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Joensuu L, Tammelin TH, Syväoja HJ, Barker AR, Parkkari J, Kujala UM. Physical activity, physical fitness and self-rated health: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in adolescents. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001642. [PMID: 38562154 PMCID: PMC10982735 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the independent associations of physical activity and physical fitness with self-rated health in adolescents. Methods Data from a 2-year observational study (2013-2015) were used (n=256, 58% girls, 13.7±0.3 years at baseline). Self-rated health was assessed with a questionnaire, physical activity by an accelerometer and a questionnaire, and physical fitness via the measurements included in the Finnish national Move! monitoring system for physical functional capacity and their z-score average (fitness index). Results Self-reported physical activity had cross-sectional associations with self-rated health (girls β 0.213, p=0.006, β 0.221 boys p=0.021) while accelerometer-based moderate-to-vigorous physical activity did not. Higher self-reported physical activity at baseline was associated with higher self-rated health at follow-up in boys (β 0.289, p<0.001), but not in girls (β -0.056, p=0.430). Accelerometer-based moderate-to-vigorous physical activity had positive longitudinal associations with future self-rated health in boys, but some of these similar associations were negative in girls. Fitness index had a positive cross-sectional association with self-rated health in boys (β 0.282 or β 0.283, p=0.002), but not in girls (β 0.162 or β 0.161, p=0.051). Physical fitness was not longitudinally associated with self-rated health. Conclusions Self-reported physical activity showed potential to explain current and future self-rated health better than accelerometer-based physical activity or physical fitness. We recommended to consider self-reported physical activity as an adequate metric of adolescent health in the population-level surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Joensuu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Likes, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Heidi J Syväoja
- Likes, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Jeppesen LS, Damsgaard L, Stolpe MN, Melcher JNS, Wienecke J, Nielsen G, Smedegaard S, Henriksen AH, Hansen RA, Hillman CH, Tammelin TH, Resaland GK, Daly-Smith A, Bugge A. Study protocol for the ACTIVE SCHOOL study investigating two different strategies of physical activity to improve academic performance in Schoolchildren. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:174. [PMID: 38461348 PMCID: PMC10924402 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested that school-based physical activity (PA) interventions may have a positive impact on academic performance. However, existing literature on school-based interventions encompasses various forms of PA, spanning from vigorous intensity PA outside the academic classes to light intensity PA and movement integrated into academic learning tasks, and results on academic performance are inconclusive. ACTIVE SCHOOL will implement two different PA interventions for one school year and assess the effects on the pupils' academic performance, with math performance as the primary outcome. METHODS/DESIGN The ACTIVE SCHOOL project consists of two phases: 1) Development phase and 2) Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). In phase one, two interventions were developed in collaboration with school staff. The two interventions were tested in an 8-weeks feasibility study. In phase two, a RCT-study with three arms will be conducted in 9-10-year-old children for one school year. The RCT-study will be carried out in two intervention rounds during the school years 2023/2024 and 2024/2025. Schools will be randomized to one of two interventions or control;1) Run, Jump & Fun intervention (4 × 30 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; 2) Move & Learn intervention (4 × 30 min/week focusing on embodied learning in math and Danish lessons); or 3) a control condition, consisting of normal teaching practices. Outcome measures include academic performance, PA level, cognitive functions, cardiorespiratory fitness, anthropometry, well-being and school motivation (collected before, during and after the intervention period). A process evaluation will be conducted to assess implementation. DISCUSSION The ACTIVE SCHOOL study will expand knowledge regarding the impact of PA on academic performance. The study will have the potential to significantly contribute to future research, as well as the scientific and educational debate on the best way to implement PA to support education and learning. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered on the 25th of October 2022 in ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05602948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Sohl Jeppesen
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, University College Copenhagen, Physiotherapy, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Linn Damsgaard
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, University College Copenhagen, Physiotherapy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene Norup Stolpe
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, University College Copenhagen, Physiotherapy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Wienecke
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glen Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Smedegaard
- Faculty of Teacher Education, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Husted Henriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ahmt Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Center for Cognitive & Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Geir K Resaland
- Centre for Physically Active Learning, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrew Daly-Smith
- Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 IDP, UK
| | - Anna Bugge
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, University College Copenhagen, Physiotherapy, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Joensuu L, Csányi T, Huhtiniemi M, Kälbi K, Magalhães J, Milanović I, Morrison SA, Ortega FB, Sardinha LB, Starc G, Tammelin TH, Jurak G. How to design and establish a national school-based physical fitness monitoring and surveillance system for children and adolescents: A 10-step approach recommended by the FitBack network. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14593. [PMID: 38488439 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing individual- and population-level data on children's physical fitness (PF) is a crucial public health and education priority. However, few national fitness monitoring or surveillance systems are currently in practice internationally. We aim to summarize the current European PF monitoring and surveillance systems for school-aged children and to provide experience-based guidelines on how to design such systems. METHODS The FitBack network consists of experts from diverse backgrounds with the common interest to improve the accessibility of PF monitoring for young people globally. Through FitBack network, we identified and compared the national or regional PF monitoring and surveillance systems currently in operation across Europe. We formulated a 10-step approach for designing and establishing one's own system, based on analysis of experienced strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to monitoring childhood fitness. RESULTS We identified a total of eight PF monitoring systems in Finland, France, Galicia of Spain, Hungary, Lithuania, Portugal, Serbia, and Slovenia. The FitBack network recommends the following steps for designing and establishing one's own system: (1) set up mission statements and aims, (2) involve stakeholders, (3) utilize scientific background, (4) governance structure, (5) ensure sufficient funding, (6) data management planning, (7) provide meaningful feedback, (8) conduct pilot testing, (9) plan implementation process, and (10) invest in communication with stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an updated overview of the best practices for school-aged children's fitness monitoring and surveillance in Europe. Additionally, it offers a 10-step approach to assist in the creation of similar systems in Europe or globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Joensuu
- LIKES, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tamás Csányi
- Department of Physical Education Theory and Methodology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian School Sport Federation, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mikko Huhtiniemi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katalin Kälbi
- Hungarian School Sport Federation, Budapest, Hungary
- Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) Bárczi Gusztáv Faculty of Special Needs Education, Institute for the Methodology of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Budapest, Hungary
| | - João Magalhães
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Ivana Milanović
- Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Shawnda A Morrison
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada and CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Litwin L, Sundholm JKM, Olander RFW, Meinilä J, Kulmala J, Tammelin TH, Rönö K, Koivusalo SB, Eriksson JG, Sarkola T. Associations Between Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Health in 6-Year-Old Children Born to Mothers With Increased Cardiometabolic Risk. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023:1-9. [PMID: 38154001 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess associations between sedentary time (ST), physical activity (PA), and cardiovascular health in early childhood. METHOD Cross-sectional study including 160 children (age 6.1 y [SD 0.5], 86 boys, 93 maternal body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, and 73 gestational diabetes) assessed for pulse wave velocity, echocardiography, ultra-high frequency 48-70 MHz vascular ultrasound, and accelerometery. RESULTS Boys had 385 (SD 53) minutes per day ST, 305 (SD 44) minutes per day light PA, and 81 (SD 22) minutes per day moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). Girls had 415 (SD 50) minutes per day ST, 283 (SD 40) minutes per day light PA, and 66 (SD 19) minutes per day MVPA. In adjusted analyses, MVPA was inversely associated with resting heart rate (β = -6.6; 95% confidence interval, -12.5 to -0.7) and positively associated with left ventricular mass (β = 6.8; 1.4-12.3), radial intima-media thickness (β = 11.4; 5.4-17.5), brachial intima-media thickness (β = 8.0; 2.0-14.0), and femoral intima-media thickness (β = 1.3; 0.2-2.3). MVPA was inversely associated with body fat percentage (β = -3.4; -6.6 to -0.2), diastolic blood pressure (β = -0.05; -0.8 to -0.1), and femoral (β = -18.1; -32.4 to -0.8) and radial (β = -13.4; -24.0 to -2.9) circumferential wall stress in boys only. ST and pulse wave velocity showed no significant associations. CONCLUSIONS In young at-risk children, MVPA is associated with cardiovascular remodeling, partly in a sex-dependant way, likely representing physiological adaptation, but ST shows no association with cardiovascular health in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Litwin
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki,Finland
- Department of Congenital Heart Defects and Pediatric Cardiology, FMS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice,Poland
| | - Johnny K M Sundholm
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki,Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Rasmus F W Olander
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Jelena Meinilä
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä,Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä,Finland
| | - Kristiina Rönö
- Women's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Saila B Koivusalo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku,Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki,Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki,Finland
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore,Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore,Singapore
| | - Taisto Sarkola
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki,Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki,Finland
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5
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Hyvärinen M, Karvanen J, Juppi HK, Karppinen JE, Tammelin TH, Kovanen V, Aukee P, Sipilä S, Rantalainen T, Laakkonen EK. Menopausal symptoms and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged women: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study with 4-year follow-up. Maturitas 2023; 174:39-47. [PMID: 37267866 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study associations of menopausal symptoms with cardiometabolic risk factors. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of a representative population sample of 1393 women aged 47-55 years with a sub-sample of 298 followed for four years. The numbers of vasomotor, psychological, somatic or pain, and urogenital menopausal symptoms were ascertained at baseline through self-report. Their associations with cardiometabolic risk factors were studied using linear regression and linear mixed-effect models. Models were adjusted for age, menopausal status, body mass index, the use of hormonal preparations, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cardiometabolic risk factors included total cholesterol, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, total and android fat mass, and physical activity. RESULTS All cholesterol and fat mass measures had modest positive associations with menopausal symptoms. The number of vasomotor symptoms, in particular, was associated with total cholesterol (B = 0.13 mmol/l, 95 % CI [0.07, 0.20]; 0.15 mmol/l [0.02, 0.28]) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.08 mmol/l [0.03, 0.14]; 0.12 mmol/l [0.01, 0.09]) in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. However, these associations disappeared after adjusting for confounders. The number of symptoms was not associated with blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, and physical activity. Menopausal symptoms at baseline did not predict the changes in the risk factors during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Menopausal symptoms may not be independently associated with cardiometabolic risk, and they do not seem to predict the changes in risk factors during the menopausal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Hyvärinen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Finland.
| | - Juha Karvanen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Finland.
| | - Hanna-Kaarina Juppi
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Finland.
| | - Jari E Karppinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Finland.
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Piippukatu 2, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Vuokko Kovanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Finland
| | - Pauliina Aukee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Wellbeing Services County of Central Finland, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Finland.
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Finland.
| | - Eija K Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Finland.
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6
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Kaseva K, Lounassalo I, Yang X, Kukko T, Hakonen H, Kulmala J, Pahkala K, Rovio S, Hirvensalo M, Raitakari O, Tammelin TH, Salin K. Associations of active commuting to school in childhood and physical activity in adulthood. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7642. [PMID: 37169787 PMCID: PMC10175542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether active commuting to school in childhood and adolescence predicted active commuting to work and overall physical activity (PA) in adulthood. Participants from the Young Finns Study (N = 2436) were aged 9-18 years in 1980 and followed up until 2018/2020. Their commuting modes to school were assessed with a self-reported questionnaire in 1980. Adulthood PA was assessed through self-reports regarding commuting modes to work (2001-2018), leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) (2001-2018), and objectively measured daily steps (2007-2018/2020). Associations between childhood commuting and adulthood PA were evaluated using regression analyses and multilevel models. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental covariates were adjusted for in the analyses. Active commuting to school in childhood contributed favourably to LTPA in 2001 (B = .38, p < .001), in 2007 (B = .35, p < .001), and in 2018 (B = .28, p < .01). Active commuting in childhood was associated with higher number of daily aerobic steps (B = 299.00, p = .03) and daily aerobic steps during weekdays in 2011 (B = 312.15, p = .03). In 2018, active commuting associated favourably with daily aerobic steps (B = 370.42, p < .01), daily aerobic steps during weekdays (B = 347.65, p = .01), daily steps during weekends (B = 628.49, p = .02), and daily aerobic steps during weekends (B = 402.69, p = .03). Covariate adjustments attenuated the associations excluding the one between active commuting and LTPA in 2007 (B = .36, p = .01) and daily steps during weekends in 2018 (B = 782.25, p = .04). Active commuting to school in childhood might be one of the PA modes that contribute to PA in adulthood and is therefore encouraged to be promoted from an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kaseva
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Irinja Lounassalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuomas Kukko
- School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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7
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Ortega FB, Leskošek B, Blagus R, Gil-Cosano JJ, Mäestu J, Tomkinson GR, Ruiz JR, Mäestu E, Starc G, Milanovic I, Tammelin TH, Sorić M, Scheuer C, Carraro A, Kaj M, Csányi T, Sardinha LB, Lenoir M, Emeljanovas A, Mieziene B, Sidossis LS, Pihu M, Lovecchio N, Konstabel K, Tambalis KD, Štefan L, Drenowatz C, Rubín L, Gontarev S, Castro-Piñero J, Vanhelst J, O'Keeffe B, Veiga OL, Gisladottir T, Sandercock G, Misigoj-Durakovic M, Niessner C, Riso EM, Popovic S, Kuu S, Chinapaw M, Clavel I, Labayen I, Dobosz J, Colella D, Kriemler S, Salaj S, Noriega MJ, Bös K, Sánchez-López M, Lakka TA, Tabacchi G, Novak D, Ahrens W, Wedderkopp N, Jurak G. European fitness landscape for children and adolescents: updated reference values, fitness maps and country rankings based on nearly 8 million test results from 34 countries gathered by the FitBack network. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:299-310. [PMID: 36623866 PMCID: PMC9985767 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To develop reference values for health-related fitness in European children and adolescents aged 6-18 years that are the foundation for the web-based, open-access and multilanguage fitness platform (FitBack); (2) to provide comparisons across European countries. METHODS This study builds on a previous large fitness reference study in European youth by (1) widening the age demographic, (2) identifying the most recent and representative country-level data and (3) including national data from existing fitness surveillance and monitoring systems. We used the Assessing Levels of PHysical Activity and fitness at population level (ALPHA) test battery as it comprises tests with the highest test-retest reliability, criterion/construct validity and health-related predictive validity: the 20 m shuttle run (cardiorespiratory fitness); handgrip strength and standing long jump (muscular strength); and body height, body mass, body mass index and waist circumference (anthropometry). Percentile values were obtained using the generalised additive models for location, scale and shape method. RESULTS A total of 7 966 693 test results from 34 countries (106 datasets) were used to develop sex-specific and age-specific percentile values. In addition, country-level rankings based on mean percentiles are provided for each fitness test, as well as an overall fitness ranking. Finally, an interactive fitness platform, including individual and group reporting and European fitness maps, is provided and freely available online (www.fitbackeurope.eu). CONCLUSION This study discusses the major implications of fitness assessment in youth from health, educational and sport perspectives, and how the FitBack reference values and interactive web-based platform contribute to it. Fitness testing can be conducted in school and/or sport settings, and the interpreted results be integrated in the healthcare systems across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco B Ortega
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Department of Physical and Sports Education; Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Granada, Spain .,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bojan Leskošek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Blagus
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška, Slovenia
| | - José J Gil-Cosano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Department of Physical and Sports Education; Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Granada, Spain.,Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Dos Hermanas, Spain
| | - Jarek Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Department of Physical and Sports Education; Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Milanovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- JAMK University of Applied Sciences, School of Health and Social Studies, LIKES, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maroje Sorić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Zagreb, The Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Claude Scheuer
- European Physical Education Association (EUPEA).,Department of Education and Social Work, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Attilio Carraro
- Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Brixen, Italy
| | - Mónika Kaj
- Hungarian School Sport Federation, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csányi
- Hungarian School Sport Federation, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physical Education Theory and Methodology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Primary and Pre-School Education, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arunas Emeljanovas
- Lithuanian Sports University, Department of Physical and Social Education, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Brigita Mieziene
- Lithuanian Sports University, Department of Physical and Social Education, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Mediterranean Lifestyle Medicine Institute and Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Maret Pihu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nicola Lovecchio
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.,Confederation of Italian Associations of Physical Education Teachers (Capdi & LSM), Venezia, Italy
| | - Kenn Konstabel
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.,Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Konstantinos D Tambalis
- Harokopio University, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Athens, Greece.,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Athens, Greece
| | - Lovro Štefan
- University of Zagreb, The Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Recruitment and Examination (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Lukáš Rubín
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Seryozha Gontarev
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health. Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - José Castro-Piñero
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jérémy Vanhelst
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics - University of Paris Cité (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Brendan O'Keeffe
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Oscar L Veiga
- EstiLIFE Research Group. Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Faculty of Teaching Training and Education, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thordis Gisladottir
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Gavin Sandercock
- School of Sport Rehabilitation and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Claudia Niessner
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Riso
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stevo Popovic
- University of Montenegro, Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, Niksic, Montenegro.,Western Balkan Sport Innovation Lab, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Saima Kuu
- Tallinn University, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mai Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iván Clavel
- Galician Sport Foundation, General Sport Secretariat, Galician Government, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Research Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Janusz Dobosz
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dario Colella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanja Salaj
- University of Zagreb, The Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maria Jose Noriega
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology University of Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Klaus Bös
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mairena Sánchez-López
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain.,Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Education, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Garden Tabacchi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Novak
- University of Zagreb, The Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- The Pediatric Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Palomäki S, Kukko T, Kaseva K, Salin K, Lounassalo I, Yang X, Rovio S, Pahkala K, Lehtimäki T, Hirvensalo M, Raitakari O, Tammelin TH. Parenthood and changes in physical activity from early adulthood to mid-life among Finnish adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 33:682-692. [PMID: 36577693 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined longitudinal associations between parenthood-related factors and physical activity from young adulthood to midlife over a 19-year follow-up period. Participants (n = 761) at the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study responded to a self-report questionnaire in their adulthood (in 1992, 2001, 2007, and 2011). Participants were classified as meeting or not meeting an aerobic physical activity recommendation. Parenthood-related factors included the age of having their first child and the number and age of the children. Analyses of generalized estimation equations were performed and adjusted for several demographic and health-related covariates. Both mothers and fathers with children under 6 years were less likely to be involved in physical activity than participants without children. However, meeting the aerobic physical activity recommendations did not differ between parents with a youngest child who was 6 years old or older as compared to the childless participants. The older the youngest child was, the more likely the parents were to be physically active. Participants who became a parent relatively late, at the age of 30 or older, seemed less likely to meet the aerobic physical activity recommendation during follow-up than those who had their first child at the age of 26-29. The results indicate that parenthood does not seem to have a long-lasting negative impact on adults' physical activity, and the individuals reached a similar level of physical activity in midlife than they had before parenthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Palomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuomas Kukko
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Kaseva
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Irinja Lounassalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Suvi Rovio
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
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9
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Yang X, Kukko T, Lounassalo I, Kulmala J, Hakonen H, Rovio SP, Pahkala K, Hirvensalo M, Palomäki SH, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari OT, Tammelin TH, Salin K. Organized Youth Sports Trajectories and Adult Health Outcomes: The Young Finns Study. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:962-970. [PMID: 35961811 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study identified the trajectories of organized youth sports over 9 years in youths aged 9-18 years and examined whether the trajectories predicted physical activity, sedentary behavior, and obesity in midlife. METHODS Self-reported organized youth sports trajectories were identified for participants between 1980 and 1989 (N=3,474). Accelerometer-derived physical activity was quantified for participants (n=1,349) in 2018-2020. Sociodemographic, physical activity, and TV viewing data were collected through questionnaires either at baselines or follow-up. Adult BMI was calculated to clarify obesity. Associations of organized youth sports trajectories with adult physical activity, sedentary behavior, and obesity were evaluated using mixture models, which were stratified by sex and conducted in 2022. RESULTS Three organized youth sports trajectories were identified for boys and girls (sustained high-sports participation, 12.0%/7.5%; sustained moderate-sports participation, 14.0%/13.3%; and low-sports/nonparticipation, 74.0%/79.2%). Boys sustaining both moderate- and high-sports participation had higher levels of adult self-reported physical activity (β=0.59, p=0.007; β=0.69, p<0.001) than low-sports/nonparticipating boys. Girls sustaining both moderate- and high-sports participation accumulated more total physical activity (β=113.4, p=0.009; β=144.3, p=0.002), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (β=7.86, p=0.016; β=14.01, p<0.001), step counts (β=1,020, p=0.003; β=1,045, p=0.005), and self-reported physical activity (β=0.79, p<0001; β=0.63, p=0.003) in midlife than their low-sports/nonparticipating counterparts. Girls sustaining moderate-sports participation accumulated more light-intensity physical activity (β=19.79, p=0.012) and less sedentary time (β= -27.65, p=0.002), and those sustaining high-sports participation had lower obesity prevalence (OR=0.41, p=0.009) 40 years later than low-sports/nonparticipating girls. CONCLUSIONS Sustained participation in organized youth sports is independently predictive of physical activity patterns, sedentary time, and obesity in midlife, especially in girls, thus contributing to the development of a healthy and active lifestyle across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Kukko
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Irinja Lounassalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Suvi P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanna H Palomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University of Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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10
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Yang X, Kukko T, Kaseva K, Biddle SJH, Rovio SP, Pahkala K, Kulmala J, Hakonen H, Hirvensalo M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari OT, Tammelin TH. Associations of parental physical activity trajectories with offspring's physical activity patterns from childhood to middle adulthood: The Young Finns Study. Prev Med 2022; 163:107211. [PMID: 35995104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association of parental physical activity (PA) trajectories with offspring's youth and adult PA. Self-reported PA data were extracted from the Young Finns Study with three follow-ups for parents between 1980 and 1986 and nine follow-ups for their offspring in youth between 1980 and 2011 (aged 9-39 years, n = 2402) and in adulthood in 2018. Accelerometer-derived PA was quantified in 2018-2020 (aged 43-58 years, n = 1134). Data were analyzed using mixture models and conducted in 2022. We identified three trajectories for fathers and mothers (high-stable activity, 20.2%/16.6%; moderate-stable activity, 50.5%/49.6%; and low-stable activity, 29.4%/33.7%) and four for youth male and female offspring (persistently active, 13.4%/5.1%; increasingly active, 32.1%/43.1%; decreasingly active, 14.4%/12.6%; and persistently low-active, 40.1%/39.1%). Compared to low-stable active parents, high-stable active fathers had a higher probability of having their sons and daughters classified as persistently active, increasingly active, and decreasingly active in youth (Brange = 0.50-1.79, all p < 0.008), while high- and moderate-stable active mothers had significantly increased likelihood of having their daughters classified as persistently active and decreasingly active in youth (Brange = 0.63-1.16, all p < 0.009). Fathers' and mothers' high-stable activity was associated with higher self-reported PA of adult offspring than parental low-stable activity. Persistently active and increasingly active offspring in youth accumulated more adult total PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA, step counts, and self-reported PA than persistently low-active ones (all p < 0.036). Parental persistent PA, particularly paternal persistent PA, predicts offspring's PA concurrently and prospectively. Increasing and maintaining PA in youth predicts higher PA levels in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Kukko
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Kaseva
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Physically Active Lifestyles (PALs) Research Group, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suvi P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University of Hospital, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- Likes, School of Health and Social Studies, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
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11
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Karppinen JE, Juppi HK, Hintikka J, Wiklund P, Haapala EA, Hyvärinen M, Tammelin TH, Aukee P, Kujala UM, Laukkanen J, Laakkonen EK. Associations of resting and peak fat oxidation with sex hormone profile and blood glucose control in middle-aged women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2157-2167. [PMID: 35752543 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Menopause may reduce fat oxidation. We investigated whether sex hormone profile explains resting fat oxidation (RFO) or peak fat oxidation (PFO) during incremental cycling in middle-aged women. Secondarily, we studied associations of RFO and PFO with glucose regulation. METHOD AND RESULTS We measured RFO and PFO of 42 women (age 52-58 years) with indirect calorimetry. Seven participants were pre- or perimenopausal, 26 were postmenopausal, and nine were postmenopausal hormone therapy users. Serum estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, and testosterone levels were quantified with immunoassays. Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and glucose tolerance (area under the curve) were determined by glucose tolerance testing. Body composition was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; physical activity with self-report and accelerometry; and diet, with food diaries. Menopausal status or sex hormone levels were not associated with the fat oxidation outcomes. RFO determinants were fat mass (β = 0.44, P = 0.006) and preceding energy intake (β = -0.40, P = 0.019). Cardiorespiratory fitness (β = 0.59, P = 0.002), lean mass (β = 0.49, P = 0.002) and physical activity (self-reported β = 0.37, P = 0.020; accelerometer-measured β = 0.35, P = 0.024) explained PFO. RFO and PFO were not related to insulin sensitivity. Higher RFO was associated with poorer glucose tolerance (β = 0.52, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Among studied middle-aged women, sex hormone profile did not explain RFO or PFO, and higher fat oxidation capacity did not indicate better glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari E Karppinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Hanna-Kaarina Juppi
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Hintikka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petri Wiklund
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Huawei Helsinki R&D Center, Huawei Technologies Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Hyvärinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Pauliina Aukee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Central Finland Healthcare District, Jyväskylä, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eija K Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Kolu P, Kari JT, Raitanen J, Sievänen H, Tokola K, Havas E, Pehkonen J, Tammelin TH, Pahkala K, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari OT, Vasankari T. Economic burden of low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour in Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:677-684. [PMID: 35473717 PMCID: PMC9209672 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-217998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour are unquestionably relevant for public health while also increasing direct and indirect costs. METHODS The authors examined the direct and indirect costs attributable to low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour in Finland in 2017. Costs related to major non-communicable diseases drawn from Finnish registries covered direct costs (outpatient visits, days of inpatient care, medication and institutional eldercare) and indirect costs (sickness-related absences, disability pensions, unemployment benefits, all-cause mortality and losses of income tax revenue). Prevalences of low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour (≥8 hours per 16 waking hours) were based on self-reports among adolescents or accelerometer data among adults and the elderly from three Finnish population studies: FINFIT 2017, Health 2011 and the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Cost calculations used adjusted population attributable fractions (PAF) and regression models. Total annual costs were obtained by multiplying PAF by the total costs of the given disease. RESULTS The total costs of low physical activity in Finland in 2017 came to approximately €3.2 billion, of which direct costs accounted for €683 million and indirect ones for €2.5 billion. Costs attributable to high sedentary behaviour totalled roughly €1.5 billion. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour levels create substantial societal costs. Therefore, actions intended to increase physical activity and reduce excessive sedentary behaviour throughout life may yield not only better health but also considerable savings to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Kolu
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jaana T Kari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jani Raitanen
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kari Tokola
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Eino Havas
- JAMK University of Applied Sciences, LIKES, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jaakko Pehkonen
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre for Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre for Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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13
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Hyvärinen M, Juppi HK, Taskinen S, Karppinen JE, Karvinen S, Tammelin TH, Kovanen V, Aukee P, Kujala UM, Rantalainen T, Sipilä S, Laakkonen EK. Metabolic health, menopause, and physical activity-a 4-year follow-up study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 46:544-554. [PMID: 34802032 PMCID: PMC8605777 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background In women, metabolic health deteriorates after menopause, and the role of physical activity (PA) in mitigating the change is not completely understood. This study investigates the changes in indicators of metabolic health around menopause and evaluates whether PA modulates these changes. Methods Longitudinal data of 298 women aged 48–55 years at baseline participating in the ERMA and EsmiRs studies was used. Mean follow-up time was 3.8 (SD 0.1) years. Studied indicators of metabolic health were total and android fat mass, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, serum total cholesterol, and high- (HDL-C) and low-density (LDL-C) lipoprotein cholesterol. PA was assessed by accelerometers and questionnaires. The participants were categorized into three menopausal groups: PRE-PRE (pre- or perimenopausal at both timepoints, n = 56), PRE-POST (pre- or perimenopausal at baseline, postmenopausal at follow-up, n = 149), and POST-POST (postmenopausal at both timepoints, n = 93). Analyses were carried out using linear and Poisson mixed-effect models. Results At baseline, PA associated directly with HDL-C and inversely with LDL-C and all body adiposity variables. An increase was observed in total (B = 1.72, 95% CI [0.16, 3.28]) and android fat mass (0.26, [0.06, 0.46]), SBP (9.37, [3.34, 15.39]), and in all blood-based biomarkers in the PRE-POST group during the follow-up. The increase tended to be smaller in the PRE-PRE and POST-POST groups compared to the PRE-POST group, except for SBP. The change in PA associated inversely with the change in SBP (−2.40, [−4.34, −0.46]) and directly with the change in WHR (0.72, [0.05, 1.38]). Conclusions In middle-aged women, menopause may accelerate the changes in multiple indicators of metabolic health. PA associates with healthier blood lipid profile and body composition in middle-aged women but does not seem to modulate the changes in most of the studied metabolic health indicators during the menopausal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Hyvärinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Hanna-Kaarina Juppi
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sara Taskinen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari E Karppinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sira Karvinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vuokko Kovanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pauliina Aukee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Research and Therapy Unit, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eija K Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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14
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Daly-Smith A, Morris JL, Norris E, Williams TL, Archbold V, Kallio J, Tammelin TH, Singh A, Mota J, von Seelen J, Pesce C, Salmon J, McKay H, Bartholomew J, Resaland GK. Behaviours that prompt primary school teachers to adopt and implement physically active learning: a meta synthesis of qualitative evidence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:151. [PMID: 34801039 PMCID: PMC8605507 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physically active learning (PAL) - integration of movement within delivery of academic content - is a core component of many whole-of-school physical activity approaches. Yet, PAL intervention methods and strategies vary and frequently are not sustained beyond formal programmes. To improve PAL training, a more comprehensive understanding of the behavioural and psychological processes that influence teachers' adoption and implementation of PAL is required. To address this, we conducted a meta-synthesis to synthesise key stakeholders' knowledge of facilitators and barriers to teachers' implementing PAL in schools to improve teacher-focussed PAL interventions in primary (elementary) schools. METHODOLOGY We conducted a meta-synthesis using a five-stage thematic synthesis approach to; develop a research purpose and aim, identify relevant articles, appraise studies for quality, develop descriptive themes and interpret and synthesise the literature. In the final stage, 14 domains from the Theoretical Domain Framework (TDF) were then aligned to the final analytical themes and subthemes. RESULTS We identified seven themes and 31 sub-themes from 25 eligible papers. Four themes summarised teacher-level factors: PAL benefits, teachers' beliefs about own capabilities, PAL teacher training, PAL delivery. One theme encompassed teacher and school-level factors: resources. Two themes reflected school and external factors that influence teachers' PAL behaviour: whole-school approach, external factors. Ten (of 14) TDF domains aligned with main themes and sub-themes: Knowledge, Skills, Social/Professional Role and Identity, Beliefs about Capabilities, Beliefs about Consequences, Reinforcement, Goals, Environmental Context and Resources, Social influences and Emotion. CONCLUSIONS Our synthesis illustrates the inherent complexity required to change and sustain teachers' PAL behaviours. Initially, teachers must receive the training, resources and support to develop the capability to implement and adapt PAL. The PAL training programme should progress as teachers' build their experience and capability; content should be 'refreshed' and become more challenging over time. Subsequently, it is imperative to engage all levels of the school community for PAL to be fully integrated into a broader school system. Adequate resources, strong leadership and governance, an engaged activated community and political will are necessary to achieve this, and may not currently exist in most schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Daly-Smith
- Center for Physically Active Learning, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK.
