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Kim J, Go H, Lim JS, Oh JS, Ahn SM, Kim YG, Lee CK, Yoo B, Hong S. Circulating and renal fibrocytes are associated with interstitial fibrosis in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:914-923. [PMID: 35703942 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fibrocytes, the extracellular matrix-producing cells derived from bone marrow progenitors, contribute to organ fibrosis. We investigated the presence and characteristics of fibrocytes in the peripheral blood and kidney of patients with lupus nephritis (LN), and the association of the abundance of fibrocytes with renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) in LN fibrogenesis. METHODS Fibrocytes were identified with type I collagen (colI), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD34 and CD45 using flow cytometry and confocal imaging. The associations between the levels of fibrocytes and pathological features of patients with LN were analysed. The contribution of RTECs to fibrocyte generation was determined using LN sera-treated HK-2 cells. RESULTS Spindle-shaped fibrocytes (colI+α-SMA+CD34+CD45+ cells) were present in the peripheral blood and their abundance was especially high in LN patients with interstitial fibrosis compared with healthy control. Renal fibrocytes (colI+α-SMA+CD45+ cells) were found in the tubulointerstitium in patients with LN, and their numbers were significantly associated with the degrees of chronicity indices including interstitial fibrosis and renal dysfunction. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with supernatants from LN serum-treated HK-2 cells led to a significant generation of fibrocytes, which was abrogated by the addition of IL-6 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSION Fibrocytes were significantly increased in the blood and kidney tissue of patients with LN, especially those with interstitial fibrosis. Fibrocytes could be differentiated from blood cells, with an active contribution from RTECs. Our results show a possible link between fibrocytes and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target for LN fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center
| | | | - Joon Seo Lim
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Ji Seon Oh
- Department of Information Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Chang-Keun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Bin Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Seokchan Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
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Smilde BJ, Botman E, de Vries TJ, de Vries R, Micha D, Schoenmaker T, Janssen JJWM, Eekhoff EMW. A Systematic Review of the Evidence of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation to Fibroblasts. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123063. [PMID: 36551819 PMCID: PMC9775738 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts have an important role in the maintenance of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues by producing and remodelling extracellular matrix proteins. They are indispensable for physiological processes, and as such also associate with many pathological conditions. In recent years, a number of studies have identified donor-derived fibroblasts in various tissues of bone marrow transplant recipients, while others could not replicate these findings. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current literature regarding the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into fibroblasts in various tissues. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (Core Collection) were systematically searched for original articles concerning fibroblast origin after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in collaboration with a medical information specialist. Our search found 5421 studies, of which 151 were analysed for full-text analysis by two authors independently, resulting in the inclusion of 104 studies. Only studies in animals and humans, in which at least one marker was used for fibroblast identification, were included. The results were described per organ of fibroblast engraftment. We show that nearly all mouse and human organs show evidence of fibroblasts of hematopoietic stem cell transfer origin. Despite significant heterogeneity in the included studies, most demonstrate a significant presence of fibroblasts of hematopoietic lineage in non-hematopoietic tissues. This presence appears to increase after the occurrence of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J. Smilde
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Botman
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph de Vries
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth M. W. Eekhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-72-548-4444
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3
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Saito N, Yamauchi T, Kawano N, Ono R, Yoshida S, Miyamoto T, Kamimura T, Shultz LD, Saito Y, Takenaka K, Shimoda K, Harada M, Akashi K, Ishikawa F. Circulating CD34+ cells of primary myelofibrosis patients contribute to myeloid-dominant hematopoiesis and bone marrow fibrosis in immunodeficient mice. Int J Hematol 2022; 115:198-207. [PMID: 34773575 PMCID: PMC8905546 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-021-03239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a clonal stem cell disorder characterized by myeloid dominant hematopoiesis and dysregulated proliferation of fibroblasts in the bone marrow. However, how these aberrant myeloid cells and fibroblasts are produced remains unclear. AIM AND METHODS In this study, we examined in vivo engraftment kinetics of PMF patient-derived CD34+ cells in immunecompromised NOD/SCID/IL2rgKO (NSG) mice. Engrafted human cells were analyzed with flow cytometry, and proliferation of fibroblastic cells and bone marrow fibrosis were assessed with the histo-pathological examination. RESULTS Transplantation of PMF patient-derived circulating CD34+ fractions into NSG newborns recapitulates clinical features of human PMF. Engraftment of human CD45+ leukocytes resulted in anemia and myeloid hyperplasia accompanied by bone marrow fibrosis by six months post-transplantation. Fibrotic bone marrow contained CD45-vimentin+ cells of both human and mouse origin, suggesting that circulating malignant CD34+ subsets contribute to myelofibrotic changes in PMF through direct and indirect mechanisms. CONCLUSION A patient-derived xenotransplantation (PDX) model of PMF allows in vivo examination of disease onset and propagation originating from immature CD34+ cells and will support the investigation of pathogenesis and development of therapeutic modalities for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Saito
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, 1-3-46 Tenjin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0001, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Rintaro Ono
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuro Yoshida
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoriko Saito
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsuto Takenaka
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimoda
- Division of Hematology, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mine Harada
- Karatsu Higashimatsuura Medical Center, Karatsu, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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Dakhlallah D, Wang Y, Bobo TA, Ellis E, Mo X, Piper MG, Eubank TD, Marsh CB. Constitutive AKT Activity Predisposes Lung Fibrosis by Regulating Macrophage, Myofibroblast and Fibrocyte Recruitment and Changes in Autophagy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:346-373. [PMID: 31750010 PMCID: PMC6866236 DOI: 10.4236/abb.2019.1010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis is poorly understood. We and others reported that M-CSF/CSF-1, M-CSF-R and downstream AKT activation plays an important role in lung fibrosis in mice models and in IPF patients. To understand potential molecular pathways used by M-CSF-R activation to direct lung fibrosis, we used a novel transgenic mouse model that expresses a constitutively-active form of AKT, myristoylated AKT (Myr-Akt), driven by the c-fms (M-CSF-R) promoter. We were particularly interested in the basal immune state of the lungs of these Myr-Akt mice to assess M-CSF-R-related priming for lung fibrosis. In support of a priming effect, macrophages isolated from the lungs of unchallenged Myr-Akt mice displayed an M2-tropism, enhanced co-expression of M-CSF-R and α-SMA, reduced autophagy reflected by reduced expression of the key autophagy genes Beclin-1, MAP1-Lc3a(Lc3a), and MAP1-Lc3b(Lc3b), and increased p62/STSQM1 expression compared with littermate WT mice. Furthermore, Myr-Akt mice had more basal circulating fibrocytes than WT mice. Lastly, upon bleomycin challenge, Myr-Akt mice showed enhanced collagen deposition, increased F4/80+ and CD45+ cells, reduced autophagy genes Beclin-1, Lc3a, and Lc3b expression, and a shorter life-span than WT littermates. These data provide support that M-CSF-R/AKT activation may have a priming effect which can predispose lung tissue to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Dakhlallah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yijie Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tierra A Bobo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Emily Ellis
- Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- The Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Melissa G Piper
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy D Eubank
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clay B Marsh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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5
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Cheung LC, Tickner J, Hughes AM, Skut P, Howlett M, Foley B, Oommen J, Wells JE, He B, Singh S, Chua GA, Ford J, Mullighan CG, Kotecha RS, Kees UR. New therapeutic opportunities from dissecting the pre-B leukemia bone marrow microenvironment. Leukemia 2018; 32:2326-2338. [PMID: 29740160 PMCID: PMC6224400 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironments of leukemia and cancer are critical for multiple stages of malignancies, and they are an attractive therapeutic target. While skeletal abnormalities are commonly seen in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) prior to initiating osteotoxic therapy, little is known about the alterations to the bone marrow microenvironment during leukemogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the development of precursor-B cell ALL (pre-B ALL) in an immunocompetent BCR-ABL1+ model. Here we show that hematopoiesis was perturbed, B lymphopoiesis was impaired, collagen production was reduced, and the number of osteoblastic cells was decreased in the bone marrow microenvironment. As previously found in children with ALL, the leukemia-bearing mice exhibited severe bone loss during leukemogenesis. Leukemia cells produced high levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), sufficient to cause osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. In vivo administration of zoledronic acid rescued leukemia-induced bone loss, reduced disease burden and prolonged survival in leukemia-bearing mice. Taken together, we provide evidence that targeting leukemia-induced bone loss is a therapeutic strategy for pre-B ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C Cheung
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anastasia M Hughes
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Patrycja Skut
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Meegan Howlett
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joyce Oommen
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Julia E Wells
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bo He
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sajla Singh
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Grace-Alyssa Chua
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jette Ford
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rishi S Kotecha
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ursula R Kees
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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6
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Petrea C, Crăiţoiu Ş, Vrapciu A, Mănoiu V, Rusu M. The telopode- and filopode-projecting heterogeneous stromal cells of the human sclera niche. Ann Anat 2018; 218:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Kamio K, Azuma A, Matsuda K, Usuki J, Inomata M, Morinaga A, Kashiwada T, