function of the germinal centre response. This review will discuss how age-dependent changes in T follicular helper cells influence the germinal centre response, and the evidence that age-dependent changes need not be a barrier to successful vaccination in the later years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
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3
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Hieber C, Grabbe S, Bros M. Counteracting Immunosenescence-Which Therapeutic Strategies Are Promising? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1085. [PMID: 37509121 PMCID: PMC10377144 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging attenuates the overall responsiveness of the immune system to eradicate pathogens. The increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells under basal conditions, termed inflammaging, contributes to impaired innate immune responsiveness towards pathogen-mediated stimulation and limits antigen-presenting activity. Adaptive immune responses are attenuated as well due to lowered numbers of naïve lymphocytes and their impaired responsiveness towards antigen-specific stimulation. Additionally, the numbers of immunoregulatory cell types, comprising regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, that inhibit the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells are elevated. This review aims to summarize our knowledge on the cellular and molecular causes of immunosenescence while also taking into account senescence effects that constitute immune evasion mechanisms in the case of chronic viral infections and cancer. For tumor therapy numerous nanoformulated drugs have been developed to overcome poor solubility of compounds and to enable cell-directed delivery in order to restore immune functions, e.g., by addressing dysregulated signaling pathways. Further, nanovaccines which efficiently address antigen-presenting cells to mount sustained anti-tumor immune responses have been clinically evaluated. Further, senolytics that selectively deplete senescent cells are being tested in a number of clinical trials. Here we discuss the potential use of such drugs to improve anti-aging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hieber
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Grifoni A, Alonzi T, Alter G, Noonan DM, Landay AL, Albini A, Goletti D. Impact of aging on immunity in the context of COVID-19, HIV, and tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146704. [PMID: 37292210 PMCID: PMC10246744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of aging biology needs to be expanded due to the continuously growing number of elderly people worldwide. Aging induces changes that affect all systems of the body. The risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer increases with age. In particular, the age-induced adaptation of the immune system causes a greater susceptibility to infections and contributes to the inability to control pathogen growth and immune-mediated tissue damage. Since the impact of aging on immune function, is still to be fully elucidated, this review addresses some of the recent understanding of age-related changes affecting key components of immunity. The emphasis is on immunosenescence and inflammaging that are impacted by common infectious diseases that are characterized by a high mortality, and includes COVID-19, HIV and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tonino Alonzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Douglas McClain Noonan
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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5
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Park BR, Bommireddy R, Chung DH, Kim KH, Subbiah J, Jung YJ, Bhatnagar N, Pack CD, Ramachandiran S, Reddy SJC, Selvaraj P, Kang SM. Hemagglutinin virus-like particles incorporated with membrane-bound cytokine adjuvants provide protection against homologous and heterologous influenza virus challenge in aged mice. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:20. [PMID: 37170231 PMCID: PMC10173218 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00344-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current influenza vaccines deliver satisfactory results in young people but are less effective in the elderly. Development of vaccines for an ever-increasing aging population has been an arduous challenge due to immunosenescence that impairs the immune response in the aged, both quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS To potentially enhance vaccine efficacy in the elderly, we investigated the immunogenicity and cross-protection of influenza hemagglutinin virus-like particles (HA-VLP) incorporated with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cytokine-adjuvants (GPI-GM-CSF and GPI-IL-12) via protein transfer in aged mice. Lung viral replication against homologous and heterologous influenza viruses was significantly reduced in aged mice after vaccination with cytokine incorporated VLPs (HA-VLP-Cyt) in comparison to HA-VLP alone. Enhanced IFN-γ+CD4+ and IFN-γ+CD8+ T cell responses were also observed in aged mice immunized with HA-VLP-Cyt when compared to HA-VLP alone. CONCLUSIONS Cytokine-adjuvanted influenza HA-VLP vaccine induced enhanced protective response against homologous influenza A virus infection in aged mice. Influenza HA-VLP vaccine with GPI-cytokines also induced enhanced T cell responses correlating with better protection against heterologous infection in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. The results suggest that a vaccination strategy using cytokine-adjuvanted influenza HA-VLPs could be used to enhance protection against influenza A virus in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ryoung Park
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ramireddy Bommireddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David Hyunjung Chung
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jeeva Subbiah
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | | | | | | | - Periasamy Selvaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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6
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Kugler‐Umana O, Zhang W, Kuang Y, Liang J, Castonguay CH, Tonkonogy SL, Marshak‐Rothstein A, Devarajan P, Swain SL. IgD + age-associated B cells are the progenitors of the main T-independent B cell response to infection that generates protective Ab and can be induced by an inactivated vaccine in the aged. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13705. [PMID: 36056604 PMCID: PMC9577953 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABC) accumulate with age and are associated with autoimmunity and chronic infection. However, their contributions to acute infection in the aged and their developmental pathways are unclear. We find that the response against influenza A virus infection in aged mice is dominated by a Fas+ GL7- effector B cell population we call infection-induced ABC (iABC). Most iABC express IgM and include antibody-secreting cells in the spleen, lung, and bone marrow. We find that in response to influenza, IgD+ CD21- CD23- ABC are the precursors of iABC and become memory B cells. These IgD+ ABC develop in germ-free mice, so are independent of foreign antigen recognition. The response of ABC to influenza infection, resulting in iABC, is T cell independent and requires both extrinsic TLR7 and TLR9 signals. In response to influenza infection, IgD+ ABC can induce a faster recovery of weight and higher total anti-influenza IgG and IgM titers that can neutralize virus. Immunization with whole inactivated virus also generates iABC in aged mice. Thus, in unimmunized aged mice, whose other B and T cell responses have waned, IgD+ ABC are likely the naive B cells with the potential to become Ab-secreting cells and to provide protection from infection in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kugler‐Umana
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jialing Liang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Catherine H. Castonguay
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Susan L. Tonkonogy
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ann Marshak‐Rothstein
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
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7
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Bommireddy R, Stone S, Bhatnagar N, Kumari P, Munoz LE, Oh J, Kim KH, Berry JTL, Jacobsen KM, Jaafar L, Naing SH, Blackerby AN, der Gaag TV, Wright CN, Lai L, Pack CD, Ramachandiran S, Suthar MS, Kang SM, Kumar M, Reddy SJC, Selvaraj P. Influenza Virus-like Particle-Based Hybrid Vaccine Containing RBD Induces Immunity against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:944. [PMID: 35746552 PMCID: PMC9230705 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several approaches have produced an effective vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since millions of people are exposed to influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2, it is of great interest to develop a two-in-one vaccine that will be able to protect against infection of both viruses. We have developed a hybrid vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses using influenza virus-like particles (VLP) incorporated by protein transfer with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored SARS-CoV-2 RBD fused to GM-CSF as an adjuvant. GPI-RBD-GM-CSF fusion protein was expressed in CHO-S cells, purified and incorporated onto influenza VLPs to develop the hybrid vaccine. Our results show that the hybrid vaccine induced a strong antibody response and protected mice from both influenza virus and mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 challenges, with vaccinated mice having significantly lower lung viral titers compared to naive mice. These results suggest that a hybrid vaccine strategy is a promising approach for developing multivalent vaccines to prevent influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramireddy Bommireddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (R.B.); (L.E.M.); (J.T.L.B.)
| | - Shannon Stone
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.S.); (P.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (N.B.); (J.O.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Pratima Kumari
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.S.); (P.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Luis E. Munoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (R.B.); (L.E.M.); (J.T.L.B.)
| | - Judy Oh
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (N.B.); (J.O.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (N.B.); (J.O.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Jameson T. L. Berry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (R.B.); (L.E.M.); (J.T.L.B.)
| | - Kristen M. Jacobsen
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Lahcen Jaafar
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Swe-Htet Naing
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Allison N. Blackerby
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Tori Van der Gaag
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Chloe N. Wright
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Lilin Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.L.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Christopher D. Pack
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Sampath Ramachandiran
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.L.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (N.B.); (J.O.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.S.); (P.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Shaker J. C. Reddy
- Metaclipse Therapeutics Corporation, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA; (K.M.J.); (L.J.); (S.-H.N.); (A.N.B.); (T.V.d.G.); (C.N.W.); (C.D.P.); (S.R.); (S.J.C.R.)
| | - Periasamy Selvaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (R.B.); (L.E.M.); (J.T.L.B.)
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8
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Clark D, Radaic A, Kapila Y. Cellular Mechanisms of Inflammaging and Periodontal Disease. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3:844865. [PMID: 36540609 PMCID: PMC9762858 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.844865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased age is associated with an increased prevalence of chronic inflammatory diseases and conditions. The term inflammaging has been used to describe the age-related changes to the immune response that results in a chronic and elevated inflammatory state that contributes, in part, to the increased prevalence of disease in older adults. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the periodontium and increases in prevalence with age. To better understand the mechanisms that drive inflammaging, a broad body of research has focused on the pathological age-related changes to key cellular regulators of the immune response. This review will focus on our current understanding of how certain immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, T cells) change with age and how such changes contribute to inflammaging and more specifically to periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clark
- Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Allan Radaic
- Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yvonne Kapila
- Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
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9
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Clark D, Kotronia E, Ramsay SE. Frailty, aging, and periodontal disease: Basic biologic considerations. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:143-156. [PMID: 34463998 PMCID: PMC8771712 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the development of disease. Periodontal disease is one of the many diseases and conditions that increase in prevalence with age. In addition to the traditional focus on individual age-related conditions, there is now a greater recognition that multisystem conditions such as frailty play an important role in the health of older populations. Frailty is a clinical condition in older adults that increases the risk of adverse health outcomes. Both frailty and periodontal disease are common chronic conditions in older populations and share several risk factors. There is likely a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and frailty. Comorbid systemic diseases, poor physical functioning, and limited ability to self-care in frail older people have been implicated as underlying the association between frailty and periodontal disease. In addition, both frailty and periodontal disease also have strong associations with inflammatory dysregulation and other age-related pathophysiologic changes that may similarly underlie their development and progression. Investigating age-related changes in immune cells that regulate inflammation may lead to a better understanding of age-related disease and could lead to therapeutic targets for the improved management of frailty and periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clark