| | - Jade L Morris
- Centre for Society & Mental Health, Department of Health Services & Population Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Norris
- Health Behaviour Change Research Group, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Toni L Williams
- School of Sport, Carnegie, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Jouni Kallio
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Amika Singh
- Center for Physically Active Learning, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Mulier Instituut, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jesper von Seelen
- Department for Research and Development, University College South Denmark, Haderslev, Denmark
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Heather McKay
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Geir Kare Resaland
- Center for Physically Active Learning, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
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15
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Polet J, Schneider J, Hassandra M, Lintunen T, Laukkanen A, Hankonen N, Hirvensalo M, Tammelin TH, Hamilton K, Hagger MS. Predictors of school students' leisure-time physical activity: An extended trans-contextual model using Bayesian path analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258829. [PMID: 34767569 PMCID: PMC8589162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine effects of motivational and social cognition constructs on children’s leisure-time physical activity participation alongside constructs representing implicit processes using an extended trans-contextual model. The study adopted a correlational prospective design. Secondary-school students (N = 502) completed self-report measures of perceived autonomy support from physical education (PE) teachers, autonomous motivation in PE and leisure-time contexts, and social cognition constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control), intentions, trait self-control, habits, and past behavior in a leisure-time physical activity context. Five weeks later, students (N = 298) self-reported their leisure-time physical activity participation. Bayesian path analyses supported two key premises of the model: perceived autonomy support was related to autonomous motivation in PE, and autonomous motivation in PE was related to autonomous motivation in leisure time. Indirect effects indicated that both forms of autonomous motivation were related to social cognition constructs and intentions. However, intention was not related to leisure-time physical activity participation, so model variables reflecting motivational processes did not account for substantive variance in physical activity participation. Self-control, attitudes, and past behavior were direct predictors of intentions and leisure-time physical activity participation. There were indirect effects of autonomous motivation in leisure time on intentions and physical activity participation mediated by self-control. Specifying informative priors for key model relations using Bayesian analysis yielded greater precision for some model effects. Findings raise some questions on the predictive validity of constructs from the original trans-contextual model in the current sample, but highlight the value of extending the model to incorporate additional constructs representing non-conscious processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Polet
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jekaterina Schneider
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mary Hassandra
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Taru Lintunen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arto Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nelli Hankonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H. Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kyra Hamilton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin S. Hagger
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Yang X, Kukko T, Hirvensalo M, Biddle SJH, Rovio SP, Pahkala K, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari OT, Tammelin TH. Longitudinal associations between parental and offspring's leisure-time physical activity: The Young Finns Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:223-232. [PMID: 34617340 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The longitudinal influence of parental leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on their offspring's LTPA is poorly understood. This study examined the longitudinal associations between parental LTPA and offspring's LTPA at two-time intervals. METHOD Child (offspring) participants (N = 3596) were enrolled from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study in 1980. Their LTPA was self-rated through nine phases from baseline to 2018 and categorized by year into youth (1980-1986) and adult (1992-2018) LTPA. Parental LTPA was assessed with a single self-reported question at three phases from 1980 to 1986. Latent growth curve modeling stratified by gender was fitted to estimate the potential pathways between parental LTPA and offspring's youth and adult LTPA. RESULTS Higher initial levels of paternal and maternal LTPA were independently associated with greater initial levels of youth and adult LTPA of offspring in both genders, respectively, except maternal LTPA, which did not associate with male offspring's adult LTPA. The initial levels of paternal LTPA were directly related to changes in male offspring's youth LTPA after adjusting for age, residential place, paternal education and occupation, having siblings, and offspring's body mass index. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that the initial levels of parental LTPA are directly linked to the initial levels of offspring's LTPA during youth and adulthood, while changes in parental LTPA are unrelated to changes in offspring's youth and adult LTPA for either gender over time. These results imply that higher initial levels of LTPA in parents may serve as a predictor of offspring's LTPA across life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuomas Kukko
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Physically Active Lifestyles (PALs) Research Group, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suvi P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University of Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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17
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Syväoja HJ, Kankaanpää A, Hakonen H, Inkinen V, Kulmala J, Joensuu L, Räsänen P, Hillman CH, Tammelin TH. How physical activity, fitness, and motor skills contribute to math performance: Working memory as a mediating factor. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2310-2321. [PMID: 34519073 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical activity, fitness, and motor skills have an indirect association with math performance via cognitive outcomes and if so, through which aspects of cognition? METHODS This study comprised 311 6th-9th grade adolescents (12-17 years [M age = 14.0 years], 59% girls) from seven schools throughout Finland in 2015. Math performance was measured via a teacher-rated math achievement and the Basic Arithmetic test. Cognitive functions were measured by broad cognitive test battery. Physical activity was assessed with a self-reported questionnaire and a hip-worn accelerometer. Aerobic fitness was estimated using a maximal 20-m shuttle run test, muscular fitness with curl-up and push-up tests, and motor skills with a 5-leaps test and a throwing-catching combination test. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the associations. RESULTS In both boys and girls, motor skills had a positive indirect association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Among girls, muscular fitness had a positive indirect association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Aerobic fitness was positively associated with math achievement, but the indirect path via cognition was not observed. Self-reported physical activity had a borderline indirect positive association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Accelerometer-based physical activity did not correlate with math performance. CONCLUSION Motor skills and muscular fitness had indirect positive associations with math performance, mediated by visuospatial working memory. The results give support to the viewpoints that the connections between motor skills, fitness, and physical activity to academic skills are mediated via specific cognitive skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Syväoja
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Virpi Inkinen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Laura Joensuu
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pekka Räsänen
- Division of Social Services and Health Care, City of Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology and Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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18
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Joensuu L, Rautiainen I, Äyrämö S, Syväoja HJ, Kauppi JP, Kujala UM, Tammelin TH. Precision exercise medicine: predicting unfavourable status and development in the 20-m shuttle run test performance in adolescence with machine learning. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001053. [PMID: 34104475 PMCID: PMC8144034 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the ability to predict individual unfavourable future status and development in the 20m shuttle run test (20MSRT) during adolescence with machine learning (random forest (RF) classifier). Methods Data from a 2-year observational study (2013‒2015, 12.4±1.3 years, n=633, 50% girls), with 48 baseline characteristics (questionnaires (demographics, physical, psychological, social and lifestyle factors), objective measurements (anthropometrics, fitness characteristics, physical activity, body composition and academic scores)) were used to predict: (Task 1) unfavourable future 20MSRT status (identification of individuals in the lowest 20MSRT tertile after 2 years), and (Task 2) unfavourable 20MSRT development (identification of individuals with 20MSRT development in the lowest tertile among adolescents with baseline 20MSRT below median level). Results Prediction performance for future 20MSRT status (Task 1) was (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC) 83% and 76%, sensitivity 80% and 60%, and specificity 78% and 79% in girls and boys, respectively. Twenty variables showed predictive power in boys, 14 in girls, including fitness characteristics, physical activity, academic scores, adiposity, life enjoyment, parental support, social status in school and perceived fitness. Prediction performance for future development (Task 2) was lower and differed statistically from random level only in girls (AUC 68% and 40% in girls and boys). Conclusion RF classifier predicted future unfavourable status in 20MSRT and identified potential individuals for interventions based on a holistic profile (14‒20 baseline characteristics). The MATLAB script and functions employing the RF classifier of this study are available for future precision exercise medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Joensuu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilkka Rautiainen
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Äyrämö
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heidi J Syväoja
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Kauppi
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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19
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Sillanpää E, Heikkinen A, Kankaanpää A, Paavilainen A, Kujala UM, Tammelin TH, Kovanen V, Sipilä S, Pietiläinen KH, Kaprio J, Ollikainen M, Laakkonen EK. Blood and skeletal muscle ageing determined by epigenetic clocks and their associations with physical activity and functioning. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:110. [PMID: 34001218 PMCID: PMC8127311 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the correspondence of different biological ageing estimates (i.e. epigenetic age) in blood and muscle tissue and their associations with physical activity (PA), physical function and body composition. Two independent cohorts (N = 139 and N = 47) were included, whose age span covered adulthood (23–69 years). Whole blood and m. vastus lateralis samples were collected, and DNA methylation was analysed. Four different DNA methylation age (DNAmAge) estimates were calculated using genome-wide methylation data and publicly available online tools. A novel muscle-specific methylation age was estimated using the R-package ‘MEAT’. PA was measured with questionnaires and accelerometers. Several tests were conducted to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength. Body composition was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. DNAmAge estimates from blood and muscle were highly correlated with chronological age, but different age acceleration estimates were weakly associated with each other. The monozygotic twin within-pair similarity of ageing pace was higher in blood (r = 0.617–0.824) than in muscle (r = 0.523–0.585). Associations of age acceleration estimates with PA, physical function and body composition were weak in both tissues and mostly explained by smoking and sex. The muscle-specific epigenetic clock MEAT was developed to predict chronological age, which may explain why it did not associate with functional phenotypes. The Horvath’s clock and GrimAge were weakly associated with PA and related phenotypes, suggesting that higher PA would be linked to accelerated biological ageing in muscle. This may, however, be more reflective of the low capacity of epigenetic clock algorithms to measure functional muscle ageing than of actual age acceleration. Based on our results, the investigated epigenetic clocks have rather low value in estimating muscle ageing with respect to the physiological adaptations that typically occur due to ageing or PA. Thus, further development of methods is needed to gain insight into muscle tissue-specific ageing and the underlying biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Sillanpää
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (VIV), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland. .,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aino Heikkinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (VIV), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aini Paavilainen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (VIV), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vuokko Kovanen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (VIV), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (VIV), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Obesity Center, Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija K Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (VIV), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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20
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Hyvärinen M, Karvanen J, Aukee P, Tammelin TH, Sipilä S, Kujala UM, Kovanen V, Rantalainen T, Laakkonen EK. Predicting the age at natural menopause in middle-aged women. Menopause 2021; 28:792-799. [PMID: 33857956 PMCID: PMC8284377 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To predict the age at natural menopause (ANM). METHODS Cox models with time-dependent covariates were utilized for ANM prediction using longitudinal data from 47 to 55-year-old women (n = 279) participating in the Estrogenic Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis study. The ANM was assessed retrospectively for 105 women using bleeding diaries. The predictors were chosen from the set of 32 covariates by using the lasso regression (model 1). Another easy-to-access model (model 2) was created by using a subset of 16 self-reported covariates. The predictive performance was quantified with c-indices and by studying the means and standard deviations of absolute errors (MAE ± SD) between the predicted and observed ANM. RESULTS Both models included alcohol consumption, vasomotor symptoms, self-reported physical activity, and relationship status as predictors. Model 1 also included estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels as well as SD of menstrual cycle length, while model 2 included smoking, education, and the use of hormonal contraception as additional predictors. The mean c-indices of 0.76 (95% CI 0.71-0.81) for model 1 and 0.70 (95% CI 0.65-0.75) for model 2 indicated good concordance between the predicted and observed values. MAEs of 0.56 ± 0.49 and 0.62 ± 0.54 years respectively for model 1 and 2 were clearly smaller than the MAE for predicted sample mean (1.58 ± 1.02). CONCLUSIONS In addition to sex hormone levels, irregularity of menstrual cycle, and menopausal symptoms, also life habits and socioeconomic factors may provide useful information for ANM prediction. The suggested approach could add value for clinicians' decision making related to the use of contraception and treatments for menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Hyvärinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha Karvanen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pauliina Aukee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Research and Therapy Unit, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H. Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M. Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vuokko Kovanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eija K. Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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21
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Kallio P, Pahkala K, Heinonen OJ, Tammelin TH, Pälve K, Hirvensalo M, Juonala M, Loo BM, Magnussen CG, Rovio S, Helajärvi H, Laitinen TP, Jokinen E, Tossavainen P, Hutri-Kähönen N, Viikari J, Raitakari OT. Physical inactivity from youth to adulthood and adult cardiometabolic risk profile. Prev Med 2021; 145:106433. [PMID: 33497685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adults with a low physical activity (PA) level are at increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases, but little is known on the association between physical inactivity since youth and cardiometabolic health in adulthood. We investigated the association of persistent physical inactivity from youth to adulthood with adult cardiometabolic risk factors. Data were drawn from the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study with seven follow-ups between 1980 and 2011 (baseline age 3-18 years, n = 1961). Physical activity data from a standardized questionnaire was expressed as a PA-index. Using the PA-index, four groups were formed: 1)persistently physically inactive (n = 246), 2)decreasingly active (n = 305), 3)increasingly active (n = 328), and 4)persistently active individuals (n = 1082). Adulthood cardiometabolic risk indicators included waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and fasting lipids, insulin, and glucose. Clustered cardiometabolic risk was defined using established criteria for metabolic syndrome. Persistently physically inactive group was used as a reference. Compared to the persistently physically inactive group, those who were persistently active had lower risk for adult clustered cardiometabolic risk (RR = 0.67;CI95% = 0.53-0.84; Harmonized criteria), obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2, RR = 0.76;CI95% = 0.59-0.98), high waist circumference (RR = 0.82;CI95% = 0.69-0.98), and high triglyceride (RR = 0.60;CI95% = 0.47-0.75), insulin (RR = 0.58;CI95% = 0.46-0.74) and glucose (RR = 0.77;CI95% = 0.62-0.96) concentrations as well as low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) concentration (RR = 0.78;CI95% = 0.66-0.93). Comparable results were found when persistently physically inactive individuals were compared with those who increased PA. The results remained essentially similar after adjustment for education, diet, smoking, and BMI. Persistently physically inactive lifestyle since youth is associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile in adulthood. Importantly, even minor increase in PA lowers the cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Kallio
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kristiina Pälve
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Britt-Marie Loo
- Joint Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Suvi Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Helajärvi
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tomi P Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero Jokinen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Tossavainen
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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22
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Lounassalo I, Hirvensalo M, Palomäki S, Salin K, Tolvanen A, Pahkala K, Rovio S, Fogelholm M, Yang X, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari OT, Tammelin TH. Life-course leisure-time physical activity trajectories in relation to health-related behaviors in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:533. [PMID: 33740917 PMCID: PMC7977567 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence on whether leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) facilitates individuals’ adoption of multiple healthy behaviors remains scarce. This study investigated the associations of diverse longitudinal LTPA trajectories from childhood to adulthood with diet, screen time, smoking, binge drinking, sleep difficulties, and sleep duration in adulthood. Methods Data were drawn from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Participants were aged 9–18 years (N = 3553; 51% females) in 1980 and 33–49 years at the latest follow-up in 2011. The LTPA trajectories were identified using a latent profile analysis. Differences in self-reported health-related behaviors across the LTPA trajectories were studied separately for women and men by using the Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars approach. Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, education level, marital status, total energy intake and previous corresponding behaviors. Results Persistently active, persistently low-active, decreasingly and increasingly active trajectories were identified in both genders and an additional inactive trajectory for women. After adjusting the models with the above-mentioned covariates, the inactive women had an unhealthier diet than the women in the other trajectories (p < 0.01; effect size (ES) > 0.50). The low-active men followed an unhealthier diet than the persistently and increasingly active men (p < 0.01; ES > 0.50). Compared to their inactive and low-active peers, smoking frequency was lower in the increasingly active women and men (p < 0.01; ES > 0.20) and persistently active men (p < 0.05; ES > 0.20). The increasingly active men reported lower screen time than the low-active (p < 0.001; ES > 0.50) and persistently active (p < 0.05; ES > 0.20) men. The increasingly and persistently active women reported fewer sleep difficulties than the inactive (p < 0.001; ES > 0.80) and low-active (p < 0.05; ES > 0.50 and > 0.80, respectively) women. Sleep duration and binge drinking were not associated with the LTPA trajectories in either gender, nor were sleep difficulties in men and screen time in women. Conclusions Not only persistently higher LTPA but also an increasing tendency to engage in LTPA after childhood/adolescence were associated with healthier diet and lower smoking frequency in both genders, having less sleep difficulties in women and lower screen time in increasingly active men. Inactivity and low activity were associated with the accumulation of several unhealthy behaviors in adulthood. Associations were stronger in women. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10554-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irinja Lounassalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanna Palomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Methodology Center for Human Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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23
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Hernández D, Heinilä E, Muotka J, Ruotsalainen I, Lapinkero HM, Syväoja H, Tammelin TH, Parviainen T. Physical activity and aerobic fitness show different associations with brain processes underlying anticipatory selective visuospatial attention in adolescents. Brain Res 2021; 1761:147392. [PMID: 33639201 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge about the underlying brain processes of exercise-related benefits on executive functions and the specific contributions of physical activity and aerobic fitness during adolescence is inconclusive. We explored whether and how physical activity and aerobic fitness are associated with the oscillatory dynamics underlying anticipatory spatial attention. We studied whether the link between physical exercise level and cognitive control in adolescents is mediated by task-related oscillatory activity. Magnetoencephalographic alpha oscillations during a modified Posner's cueing paradigm were measured in 59 adolescents (37 females and 22 males, 12-17 years). Accelerometer-measured physical activity and aerobic fitness (20-m shuttle run test) were used to divide the sample into higher- and lower-performing groups. The interhemispheric alpha asymmetry during selective attention was larger in the high than in the low physical activity group, but there was no difference between the high and low aerobic fitness groups. Exploratory mediation analysis suggested that anticipatory interhemispheric asymmetry mediates the association between physical activity status and drift rate in the selective attention task. Higher physical activity was related to increased cue-induced asymmetry, which in turn was associated with less efficient processing of information. Behaviorally, more physically active males showed stronger dependence on the cue, while more fit females showed more efficient processing of information. Our findings suggest that physical activity may be associated with a neural marker of anticipatory attention in adolescents. These findings might help to explain the varying results regarding the association of physical activity and aerobic fitness with attention and inhibition in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Hernández
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Erkka Heinilä
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joona Muotka
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilona Ruotsalainen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hanna-Maija Lapinkero
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heidi Syväoja
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiina Parviainen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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24
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Ruotsalainen I, Glerean E, Karvanen J, Gorbach T, Renvall V, Syväoja HJ, Tammelin TH, Parviainen T. Physical activity and aerobic fitness in relation to local and interhemispheric functional connectivity in adolescents' brains. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01941. [PMID: 33369275 PMCID: PMC7882164 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents have experienced decreased aerobic fitness levels and insufficient physical activity levels over the past decades. While both physical activity and aerobic fitness are related to physical and mental health, little is known concerning how they manifest in the brain during this stage of development, characterized by significant physical and psychosocial changes. The aim of the study is to examine the associations between both physical activity and aerobic fitness with brains' functional connectivity. METHODS Here, we examined how physical activity and aerobic fitness are associated with local and interhemispheric functional connectivity of the adolescent brain (n = 59), as measured with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Physical activity was measured by hip-worn accelerometers, and aerobic fitness by a maximal 20-m shuttle run test. RESULTS We found that higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, but not aerobic fitness, were linked to increased local functional connectivity as measured by regional homogeneity in 13-16-year-old participants. However, we did not find evidence for significant associations between adolescents' physical activity or aerobic fitness and interhemispheric connectivity, as indicated by homotopic connectivity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that physical activity, but not aerobic fitness, is related to local functional connectivity in adolescents. Moreover, physical activity shows an association with a specific brain area involved in motor functions but did not display any widespread associations with other brain regions. These results can advance our understanding of the behavior-brain associations in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Ruotsalainen
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Enrico Glerean
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Juha Karvanen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tetiana Gorbach
- Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ville Renvall
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,AMI Centre, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Heidi J Syväoja
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiina Parviainen
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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25
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Litwin L, Sundholm JKM, Meinilä J, Kulmala J, Tammelin TH, Rönö K, Koivusalo SB, Eriksson JG, Sarkola T. Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Vascular Phenotype Associations in Mothers with Obesity and Their Six-Year-Old Children. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3187-3197. [PMID: 34285526 PMCID: PMC8286111 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s315402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heredity and family-shared lifestyle contribute to cardiovascular risk, but the magnitude of their influence on arterial structure and function in early childhood is unknown. We aimed to assess associations between child and maternal ideal cardiovascular health, maternal subclinical atherosclerosis, and child arterial phenotype. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 201 mother-child pairs originating from the Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL) longitudinal cohort was done at child age 6.1 ± 0.5 years with assessments of ideal cardiovascular health (BMI, blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, diet quality, physical activity, smoking), body composition, very-high frequency ultrasound of carotid arteries (25 and 35 MHz), and pulse wave velocity. RESULTS We found no association between child and maternal ideal cardiovascular health but report evidence of particular metrics correlations: total cholesterol (r=0.24, P=0.003), BMI (r=0.17, P=0.02), diastolic blood pressure (r=0.15, P=0.03), and diet quality (r=0.22, P=0.002). Child arterial phenotype was not associated with child or maternal ideal cardiovascular health. In the multivariable regression explanatory model adjusted for child sex, age, systolic blood pressure, lean body mass, and body fat percentage, child carotid intima-media thickness was independently associated only with maternal carotid intima-media thickness (0.1 mm increase [95% CI 0.05, 0.21, P=0.001] for each 1 mm increase in maternal carotid intima-media thickness). Children of mothers with subclinical atherosclerosis had decreased carotid artery distensibility (1.1 ± 0.2 vs 1.2 ± 0.2%/10 mmHg, P=0.01) and trend toward increased carotid intima-media thickness (0.37 ± 0.04 vs 0.35 ± 0.04 mm, P=0.06). CONCLUSION Ideal Cardiovascular Health metrics are heterogeneously associated in mother-child pairs in early childhood. We found no evidence of child or maternal Ideal Cardiovascular Health effect on child arterial phenotype. Maternal carotid intima-media thickness predicts child carotid intima-media thickness, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Maternal subclinical atherosclerosis is associated with local carotid arterial stiffness in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Litwin
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Congenital Heart Defects and Pediatric Cardiology, FMS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: Linda Litwin Department of Congenital Heart Defects and Pediatric Cardiology, FMS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, M.Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, Zabrze, 41-800, PolandTel +48 322713401Fax +48 322713401 Email
| | - Johnny K M Sundholm
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jelena Meinilä
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kristiina Rönö
- Women’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saila B Koivusalo
- Women’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Taisto Sarkola
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Joensuu L, Kujala UM, Kankaanpää A, Syväoja HJ, Kulmala J, Hakonen H, Oksanen H, Kallio J, Tammelin TH. Physical fitness development in relation to changes in body composition and physical activity in adolescence. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:456-464. [PMID: 33038034 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The decline in adolescents' physical fitness (PF) in recent decades has raised concerns about current population's possible future challenges with health and physical functional capacity. This study explored the associations between body composition, physical activity, maturation, and PF development in adolescents. Furthermore, PF development of adolescents with low initial PF was assessed. A 2-year observational study was conducted between spring 2013 and 2015. Nine comprehensive schools and their 10- to 13-year-old students were invited to participate in the study (1778), and a total of 971 students (54.6%) agreed. Cardiorespiratory fitness (20-meter shuttle run), muscular fitness (push-ups), fundamental movement skills (5-leaps test), body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (accelerometer), and pubertal status (self-assessment questionnaire) were measured at 1-year intervals. Latent growth curve modeling (LGM) was used to study PF development over time. Change in fat mass had the strongest and most coherent associations with PF development during adolescence. Fat-free mass, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and pubertal status were associated with PF development, although not systematically. Subgroup analyses showed that PF development in the low fitness group followed a similar pattern as the whole population. However, their PF remained significantly lower throughout the 2-year period. The findings suggest that fat accumulation is an essential detrimental factor for PF development during adolescence. Actions to prevent excessive fat accumulation might help to prevent future declines in functional capacity. Indications that low fitness levels sustain during adolescence highlight the relevance of detecting these individuals and providing interventions already before adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Joensuu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heidi J Syväoja
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hermanni Oksanen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jouni Kallio
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Kari JT, Pehkonen J, Tammelin TH, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari OT. Childhood physical activity as a labor market investment. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:163-183. [PMID: 32967041 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of physical activity and changes in physical activity levels during childhood in long-term labor market outcomes. To address this important but under-researched theme, the study utilized data drawn from longitudinal research, the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS), and from registries compiled by Statistics Finland. The study consisted of children aged 9 (n = 1565) and 15 (n = 2445) at the time their physical activity was measured. Labor market outcomes, including employment status, average employment months, and average unemployment months, were calculated from 1997 to 2010, when the participants were aged 20 to 48 years. Regression models were used to assess the relationship between physical activity and labor market outcomes. The results show that the consequences of childhood physical activity may be far-reaching, as higher childhood physical activity was positively related to the probability of being employed and employment months and was negatively related to unemployment months. On average, a one-unit increase in physical activity index was related to a 1% higher probability of being employed, 0.10 more months of yearly employment, and 0.05 fewer months of yearly unemployment. The results also imply that persistently active individuals had the highest level of employment and the lowest level of unemployment compared with other activity groups. In conclusion, investments in childhood physical activity may not only promote health and well-being but may also correlate with better labor market outcomes later in life, providing both personal and societal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana T Kari
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Pehkonen
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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28
