1
|
Zhang J, Yang C, Pan Y, Wang L. Effects of Multicomponent Exercise on Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Res Gerontol Nurs 2024; 17:65-79. [PMID: 38285908 DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20240112-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effects of a group-based multicomponent exercise program on general cognitive functioning, depression, and social functioning in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and whether the effects can be maintained. METHOD Fifty older adults with MCI were conveniently recruited from two communities in the study area and randomly assigned to the intervention group or control group. The intervention group received three sessions of 60-minute, multicomponent exercise per week for 3 months, plus MCI-related health education. The control group only received MCI-related health education. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Beijing Version (MoCA-BJ) were used to assess general cognitive function. The Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) were used to evaluate participants' social function and depression, respectively. Participants' exercise intensity was assessed using the Category Ratio Scale. RESULTS After the 3-month intervention, there were significant improvements in general cognitive function (p = 0.046), attention (p = 0.009), delayed recall (p = 0.015), and social function (p = 0.011) in the intervention group compared with the control group. However, after 3-month postintervention follow up, no significant differences in MMSE, MoCA-BJ, GDS-30, and FAQ scores were noted between groups. CONCLUSION The 3-month multicomponent exercise program improved general cognitive function and social functioning in community-dwelling older adults with MCI. However, there was no evidence that these benefits lasted for another 3 months after stopping the exercise program. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 17(2), 65-79.].
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodriguez-Rodríguez S, Canet-Vintró M, Wee SO, Rodríguez-Sanz J, López-de-Celis C, Oviedo GR, Labata-Lezaun N, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1301. [PMID: 38592139 PMCID: PMC10931602 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aging population is expected to triple by 2050. Executive functions decline with age, impacting daily tasks, and this is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Aerobic and resistance exercises positively affect cognitive function in older adults by influencing growth markers. However, the modalities of exercise and the optimal parameters for maximum cognitive benefits remain unclear. (2) Methods: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted. The systematic search was on slowing cognitive decline and performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. Articles were included if participants were ≥65 years, healthy, and performing resistance or aerobic exercise, and they were excluded if there was a combination of training and if they have neurological disease or cognitive impairment. (3) Results: The search strategy found a total of 1635 studies. After removing duplicates and assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 463 healthy older adults analyzed. No significant differences between the intervention groups and the control groups after the aerobic or resistance programs were found. (4) Conclusions: Aerobic exercise interventions improved executive function more than resistance training in older adults, but without statistically significant differences. This can serve as a guide to see, with caution, whether we need a multidisciplinary approach to be more effective in improving the cortical health of older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Rodriguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Max Canet-Vintró
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Sang Ouk Wee
- Department of Kinesiology. California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA;
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Guillermo R. Oviedo
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Noé Labata-Lezaun
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Vitoria-Gateiz (EUNEIZ), 01013 Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
García-Llorente AM, Casimiro-Andújar AJ, Linhares DG, De Souza Vale RG, Marcos-Pardo PJ. Multidomain interventions for sarcopenia and cognitive flexibility in older adults for promoting healthy aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:47. [PMID: 38386173 PMCID: PMC10884056 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The global population is undergoing rapid aging, making physical activity a crucial element in preventing mortality and lowering the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Age-related declines in muscle mass and cognitive abilities significantly contribute to frailty and dependency. Thus, this study focuses on a meticulous analysis of the protective effects of multidomain interventions, an emerging resource combating age-related declines. It seeks to underscore their profound impact on cognitive flexibility and sarcopenia, highlighting their pivotal role in mitigating the adverse effects of aging. To identify relevant randomized controlled trials up to November 2023, we reviewed eight online academic databases, following PERSiST guidelines, PRISMA reporting system, and PICOs criteria. Meta-analyses on selected functional outcomes utilized a random-effects model, including the Timed Up and Go Test, Sit to Stand Test, Victoria Stroop Test, and Trail Making Test. Out of 2082 scrutinized articles, 17 were included in the systematic review, and 8 in the meta-analysis. Positive effects (p = 0.05, I2 = 57%; 95% CI - 0.63 to - 0.05) were observed in cognitive flexibility for certain interventions. Similarly, interventions addressing muscle strength demonstrated improvements in the Sit to Stand Test for the exercise group compared to the control group (p = 0.02, I2 = 0%; 95% CI - 0.63 to - 0.05). These findings underscore the importance of incorporating physical activity as a primary component of public health interventions for promoting healthy aging and reducing the burden of age-related diseases. Future interventions may explore more homogeneous approaches and evaluate the impact of thrice multidomain weekly sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M García-Llorente
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), Department of Education, CIBIS (Centro de Investigación Para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, Area of Physical Education and Sport, University of Almería, Office 0.22, Building CITE III, Almería, Spain.
| | - A J Casimiro-Andújar
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), Department of Education, CIBIS (Centro de Investigación Para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, Area of Physical Education and Sport, University of Almería, Office 0.22, Building CITE III, Almería, Spain
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almeria, 04120, Almeria, Spain
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - D G Linhares
- Universidade do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BR, Brazil
| | - R G De Souza Vale
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Universidade do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BR, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ejercicio y Deporte, Instituto de Educación Física y Deportes, Universidad del Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - P J Marcos-Pardo
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), Department of Education, CIBIS (Centro de Investigación Para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, Area of Physical Education and Sport, University of Almería, Office 0.22, Building CITE III, Almería, Spain.
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almeria, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chu CL, Chueh TY, Hung TM. Examining the effects of exercise with different cognitive loads on executive function: A systematic review. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 283:167-192. [PMID: 38538187 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) play a pivotal role in daily functioning, academic and vocational achievement, well-being, and the regulation of cognitive processes that impact the quality of life. Physical exercise has been shown to have positive effects on EFs. However, there remains some controversy regarding whether exercise with greater cognitive loads may be more effective for improving EFs. Through this systematic review, we aimed to synthesize available cross-sectional and longitudinal intervention studies concerning the effects of exercise with varying cognitive loads on EFs. The literature search was conducted across three electronic databases, retrieving cross-sectional and longitudinal intervention (randomized controlled trials) studies, using a standardized EF measurement from inception until June 2023. Our search yielded a total of 1570 potentially relevant articles, of which 53 were considered for full-text reading, and 28 were included in the review after full-text reading. The present study utilized Gentile's (2000) taxonomy classification to determine the cognitive load levels in exercises. Overall, findings from the 28 included studies suggested that exercise training interventions are a promising way to promote overall EF. Noteworthy, there is preliminary empirical evidence to suggest that exercises with higher cognitive loads resulted in greater benefits for EF than those with lower cognitive loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Ling Chu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chueh
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Master's Program of Transition and Leisure Education for Individuals with Disabilities, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghahfarrokhi MM, Shirvani H, Rahimi M, Bazgir B, Shamsadini A, Sobhani V. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of different intensities of functional training in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:71. [PMID: 38238647 PMCID: PMC10797744 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging and type-2 diabetes (T2D) are the most important risk factors for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Exercise training is an effective, safe, and practical intervention in improving glucose metabolism, physical function, and cognitive disorders. This pilot study investigated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of high-intensity low-volume (HIFT) vs. low-intensity high-volume (LIFT) functional training in elderly T2D patients with cognitive impairment. METHODS Forty-eight elderly T2D patients (31 female, 17 male, age 67.5 ± 5.8 years, MMSE score 18.8 ± 2.6, FBG 209.5 ± 37.9) were randomly assigned to HIFT, LIFT and control groups. Cognitive impairment was diagnosed with MMSE ≤ 23 based Iranian society. The SDMT, CVLT-II, BVMT-R, and Stroop tests were used to evaluated processing speed, learning, memory and attention respectively. Physical fitness tests include: tandem stance and walk test; TUG; 6MWT, 10MWT; SSST; 5TSTS; and hand grip was used to evaluated static and dynamic balance, agility, walking endurance, gait speed, lower limb function and lower and upper body strength respectively. As well as, Biochemical (FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c) and physiological outcomes (SBP, and DBP) were assessed. The HIFT group performed six weeks of functional training (three sessions per week) with 120-125% of the lactate threshold. The LIFT group performed six weeks of functional training (five sessions per week) with a 70-75% lactate threshold. Feasibility, safety, and acceptability of exercise programs were assessed at the end of the study. RESULT HIFT showed a higher adherence rate (91% vs. 87.5%), safety, and acceptability compared to LIFT. MMSE and Stroop scores, 6MWT, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, SBP, and DBP significantly improved in HIFT (all, P ≤ 0.004) and LIFT (all, P ≤ 0.023). Changes in 6MWT, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c in HIFT (all, P ≤ 0.001) and LIFT (all, P ≤ 0.008) were significant compared to the control group. Changes in Stroop scores were significant only in the HIFT group compared to the control group (P = 0.013). SDMT, CVLT-II, BVMT-R, balance test, 10MWT, SSST, TUG and hang grip significantly improved only in HIFT (all, P ≤ 0.038). CONCLUSION HIFT vs. LIFT is a safe, feasible, and effective approach for improving some aspects of physical, biochemical, and cognitive function in elderly T2D patients with cognitive impairment. This pilot study provides initial proof-of-concept data for the design and implementation of an appropriately powered randomised controlled trial (RCT) of HIFT vs. LIFT in a larger sample of elderly T2D patients with cognitive impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Randomized controlled trial (RCT) (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, trial registration number: IRCT20230502058055N1. Date of registration: 11/06/2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Rahimi