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eftychia Kotronia
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sheena E Ramsay
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Kugler-Umana O, Devarajan P, Swain SL. Understanding the Heterogeneous Population of Age-Associated B Cells and Their Contributions to Autoimmunity and Immune Response to Pathogens. Crit Rev Immunol 2020; 40:297-309. [PMID: 33426819 PMCID: PMC8118092 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2020034934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In humans and mice, susceptibility to infections and autoimmunity increases with age due to age-associated changes in innate and adaptive immune responses. Aged innate cells are also less active, leading to decreased naive T- and B-cell responses. Aging innate cells contribute to an overall heightened inflammatory environment. Naive T and B cells undergo cell-intrinsic age-related changes that result in reduced effector and memory responses. However, previously established B- and T-cell memory responses persist with age. One dramatic change is the appearance of a newly recognized population of age-associated B cells (ABCs) that has a unique cluster of differentiation (CD)21-CD23- phenotype. Here, we discuss the discovery and origins of the naive phenotype immunoglobulin (Ig)D+ versus activated CD11c+T-bet+ ABCs, with a focus on protective and pathogenic properties. In humans and mice, antigen-experienced CD11c+T-bet+ ABCs increase with autoimmunity and appear in response to bacterial and viral infections. However, our analyses indicate that CD21-CD23- ABCs include a resting, naive, progenitor ABC population that expresses IgD. Similar to generation of CD11c+T-bet+ ABCs, naive ABC response to pathogens depends on toll-like receptor stimulation, making this a key feature of ABC activation. Here, we put forward a potential developmental map of distinct subsets from putative naive ABCs. We suggest that defining signals that can harness the naive ABC response may contribute to protection against pathogens in the elderly. CD11c+T-bet+ ABCs may be useful targets for therapeutic strategies to counter autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kugler-Umana
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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11
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Russell Knode LM, Park HS, Maul RW, Gearhart PJ. B cells from young and old mice switch isotypes with equal frequencies after ex vivo stimulation. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103966. [PMID: 31447053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether old B cells have the same capacity to switch isotypes as young cells, we purified splenic follicular, marginal zone, and age-associated B cell subsets from C57BL/6 mice. Cells were stimulated in culture with interleukin 4 and either lipopolysaccharide or anti-CD40, and switching to IgG1 was measured by flow cytometry of surface immunoglobulin. The results show that switching was robust in follicular and marginal zone B cells from old mice and was comparable to their young counterparts. However, age-associated B cells from old mice switched poorly relative to the other subsets. Expression of activation-induced deaminase, which initiates switching, was quantified by qPCR of mRNA, and it was equal between young and old follicular B cells. Thus, in this ex vivo system, the follicular and marginal zone cells from young and old mice behaved similarly, showing that the molecular machinery to perform switching is intact in old B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Russell Knode
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Han-Sol Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Robert W Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Patricia J Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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12
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DUSP6 mediates T cell receptor-engaged glycolysis and restrains T FH cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8027-E8036. [PMID: 30087184 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800076115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming and effector-cell differentiation but the factors involved are unclear. Utilizing mice lacking DUSP6 (DUSP6-/-), we show that this phosphatase regulates T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to influence follicular helper T (TFH) cell differentiation and T cell metabolism. In vitro, DUSP6-/- CD4+ TFH cells produced elevated IL-21. In vivo, TFH cells were increased in DUSP6-/- mice and in transgenic OTII-DUSP6-/- mice at steady state. After immunization, DUSP6-/- and OTII-DUSP6-/- mice generated more TFH cells and produced more antigen-specific IgG2 than controls. Activated DUSP6-/- T cells showed enhanced JNK and p38 phosphorylation but impaired glycolysis. JNK or p38 inhibitors significantly reduced IL-21 production but did not restore glycolysis. TCR-stimulated DUSP6-/- T cells could not induce phosphofructokinase activity and relied on glucose-independent fueling of mitochondrial respiration. Upon CD28 costimulation, activated DUSP6-/- T cells did not undergo the metabolic commitment to glycolysis pathway to maintain viability. Unexpectedly, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation drastically lowered IL-21 production in DUSP6-/- TFH cells. Our findings suggest that DUSP6 connects TCR signaling to activation-induced metabolic commitment toward glycolysis and restrains TFH cell differentiation via inhibiting IL-21 production.
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13
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Race-related differences in antibody responses to the inactivated influenza vaccine are linked to distinct pre-vaccination gene expression profiles in blood. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62898-62911. [PMID: 27588486 PMCID: PMC5325335 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a 5-year study analyzing antibody and B cell responses to the influenza A virus components of the inactivated influenza vaccine, trivalent (IIV3) or quadrivalent (IIV4) in younger (aged 35-45) and aged (≥65 years of age) Caucasian and African American individuals. Antibody titers to the two influenza A virus strains, distribution of circulating B cell subsets and the blood transcriptome were tested at baseline and after vaccination while expression of immunoregulatory markers on B cells were analyzed at baseline. African Americans mounted higher virus neutralizing and IgG antibody responses to the H1N1 component of IIV3 or 4 compared to Caucasians. African Americans had higher levels of circulating B cell subsets compared to Caucasians. Expression of two co-regulators, i.e., programmed death (PD)-1 and the B and T cell attenuator (BTLA) were differentially expressed in the two cohorts. Race-related differences were caused by samples from younger African Americans, while results obtained with samples of aged African Americans were similar to those of aged Caucasians. Gene expression profiling by Illumina arrays revealed highly significant differences in 1368 probes at baseline between Caucasians and African Americans although samples from both cohorts showed comparable changes in transcriptome following vaccination. Genes differently expressed between samples from African Americans and Caucasians regardless of age were enriched for myeloid genes, while the transcripts that differed in expression between younger African Americans and younger Caucasians were enriched for those specific for B-cells.
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14
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Zhou X, Hopkins JW, Wang C, Brahmakshatriya V, Swain SL, Kuchel GA, Haynes L, McElhaney JE. IL-2 and IL-6 cooperate to enhance the generation of influenza-specific CD8 T cells responding to live influenza virus in aged mice and humans. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39171-39183. [PMID: 27322555 PMCID: PMC5129923 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An age-related decline in cytolytic activity has been described in CD8+ T cells and we have previously shown that the poor CD8+ effector T cell responses to influenza A/H3N2 challenge result from a decline in the proportion and function of these cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). Here, we describe that addition of exogenous cytokines to influenza-stimulated PBMC from both aged mice and humans, enhances the generation of influenza specific CD8 CTL by increasing their proliferation and survival. Our data show that the addition of IL-2 and IL-6 to splenocytes from mice previously infected with influenza virus restores the aged CD8+ T cell response to that observed in young mice. In humans, IL-2 plus IL-6 also reduces the proportion of apoptotic effector CD8+ T cells to levels resembling those of younger adults. In HLA-A2+ donors, MHC Class I tetramer staining showed that adding both exogenous IL-2 and IL-6 resulted in greater differentiation into influenza-specific effector CD8+ T cells. Since this effect of IL-2/IL-6 supplementation can be reproduced with the addition of Toll-like receptor agonists, it may be possible to exploit this mechanism and design new vaccines to improve the CD8 T cell response to influenza vaccination in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- UConn Center on Aging and Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jacob W Hopkins
- UConn Center on Aging and Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Chongkai Wang
- UConn Center on Aging and Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Vinayak Brahmakshatriya
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, North Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, North Worcester, MA, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging and Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging and Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- UConn Center on Aging and Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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15
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Ebersole JL, Graves CL, Gonzalez OA, Dawson D, Morford LA, Huja PE, Hartsfield JK, Huja SS, Pandruvada S, Wallet SM. Aging, inflammation, immunity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2018; 72:54-75. [PMID: 27501491 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease have long been associated with aging, such that this oral condition affects the majority of the adult population over 50 years of age. Although the immune system is a critical component for maintaining health, aging can be characterized by quantitative and qualitative modifications of the immune system. This process, termed 'immunosenescence', is a progressive modification of the immune system that leads to greater susceptibility to infections, neoplasia and autoimmunity, presumably reflecting the prolonged antigenic stimulation and/or stress responses that occur across the lifespan. Interestingly, the global reduction in the host capability to respond effectively to these challenges is coupled with a progressive increase in the general proinflammatory status, termed 'inflammaging'. Consistent with the definition of immunosenescence, it has been suggested that the cumulative effect of prolonged exposure of the periodontium to microbial challenge is, at least in part, a contributor to the effects of aging on these tissues. Thus, it has also been hypothesized that alterations in the function of resident immune and nonimmune cells of the periodontium contribute to the expression of inflammaging in periodontal disease. Although the majority of aging research has focused on the adaptive immune response, it is becoming increasingly clear that the innate immune compartment is also highly affected by aging. Thus, the phenomenon of immunosenescence and inflammaging, expressed as age-associated changes within the periodontium, needs to be more fully understood in this era of precision and personalized medicine and dentistry.
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16
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Age-related changes in the transcriptome of antibody-secreting cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13340-53. [PMID: 26967249 PMCID: PMC4924646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed age-related defects in B cell populations from young and aged mice. Microarray analysis of bone marrow resident antibody secreting cells (ASCs) showed significant changes upon aging, affecting multiple genes, pathways and functions including those that play a role in immune regulation, humoral immune responses, chromatin structure and assembly, cell metabolism and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Further analysis showed upon aging defects in energy production through glucose catabolism with reduced oxidative phosphorylation. In addition aged B cells had increased levels of reactive oxygen-species (ROS), which was linked to enhanced expression of the co-inhibitor programmed cell death (PD)-1.
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17
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Swain SL, Kugler-Umana O, Kuang Y, Zhang W. The properties of the unique age-associated B cell subset reveal a shift in strategy of immune response with age. Cell Immunol 2017; 321:52-60. [PMID: 28712455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In aged mice, conventional naive B cells decrease and a new population of age-associated B cells (ABC)3 develops. When aged unprimed mice are infected with influenza virus, there is a reduced generation of helper CD4 T cell subsets and germinal center B cells, leading to limited production of IgG Ab and less generation of conventional long-lived plasma cells, compared to young. However, we find an enhanced non-follicular (GL7-) ABC response that is helper T cell-independent, but requires high viral dose and pathogen recognition pathways. The infection-induced ABC (iABC) include IAV-specific Ab-secreting cells, some of which relocate to the bone marrow and lung, and persist for >4wk., suggesting they may provide significant protection. We also speculate there is a shift with increased age to dependence on TLR-mediated pathogen-recognition in both B and CD4 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, United States.
| | - Olivia Kugler-Umana
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, United States
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, United States
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, United States
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18
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Goldeck D, Theeten H, Hassouneh F, Oettinger L, Wistuba-Hamprecht K, Cools N, Tsitsilonis OE, Pawelec G. Frequencies of peripheral immune cells in older adults following seasonal influenza vaccination with an adjuvanted vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:4330-4338. [PMID: 28689651 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As age increases, immune responses and consequently protection following vaccination to seasonal influenza is commonly believed to decrease. Possible drivers of this immune dysfunction include immunosenescence, repeated exposure to the same seasonal influenza antigens, and prior infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV). Here, to determine immune parameters distinguishing vaccine humoral responders (R) from non-responders (NR) following vaccination, we surveyed broad peripheral blood "cellular immune correlates" of older adults vaccinated with Fluad® (an adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccine containing strains H1N1, H3N2 and B). Phenotyping included αβ-T-cells, γδ-T-cells, B-cells and myeloid cells. The frequencies of most of these lymphocyte phenotypes were found to be similar in R and NR, although perhaps counterintuitively, one of the few differences seen between the two groups was higher frequencies of regulatory T-cells in R. These differences were more prominent for responses to the vaccine strains H1N1 and H3N2 than to the B strain, and in CMV-seropositive than CMV-seronegative elderly. Further, frequencies of early-differentiated CD4+ T-cells tended to be higher and frequencies of memory CD4+ T-cells tended to be lower in R than NR. There were also differences in B-cells, with higher frequencies in R compared to NR. To the best of our knowledge, these results are the first to report such differences in elderly people responding or failing to respond to adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goldeck
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Heidi Theeten
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fakhri Hassouneh
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Lilly Oettinger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kilian Wistuba-Hamprecht
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ourania E Tsitsilonis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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19
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Martinez-Jimenez CP, Eling N, Chen HC, Vallejos CA, Kolodziejczyk AA, Connor F, Stojic L, Rayner TF, Stubbington MJT, Teichmann SA, de la Roche M, Marioni JC, Odom DT. Aging increases cell-to-cell transcriptional variability upon immune stimulation. Science 2017; 355:1433-1436. [PMID: 28360329 PMCID: PMC5405862 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by progressive loss of physiological and cellular functions, but the molecular basis of this decline remains unclear. We explored how aging affects transcriptional dynamics using single-cell RNA sequencing of unstimulated and stimulated naïve and effector memory CD4+ T cells from young and old mice from two divergent species. In young animals, immunological activation drives a conserved transcriptomic switch, resulting in tightly controlled gene expression characterized by a strong up-regulation of a core activation program, coupled with a decrease in cell-to-cell variability. Aging perturbed the activation of this core program and increased expression heterogeneity across populations of cells in both species. These discoveries suggest that increased cell-to-cell transcriptional variability will be a hallmark feature of aging across most, if not all, mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Pilar Martinez-Jimenez
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nils Eling
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Hung-Chang Chen
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Catalina A Vallejos
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Aleksandra A Kolodziejczyk
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Frances Connor
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Lovorka Stojic
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Timothy F Rayner
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Michael J T Stubbington
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Maike de la Roche
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - John C Marioni
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Duncan T Odom
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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20
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Brahmakshatriya V, Kuang Y, Devarajan P, Xia J, Zhang W, Vong AM, Swain SL. IL-6 Production by TLR-Activated APC Broadly Enhances Aged Cognate CD4 Helper and B Cell Antibody Responses In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2819-2833. [PMID: 28250157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4 T cell responses, especially their ability to help B cell responses, become compromised with aging. We find that using APC pretreated ex vivo with TLR agonists, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and CpG, to prime naive CD4 T cells in vivo, restores their ability to expand and become germinal center T follicular helpers and enhances B cell IgG Ab production. Enhanced helper responses are dependent on IL-6 production by the activated APC. Aged naive CD4 T cells respond suboptimally to IL-6 compared with young cells, such that higher doses are required to induce comparable signaling. Preactivating APC overcomes this deficiency. Responses of young CD4 T cells are also enhanced by preactivating APC with similar effects but with only partial IL-6 dependency. Strikingly, introducing just the activated APC into aged mice significantly enhances otherwise compromised Ab production to inactivated influenza vaccine. These findings reveal a central role for the production of IL-6 by APC during initial cognate interactions in the generation of effective CD4 T cell help, which becomes greater with age. Without APC activation, aging CD4 T cell responses shift toward IL-6-independent Th1 and CD4 cytotoxic Th cell responses. Thus, strategies that specifically activate and provide Ag to APC could potentially enhance Ab-mediated protection in vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | - Jingya Xia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Allen Minh Vong
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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21
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Juno JA, van Bockel D, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ, Munier CML. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection? Front Immunol 2017; 8:19. [PMID: 28167943 PMCID: PMC5253382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature in response to a number of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the context of human viral infections and in some infections that affect mice and non-human primates. We examine the effector mechanisms used by cytotoxic CD4 cells, the phenotypes that describe this population, and the transcription factors and pathways that lead to their induction following infection. We further consider the cells that are the predominant targets of this effector subset and describe the viral infections in which CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to play a protective or pathologic role. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are detected in the circulation at much higher levels than previously realized and are now recognized to have an important role in the immune response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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22