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Schneider J, Polet J, Hassandra M, Lintunen T, Laukkanen A, Hankonen N, Hirvensalo M, Tammelin TH, Törmäkangas T, Hagger MS. Testing a physical education-delivered autonomy supportive intervention to promote leisure-time physical activity in lower secondary school students: the PETALS trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1438. [PMID: 32962677 PMCID: PMC7510083 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inadequate physical activity in young people is associated with several physical and mental health concerns. Physical education (PE) is a potentially viable existing network for promoting physical activity in this population. However, little research has been conducted on whether PE teachers can influence students’ engagement in leisure-time physical activity. The present study therefore examined the efficacy of an intervention aimed at increasing PE teachers’ autonomy support on students’ leisure-time physical activity (the PETALS trial). The intervention was guided by the trans-contextual model (TCM) explaining the processes by which PE teachers’ provision of autonomy support during PE promotes students’ motivation and engagement in physical activity in their leisure time. Methods The study adopted a cluster-randomized, waitlist control intervention design with randomization by school. Participants were PE teachers (N = 29, 44.83%female; M age = 42.83, SD = 9.53 yrs) and their lower secondary school students (N = 502, 43.82%female; M age = 14.52, SD = 0.71 yrs). We measured TCM constructs, including perceived autonomy support, autonomous motivation in PE and leisure time, beliefs and intentions towards leisure-time physical activity, and physical activity behavior at baseline, post-intervention, and at one-, three-, and six-months. Study hypotheses were tested through a series of ANOVAs and structural equation models using post-intervention and one-month follow-up data. Results We found no changes in TCM constructs or physical activity behavior in either group at post-intervention or at 1 month. Path analyses supported two propositions of the TCM as change variables: perceived autonomy support had a significant effect on autonomous motivation in PE and autonomous motivation in PE had a significant effect on autonomous motivation in leisure time. Although we found a direct effect of autonomous motivation in leisure time on physical activity, we did not find support for the third premise of the TCM that autonomous motivation in leisure time indirectly affects physical activity through beliefs and intentions. Conclusions Current findings did not support the efficacy of the PETALS intervention at changing physical activity behavior and TCM constructs. More research is required to determine whether the TCM predictive validity is supported when other model variables are manipulated through experimental and intervention studies. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN39374060. Registered 19 July 2018. Prospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Schneider
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Keskussairaalantie 4, 40600, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Juho Polet
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Keskussairaalantie 4, 40600, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mary Hassandra
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Taru Lintunen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Keskussairaalantie 4, 40600, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arto Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Keskussairaalantie 4, 40600, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nelli Hankonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Keskussairaalantie 4, 40600, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Keskussairaalantie 4, 40600, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martin S Hagger
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Keskussairaalantie 4, 40600, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
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29
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Kekäläinen T, Laakkonen EK, Terracciano A, Savikangas T, Hyvärinen M, Tammelin TH, Rantalainen T, Törmäkangas T, Kujala UM, Alen M, Kovanen V, Sipilä S, Kokko K. Accelerometer-measured and self-reported physical activity in relation to extraversion and neuroticism: a cross-sectional analysis of two studies. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:264. [PMID: 32727379 PMCID: PMC7391808 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality reflects relatively stable and pervasive tendencies in feeling, thinking and behaving. While previous studies have found higher extraversion and lower neuroticism to be linked to higher self-reported physical activity levels, larger studies using accelerometer-measured physical activity are lacking. This study investigated the cross-sectional associations of extraversion and neuroticism with both accelerometer-measured and self-reported physical activity and the role of these personality traits in possible discrepancies between these two measures of physical activity among Finnish adults. METHODS Two community-dwelling samples were used in this study: a) 47-55-yr-old women (n = 1098) and b) 70-85-yr-old women and men (n = 314). In both samples, extraversion and neuroticism were assessed by the 19-item short form of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Physical activity was assessed with hip-worn tri-axial accelerometers and self-reported questions. Regression analyses were adjusted by age, BMI and education. RESULTS In the middle-aged women, neuroticism was negatively associated with accelerometer-measured leisure time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (β = -.07, p = .036) and with self-reported physical activity (β = -.08, p = .021), while extraversion was positively associated with self-reported physical activity (β = .10, p = .005). No associations of extraversion or neuroticism with physical activity were found in the older men and women. Older adults who scored high in neuroticism reported less physical activity than what was measured by accelerometers (β = -.12, p = .039). Extraversion was not associated with discrepancy between self-reported and accelerometer-measured leisure time physical activity in either sample. CONCLUSIONS Neuroticism was associated with lower leisure-time physical activity levels and extraversion with higher self-reported physical activity among middle-aged women. Neuroticism and extraversion were unrelated to physical activity among older adults, but older adults with high neuroticism seemed to underreport their physical activity level. The role of personality in the discrepancy between self-reported and device-based physical activity warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kekäläinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Eija K Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Tiina Savikangas
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Hyvärinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Vuokko Kovanen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katja Kokko
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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30
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Syväoja HJ, Kankaanpää A, Joensuu L, Kallio J, Hakonen H, Hillman CH, Tammelin TH. The Longitudinal Associations of Fitness and Motor Skills with Academic Achievement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2050-2057. [PMID: 31525169 PMCID: PMC6798746 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Purpose This study aimed to examine both independent and dependent longitudinal associations of physical fitness (PF) components with academic achievement. Methods A total of 954 fourth to seventh graders (9–15 yr [Mage = 12.5 yr], 52% girls) from nine schools throughout Finland participated in a 2-yr follow-up study. Register-based academic achievement scores (grade point average [GPA]) and PF were assessed in the spring of 2013–2015. Aerobic fitness was measured with a maximal 20-m shuttle run test, muscular fitness with curl-up and push-up tests, and motor skills with a 5-leaps test and a throwing–catching combination test. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the longitudinal associations adjusting for age, gender, pubertal stage, body fat percentage, learning difficulties, and mother’s education. Results The changes in aerobic and muscular fitness were positively associated with the changes in GPA (B = 0.27, 99% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06–0.48; B = 0.36, 99% CI = 0.11–0.63, respectively), whereas the changes in motor skills were not associated with the changes in GPA. Better motor skills in year 2 predicted better GPA a year later (B = 0.06, 99% CI = 0.00–0.11; B = 0.06, 99% CI = 0.01–0.11), whereas aerobic and muscular fitness did not predict GPA. GPA in year 1 predicted both aerobic (B = 0.08, 99% CI = 0.01–0.15) and muscular (B = 0.08, 99% CI = 0.02–0.15) fitness, and motor skills (B = 0.08, 99% CI = 0.02–0.15) a year later. Conclusion The changes in both aerobic and muscular fitness were positively associated with the changes in academic achievement during adolescence, whereas the changes in motor skills had only borderline significant association. However, better motor skills, although not systematically, independently predicted better academic achievement 1 yr later, whereas aerobic or muscular fitness did not. Better academic achievement predicted better motor skills, aerobic fitness, and muscular fitness. Developmental changes in adolescence may induce parallel and simultaneous changes in academic achievement and PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Syväoja
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Laura Joensuu
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FINLAND.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Jouni Kallio
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Harto Hakonen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology and Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
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31
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Haapala EA, Haapala HL, Syväoja H, Tammelin TH, Finni T, Kiuru N. Longitudinal associations of physical activity and pubertal development with academic achievement in adolescents. J Sport Health Sci 2020; 9:265-273. [PMID: 32444151 PMCID: PMC7242213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the longitudinal associations of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and pubertal development with academic achievement in adolescents. METHODS A total of 635 adolescents (283 boys, 352 girls) aged 11-13 years participated in the study. MVPA was assessed by the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study questionnaire, and pubertal development was assessed by the Pubertal Development Scale at beginning of the 6th grade (baseline) and end of the 7th grade (follow-up). Grade point average (GPA) at the end of Grades 5 and 7 was computed from data acquired from the school registers. The data were analyzed using linear regression and analyses of covariance. RESULTS In boys, MVPA was positively associated with GPA at baseline after adjustment for age (β = 0.144, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.028-0.260, p = 0.028). In girls, the Pubertal Development Scale was positively associated with GPA at baseline (β = 0.104, 95%CI: -0.004 to 0.211, p = 0.058) and follow-up (β = 0.104, 95%CI: -0.002 to 0.211, p = 0.055) after adjustment for age, and these associations strengthened after further adjustment for MVPA (p < 0.05). Adolescents who were inactive at baseline or at baseline and follow-up had lower GPA during follow-up than their continuously highly active peers (mean difference = -0.301, 95%CI: -0.543 to -0.058, p = 0.009) and all other adolescents (mean difference = -0.247, 95%CI: -0.475 to -0.019, p = 0.029). These differences were greater in girls than in boys. CONCLUSION Lower levels of MVPA were associated with lower GPA in boys at baseline. Girls who were continuously inactive had lower GPA over the follow-up period than those who were continuously active. Finally, earlier pubertal development was associated with better academic achievement in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland; Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, FI-70211, Finland.
| | - Henna L Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Heidi Syväoja
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FI-40700, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FI-40700, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Noona Kiuru
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
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32
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Kari JT, Viinikainen J, Böckerman P, Tammelin TH, Pitkänen N, Lehtimäki T, Pahkala K, Hirvensalo M, Raitakari OT, Pehkonen J. Education leads to a more physically active lifestyle: Evidence based on Mendelian randomization. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1194-1204. [PMID: 32176397 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity is a major health risk worldwide. Observational studies suggest that higher education is positively related to physical activity, but it is not clear whether this relationship constitutes a causal effect. Using participants (N = 1651) drawn from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study linked to nationwide administrative data from Statistics Finland, this study examined whether educational attainment, measured by years of education, is related to adulthood physical activity in terms of overall physical activity, weekly hours of intensive activity, total steps per day, and aerobic steps per day. We employed ordinary least squares (OLS) models and extended the analysis using an instrumental variables approach (Mendelian randomization, MR) with a genetic risk score as an instrument for years of education. Based on the MR results, it was found that years of education is positively related to physical activity. On average, one additional year of education leads to a 0.62-unit higher overall physical activity (P < .01), 0.26 more hours of weekly intensive activity (P < .05), 560 more steps per day (P < .10), and 390 more aerobic steps per day (P < .09). The findings indicate that education may be a factor leading to higher leisure-time physical activity and thus promoting global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana T Kari
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jutta Viinikainen
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petri Böckerman
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Labour Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki, Finland.,IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Pehkonen
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Ruotsalainen I, Gorbach T, Perkola J, Renvall V, Syväoja HJ, Tammelin TH, Karvanen J, Parviainen T. Physical activity, aerobic fitness, and brain white matter: Their role for executive functions in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100765. [PMID: 32072938 PMCID: PMC7013351 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic fitness level, but not physical activity, is related to white matter properties in the brain. The relation between physical activity and working memory is moderated by fractional anisotropy (FA) of the corpus callosum. The FA of the corpus callosum and superior corona radiata moderates the relation between aerobic fitness and working memory.
Physical activity and exercise beneficially link to brain properties and cognitive functions in older adults, but the findings concerning adolescents remain tentative. During adolescence, the brain undergoes significant changes, which are especially pronounced in white matter. Studies provide contradictory evidence regarding the influence of physical activity or aerobic-exercise on executive functions in youth. Little is also known about the link between both fitness and physical activity with the brain’s white matter during puberty. We investigated the connection between aerobic fitness and physical activity with the white matter in 59 adolescents. We further determined whether white matter interacts with the connection of fitness or physical activity with core executive functions. Our results show that only the level of aerobic fitness, but not of physical activity relates to white matter. Furthermore, the white matter of the corpus callosum and the right superior corona radiata moderates the links of aerobic fitness and physical activity with working memory. Our results suggest that aerobic fitness and physical activity have an unequal contribution to the white matter properties in adolescents. We propose that the differences in white matter properties could underlie the variations in the relationship between either physical activity or aerobic fitness with working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Ruotsalainen
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tetiana Gorbach
- Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaana Perkola
- Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ville Renvall
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; AMI Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Heidi J Syväoja
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha Karvanen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiina Parviainen
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Lounassalo I, Hirvensalo M, Kankaanpää A, Tolvanen A, Palomäki S, Salin K, Fogelholm M, Yang X, Pahkala K, Rovio S, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari O, Tammelin TH. Associations of Leisure-Time Physical Activity Trajectories with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption from Childhood to Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E4437. [PMID: 31726760 PMCID: PMC6888230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A physically active lifestyle and a diet rich in vegetables and fruits have a central role in promoting health. This study examined the associations between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) trajectories and fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC) from childhood to middle age. The data were drawn from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study with six age cohorts. Participants were 9 to 18 years (n = 3536; 51% females) at baseline in 1980 and 33 to 48 years at the last follow-up in 2011. LTPA and FVC were self-reported. LTPA trajectories were identified using latent profile analyses, after which the mean differences in FVC across the trajectories were studied. Active, low-active, decreasingly and increasingly active trajectories were identified for both genders. An additional trajectory describing inactivity was identified for females. Those who were persistently active or increased their LTPA had higher FVC at many ages when compared to their inactive or low-active counterparts (p < 0.05). In females prior to age 42 and in males prior to age 24, FVC was higher at many ages in those with decreasing activity than in their inactive or low-active counterparts (p < 0.05). The development of LTPA and FVC from childhood to middle age seem to occur in tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irinja Lounassalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (M.H.); (S.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (M.H.); (S.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; (A.K.); (X.Y.); (T.H.T.)