- Department of Sport Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behzad Bazgir
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shamsadini
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Sobhani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lima-Junior DD, Fortes LS, Ferreira MEC, Gantois P, Barbosa BT, Albuquerque MR, Fonseca FS. Effects of smartphone use before resistance exercise on inhibitory control, heart rate variability, and countermovement jump. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:48-55. [PMID: 34747667 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1990927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of MF induced by exposure time to social media smartphone apps on inhibitory control, heart rate variability (HRV), and high-intensity physical effort following a resistance exercise session might indicate whether strength and conditioning professionals should suggest avoiding smartphone usage before a resistance exercise session. AIM The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of mental fatigue on inhibitory control, HRV, and countermovement jump (CMJ) in trained adults after resistance exercise. METHODS A total of 16 trained males (21.4 ± 3.3 years) volunteered in this study. The participants performed resistance exercises with and without mental fatigue. The Stroop Task, countermovement jump, and heart rate variability were evaluated before and after the resistance exercise. The participants used smartphones in the mental fatigue condition, whereas the participants watched TV in the control condition. RESULTS No condition × time interaction was found for the Stroop accuracy (p = 0.87), CMJ (p = 0.68), SDNN (p = 0.15), or pNN50 (p = 0.15) in the heart rate variability. An interaction was found for Stroop response time (p = 0.01) with a higher response time for the mental fatigue condition (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue impaired the inhibitory control performance after a resistance exercise session in trained adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton de Lima-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Fortes
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria E C Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabiano S Fonseca
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heilmann F, Formenti D, Trecroci A, Lautenbach F. The effects of a smartphone game training intervention on executive functions in youth soccer players: a randomized controlled study. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1170738. [PMID: 37601169 PMCID: PMC10436001 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1170738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive training primarily aims to improve executive functions (EFs). It has become a popular research topic, as previous studies have provided preliminary evidence that EFs relate to sports performance. However, whether a domain-generic cognitive training intervention can improve EFs in high-performance athletes is still unclear. The present randomized controlled study aimed to examine the effects of an eight-week (5 min/day, 5 days/week) smartphone-based domain-generic cognitive training intervention (i.e., the smartphone game "Fruit Ninja") on EFs in youth soccer athletes (N = 33; intervention: n = 15, passive control: n = 18; German youth soccer academy). We assessed working memory (3-back task), inhibition (Flanker & Go/NoGo task), and cognitive flexibility (number-letter task) in a pre-post design with computerized tasks. The results showed no significant time x group differences attributable to the cognitive training between the intervention group and the control group, except for a response time variable of the Go/NoGo task. These preliminary results do not suggest an application of CT as a smartphone-based game to improve EFs performance in soccer players. However, more research is needed to establish the efficacy of domain-specific interventions in high-level team sport athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Heilmann
- Movement Science Lab, Institute for Sport Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Franziska Lautenbach
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute for Sport Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gökçe E, Gün N. The Relationship Between Exercise, Cathepsin B, and Cognitive Functions: Systematic Review. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:1366-1385. [PMID: 37202717 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231176980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been shown repeatedly to improve cognitive functions. Many investigators have reported that peripheral signal molecules play an important role in regulating exercise-induced cognitive improvement. In this review we aimed to evaluate and clarify the literature to date that has focused on the relationship between Cathepsin B, cognitive functions, and exercise. We conducted a systematic review of the following databases from their inception until 10 April 2022: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database. The search strategy was comprised of ("cathepsin b") AND (exercise OR "physical activity") AND (cognit*). We followed three different quality appraisal tools to ensure the quality of the included studies. Eight studies assessing the effects of exercise on peripheral Cathepsin B levels and cognitive outcomes were included. Half of these studies indicated that exercise increased peripheral Cathepsin B levels and improved cognitive function. Further carefully designed studies focusing on the effects of exercise on peripheral Cathepsin B levels and cognitive performance are needed to better comprehend the underlying mechanisms of these relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Gökçe
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital, Sports Rehabilitation Laboratory, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslişah Gün
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khan Z, Saif A, Chaudhry N, Parveen A. Effect of aerobic exercise training on EEG: event-related potential and neuropsychological functions in depressed elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Dement Neuropsychol 2023; 17:e20220082. [PMID: 37496524 PMCID: PMC10367970 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased depressive severity has been linked to neurocognitive impairment. Aerobic exercise (AE) is an efficient technique for improving cognitive function. However, studies indicating the importance of AE to neurophysiological and neuropsychological functions in the depressed elderly using event-related potentials (ERPs) are scarce. Objectives This study aimed to identify the potential benefits of AE on neurophysiological and neuropsychological functions. Methods A total of 30 depressed older adults (AE group: n=15; control group (CG): n=14) were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The AE group was subjected to an 8-week-period AE program (3 times/week for 30 min per session) at moderate intensity, determined using heart rate maximum (HRmax). The training intensity was set at 50% HRmax and increased by 5% in subsequent weeks. Pre- and post-training measures for neurophysiological function were tested using ERP-P300 (amplitude-μV and latency-ms) and also for neuropsychological functions using the trail making test (TMT), mini mental status examination (MMSE), and everyday cognition questionnaire (ECog). Results In the experimental group, statistically significant improvements were observed when analyzed for all 3 (group-by-time interaction effect, main effect of time, and main effect of group), in both neurophysiological functions (*p<0.001) and neuropsychological functions (*p<0.001), except for ECog scores, where the results were insignificant for the main effect of a group. Correlation analysis demonstrated no association between neurophysiological and neuropsychological functions (*p>0.05). Conclusion Findings showed that 8 weeks of AE training may be a promising approach to improve cognitive functions in depressed older adults. However, considering relatively small number of patients, the question arises for effectiveness in other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Khan
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashi Saif
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neera Chaudhry
- Vardhman Mahavir College, Safdarjung Hospital, Department of Neurology, Delhi, India
| | - Adila Parveen
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Key MN, Szabo-Reed AN. Impact of Diet and Exercise Interventions on Cognition and Brain Health in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2495. [PMID: 37299458 PMCID: PMC10255782 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to preserve cognitive function and protect brain structure from the effects of the aging process and neurodegenerative disease is the goal of non-pharmacologic, lifestyle interventions focused on brain health. This review examines, in turn, current diet and exercise intervention trends and the collective progress made toward understanding their impact on cognition and brain health. The diets covered in this review include the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and weight loss management. The exercise approaches covered in this review include endurance, resistance, combined exercise programs, yoga, tai chi, and high-intensity interval training. Although valuable evidence is building concerning how diet and exercise influence cognitive performance and brain structure, many of the open questions in the field are concerned with why we see these effects. Therefore, more strategically designed intervention studies are needed to reveal the likely multiple mechanisms of action in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickeal N. Key
- KU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA;
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Amanda N. Szabo-Reed
- KU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kujawski S, Kujawska A, Kozakiewicz M, Jakovljevic DG, Stankiewicz B, Newton JL, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Zalewski P. Effects of Sitting Callisthenic Balance and Resistance Exercise Programs on Cognitive Function in Older Participants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14925. [PMID: 36429644 PMCID: PMC9691233 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training programs have the potential to improve cognitive function in older subjects. However, the majority of training programs are based on aerobic modality. In the current study, the influence of 3 months programs of sitting callisthenic balance (SCB) and resistance training (RT) on cognitive functioning and the mediating role that a change in the level of neurotrophic factors and strength in older, healthy participants plays were examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Global cognitive function was examined using MoCA, short-term memory using Digit Span and Delayed Matching to Sample, set shifting using Trial Making Test Part B, speed of processing simple visual stimuli using Simple Reaction Time, decision making using Choice Reaction Time, visual attention with Visual Attention Test (VAT), tests. Strength of lower and upper limbs, neurotrophin level (irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), neurotrophin 4/5 (NT 4/5) were examined. RESULTS Improved scores in RT vs. SCB were noted in MoCA (p = 0.02), reaction time in SRT (p = 0.02), TMT B (p = 0.03), errors committed in CRT (p = 0.04) and VAT (p = 0.02) were observed. No significant changes in the level of neurotrophic factors were observed. Changes in upper limb strength were related to changes in the number of errors committed in the SRT (p = 0.03). Lower limb strength changes explained the dynamics of the number of correct answers (p = 0.002) and errors committed (p = 0.006) in VAT. CONCLUSIONS Both SCB and RT influenced multiple cognitive domains. The RT program improved global cognitive functioning, while no improvement was noticed in the SCB group. Decision making, visual attention and global cognitive function were improved after the RT program. Set-shifting, short-term visual memory processing speed of simple visual stimuli were improved after the SCB program, while a decrease in the processing speed of simple visual stimuli was noted in the RT group. Changes in irisin were related to set-shifting and short-term memory, while in BDNF to an improvement in the processing speed of simple visual stimuli. Resistance exercise training programs could be applied to prevent age related declines of cognitive function in healthy older subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Kujawski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kujawska