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Tu W, Rao S. Mechanisms Underlying T Cell Immunosenescence: Aging and Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2111. [PMID: 28082969 PMCID: PMC5186782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the human immune system to protect against infectious disease declines with age and efficacy of vaccination reduces significantly in the elderly. Aging of the immune system, also termed as immunosenescence, involves many changes in human T cell immunity that is characterized by a loss in naïve T cell population and an increase in highly differentiated CD28- memory T cell subset. There is extensive data showing that latent persistent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is also associated with age-related immune dysfunction in the T cells, which might enhance immunosenescence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying age-related and HCMV-related immunosenescence is critical for the development of effective age-targeted vaccines and immunotherapies. In this review, we will address the role of both aging and HCMV infection that contribute to the T cell senescence and discuss the potential molecular mechanisms in aged T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Tu
- Faculty of ESTeM, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Faculty of ESTeM, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
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23
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Boe DM, Boule LA, Kovacs EJ. Innate immune responses in the ageing lung. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:16-25. [PMID: 27711979 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is undergoing an unprecedented shift in demographics, with the number of individuals over the age of 60 years projected to reach 2 billion or more by 2050, representing 22% of the global population. Elderly people are at a higher risk for chronic disease and more susceptible to infection, due in part to age-related dysfunction of the immune system resulting from low-grade chronic inflammation known as 'inflamm-ageing'. The innate immune system of older individuals exhibits a diminished ability to respond to microbial threats and clear infections, resulting in a greater occurrence of many infectious diseases in elderly people. In particular, the incidence of and mortality from lung infections increase sharply with age, with such infections often leading to worse outcomes, prolonged hospital stays and life-threatening complications, such as sepsis or acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this review, we highlight research on bacterial pneumonias and pulmonary viral infections and discuss age-related changes in innate immunity that contribute to the higher rate of these infections in older populations. By understanding more clearly the innate immune defects in elderly individuals, we can design age-specific therapies to address lung infections in such a vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Boe
- Division of GI, Endocrine and Tumor Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - L A Boule
- Division of GI, Endocrine and Tumor Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - E J Kovacs
- Division of GI, Endocrine and Tumor Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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24
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Friesen TJ, Ji Q, Fink PJ. Recent thymic emigrants are tolerized in the absence of inflammation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:913-20. [PMID: 27139493 PMCID: PMC4886366 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell development requires a period of postthymic maturation. Why this is the case has remained a mystery, particularly given the rigors of intrathymic developmental checkpoints, successfully traversed by only ∼5% of thymocytes. We now show that the first few weeks of T cell residence in the lymphoid periphery define a period of heightened susceptibility to tolerance induction to tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs), the outcome of which depends on the context in which recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) encounter antigen. After encounter with TRAs in the absence of inflammation, RTEs exhibited defects in proliferation, diminished cytokine production, elevated expression of anergy-associated genes, and diminished diabetogenicity. These properties were mirrored in vitro by enhanced RTE susceptibility to regulatory T cell-mediated suppression. In the presence of inflammation, RTEs and mature T cells were, in contrast, equally capable of inducing diabetes, proliferating, and producing cytokines. Thus, recirculating RTEs encounter TRAs during a transitional developmental stage that facilitates tolerance induction, but inflammation converts antigen-exposed, tolerance-prone RTEs into competent effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Friesen
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Qingyong Ji
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Pamela J Fink
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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25
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Devarajan P, Bautista B, Vong AM, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM, Swain SL. New Insights into the Generation of CD4 Memory May Shape Future Vaccine Strategies for Influenza. Front Immunol 2016; 7:136. [PMID: 27148257 PMCID: PMC4827017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viral evolution presents a formidable challenge to vaccination due to the virus' ability to rapidly mutate to evade immune responses. Live influenza infections generate large and diverse CD4 effector T cell responses that yield highly protective, long-lasting CD4 T cell memory that can target conserved viral epitopes. We review advances in our understanding of mechanisms involved in generating CD4 T cell responses against the influenza A virus (IAV), focusing on specialized follicular helper (TFH) and CD4 cytotoxic (ThCTL) effector subsets and on CD4 T cell memory. We also discuss two recent findings in context of enhancing vaccine responses. First, helper T cells require priming with APC secreting high levels of IL-6. Second, the transition of IAV-generated effectors to memory depends on IL-2, costimulation and antigen signals, just before effectors reach peak numbers, defined as the "memory checkpoint." The need for these signals during the checkpoint could explain why many current influenza vaccines are poorly effective and elicit poor cellular immunity. We suggest that CD4 memory generation can be enhanced by re-vaccinating at this time. Our best hope lies in a universal vaccine that will not need to be formulated yearly against seasonal antigenically novel influenza strains and will also be protective against a pandemic strain. We suggest a vaccine approach that elicits a powerful T cell response, by initially inducing high levels of APC activation and later providing antigen at the memory checkpoint, may take us a step closer to such a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Bautista
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Allen M Vong
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Karl Kai McKinstry
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Tara M Strutt
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
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McElhaney JE, Kuchel GA, Zhou X, Swain SL, Haynes L. T-Cell Immunity to Influenza in Older Adults: A Pathophysiological Framework for Development of More Effective Vaccines. Front Immunol 2016; 7:41. [PMID: 26941738 PMCID: PMC4766518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most profound public health consequences of immune senescence is reflected in an increased susceptibility to influenza and other acute respiratory illnesses, as well as a loss of influenza vaccine effectiveness in older people. Common medical conditions and mental and psychosocial health issues as well as degree of frailty and functional dependence accelerate changes associated with immune senescence. All contribute to the increased risk for complications of influenza infection, including pneumonias, heart diseases, and strokes that lead to hospitalization, disability, and death in the over 65 population. Changes in mucosal barrier mechanisms and both innate and adaptive immune functions converge in the reduced response to influenza infection, and lead to a loss of antibody-mediated protection against influenza with age. The interactions of immune senescence and reduced adaptive immune responses, persistent cytomegalovirus infection, inflammaging (chronic elevation of inflammatory cytokines), and dysregulated cytokine production, pose major challenges to the development of vaccines designed to improve T-cell-mediated immunity. In older adults, the goal of vaccination is more realistically targeted to providing clinical protection against disease rather than to inducing sterilizing immunity to infection. Standard assays of antibody titers correlate with protection against influenza illness but do not detect important changes in cellular immune mechanisms that correlate with vaccine-mediated protection against influenza in older people. This article will discuss: (i) the burden of influenza in older adults and how this relates to changes in T-cell function, (ii) age-related changes in different T-cell subsets and immunologic targets for improved influenza vaccine efficacy in older, and (iii) the development of correlates of clinical protection against influenza disease to expedite the process of new vaccine development for the 65 and older population. Ultimately, these efforts will address the public health need for improved protection against influenza in older adults and “vaccine preventable disability.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E McElhaney