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Methodology Center for Human Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Sanna Palomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (M.H.); (S.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (M.H.); (S.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; (A.K.); (X.Y.); (T.H.T.)
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (K.P.); (S.R.); (O.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland, and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (K.P.); (S.R.); (O.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland, and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland, and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (K.P.); (S.R.); (O.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland, and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuija H. Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland; (A.K.); (X.Y.); (T.H.T.)
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Hakala JO, Rovio SP, Pahkala K, Nevalainen J, Juonala M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Heinonen OJ, Hirvensalo M, Telama R, Viikari JSA, Tammelin TH, Raitakari OT. Physical Activity from Childhood to Adulthood and Cognitive Performance in Midlife. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562172.32204.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ruotsalainen I, Renvall V, Gorbach T, Syväoja HJ, Tammelin TH, Karvanen J, Parviainen T. Aerobic fitness, but not physical activity, is associated with grey matter volume in adolescents. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:122-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Salin K, Kankaanpää A, Hirvensalo M, Lounassalo I, Yang X, Magnussen CG, Hutri-Kähönen N, Rovio S, Viikari J, Raitakari OT, Tammelin TH. Smoking and Physical Activity Trajectories from Childhood to Midlife. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E974. [PMID: 30889897 PMCID: PMC6466084 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite substantial interest in the development of health behaviors, there is limited research that has examined the longitudinal relationship between physical activity (PA) and smoking trajectories from youth to adulthood in a Finnish population. This study aimed to identify trajectories of smoking and PA for males and females, and study the relationship between these trajectories from youth to adulthood. Methods: Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify trajectories of smoking and PA separately for males and females among 3355 Finnish adults (52.1% females). Participants' smoking and PA were assessed five to eight times over a 31-year period (3⁻18 years old at the baseline, 34⁻49 years at last follow-up). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the trajectories of smoking and PA. Results: Five smoking trajectories and four to five PA trajectories were identified for males and females. Of the PA trajectory groups, the persistently active group were least likely to follow the trajectories of regular smoking and the inactive and low active groups were least likely to follow non-smoking trajectory group. Likewise, inactive (women only) and low active groups were less likely to belong to the non-smokers group. Conclusions: The study suggests that those who are persistently active or increasingly active have substantially reduced probabilities of being in the highest-risk smoking categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Irinja Lounassalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Department of Medicine and Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20500 Turku, Finland.
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 7005 Hobart, Australia.
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33100 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Suvi Rovio
- Department of Medicine and Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine and Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Medicine and Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Lounassalo I, Salin K, Kankaanpää A, Hirvensalo M, Palomäki S, Tolvanen A, Yang X, Tammelin TH. Distinct trajectories of physical activity and related factors during the life course in the general population: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:271. [PMID: 30841921 PMCID: PMC6404287 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, researchers have begun applying a trajectory approach to identify homogeneous subgroups of physical activity (PA) in heterogeneous populations. This study systematically reviewed the articles identifying longitudinal PA trajectory classes and the related factors (e.g., determinants, predictors, and outcomes) in the general population during different life phases. METHODS The included studies used finite mixture models for identifying trajectories of PA, exercise, or sport participation. Three electronic databases, PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, and CINAHL, were searched from the year 2000 to 13 February 2018. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA recommendations. RESULTS Twenty-seven articles were included and organized into three age group: youngest (eleven articles), middle (eight articles), and oldest (eight articles). The youngest group consisted mainly of youth, the middle group of adults and the oldest group of late middle-aged and older adults. Most commonly, three or four trajectory classes were reported. Several trajectories describing a decline in PA were reported, especially in the youngest group, whereas trajectories of consistently increasing PA were observed in the middle and oldest group. While the proportion of persistently physically inactive individuals increased with age, the proportion was relatively high at all ages. Generally, male gender, being Caucasian, non-smoking, having low television viewing time, higher socioeconomic status, no chronic illnesses, and family support for PA were associated either with persistent or increasing PA. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed articles identified various PA subgroups, indicating that finite mixture modeling can yield new information on the complexity of PA behavior compared to studying population mean PA level only. The studies also provided novel information how different factors relate to changes in PA during life course. The recognition of the PA subgroups and their determinants is important for the more precise targeting of PA promotion and PA interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018088120 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Irinja Lounassalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanna Palomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Methodology Center for Human Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H. Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Niemelä MS, Kangas M, Ahola RJ, Auvinen JP, Leinonen AM, Tammelin TH, Vaaramo ES, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Korpelainen RI, Jämsä TJ. Dose-response relation of self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity to perceived health in middle age-the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:21. [PMID: 30612541 PMCID: PMC6322295 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular physical activity (PA) promotes health and decreases mortality. The positive relationship between PA and perceived health (PH) is well known. However, previous research in the field has often used self-reported PA measures. The aim of this population-based NFBC1966 birth cohort study was to assess the relationship between both self-reported and objectively measured PA and PH in midlife. Methods A sample group of 6384 participants (2878 men, 3506 women, response rate 62%) aged 46 completed a questionnaire on PH and health behaviors, including items on weekly leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and daily sitting time (ST). PH was dichotomized as good (very good or good) and other (fair, poor, or very poor). PA was measured with a wrist-worn Polar Active (Polar Electro, Finland) accelerometer for 14 days (n = 5481, 98%) and expressed as daily average time spent in moderate to vigorous intensity PA (MVPA). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for good PH were calculated using binary logistic regression and adjusted for relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics, and ST. Results The level of PA was positively associated with PH after adjustments with covariates and ST. There was a dose-response relationship across the PA quartiles according to the adjusted multivariable models. Self-reported LTPA was more strongly associated with good PH (OR from 1.72 to 4.33 compared to lowest PA quartile) than objectively measured PA (OR from 1.37 to 1.66 compared to lowest PA quartile). Conclusions In this large population-based birth cohort study, we for the first time show a positive dose-response relationship of both self-reported and objectively measured PA to PH, the relationship being stronger for self-reported LTPA. Despite the cross-sectional design of this study, the results from this large sample suggest that both self-reported and objectively measured physical activity are strongly associated with PH, which is a predictor of morbidity and mortality, and regular PA should be encouraged in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa S Niemelä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Infotech, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Maarit Kangas
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Juha P Auvinen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Maiju Leinonen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Infotech, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eeva S Vaaramo
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirkka M Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Health Center of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne, Pyhäjärvi, Finland
| | - Raija I Korpelainen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo J Jämsä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Infotech, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Salin K, Hirvensalo M, Kankaanpää A, Magnussen CG, Yang X, Hutri-Kähönen N, Viikari J, Raitakari OT, Telama R, Tammelin TH. Associations of partnering transition and socioeconomic status with a four-year change in daily steps among Finnish adults. Scand J Public Health 2018; 47:722-729. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494818807558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this prospective four-year follow-up study was to examine how socioeconomic status (SES) and change in marital status are associated with the change in pedometer-measured physical activity (PA) in adulthood among participants in the ‘Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study’. Methods: Questionnaires were completed and pedometers worn at baseline in 2007 and again at follow-up in 2011 by 1051 Finnish adults (62.3% female, aged 30–45 years in 2007). A latent change score model was used to examine mean change in daily total steps, aerobic steps and non-aerobic steps during weekdays and weekend days between 2007 and 2011. Results: In women re-coupling or finding a new partner was associated with decrease in total steps ( p=0.010) and being single was associated with increase in non-aerobic steps ( p=0.047) during weekdays from 2007 to 2011 compared to women who were married. In men, divorcing was associated with decrease in non-aerobic steps ( p=0.049). Conclusions: In order to promote PA in the general population of adults, it is recommended to pay attention to people with lower SES and those who have had changes in their marital status. These factors could be taken into account when developing strategies to promote PA among the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mirja Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Costan G. Magnussen
- Department of Medicine and Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine and Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Medicine and Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Risto Telama
- Faculty of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H. Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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41
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Matarma T, Lagström H, Hurme S, Tammelin TH, Kulmala J, Barnett LM, Koski P. Motor skills in association with physical activity, sedentary time, body fat, and day care attendance in 5-6-year-old children-The STEPS Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2668-2676. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Matarma
- Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Teacher Education; University of Turku; Rauma Finland
| | - Hanna Lagström
- Department of Public Health; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Saija Hurme
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- Faculty of Health; Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition; School of Health and Social Development; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Pasi Koski
- Department of Teacher Education; University of Turku; Rauma Finland
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42
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Jaakkola T, Hakonen H, Kankaanpää A, Joensuu L, Kulmala J, Kallio J, Watt A, Tammelin TH. Longitudinal associations of fundamental movement skills with objectively measured physical activity and sedentariness during school transition from primary to lower secondary school. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:85-90. [PMID: 30098976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate cross-lagged associations of leaping skill and throwing-catching skills with objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) during school transition from upper primary (Grade 6) to lower secondary school (Grade 7). DESIGN This study is a one-year prospective follow-up study within Finnish school settings. Students' MVPA, ST, leaping skill and throwing-catching skills were measured at Grade 6 and subsequently at Grade 7. METHODS A sample of 336 students (163 girls, 173 boys; M age=12.0 years, SD=0.4 at Grade 6 participated in the study. Students' MVPA and ST were measured objectively by hip-worn accelerometers. Leaping skill was measured by 5-leaps test. Throwing and catching skills were measured by throwing-catching combination test. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling was conducted to evaluate the associations between MVPA, ST, leaping skill, and throwing-catching skills at Grade 6 and Grade 7. RESULTS Results demonstrated three significant cross-lagged associations among girls: (1) leaping skill measured at Grade 6 was negatively associated with ST at Grade 7; (2) objectively measured MVPA at Grade 6 associated positively with leaping skill at Grade 7; and (3) throwing-catching skills measured at Grade 6 associated positively with leaping skill measured at Grade 7. There were no statistically significant cross-lagged associations between the study variables for the sample of boys. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that supporting opportunities for girls' engagement in both MVPA and leaping skill development activities during their primary school education is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Harto Hakonen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Finland
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Finland
| | - Laura Joensuu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Finland
| | - Jouni Kallio
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Finland
| | - Anthony Watt
- College of Arts and Education, Victoria University, Australia
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Joensuu L, Syväoja H, Kallio J, Kulmala J, Kujala UM, Tammelin TH. Objectively measured physical activity, body composition and physical fitness: Cross-sectional associations in 9- to 15-year-old children. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:882-892. [PMID: 29614920 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1457081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine and quantify the cross-sectional associations of body composition (BC), physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) with physical fitness (PF) in children and adolescents. A sample of 594 Finnish students (56% girls), aged 9-15 (12.4 ± 1.3 years) were selected for a study performed in 2013. The measurements of the Move! monitoring system for physical functional capacity were used to measure cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness and fundamental movement skills. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST were measured objectively with an accelerometer and BC by a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated to represent height-adjusted BC. Associations were explored with a linear regression model. In general, FMI had statistically significant negative associations, while FFMI and MVPA had positive associations with PF. No statistically significant associations were observed between ST and PF. In general, FMI had the strongest association with PF, although some variation occurred with sex and PF component. However, associations were practically relevant only in 20-m shuttle run, push-up, curl-up and 5-leaps test. For example, approximately 5 kg increase in fat mass in 155 cm tall children was estimated to correspond to 8 laps in 20-m shuttle run. Similar increase in fat-free mass corresponded to +4 and +6 laps, and 10 min increase in daily MVPA +3 and +2 laps in 20-m shuttle run, in boys and girls, respectively. Understanding these associations is necessary when interpreting children's PF and designing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Joensuu