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Djordje G. Jakovljevic
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Research Centre [CSELS], Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, and University Hospitals, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Błażej Stankiewicz
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Jana Karola Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Julia L. Newton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Zalewski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Warsaw Medical University, 1b Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ballester-Ferrer JA, Roldan A, Cervelló E, Pastor D. Memory Modulation by Exercise in Young Adults Is Related to Lactate and Not Affected by Sex or BDNF Polymorphism. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101541. [PMID: 36290444 PMCID: PMC9598181 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is on the rise compared to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) due to its similar benefits for health and performance with low time requirements. Recent studies show how physical exercise can also influence cognitive function, although the optimal dose and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in our study, we have compared the effects on visuospatial and declarative memory of different exercise intensities (HIIE vs. MIE), including possible implicated factors such as lactate released after each session and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) genotype. Thirty-six undergraduate students participated in this study. The HIIE session consisted of a 3 min warm-up, four 2 min sets at 90−95% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with 2 min of passive recovery between sets, and a 3 min cooldown, and the MIE session implies the same total duration of continuous exercise at 60% of the MAS. Better improvements were found after HIIE than MIE on the backward condition of the visuospatial memory test (p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.17) and the 48 h retention of the declarative memory test (p = 0.04; d = 0.34). No differences were observed in the forward condition of the visuospatial memory test and the 7-day retention of the declarative memory test (p > 0.05). Moreover, non-modifiable parameters such as biological sex and BDNF polymorphism (Val/Val, Val/Met, or Met/Met) did not modulate the cognitive response to exercise. Curiously, the correlational analysis showed associations (p < 0.05) between changes in memory (visuospatial and declarative) and lactate release. In this sense, our results suggest an important role for intensity in improving cognitive function with exercise, regardless of genetic factors such as biological sex or BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zheng J, Su X, Xu C. Effects of exercise intervention on executive function of middle-aged and elderly people: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:960817. [PMID: 36034137 PMCID: PMC9413534 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.960817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Executive function will gradually decline with the increase of age, which will have a negative impact on the quality of life and general health. Exercise intervention can improve executive function and prevent its deterioration, but the evidence from randomized controlled trials is not consistent. Aim To assess the effect of exercise intervention on executive function of healthy middle-aged and elderly people, and briefly describe its mechanism. Methods A search was conducted using PubMed, Web of science and EBSCO. The searches were limited to English articles published from January 2010 to January 2022. The information is extracted from searched articles included or excluded based on certain criteria. Results The search returned 2,746 records, of which 11 articles were included in the systematic review, and 8 articles were supplemented according to the references included and related reviews. The results show that different types of exercise intervention have positive effects on the executive function of the middle-aged and elderly people. The intervention prescriptions in most studies are executed in medium to low frequency, medium intensity and medium duration, while only 11% of the studies were followed up. Conclusions The intervention, which was executed twice a week with 30-60 min single intervention time and over 12 weeks total duration, showed a good intervention effect. Exercise intervention is to improve executive function by affecting the activation of brain network and the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Su
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodríguez-Negro J, Pesola JA, Yanci J. Can different physical education programs produce specific developments in psychological responses and cognitive functions? An ecological intervention in school-age children. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 92:1687-1698. [PMID: 35875927 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical education (PE) class contents on 6-8 years school-age children's perceived exertion, psychological responses and cognitive functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS These dimensions were measured in 135 children (6.61 ± 0.58 years) before and after an 8-week different PE intervention programs [i.e. balance intervention program (BIP), game based program (GBP) or drama learning program (DLP)]. RESULTS With regard to the physical exertion, higher perceived exertion was found in BIP than in GBP and DLP (p < .01, ES = -0.5 to -1.0, small to moderate). Regarding cognitive functions, children of the GBP and the DLP significantly improved some of the cognitive functions test scores (p < .01 or 0.05, ES = 0.5 to 1.5, small to large). CONCLUSION These results lead us to think that physical activity could be an effective tool for improving children's cognitive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josune Rodríguez-Negro
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Johannes Arto Pesola
- Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Szabo-Reed A, Clutton J, White S, Van Sciver A, White D, Morris J, Martin L, Lepping R, Shaw A, Puchalt JP, Montgomery R, Mahnken J, Washburn R, Burns J, Vidoni ED. COMbined Exercise Trial (COMET) to improve cognition in older adults: Rationale and methods. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 118:106805. [PMID: 35636733 PMCID: PMC9354507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests physical exercise may sustain cognitive function and perhaps prevent Alzheimer's Disease (1, 2). Current public health recommendations call for older adults to do at least 150 min a week of aerobic exercise (e.g. walking) and twice a week resistance exercise (e.g. weight lifting) for physical health. Yet, much remains unknown about how these exercise modalities support brain health independently or in combination. The COMbined Exercise Trial (COMET) is designed to test the combined and independent effects of aerobic and resistance training specifically focusing on exercise-related changes in 1) cognitive performance, 2) regional brain volume, 3) physical function, and 4) blood-based factors. To explore these questions, we will enroll 280 cognitively normal older adults, age 65-80 years, into a 52-week community-based exercise program. Participants will be randomized into one of four arms: 1) flexibility/toning- control 2) 150 min of aerobic exercise only, 3) progressive resistance training only, or 4) combined aerobic and progressive resistance training. Outcomes assessed include a comprehensive cognitive battery, blood biomarkers, brain magnetic resonance imaging, physiological biomarkers, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and battery of psychosocial questionnaires is assessed at baseline, 6 and 12-months. COMET will provide rigorous randomized controlled trial data to understand the effects of the most common exercise modalities, and their combination (i.e., the standard public health recommendation), on brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Szabo-Reed
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | | | - Sydney White
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | | | - Dreu White
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Jill Morris
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Laura Martin
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kanas City, KS, USA
| | - Rebecca Lepping
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kanas City, KS, USA
| | - Ashley Shaw
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jaime Perales Puchalt
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert Montgomery
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan Mahnken
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Richard Washburn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey Burns
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Eric D Vidoni
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Meneghini V, Barbosa AR, Lourenço CLM, Borgatto AF. Effects of Exergaming and Resistance Training on Reaction time and Intraindividual Variability in Older Adults: a Randomized Clinical Trial. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-022-09491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
17
|
Sakhare A, Stradford J, Ravichandran R, Deng R, Ruiz J, Subramanian K, Suh J, Pa J. Simultaneous Exercise and Cognitive Training in Virtual Reality Phase 2 Pilot Study: Impact on Brain Health and Cognition in Older Adults. Brain Plast 2021; 7:111-130. [PMID: 34868877 PMCID: PMC8609488 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aerobic exercise and environmental enrichment have been shown to enhance brain function. Virtual reality (VR) is a promising method for combining these activities in a meaningful and ecologically valid way. Objective: The purpose of this Phase 2 pilot study was to calculate relative change and effect sizes to assess the impact of simultaneous exercise and cognitive training in VR on brain health and cognition in older adults. Methods: Twelve cognitively normal older adults (64.7±8.8 years old, 8 female) participated in a 12-week intervention, 3 sessions/week for 25–50 minutes/session at 50–80% HRmax. Participants cycled on a custom-built stationary exercise bike while wearing a VR head-mounted display and navigating novel virtual environments to train spatial memory. Brain and cognitive changes were assessed using MRI imaging and a cognitive battery. Results: Medium effect size (ES) improvements in cerebral flow and brain structure were observed. Pulsatility, a measure of peripheral vascular resistance, decreased 10.5% (ES(d) = 0.47). Total grey matter volume increased 0.73% (ES(r) = 0.38), while thickness of the superior parietal lobule, a region associated with spatial orientation, increased 0.44% (ES(r) = 0.30). Visual memory discrimination related to pattern separation showed a large improvement of 68% (ES(ηp2) = 0.43). Cognitive flexibility (Trail Making Test B) (ES(r) = 0.42) and response inhibition (ES(W) = 0.54) showed medium improvements of 14% and 34%, respectively. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of simultaneous exercise and cognitive training in VR elicits positive changes in brain volume, vascular resistance, memory, and executive function with moderate-to-large effect sizes in our pilot study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Sakhare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joy Stradford
- Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roshan Ravichandran
- Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julissa Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keshav Subramanian
- Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaymee Suh
- Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judy Pa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Effects of the Combination of High-Intensity Interval Training with 3D-Multiple Object Tracking Task on Perceptual-Cognitive Performance: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094862. [PMID: 34063304 PMCID: PMC8125741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to process goal-related visual information while ignoring goal-irrelevant information is essential for the human attention system. The study aimed to investigate how perceptual–cognitive performance was affected during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using a 3D-multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) task called Neurotracker (NT). In an experimental design, 42 healthy adults (age M = 23.3 SD = 2.94, VO2max 52.8 ± 5.66 mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned to an intervention (HIIT + NT, NT, HIIT) or control group. NT performance (20 trials per session) was measured pre-and post-test (at 5, 15, and 25 min while running on the treadmill). The participants trained twice a week for a 4-week intervention period. There was a significant interaction effect between pre/post-test and groups regarding perceptual-cognitive performance, indicating similar enhancements in the HIIT + NT and the NT group during exercise. HIIT influences physical fitness but did not show any impact on perceptual–cognitive performance. Due to the specific NT task characteristics, improved physical abilities may not directly impact sport-specific perceptual-cognitive performance. Our findings suggest that training resulted in substantial task-specific gains. Therefore, combination training may be proposed as a training program to improve perceptual–cognitive, and physical performance in a time-efficient way.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen FT, Etnier JL, Chan KH, Chiu PK, Hung TM, Chang YK. Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:1451-1467. [PMID: 32447717 PMCID: PMC7376513 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic exercise training has been shown be to positively associated with executive function (EF) in older adults. However, whether the exercise training effect on EF is affected by moderators including the specific sub-domain of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics remains unknown. Objectives This systematic and meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the effects of exercise training on EF in older adults and explored potential moderators underlying the effects of exercise training on EF. Methods In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE (Scopus) were searched from January 2003 to November 2019. All studies identified for inclusion were peer-reviewed and published in English. To be included, studies had to report findings from older (> 55 years old), cognitively normal adults or adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) randomized to an exercise training or a control group. The risk of bias in each study was appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Fixed-effects models were used to compare the effects of exercise training and control conditions on EF assessed at baseline and post-intervention. In addition, subgroup analyses were performed for three moderators (i.e., the specific sub-domain of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics). Results Thirty-three RCTs were included. Overall, exercise training was associated with a significant small improvement in EF [Q(106) = 260.09, Hedges’ g = 0.21; p < 0.01]. The EF sub-domain moderator was not significant [Q(2) = 4.33, p > 0.05], showing that the EF improvement in response to exercise is evident for measures of inhibition, updating, and shifting. Regarding exercise prescription variables, results were significantly moderated by frequency of exercise training [Q(1) = 10.86, p < 0.05], revealing that effect sizes (ESs) were larger for moderate frequency (g = 0.31) as compared to low frequency exercise (g = 0.15). The results also showed type of exercise training moderated the ESs [Q(4) = 26.18, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were largest for other forms of exercise (g = 0.44), followed by Tai Chi and yoga (g = 0.38), resistance exercise (g = 0.22), aerobic exercise (g = 0.14), and combined exercise (g = 0.10). In addition, The results showed moderated length of training the ESs [Q(2) = 16.64, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were largest for short length (g = 0.32), followed by mid length (g = 0.26) and long length (g = 0.09). No significant difference in effects was observed as a function of exercise intensity [Q(1) = 2.87 p > 0.05] and session time [Q(2) = 0.21, p > 0.05]. Regarding sample characteristics, the results were significantly moderated by age [Q(2) = 20.64, p < 0.05], with significant benefits for young-old (55–65 years old) (g = 0.30) and mid-old (66–75 years old) (g = 0.25), but no effect on EF for old-old (more than 75 years old). The results were also significantly moderated by physical fitness levels [Q(1) = 10.80, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were larger for sedentary participants (g = 0.33) as compared to physically fit participants (g = 0.16). In addition, results were also significantly moderated by cognitive status [Q(1) = 11.44, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were larger for participants with cognitively normal (g = 0.26) as compared to those with mild cognitive impairment (g = 0.08). No significant differences in effects were observed as a function of sex [Q(2) = 5.38, p > 0.05]. Conclusions Exercise training showed a small beneficial effect on EF in older adults and the magnitude of the effect was different across some moderators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jennifer L Etnier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Kun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Ming Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. .,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hernández D, Heinilä E, Muotka J, Ruotsalainen I, Lapinkero HM, Syväoja H, Tammelin TH, Parviainen T. Physical activity and aerobic fitness show different associations with brain processes underlying anticipatory selective visuospatial attention in adolescents. Brain Res 2021; 1761:147392. [PMID: 33639201 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge about the underlying brain processes of exercise-related benefits on executive functions and the specific contributions of physical activity and aerobic fitness during adolescence is inconclusive. We explored whether and how physical activity and aerobic fitness are associated with the oscillatory dynamics underlying anticipatory spatial attention. We studied whether the link between physical exercise level and cognitive control in adolescents is mediated by task-related oscillatory activity. Magnetoencephalographic alpha oscillations during a modified Posner's cueing paradigm were measured in 59 adolescents (37 females and 22 males, 12-17 years). Accelerometer-measured physical activity and aerobic fitness (20-m shuttle run test) were used to divide the sample into higher- and lower-performing groups. The interhemispheric alpha asymmetry during selective attention was larger in the high than in the low physical activity group, but there was no difference between the high and low aerobic fitness groups. Exploratory mediation analysis suggested that anticipatory interhemispheric asymmetry mediates the association between physical activity status and drift rate in the selective attention task. Higher physical activity was related to increased cue-induced asymmetry, which in turn was associated with less efficient processing of information. Behaviorally, more physically active males showed stronger dependence on the cue, while more fit females showed more efficient processing of information. Our findings suggest that physical activity may be associated with a neural marker of anticipatory attention in adolescents. These findings might help to explain the varying results regarding the association of physical activity and aerobic fitness with attention and inhibition in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Hernández
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Erkka Heinilä
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joona Muotka
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilona Ruotsalainen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hanna-Maija Lapinkero
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heidi Syväoja
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiina Parviainen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rossi PG, Carnavale BF, Farche ACS, Ansai JH, de Andrade LP, Takahashi ACDM. Effects of physical exercise on the cognition of older adults with frailty syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 93:104322. [PMID: 33360014 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the effects of physical exercise on the cognition of community-dwelling older adults with frailty syndrome, through randomized clinical trials. DATA SOURCES Articles published until March 2020 were searched in the databases Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane, IEEE, EMBASE, and SciELO. Search terms included frailty, aged, exercise, rehabilitation, and cognition. For the Portuguese language, equivalent terms were used. STUDY SELECTION Only randomized clinical trials that used physical exercise as an intervention method in community-dwelling older adults (≥ 60y.) with frailty syndrome, and which performed cognitive assessments before and after the intervention were included. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors performed data extraction using predefined data fields. The risk of bias of the six included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. DATA SYNTHESIS In total, 4501 studies were found. After the selection process, 6 studies were included in the systematic review and 4 studies in the meta-analysis, all with a low risk of bias. The studies included 655 community-dwelling older adults with frailty syndrome. The types of intervention varied, with multicomponent physical exercise being the most frequent. The cognitive assessments were diverse, and the Mini-mental State Examination, Trail Making Test forms A and B, and Digit Span test were the most frequently applied. A meta-analysis was performed with Global Cognition and Trail Making Test forms A and B. The data from the meta-analysis showed that physical exercise improves Global Cognition (Mean Difference = 2.26; 95% CI, 0.42 - 4.09; P = 0.02) and mental flexibility (Trail Making Test B) (Mean Difference = -30.45; 95% CI; - 47.72 - -13.19; P = 0.0005). CONCLUSION Interventions with physical exercise promote benefits in global cognition and mental flexibility of older adults with frailty syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Giusti Rossi
- Research Laboratory of Older Adults Health (LaPeSI), Department of Physical Therapy (DFisio), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Ferdin Carnavale
- Research Laboratory of Older Adults Health (LaPeSI), Department of Physical Therapy (DFisio), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Silva Farche
- Research Laboratory of Older Adults Health (LaPeSI), Department of Physical Therapy (DFisio), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Hotta Ansai
- Department of Gerontology (DGero), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Movement Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Pires de Andrade
- Research Laboratory of Older Adults Health (LaPeSI), Department of Physical Therapy (DFisio), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anielle Cristhine de Medeiros Takahashi
- Research Laboratory of Older Adults Health (LaPeSI), Department of Physical Therapy (DFisio), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
High-intensity exercise programs in people with dementia — a systematic review and meta-analysis. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-020-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDementia is a syndrome characterized by a progressive deterioration of cognitive and physical functions. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of high-intensity exercise training (HIT) programs on cognitive and mental health, physical performance, activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QoL) in people with dementia. A systematic literature search for randomized controlled trials was performed until July 2019. We calculated mean difference (MD) or standardized MD (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (CI), and assessed heterogeneity using I2 statistic. Nine studies from three large-scale research projects which were based on the high-intensity functional exercise (HIFE) program incorporating strength, balance and mobility exercises of the lower limbs, including 456 participants (85.5 ± 7.0 years), were considered. There was an overall good study quality (mean PEDro score = 7.6 ± 0.7). Compared to seated control activities, strength and balance HIT resulted in statistically significant but small positive effects on balance performance (MD = 2.31, 95% CI = 0.44–4.17, p = 0.02; I2 = 73%) and on the abilities to independently perform ADLs (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.12–0.44, p = 0.0006; I2 = 0%). No differences were found in cognitive function, depressive symptoms and QoL. The qualitative analyses yielded sporadic beneficial results (mobility, psychological well-being and apathetic behaviour) in favour of HIT. There is only limited evidence for an intensity-related dose–response relationship. Further well-designed studies are needed to identify the best exercise type for different types and stages of dementia.
Collapse
|
23
|
Xiong J, Ye M, Wang L, Zheng G. Effects of physical exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: Physical exercise for executive function. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 114:103810. [PMID: 33248291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of physical exercise interventions on executive function in cognitively healthy adults aged 60 years and older. METHODS Four electronic databases, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, were comprehensively searched from their inception to November 25, 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of physical exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults were included. RESULTS Twenty-five eligible trials with fair methodological quality were identified. Compared to a no-exercise intervention, physical exercise had positive effect on working memory (Hedge's g=0.127, p<0.01, I2= 0%), cognitive flexibility (Hedge's g=0.511; p=0.007, I2=89.08%), and inhibitory control (Hedge's g=0.136; p=0.001, I2=0%) in cognitively healthy older adults. The moderator analysis indicated that more than 13 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly improved working memory and cognitive flexibility, and intervention lasting more than 26 weeks significantly improved inhibition; mind-body exercise significantly improved working memory. No significant effect on planning or semantic verbal fluency (SVF) was found. CONCLUSION Regular physical exercise training, especially aerobic exercise and mind-body exercise, had positive benefit for improving working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control of executive function in cognively healthy older adults. Further well-designed RCTs should focus on the impact of specific exercise forms with a standardized exercise scheme on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- College of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; No.1 People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, JiangSu, China
| | - Mingzhu Ye
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lecong Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Duan H, Li P, Wang Z, Chen H, Wang T, Wu W, Liu X. Effect of 12-week pulmonary rehabilitation on cognitive function in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study protocol for a single-center randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037307. [PMID: 33067278 PMCID: PMC7569932 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive impairment, an important complication in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), seriously affects self-management of the disease and quality of life (QoL). As an exercise-based intervention programme, pulmonary rehabilitation (PR)-especially aerobic exercise (mainly mind-body exercise) and resistance exercise (RE)-has been proposed for its potential effectiveness in improving cognitive function. However, there is still a lack of strong evidence for PR's effectiveness. In this study, we expect to clarify the effects of pulmonary-based Qigong exercise and elastic band-based RE on cognitive function in patients with COPD and to fill in the relevant evidence blanks. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is a single-centre randomised controlled trial with assessor and data analyst blinding. We will recruit 108 participants with stable COPD starting on 23 December 2019, and randomly allocate them into the pulmonary-based Qigong exercise group, elastic band-based RE group, pulmonary-based Qigong exercise and elastic band-based RE combined group, or control group at a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Participants in intervention groups will perform 30 min of exercise two times per day, 5 days a week, for 12 weeks. The primary outcome will be the global cognitive function as assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and auditory event-related potential P300. Secondary outcomes will include the specific cognitive domains-attention, memory, executive function, verbal fluency and mental-processing speed; psychological functions and QoL. Exploratory outcomes will include grey matter volume and levels of inflammatory mediators. Outcomes will be measured before and after the interventions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been granted by the Ethics Committee of Yue-Yang Integrative Medicine Hospital, an affiliate of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Grant No. 2019-141). Written informed consent will be obtained from each participant before any procedures are performed. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1900026869; pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Duan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibing Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Whitty E, Mansour H, Aguirre E, Palomo M, Charlesworth G, Ramjee S, Poppe M, Brodaty H, Kales HC, Morgan-Trimmer S, Nyman SR, Lang I, Walters K, Petersen I, Wenborn J, Minihane AM, Ritchie K, Huntley J, Walker Z, Cooper C. Efficacy of lifestyle and psychosocial interventions in reducing cognitive decline in older people: Systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101113. [PMID: 32534025 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear what non-pharmacological interventions to prevent cognitive decline should comprise. We systematically reviewed lifestyle and psychosocial interventions that aimed to reduce cognitive decline in healthy people aged 50+, and people of any age with Subjective Cognitive Decline or Mild Cognitive Impairment. We narratively synthesised evidence, prioritising results from studies rated as at lower Risk of Bias (ROB) and assigning Centre for Evidence Based Medicine grades. We included 64 papers, describing: psychosocial (n = 12), multi-domain (n = 10), exercise (n = 36), and dietary (n = 6) interventions. We found Grade A evidence that over 4+ months: aerobic exercise twice weekly had a moderate effect on global cognition in people with/ without MCI; and interventions that integrate cognitive and motor challenges (e.g. dance, dumb bell training) had small to moderate effects on memory or global cognition in people with MCI. We found Grade B evidence that 4+ months of creative art or story-telling groups in people with MCI; 6 months of resistance training in people with MCI and a two-year, dietary, exercise, cognitive training and social intervention in people with or without MCI had small, positive effects on global cognition. Effects for some intervention remained up to a year beyond facilitated sessions.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gylling AT, Eriksen CS, Garde E, Wimmelmann CL, Reislev NL, Bieler T, Ziegler AK, Andersen KW, Bauer C, Dideriksen K, Baekgaard M, Mertz KH, Bayer ML, Bloch-Ibenfeldt M, Boraxbekk CJ, Siebner HR, Mortensen EL, Kjaer M. The influence of prolonged strength training upon muscle and fat in healthy and chronically diseased older adults. Exp Gerontol 2020; 136:110939. [PMID: 32277977 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical muscle function and brain hippocampus size declines with age, accelerating after the age of 60. Strength training over a few months improves physical function, but less is known about how long-term strength training affects physical function and hippocampus volume. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of 1-year strength training of two different intensities upon muscle mass, function, and hippocampus volume in retirement-age individuals. METHODS In this multidisciplinary randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02123641), participants were allocated to either a) supervised, heavy resistance training (HRT, n = 149, 3/wk), b) moderate intensity resistance training (MIT, n = 154, 3/wk) or c) non-exercise activities (CON, n = 148). 451 participants were randomized (62-70 yrs., women 61%, ≈80% with a chronic medical disease) and 419 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (n = 143, 144 and 132; HRT, MIT and CON). Changes in muscle power (primary outcome), strength and size, physical function, body composition, hippocampus volume and physical/mental well-being were analyzed. FINDINGS Of the participants (HRT + MIT), 83% completed training at least 2/week. Leg extensor power was unchanged in all groups, but strength training had a positive effect on isometric knee extensor strength in both groups, whereas an increased muscle mass, cross-sectional area of vastus lateralis muscle, a decreased whole-body fat percentage, visceral fat content and an improved mental health (SF-36) occurred in HRT only. Further, chair-stand performance improved in all groups, whereas hippocampus volume decreased in all groups over time with no influence of strength training. INTERPRETATION Together, the results indicate that leg extensor power did not respond to long-term supervised strength training, but this type of training in a mixed group of healthy and chronically diseased elderly individuals can be implemented with good compliance and induces consistent changes in physiological parameters of muscle strength, muscle mass and abdominal fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Theil Gylling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark.
| | - Christian Skou Eriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Ellen Garde
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Lawaetz Wimmelmann
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Nina Linde Reislev
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Theresa Bieler
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark; Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kraag Ziegler
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Kasper Winther Andersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Christian Bauer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kasper Dideriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Maria Baekgaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Hudlebusch Mertz
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Monika Lucia Bayer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Mads Bloch-Ibenfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M81 and Centre for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating moderators of long-term effects of exercise on cognition in healthy individuals. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:603-612. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
28
|
Langoni CDS, Resende TDL, Barcellos AB, Cecchele B, Knob MS, Silva TDN, da Rosa JN, Diogo TDS, Filho IGDS, Schwanke CHA. Effect of Exercise on Cognition, Conditioning, Muscle Endurance, and Balance in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2020; 42:E15-E22. [PMID: 29738405 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be a precursor to dementia; however, its progression may be prevented or slowed with exercise. This study aimed at determining the effects of group aerobic and strength training on cognition, conditioning, muscle endurance, and balance in underprivileged community-dwelling older adults with MCI. METHODS This was a single-blind, randomized, and matched-pair controlled (gender, age, body mass index, and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised for MCI diagnosis) clinical trial. It was developed in 4 community centers. Fifty-two sedentary, functionally independent individuals, aged 60 years or more, with MCI were randomized into intervention group (n = 26) and control group (n = 26). Participants were tested before and after a 24-week exercise program. Sociodemographic characteristics, cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination), conditioning (2-minute stationary walk test), lower-limb endurance (30-second sit/stand test), and balance data (Functional Reach test) were collected. The intervention group walked and exercised twice weekly (60 minutes each) using ankle weights, latex resistance bands, and dumbbells. The exercise load and intensity were regularly increased on the basis of a preestablished incremental number of sets and repetitions and on the basis of the participants' correct movement execution with a given load. Data were analyzed with Pearson χ test, Fisher exact test, Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance, and the Cohen d. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Before the intervention, no significant differences were found between groups for any of the variables. Postintervention, significant differences were observed in cognition, conditioning, muscle endurance, and balance. Significant time-by-group interactions were detected in all the intergroup analyses. The improvements observed in the intervention group had medium to large effect sizes (0.35-1.15). The control group's decrease in cognition (13.9%) had a large effect size, while its Functional Reach test decrease (11.4%) had a medium effect size, with no significant change in conditioning or muscle endurance. CONCLUSION The training program improved cognitive function, muscle endurance, aerobic conditioning, and balance in older adults with MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thais de Lima Resende
- School of Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Betina Cecchele
- School of Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mateus Soares Knob
- School of Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Nunes da Rosa
- School of Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tamiris de Souza Diogo
- School of Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Imperlini E, Mancini A, Orrù S, Vitucci D, Di Onofrio V, Gallè F, Valerio G, Salvatore G, Liguori G, Buono P, Alfieri A. Long-Term Recreational Football Training and Health in Aging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062087. [PMID: 32245237 PMCID: PMC7143141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review aims to critically analyze the effects of exercise on health in aging. Here we discuss the main clinical and biomolecular modifications induced by long-term recreational football training in older subjects. In particular, the effects induced by long-term recreational football training on cardiovascular, metabolic and musculo-skeletal fitness, together with the modifications in the muscle expression of hallmarks related to oxidative metabolism, DNA repair and senescence suppression pathways and protein quality control mechanisms will be provided. All these topics will be debated also in terms of preventing non-communicable metabolic diseases, in order to achieve successful aging over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Vitucci
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Di Onofrio
- Department of Science and Technology, Università Parthenope, 80143 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesca Gallè
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuliana Valerio
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuliana Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN, 80143 Naples, Italy; (E.I.); (G.S.)