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada; UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine , Farmington, CT , USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , North Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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Fang F, Yu M, Cavanagh MM, Hutter Saunders J, Qi Q, Ye Z, Le Saux S, Sultan W, Turgano E, Dekker CL, Tian L, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Expression of CD39 on Activated T Cells Impairs their Survival in Older Individuals. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1218-1231. [PMID: 26832412 PMCID: PMC4851554 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In an immune response, CD4+ T cells expand into effector T cells and then contract to survive as long-lived memory cells. To identify age-associated defects in memory cell formation, we profiled activated CD4+ T cells and found an increased induction of the ATPase CD39 with age. CD39+ CD4+ T cells resembled effector T cells with signs of metabolic stress and high susceptibility to undergo apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of ATPase activity dampened effector cell differentiation and improved survival, suggesting that CD39 activity influences T cell fate. Individuals carrying a low-expressing CD39 variant responded better to vaccination with an increase in vaccine-specific memory T cells. Increased inducibility of CD39 after activation may contribute to the impaired vaccine response with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Fang
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mingcan Yu
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mary M Cavanagh
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jessica Hutter Saunders
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Zhongde Ye
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sabine Le Saux
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - William Sultan
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Emerson Turgano
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Li G, Ju J, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Age-Associated Failure To Adjust Type I IFN Receptor Signaling Thresholds after T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:865-74. [PMID: 26091718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With increasing age, naive CD4 T cells acquire intrinsic defects that compromise their ability to respond and differentiate. Type I IFNs, pervasive constituents of the environment in which adaptive immune responses occur, are known to regulate T cell differentiation and survival. Activated naive CD4 T cells from older individuals have reduced responses to type I IFN, a defect that develops during activation and that is not observed in quiescent naive CD4 T cells. Naive CD4 T cells from young adults upregulate the expression of STAT1 and STAT5 after activation, lowering their threshold to respond to type I IFN stimulation. The heightened STAT signaling is critical to maintain the expression of CD69 that regulates lymphocyte egress and the ability to produce IL-2 and to survive. Although activation of T cells from older adults also induces transcription of STAT1 and STAT5, failure to exclude SHP-1 from the signaling complex blunts their type I IFN response. In summary, our data show that type I IFN signaling thresholds in naive CD4 T cells after activation are dynamically regulated to respond to environmental cues for clonal expansion and memory cell differentiation. Naive CD4 T cells from older adults have a defect in this threshold calibration. Restoring their ability to respond to type I IFN emerges as a promising target to restore T cell responses and to improve the induction of T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Li
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304; and Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jihang Ju
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304; and Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304; and Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304; and Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Ma Y, Yuan B, Zhuang R, Zhang Y, Liu B, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Yu H, Yi J, Yang A, Jin B. Hantaan virus infection induces both Th1 and ThGranzyme B+ cell immune responses that associated with viral control and clinical outcome in humans. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004788. [PMID: 25836633 PMCID: PMC4383613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses infection causing severe emerging diseases with high mortality rates in humans has become public health concern globally. The potential roles of CD4(+)T cells in viral control have been extensively studied. However, the contribution of CD4(+)T cells to the host response against Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection remains unclear. Here, based on the T-cell epitopes mapped on HTNV glycoprotein, we studied the effects and characteristics of CD4(+)T-cell responses in determining the outcome of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. A total of 79 novel 15-mer T-cell epitopes on the HTNV glycoprotein were identified, among which 20 peptides were dominant target epitopes. Importantly, we showed the presence of both effective Th1 responses with polyfunctional cytokine secretion and ThGranzyme B(+) cell responses with cytotoxic mediators production against HTNV infection. The HTNV glycoprotein-specific CD4(+)T-cell responses inversely correlated with the plasma HTNV RNA load in patients. Individuals with milder disease outcomes showed broader epitopes targeted and stronger CD4(+)T-cell responses against HTNV glycoproteins compared with more severe patients. The CD4(+)T cells characterized by broader antigenic repertoire, stronger polyfunctional responses, better expansion capacity and highly differentiated effector memory phenotype(CD27-CD28-CCR7-CD45RA-CD127(hi)) would elicit greater defense against HTNV infection and lead to much milder outcome of the disease. The host defense mediated by CD4(+)T cells may through the inducing antiviral condition of the host cells and cytotoxic effect of ThGranzyme B+ cells. Thus, these findings highlight the efforts of CD4(+)T-cell immunity to HTNV control and provide crucial information to better understand the immune defense against HTNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute of Orthopaedics of Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Angang Yang
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
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George VK, Pallikkuth S, Parmigiani A, Alcaide M, Fischl M, Arheart KL, Pahwa S. HIV infection Worsens Age-Associated Defects in Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2015; 211:1959-68. [PMID: 25556252 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody responses to seasonal influenza vaccines are defective during older age and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The effect of HIV on immune function in aging is relatively unknown. METHODS HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected young women (age, 19-54 years) and older women (age, >55 years) were evaluated for B-cell and T-cell responses before and 4 weeks after influenza vaccination. RESULTS Frequencies of seroprotection pre-vaccination and vaccine responsiveness (≥4-fold increase in antibody titer) were lower in HIV-infected participants than in age-matched HIV-uninfected participants. A subgroup of vaccine nonresponders were compared to responders and found to have reduced frequencies of memory B cells and antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells after vaccination. Frequencies of peripheral T-follicular helper (pTfh) cells correlated with memory B-cell function and influenza A(H1N1) antibody titers. Serologic and immunologic deficits were most frequent in older HIV-infected participants. Underlying CD4(+) T-cell immune activation and inflammation correlated negatively with antibody titers and B-cell function, which was not enhanced by exogenous interleukin 21 supplementation in HIV-infected, older vaccine nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS Immune activation associated with HIV infection and impaired pTfh function heighten deficiencies in antibody responses to influenza vaccine in older individuals. Strategies to reduce immune activation or augment pTfh function may enhance antibody responses in the aging HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