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland.,b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Heidi Syväoja
- b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Jouni Kallio
- b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- b LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health , Jyväskylä , Finland
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Abstract
PURPOSE This longitudinal study examined the role of leisure-time physical activity in academic achievement at the end of compulsory basic education and educational attainment in adulthood. METHODS The data were drawn from the ongoing longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, which was combined with register-based data from Statistics Finland. The study consisted of children who were 12 yr (n = 1723, 49% boys) and 15 yr (n = 2445, 48% boys) of age at the time when physical activity was measured. The children were followed up until 2010, when their mean age was 40 yr. Physical activity was self-reported and included several measurements: overall leisure-time physical activity outside school hours, participation in sports club training sessions, and participation in sports competitions. Individuals' educational outcomes were measured with the self-reported grade point average at age 15 yr and register-based information on the years of completed postcompulsory education in adulthood. Ordinary least squares models and the instrumental variable approach were used to analyze the relationship between physical activity and educational outcomes. RESULTS Physical activity in adolescence was positively associated with educational outcomes. Both the physical activity level at age 15 yr and an increase in the physical activity level between the ages of 12 and 15 yr were positively related to the grade point average at age 15 yr and the years of postcompulsory education in adulthood. The results were robust to the inclusion of several individual and family background factors, including health endowments, family income, and parents' education. CONCLUSION The results provide evidence that physical activity in adolescence may not only predict academic success during compulsory basic education but also boost educational outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana T Kari
- 1LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FINLAND; 2Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, Jyväskylä, FINLAND; 3Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FINLAND; 4Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; and 5Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
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Haapala HL, Hirvensalo MH, Laine K, Laakso L, Hakonen H, Lintunen T, Tammelin TH. Differences in physical activity at recess and school-related social factors in four Finnish lower secondary schools. Health Educ Res 2017; 32:499-512. [PMID: 29096026 PMCID: PMC5914423 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the differences in physical activity (PA) at recess and school-related social factors, and described school PA promotion processes and staff experiences at four lower secondary schools from the Finnish Schools on the Move programme. Recess PA, peer relationships at school, relatedness to school, and school climate were assessed via surveys with eighth-grade students in spring 2011 (n = 385) and spring 2013 (n = 373). Local contact people in the school projects (n = 6), school staff (n = 83) and principals (n = 3) provided information on the PA promotion process via telephone interviews and surveys. Differences in student-level data in years 2011 and 2013 were analysed by gender using two-way ANOVA. Data on school processes were analysed using a combination of classification, narrative approach and content analysis.In two of the four schools, male students reported higher levels of recess PA in 2013 compared to 2011. In three schools, school-related social factors did not differ between 2011 and 2013. School cultures and routes towards a more physically active school day differed; the project was highly visible in all schools, but staff participation varied. More research is needed to determine the effective physically active strategies to promote positive social well-being and to enhance staff engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Haapala
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyv�skyl�, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv�skyl�, 40600 Jyv�skyl�, Finland
| | - M H Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv�skyl�, 40600 Jyv�skyl�, Finland
| | - K Laine
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyv�skyl�, Finland
| | - L Laakso
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv�skyl�, 40600 Jyv�skyl�, Finland
| | - H Hakonen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyv�skyl�, Finland
| | - T Lintunen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv�skyl�, 40600 Jyv�skyl�, Finland
| | - T H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyv�skyl�, Finland
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Rovio SP, Yang X, Kankaanpää A, Aalto V, Hirvensalo M, Telama R, Pahkala K, Hutri-Kähönen N, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Tammelin TH. Longitudinal physical activity trajectories from childhood to adulthood and their determinants: The Young Finns Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1073-1083. [PMID: 28981988 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Determining lifelong physical activity (PA) trajectories and their determinants is essential to promote a physically active lifestyle throughout the life-course. We aimed to identify PA trajectories from childhood to midlife and their determinants in a longitudinal population-based cohort. This study is a part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. From 1980, a population-based cohort (N = 3596; 1764 boys/1832 girls, age 3-18 years) has been followed up for 31 years. PA indices were formed based on self-reported data (between age 9-49 years) on frequency, duration, and intensity of leisure (during childhood) or high-intensity (at later age) PA and on sports club participation/competitions. PA trajectories were analyzed using group-based trajectory modeling. Childhood (age 12 years), young adulthood (age 24 years), and early midlife (age 37 years) determinants were analyzed. Five PA trajectories were identified: persistently active (6.6%), decreasingly active (13.9%), increasingly active (13.5%), persistently low active (51.4%, reference group), persistently inactive (14.6%). In childhood, rural residential area (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21-0.96) and high academic performance (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.58-3.00) associated with persistently active group. In early midlife, smoking (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.07-2.58) associated with persistently inactive group, regular alcohol drinking (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.12-7.55) with persistently active group and having children (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.27-3.38) with decreasingly active group. High adulthood education associated with both decreasingly (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.05-3.35) and increasingly (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.19-3.68) active groups. We identified five PA trajectories from childhood into midlife. Most prominent determinants were academic achievement, education, having children and health habits (i.e. smoking/alcohol use).
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - X Yang
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - V Aalto
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - R Telama
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - K Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - N Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - J S A Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - O T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - T H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Williams DM, Buxton JL, Kantomaa MT, Tammelin TH, Blakemore AIF, Järvelin MR. Associations of Leukocyte Telomere Length With Aerobic and Muscular Fitness in Young Adults. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:529-537. [PMID: 28338837 PMCID: PMC5860435 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline in both telomere length and physical fitness over the life course may contribute to increased risk of several chronic diseases. The relationship between telomere length and aerobic and muscular fitness is not well characterized. We examined whether there are cross-sectional associations of mean relative leukocyte telomere length (LTL) with objective measures of aerobic fitness, muscle strength, and muscle endurance, using data on 31-year-old participants of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n = 4,952–5,205, varying by exposure-outcome analysis). Aerobic fitness was assessed by means of heart rate measurement following a standardized submaximal step test; muscular fitness was assessed by means of a maximal isometric handgrip strength test and a test of lower-back trunk muscle endurance. Longer LTL was associated with higher aerobic fitness and better trunk muscle endurance in models including adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, socioeconomic position, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity level, and C-reactive protein. In a sex-stratified analysis, LTL was not associated with handgrip strength in either men or women. LTL may relate to aspects of physical fitness in young adulthood, but replication of these findings is required, along with further studies to help assess directions and causality in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Williams
- Correspondence to Dr. Dylan M. Williams, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 281, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden (e-mail: )
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Leinonen AM, Ahola R, Kulmala J, Hakonen H, Vähä-Ypyä H, Herzig KH, Auvinen J, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Sievänen H, Tammelin TH, Korpelainen R, Jämsä T. Measuring Physical Activity in Free-Living Conditions-Comparison of Three Accelerometry-Based Methods. Front Physiol 2017; 7:681. [PMID: 28119626 PMCID: PMC5222829 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the agreement in time spent on different physical activity (PA) levels using (1) mean amplitude deviation (MAD) of raw acceleration from the hip, (2) wrist-worn Polar Active, and (3) hip-worn Actigraph counts using Freedson's cut-points among adults under free-living conditions. PA was measured in 41 volunteers (mean age 47.6 years) for 14 days. Two MET-based threshold sets were used for MAD and Polar Active for sedentary time (ST) and time spent in light (LPA), moderate (MPA), and vigorous (VPA) PA. Actigraph counts were divided into PA classes, ≤100 counts/min for ST and Freedson's cut-points for LPA, MPA, and VPA. Analysis criteria were simultaneous use of devices for at least 4 days of >500 min/d. The between-method differences were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance test. Bland-Altman plots and ROC graphs were also employed. Valid data were available from 27 participants. Polar Active produced the highest amount of VPA with both thresholds (≥5 and ≥6 MET; mean difference 17.9-30.9 min/d, P < 0.001). With the threshold 3-6 MET for MPA, Polar Active indicated 19.2 min/d more than MAD (95% CI 5.8-32.6) and 51.0 min/d more than Actigraph (95% CI 36.7-65.2). The results did not differ with 3.5-5 MET for MPA [F(1.44, 37.43) = 1.92, P = 0.170]. MAD and Actigraph were closest to each other for ST with the threshold < 1.5 MET (mean difference 22.2 min/d, 95% CI 7.1-37.3). With the threshold <2 MET, Polar Active and Actigraph provided similar results (mean difference 7.0 min/d, 95% CI -17.8-31.7). Moderate to high agreement (area under the ROC curve 0.806-0.963) was found between the methods for the fulfillment of the recommendation for daily moderate-to-vigorous PA of 60 min. In free-living conditions the agreement between MAD, Polar Active, and Actigraph for measuring time spent on different activity levels in adults was dependent on the activity thresholds used and PA intensity. ROC analyses showed moderate to high agreement for the fulfillment of the recommendation for daily MVPA. Without additional statistical adjustment, these methods cannot be used interchangeably when measuring daily PA, but any of the methods can be used to identify persons with insufficient daily amount of MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maiju Leinonen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of OuluOulu, Finland; Infotech Oulu, University of OuluOulu, Finland; Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess InstituteOulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Ahola
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of OuluOulu, Finland; Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- LIKES - Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- LIKES - Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research Tampere, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of OuluOulu, Finland; Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of OuluOulu, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical SciencesPoznan, Poland; Biocenter Oulu, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of OuluOulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of OuluOulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES - Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess InstituteOulu, Finland; Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of OuluOulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Timo Jämsä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of OuluOulu, Finland; Infotech Oulu, University of OuluOulu, Finland; Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of OuluOulu, Finland; Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University HospitalOulu, Finland
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Hirvensalo M, Magnussen CG, Yang X, Telama R, Heinonen I, Hutri-Kähönen N, Salin K, Viikari J, Raitakari OT, Tammelin TH. Convergent Validity of a Physical Activity Questionnaire against Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ape.2017.74038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Haapala HL, Hirvensalo MH, Kulmala J, Hakonen H, Kankaanpää A, Laine K, Laakso L, Tammelin TH. Changes in physical activity and sedentary time in the Finnish Schools on the Move program: a quasi-experimental study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1442-1453. [PMID: 27781314 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the Finnish Schools on the Move program is to create a more active and pleasant school day through physical activity (PA). In this quasi-experimental design, we compared changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) during the school day and outside school hours for Grades 1-9 over two academic years in four program schools and two reference schools. Altogether 319 girls and boys aged 7-15 participated in the study between 2010 and 2012. MVPA and ST were measured four times over the 1.5-year follow-up period for seven consecutive days, using a hip-worn ActiGraph accelerometer. Linear growth curve modeling was used to examine the effect of the program on MVPA and ST during follow-up. School day MVPA increased (P = 0.010) and school day ST decreased (P = 0.008) in program primary schools (Grades 1-6) more compared with the reference schools. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) for the difference in change (from the first to the last measurement) were small (d = 0.18 and d = -0.27, respectively). No differences in the changes of leisure-time or whole-day MVPA and ST between the program and reference schools were observed during follow-up. In conclusion, the changes in school day MVPA and ST did not translate into positive effects across the whole day. More effective and longer promotion actions are needed for positive changes in PA and ST, especially in lower secondary schools and for all daily segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna L Haapala
- LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mirja H Hirvensalo
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Kulmala
- LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Laine
- LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Laakso
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
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