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Salas-Gomez D, Fernandez-Gorgojo M, Pozueta A, Diaz-Ceballos I, Lamarain M, Perez C, Kazimierczak M, Sanchez-Juan P. Physical Activity Is Associated With Better Executive Function in University Students. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:11. [PMID: 32132908 PMCID: PMC7040528 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the study of the benefits that physical exercise has on brain health has acquired special relevance. In order to implement exercise as an intervention to protect the brain, it is important to have a more clear idea of its effect in the young population. However, few studies have been carried out on these ages. Objective: The main objective of our study was to evaluate the association between physical activity (PA) with memory and executive function, in university students, analyzing the modulatory effect of sex. Methodology: We collected socio-demographic and life habit information, as well as data on the PA that was carried out during the previous week using the international PAquestionnaire short version (IPAQ-SF) questionnaire in 206 university students (mean age 19.55 ± 2.39; 67.5% women). Memory and executive function were assessed using a comprehensive battery of validate cognitive tests. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to correlate PA with cognitive tests scores and to evaluate the potential synergistic role of sex. Results: The main finding was that the total amount of PA correlated positively with several tests that evaluated aspects of executive function, specifically Stroop Colors (Pearson's r = 0.17; p = 0.01) and the Stroop Test Color-Word (Pearson's r = 0.15. p = 0.03). These results were adjusted by a large number of possible confounders and modifying variables in a multivariate analysis, like age, sex, academic record, day of the week, and time at which the test was performed. Additionally, we found out that sex had a synergistic effect with PA on the executive test Trail making test-A (TMTA), and in women, this association was stronger than in men. The more PA women reported, the better they performed, that is to say that they took less time to finalize the TMT-A (interaction term between PA and sex: b = -0.0009; p = 0.014). Conclusion: Our study adds evidence of the benefit of PA in cognition in the young population, specifically in the executive inhibitory control, and more significantly in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Salas-Gomez
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (SUIGC), University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Mario Fernandez-Gorgojo
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (SUIGC), University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Ana Pozueta
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”, University of Cantabria (UC), CIBERNED, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz-Ceballos
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Maider Lamarain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Carmen Perez
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (SUIGC), University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Martha Kazimierczak
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”, University of Cantabria (UC), CIBERNED, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanchez-Juan
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (SUIGC), University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- University Schools Gimbernat-Cantabria, Attached to the University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”, University of Cantabria (UC), CIBERNED, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sebri V, Savioni L, Triberti S, Mazzocco K, Pravettoni G. How to Train Your Health: Sports as a Resource to Improve Cognitive Abilities in Cancer Patients. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2096. [PMID: 31572274 PMCID: PMC6753215 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
From a cognitive-psychological perspective, physical exercise (PE) and sports are an interesting tool for improving people's cognitive abilities. One field of application for such a tool is decision making (DM) support in chronic patients, cancer patients, and survivors in particular. On the one hand, cancer patients and survivors have to continually take important decisions about their own care (e.g., treatment choice; changes in lifestyle), in collaboration with caregivers and health providers; on the other hand, side effects of treatment may be detrimental to cognitive abilities, such as attention, which make the health DM tasks even more demanding, complex, and emotionally disruptive for patients. Since cancer patients have to engage in healthy activities both for improving their own quality of life and for sustaining the effects of medications, clinical advice to engage in sport and PE is becoming more and more widespread within interventions. However, while sports are usually seen as healthy physical activities, their impact on cognitive abilities is mostly overlooked in the literature. The hypothesis of the present work is that sports could be fully exploited in their potential as focused exercises for cognitive ability training, in the field of cognitive training for chronic patients specifically. Indeed, literature shows that different sports (e.g., individual or team-based) influence and possibly augment cognitive abilities such as focused and divided attention, working memory, and DM under time constraints. Moreover, besides providing training for cognitive abilities, the experience of sports may represent an opportunity to explore, train and sharpen DM abilities directly: we identify five ways in which sport experiences may influence DM processes, and provide indications for future research on the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sebri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Savioni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Triberti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ketti Mazzocco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xia R, Qiu P, Lin H, Ye B, Wan M, Li M, Tao J, Chen L, Zheng G. The Effect of Traditional Chinese Mind-Body Exercise (Baduanjin) and Brisk Walking on the Dorsal Attention Network in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2075. [PMID: 31551895 PMCID: PMC6748214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that mind-body exercise is beneficial to cognitive function, especially memory, in elderly MCI patients. However, few studies have explored the effect of mind-body exercise on the attention of MCI population. We recruited 69 participants and divided them equally into Baduanjin, brisk walking (BWK) exercise or usual physical activity (UAP) control groups. The two exercise groups performed 60 min of exercise three times per week for 24 weeks. All subjects underwent whole-brain functional MRI and assessment of attentional abilities, including selective, divided, and sustained attention, and processing speed at baseline and after 24 weeks. The results show that: Baduanjin exercise significantly increased the selective attention of MCI patients, and Dorsal attention network (DAN) of Baduanjin exercise group exhibited functional connectivity decreased in right rolandic operculum (ROL. R), right middle temporal gyrus (MTG. R), right supramarginal inferior parietal, angular gyri (IPL. R), right precuneus (PCUN. R), and right fusiform gyrus (FFG. R) regions compared with the other two groups. The BWK exercise group had obviously functional connectivity increased in IPL. R and decreased in the MTG. R region compared to that in the UAP group. But no significant association between the changes of functional connectivity of DAN and the change of attentional ability test was observed. Thus, our data indicated Baduanjin exercise may be a potential beneficial intervention to improve the attention of the elderly with MCI. Further study with more samples is necessary to elucidate its imaging mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xia
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pingting Qiu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiying Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bingzhao Ye
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Wan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Moyi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Crespillo-Jurado M, Delgado-Giralt J, Reigal RE, Rosado A, Wallace-Ruiz A, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Morales-Sánchez V, Morillo-Baro JP, Hernández-Mendo A. Body Composition and Cognitive Functioning in a Sample of Active Elders. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1569. [PMID: 31379650 PMCID: PMC6657457 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to analyze the relationship between body composition and cognitive functioning in an elderly people’s sample. A total of 106 older adults between the ages of 60 and 79 were involved in physical activity (M = 67.57; SD = 4.96). About 31.10% were men (n = 33) and 68.90% were women (n = 73). The instruments used to assess cognitive capacity were the Trail Making Test (forms A and B), the Stroop Test, and the Attention Test d2. The body composition of the participants was evaluated by electrical bioimpedance. Correlation analysis, linear regression (successive steps), and cluster analysis were carried out to analyze the relationships between the different measures. The results showed significant relationships between the analyzed variables. In addition, muscle mass predicted the cognitive functioning values. These results suggest that healthy lifestyles, including physical activity, are essential for well-being and quality of life in older people. In addition, it appears from the results found that it would be necessary for these lifestyles to contribute to preserving their level of physical condition, because of the possible impact it would have on their health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonio Rosado
- Faculty of Human Motricity, University of Lisbon, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Agustín Wallace-Ruiz
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Morales-Sánchez
- Departamento Psicología Social, Trabajo Social, Antropología Social y Estudios de Asia Oriental, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Departamento Psicología Social, Trabajo Social, Antropología Social y Estudios de Asia Oriental, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Iuliano E, di Cagno A, Cristofano A, Angiolillo A, D'Aversa R, Ciccotelli S, Corbi G, Fiorilli G, Calcagno G, Di Costanzo A. Physical exercise for prevention of dementia (EPD) study: background, design and methods. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:659. [PMID: 31142290 PMCID: PMC6542067 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several observational studies have shown that exercise reduces the risk of cognitive decline; however, evidences from long-term, well-conducted, randomized controlled trials are scanty. The principal aim of this study is to verify whether a long-term program of multimodal supervised exercise improves the cognitive function and/or reduces the rate of cognitive decline in older adults at different degrees of risk for dementia. Methods/design EPD is a parallel group, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Community-dwelling volunteers aged 50 years or more are being recruited from different community centers and screened for eligibility. Enrolled subjects are being divided in 3 groups: a) without subjective or objective cognitive impairment, b) with subjective memory complaints, and c) with mild cognitive impairments. Participants in each group (at least 180) are being randomly assigned (1:1) to an experimental group, performing a supervised training including aerobic and resistance exercises of moderate/high intensity, or to a control group. Primary outcome will be 48-months changes in Mini Mental State Examinations. Secondary outcomes will be changes in several cognitive tests including a composite cognitive score. Time points will be at baseline, and at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months. Statistical analysis will be done as intention to treat, complete case and mixed model analysis. Discussion EPD is the first trial to examine the effects of a long exercise program (48 months) on cognitive performances. If successful, this trial may provide evidence for using long-term and multimodal exercise interventions for dementia prevention programs in the aging population. Trial registration The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the code NCT02236416.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Iuliano
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus university, Via Isimbardi 10, 22060, Novedrate, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Cristofano
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonella Angiolillo
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Rita D'Aversa
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Santina Ciccotelli
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Di Costanzo