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31
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Pritz T, Lair J, Ban M, Keller M, Weinberger B, Krismer M, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Plasma cell numbers decrease in bone marrow of old patients. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:738-46. [PMID: 25430805 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The BM is well understood to play a key role in plasma cell homing and survival in mice. In humans, BM plasma cells and their functions are less well characterized. In this study, we used paired bone biopsies from the femur shaft and blood samples from persons of different ages to analyze age-related changes of plasma and memory B cells. Our results demonstrated that plasma cells were mainly located in the BM, while a higher percentage of memory B cells was in the peripheral blood than in the BM. The frequency of plasma and memory B cells from both sources decreased with age, while immature and naïve B cells were unaffected. An age-related decline of tetanus- and diphtheria-specific BM plasma cells was observed, whereas influenza A- and cytomegalovirus-specific BM plasma cells were not affected. With the exception of cytomegalovirus, peripheral antibody concentrations correlated with BM plasma cells of the same specificity, but were independent of antigen-specific peripheral blood memory B cells. Our results demonstrate that the BM houses decreased numbers of plasma cells in old age. The number of cells of certain specificity may reflect the number and time point of previous antigen encounters and intrinsic age-related changes in the BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pritz
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Titova EM, Ghosh N, Valadez ZG, Zhang JH, Bellinger DL, Obenaus A. The late phase of post-stroke neurorepair in aged rats is reflected by MRI-based measures. Neuroscience 2014; 283:231-44. [PMID: 25241060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive criteria determining the progress of brain healing are especially important in aging, providing a case-specific therapeutic strategy in populations with dysregulated neurorepair mechanisms. We hypothesized that temporal evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of T2 tissue relaxation values correlate with neurological severity scores (NS), and provide a robust indicator of healing in the aging brain after stroke. Pre-treatment of aged rats with brain-only proton irradiation was undertaken to pre-condition the inflammatory system. Irradiation was performed 10days prior to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 50min (MCAO+Rad). Control rats included naïve (no ischemia, no radiation), irradiated-only (Rad), irradiated ischemic, or ischemic-only (MCAO). MRI and NS were obtained at 3, 14 and 28days post-stroke. At 28days post-stroke, immunofluorescence for visualizing blood vessels (Von Willebrand factor; vWF), neurons (neuronal nuclear antigen; NeuN), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP), activated microglia/macrophages (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba1), T-lymphocytes (CD3), phagocytes (ED1) and apoptotic cells (caspase-3) was assessed. We found a positive T2-NS correlation in irradiated, ischemic rats that corresponded to late-stage brain recovery. Late-stage brain recovery was characterized by improved neovascularization, formation of glio-vascular complexes (visualized by GFAP/vWF) and enhanced neuronal viability (by NeuN/caspase-3) in the peri-lesional zone. The immune response plateaued at the late stage of repair as evidenced by significantly decreased expression (41.7%) and distribution of phagocytes (phagocytic rim decreased 44.6%). We also found reduced infiltration of T-lymphocytes (CD3) in the brain and normalization of blood lymphocytes. The observed T2-NS correlations may provide a simple MRI-based criterion for recognition of regenerative brain transformation in aged patients following stroke. Selective activation of innate immunity and accelerated transition from pro-inflammatory to pro-healing macrophage phenotypes induced by localized brain irradiation is a potential mechanism for enhancing repair ability in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Titova
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - N Ghosh
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Z G Valadez
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - J H Zhang
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - D L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA.
| | - A Obenaus
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Nikolich-Žugich J. Aging of the T cell compartment in mice and humans: from no naive expectations to foggy memories. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:2622-9. [PMID: 25193936 PMCID: PMC4157314 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Until the mid-20th century, infectious diseases were the major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Massive vaccination campaigns, antibiotics, antivirals, and advanced public health measures drastically reduced sickness and death from infections in children and younger adults. However, older adults (>65 y of age) remain vulnerable to infections, and infectious diseases remain among the top 5-10 causes of death in this population. The aging of the immune system, often referred to as immune senescence, is the key phenomenon underlying this vulnerability. This review centers on age-related changes in T cells, which are dramatically and reproducibly altered with aging. I discuss changes in T cell production, maintenance, function, and response to latent persistent infection, particularly against CMV, which exerts a profound influence on the aging T cell pool, concluding with a brief list of measures to improve immune function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724; and Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
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“Aging and the Immune System”: Summary of a Satellite Meeting of the 15th International Congress of Immunology held in Milan, Italy, August 2013. Exp Gerontol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(14)00113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Willis EL, Eberle R, Wolf RF, White GL, McFarlane D. The effects of age and cytomegalovirus on markers of inflammation and lymphocyte populations in captive baboons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107167. [PMID: 25244034 PMCID: PMC4170980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system undergoes age-related changes that can lead to increased disease susceptibility. Using the baboon as a model for human immune system aging, we examined age-related changes in relative and absolute numbers of T cell subpopulations, cytomegalovirus (CMV) titer and markers of inflammation. In addition, the effect of gender, social status and peer group on lymphocyte subpopulations was determined. Relative and absolute numbers of total lymphocytes (CD3+), T helper cells (CD4+), and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) increased with age. The proportion of naïve T cells (CD45RA+) decreased, while the total number of cells negative for the co-stimulatory receptor, CD28 (CD28-) increased in an age-dependent manner. Furthermore, CMV titers were negatively correlated with the number of naive CD4+ cells. IL-6 and cortisol concentration were also negatively associated with T cell subpopulations. Additionally, socially dominant baboons exhibited decreases in naïve CD4+ and CD8+ cells (by 65% and 52%, respectively) compared to subordinate animals. These results suggest that factors such as CMV exposure and inflammation may contribute to the age-related decline in immune health and indicate that factors like social status should be considered when studying immunosenescence in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Willis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Richard Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Roman F. Wolf
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Gary L. White
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dianne McFarlane
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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