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hedayati M, Sum S, Hosseini SR, Faramarzi M, Pourhadi S. Investigating the effect of physical games on the memory and attention of the elderly in adult day-care centers in Babol and Amol. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:859-869. [PMID: 31190772 PMCID: PMC6522653 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s196148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical activity is a behavioral strategy that increases general (public) health, including the mental performance of individuals. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of group physical games on cognitive performance (memory, attention) of old people in adult day-care centers. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 50 elderly people (aged >60 years) were selected from two adult day-care centers using available sampling and divided into two groups: control and intervention. As approval was received from the Babol Hamrah Salamat adult day-care center to modify the design of the center’s yard, this center was selected to conduct an intervention program. The intervention group received a physical activity program twice a week for 6 weeks. Questionnaires that were used for collecting data included demographic questions, a standard questionnaire for daily activities of living, and a short-term test, the Abbreviated Mental Test Score. Cognitive function was assessed with the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) (Form A), before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis of normal variables was performed using independent and paired t-tests and in non-standard cases with Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon non-parametric tests at a significance level of P<0.05, using SPSS software (version 22). Results: Statistical analysis showed that the scores of the subjects in the intervention group, compared to the control group, had significantly improved. The calculated mean differences in the intervention groupwere, for memory function d=8.4±3.3 (P=0.001), and for attention and concentration d=4.18±2.38 (P<0.001) (WMS). This level of change in the intervention group was significant. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that a physical exercise program can improve the memory and attention/concentration of the elderly. Therefore, it seems that such activities are a useful method for maintaining cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hedayati
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Social Medicines, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Shima Sum
- Department of Social Medicines, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Faramarzi
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Pourhadi
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Diaz Abrahan V, Shifres F, Justel N. Cognitive Benefits From a Musical Activity in Older Adults. Front Psychol 2019; 10:652. [PMID: 30984074 PMCID: PMC6447697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging population is growing rapidly. Proposing interventions that enhance the cognitive functions or strategies that delay the onset of disabilities associated with age is a topic of capital interest for the biopsychosocial health of our species. In this work, we employed musical improvisation as a focal environmental activity to explore its ability to improve memory in older adults. We present two studies: the first one evaluated neutral memory using the Rey Complex Figure (RCF) and the second one evaluated emotional memory using International Affective Picture System (IAPS). A group of 132 volunteers, between the ages of 60 and 90, participated in this investigation. Fifty-one of them were musicians with more than 5 years of formal musical training. After acquisition of neutral (Study 1) or emotional (Study 2) information, the groups of older adults were exposed to music improvisation (experimental intervention) or music imitation (control intervention) for 3 min. We then evaluated memory through two tasks (free recall and recognition), by means of immediate and deferred measures (after a week). We found a significant improvement in memory among participants involved in music improvisation, who remembered more items of the RCF and images from IAPS than the imitation group, both in the immediate and deferred evaluation. On the other hand, participants who had musical knowledge had a better performance in neutral visual memory than non-musicians. Our results suggest that a focal musical activity can be a useful intervention in older adults to promote an enhancement in memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Diaz Abrahan
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia Cognitiva (LINC), Centro de Estudios Multidisciplinarios en Sistemas Complejos y Ciencias del Cerebro (CEMSC3), Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología (ECyT), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Favio Shifres
- Departamento de Música, Facultad de Bellas Artes (FBA), Laboratorio para el Estudio de la Experiencia Musical (LEEM), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nadia Justel
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia Cognitiva (LINC), Centro de Estudios Multidisciplinarios en Sistemas Complejos y Ciencias del Cerebro (CEMSC3), Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología (ECyT), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bento-Torres NVO, Bento-Torres J, Tomás AM, Souza LGTD, Freitas JOD, Pantoja JADS, Picanço-Diniz CW. WATER-BASED EXERCISE AND RESISTANCE TRAINING IMPROVE COGNITION IN OLDER ADULTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192501190627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise has been associated with maintenance of physical abilities and the reduction of age-related cognitive decline, and is considered both a low-cost primary prevention strategy and a non-pharmacological treatment of cognitive dysfunction in older people. However, the contribution of each type of physical exercise to the cognitive health of the elderly population has not yet been fully investigated. Objective: This study investigated the possible influences of water-based and resistance training exercises on the cognitive performance of healthy older adults in automated tests, and investigated which test(s) would be the most effective indicator of differences in aging cognitive performance. Methods: Three groups of community-dwelling healthy older adults: water-based exercise group, resistance training group and sedentary group, were assessed using an automated set of neuropsychological tests (CANTAB) and tests to assess functional exercise capacity. Results were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson linear correlation. Results: The water-based exercise group had the best functional exercise capacity scores and the best performance in the reaction time evaluation (response and movement latencies). The resistance training group had less movement latency than the sedentary group. Functional mobility was positively correlated with response and movement latency. Conclusions: Taken together our findings show that physical exercise contributes to the preservation of cognitive function in healthy older adults and that water-based exercise has better results than resistance training in terms of reaction time. Moreover, the changes related to reaction time function were detected before the changes in working memory functions, sustained attention and learning in the sedentary participants, suggesting that this variable could be an early sensitive indicator of subtle cognitive changes associated with aging. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sanders LMJ, Hortobágyi T, la Bastide-van Gemert S, van der Zee EA, van Heuvelen MJG. Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210036. [PMID: 30629631 PMCID: PMC6328108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairments. We included single-modality randomized controlled aerobic, anaerobic, multicomponent or psychomotor exercise trials that quantified training frequency, session and program duration and specified intensity quantitatively or qualitatively. We defined total exercise duration in minutes as the product of program duration, session duration, and frequency. For each study, we grouped test-specific Hedges' d (n = 163) and Cohen's d (n = 23) effect sizes in the domains Global cognition, Executive function and Memory. We used multilevel mixed-effects models to investigate dose-related predictors of exercise effects. In healthy older adults (n = 23 studies), there was a small positive effect of exercise on executive function (d = 0.27) and memory (d = 0.24), but dose-parameters did not predict the magnitude of effect sizes. In older adults with cognitive impairments (n = 13 studies), exercise had a moderate positive effect on global cognition (d = 0.37). For older adults with cognitive impairments, we found evidence for exercise programs with a short session duration and high frequency to predict higher effect sizes (d = 0.43-0.50). In healthy older adults, dose-parameters did not predict the magnitude of exercise effects on cognition. For older adults with cognitive impairments, exercise programs with shorter session duration and higher frequency may generate the best cognitive results. Studies are needed in which different exercise doses are directly compared among randomized subjects or conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianne M. J. Sanders
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha la Bastide-van Gemert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddy A. van der Zee
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J. G. van Heuvelen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Landrigan JF, Bell T, Crowe M, Clay OJ, Mirman D. Lifting cognition: a meta-analysis of effects of resistance exercise on cognition. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1167-1183. [PMID: 30627769 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits of resistance exercises are well established; however, the effects of resistance training on cognition are not as well understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the evidence of resistance exercise's effects on cognition. A systematic search identified 24 studies that were included in the analyses. These articles ranged in the protocols utilized and in how they studied the effects of resistance training on cognition. Four primary analyses were carried out to assess the effects of resistance exercise on cognitive outcomes: (1) composite cognitive scores, (2) screening measures of cognitive impairment, (3) measures of executive functions, and (4) measures of working memory. Results revealed positive effects of resistance training on composite cognitive scores (SMD 0.71, 95% CI 0.30-1.12), screening measures of cognitive impairment (SMD 1.28, 95% CI 0.39-2.18), and executive functions (SMD 0.39, 95% CI 0.04-0.74), but no effect on measures of working memory (SMD 0.151, 95% CI - 0.21 to 0.51). High heterogeneity was observed in all analyses. Resistance training appears to have positive effects on cognition; however, future research will need to determine why the effects are so variable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Frederick Landrigan
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Stratton Hall Rm. 308, 3201 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Tyler Bell
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Olivio J Clay
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Daniel Mirman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bouaziz W, Schmitt E, Vogel T, Lefebvre F, Leprêtre PM, Kaltenbach G, Geny B, Lang PO. Effects of a short-term Interval Aerobic Training Programme with active Recovery bouts (IATP-R) on cognitive and mental health, functional performance and quality of life: A randomised controlled trial in sedentary seniors. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13219. [PMID: 29963733 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval aerobic training programme with active recovery bouts (IATP-R) has shown to improve tolerance to IATP among seniors. However, data concerning its benefits for seniors' health are still limited. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of IATP-R on seniors' health status. METHODS Sedentary volunteers (n = 60, aged ≥70 years) were randomly assigned to either IATP-R or maintained sedentary lifestyle for 9.5 weeks. IATP-R consisted of 30-minute cycling (6 × 4 minutes at first ventilatory threshold (VT1 ) intensity + 1 minute at 40% of VT1 ) twice a week. Cognitive and functional performances were assessed with the Trail Making Test (TMT-A; TMT-B); Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT); Timed Up and Go (TUG) test; 6-Minute Walk Test (6-MWT); one-leg balance test; and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) tests, respectively. QoL and anxiety/depression status were measured by the Short Form-12 and the Goldberg's Scale, respectively. All participants were assessed at baseline and 9.5 weeks later. RESULTS Compared to controls, IATP-R improved cognitive functions (TMT-A: +1.5% vs -21.5%; TMT-B: +0.9% vs -13.3%; PASAT: +1.4% vs -14.6%; semantic fluency: -1.1% vs +11.7%), functional performance (TUG: +5.4% vs -16.5%; 6-MWT: -3.2% vs +11.5%; SPPB: -3.2% vs +14.6%; One-leg balance: -16.3% vs +25.0%); QoL (physical health: -13.3% vs +23.1%; mental health: -7.1% vs +8.2%); and depressive symptoms (+26.3% vs -42.8%). Significant impacts were measured neither on letter modality of fluency tasks nor on anxiety score. CONCLUSION These data showed that IATP-R is an effective training programme to improve functional and cognitive performances, mental health and well-being in sedentary seniors. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02263573. Registered October 1, 2014.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Bouaziz
- Geriatric Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory Mitochondria, Oxidative stress and muscle resistance (MSP, EA-3072), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Research Unit of the University of Rouen (CETAPS, EA-3832), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Elise Schmitt
- Geriatric Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory Mitochondria, Oxidative stress and muscle resistance (MSP, EA-3072), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Vogel
- Geriatric Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory Mitochondria, Oxidative stress and muscle resistance (MSP, EA-3072), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Lefebvre
- Department of Medical Information, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Leprêtre
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation (APERE, EA-3300), UFR-STAPS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Unit of cardiovascular rehabilitation, Hospital center of Corbie, Corbie, France
| | - Georges Kaltenbach
- Geriatric Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- Research Laboratory Mitochondria, Oxidative stress and muscle resistance (MSP, EA-3072), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Functional Explorations Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Lang
- Health and Wellbeing Academy, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Geriatric and Rehabilitation Geriatric Division, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li Z, Peng X, Xiang W, Han J, Li K. The effect of resistance training on cognitive function in the older adults: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:1259-1273. [PMID: 30006762 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-0998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is often accompanied by decline in aspects of cognitive function. Cognitive decline has harmful effects on living independence and general health. Resistance training is seen as a promising intervention to prevent or delay cognitive deterioration, yet the evidence from reviews is less consistent. AIM To assess the effect of resistance training on cognition in the elderly with and without mild cognitive impairment and to provide an up-to-date overview. METHODS A search was conducted using PUBMED, Web of science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Wan Fang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The searches were limited to articles published in English or Chinese from January 2010 to September 2017. RESULTS The search returned 2634 records, of which 12 articles were included in the systematic review. Main results showed that resistance training had positive effects on the executive function and global cognitive function of the elderly, and short-term interventions had little positive effect on memory and attention. Secondary results demonstrated that there was a significant benefit of triweekly resistance training in global cognitive function and biweekly in executive function of the elderly. CONCLUSIONS Resistance training had positive effects on the executive cognitive ability and global cognitive function among the elderly; however, it had a weak-positive impact on memory. No significant improvement was found in attention. Triweekly resistance training has a better effect on general cognitive ability than biweekly. Further studies are needed focusing on the development and application of resistance training among the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiaqi Han
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Kun Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zotcheva E, Bergh S, Selbæk G, Krokstad S, Håberg AK, Strand BH, Ernstsen L. Midlife Physical Activity, Psychological Distress, and Dementia Risk: The HUNT Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:825-833. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Zotcheva
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre Bergh
- Centre for Old Age Psychiatric Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, T—nsberg, Norway
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Centre for Old Age Psychiatric Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, T—nsberg, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steinar Krokstad
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, HUNT Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Levanger Hospital, Nord-Tr–ndelag Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Asta Kristine Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Functional MRI, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Heine Strand
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, T—nsberg, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Ernstsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fortes LDS, Costa MDC, Perrier-Melo RJ, Brito-Gomes JL, Nascimento-Júnior JRA, de Lima-Júnior DRAA, Cyrino ES. Effect of Volume in Resistance Training on Inhibitory Control in Young Adults: A Randomized and Crossover Investigation. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2028. [PMID: 30420820 PMCID: PMC6215847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study is to compare the effect of resistance training volume on inhibitory control in young adults with previous experience in resistance training. Method: All the 27 participants underwent 40-week experiment, divided in three training phases of 8-week duration. A washout period of 8 weeks between each of the training phases was carried out. The participants performed 1, 3, or 5 sets of the same exercises with equalized intensity (loading zones) and rest. Inhibitory control was assessed by the Stroop Test. Results: Interaction effect was found for inhibitory control accuracy [F(5,22) = 56.88, p < 0.01] and mean response time [F(5,22) = 83.02, p < 0.01] for 3 sets (p = 0.01; ES = 0.6) and 5 sets (p = 0.01; ES = 0.8) when compared to 1 set. Conclusion: In conclusion, 1 set of resistance training may provide insufficient volume stimulus for positive adaptation in inhibitory control when compared to 3 or 5 sets.
Collapse
|
44
|
di Cagno A, Giombini A, Iuliano E, Moffa S, Caliandro T, Parisi A, Borrione P, Calcagno G, Fiorilli G. Acute effect of whole body vibration on postural control in congenitally blind subjects: a preliminary evidence. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 40:2632-2636. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1353650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Arrigo Giombini
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Stefano Moffa
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Tiziana Caliandro
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Attilio Parisi
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Krasovsky T, Weiss PL, Kizony R. Older Adults Pay an Additional Cost When Texting and Walking: Effects of Age, Environment, and Use of Mixed Reality on Dual-Task Performance. Phys Ther 2018; 98:549-559. [PMID: 29660087 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Texting while walking (TeWW) has become common among people of all ages, and mobile phone use during gait is increasingly associated with pedestrian injury. Although dual-task walking performance is known to decline with age, data regarding the effect of age on dual-task performance in ecological settings are limited. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of age, environment (indoors/outdoors), and mixed reality (merging of real and virtual environments) on TeWW performance. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used. METHODS Young (n = 30; 27.8 ± 4.4 years) and older (n = 20; 68.9 ± 3.9 years) adults performed single- and dual-task texting and walking indoors and outdoors, with and without a mixed reality display. Participants also completed evaluations of visual scanning and cognitive flexibility (Trail Making Test) and functional mobility (Timed "Up & Go" Test). RESULTS Indoors, similar interference to walking and texting occurred for both groups, but only older adults' gait variability increased under dual task conditions. Outdoors, TeWW was associated with larger age-related differences in gait variability, texting accuracy, and gait dual-task costs. Young adults with better visual scanning and cognitive flexibility performed TeWW with lower gait costs (r = 0.52-0.65). The mixed reality display was unhelpful and did not modify walking or texting. LIMITATIONS Older adults tested in this study were relatively high functioning. Gaze of participants was not directly monitored. CONCLUSIONS Although young and older adults possess the resources necessary for TeWW, older adults pay an additional "price" when dual-tasking, especially outdoors. TeWW may have potential as an ecologically valid assessment and/or an intervention paradigm for dual-task performance among older adults as well as for clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Krasovsky
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel, and Pediatric Rehabilitation Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Rachel Kizony
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel, and Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Protective Role of Recent and Past Long-Term Physical Activity on Age-Related Cognitive Decline: The Moderating Effect of Sex. J Aging Phys Act 2018; 26:353-362. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.2016-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate if the impact of both recent and long-term physical activity on age-related cognitive decline would be modified by sex. One-hundred thirty-five men (N = 67) and women (N = 68) aged 18 to 80 years completed the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire and the Historical Leisure Activity Questionnaire. A composite score of cognitive functions was computed from five experimental tasks. Hierarchical regression analyses performed to test the moderating effect of recent physical activity on age-cognition relationship had not revealed significant result regardless of sex. Conversely, past long-term physical activity was found to slow down the age-related cognitive decline among women (β = 0.22,p = .03), but not men. The findings support a lifecourse approach in identifying determinants of cognitive aging and the importance of taking into account the moderating role of sex. This article presented potential explanations for these moderators and future avenues to explore.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
As patients lose cognitive function, they lose autonomy and increasingly use fiscal, social, and medical resources. Healthcare costs for Americans older than age 65 years are three to five times higher than for the remaining population, and dementia is the third most costly disease in the United States. Interventions that promote successful aging can help patients and reduce the financial, workforce, and treatment resource burdens on the population. Because a relationship between physical activity, particularly aerobic exercise, and cognitive decline has been established, physical activity interventions may prove practical, affordable, and effective. Attention to empiric research and knowledge of evidence-based strategies for prescribing physical activity are critical for PAs to embrace.
Collapse
|
48
|
Acute and Long-term Effects of Resistance Training on Executive Function. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
Ahlskog JE. Aerobic Exercise: Evidence for a Direct Brain Effect to Slow Parkinson Disease Progression. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:360-372. [PMID: 29502566 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
No medications are proven to slow the progression of Parkinson disease (PD). Of special concern with longer-standing PD is cognitive decline, as well as motor symptoms unresponsive to dopamine replacement therapy. Not fully recognized is the substantial accumulating evidence that long-term aerobic exercise may attenuate PD progression. Randomized controlled trial proof will not be forthcoming due to many complicating methodological factors. However, extensive and diverse avenues of scientific investigation converge to argue that aerobic exercise and cardiovascular fitness directly influence cerebral mechanisms mediating PD progression. To objectively assess the evidence for a PD exercise benefit, a comprehensive PubMed literature search was conducted, with an unbiased focus on exercise influences on parkinsonism, cognition, brain structure, and brain function. This aggregate literature provides a compelling argument for regular aerobic-type exercise and cardiovascular fitness attenuating PD progression.
Collapse
|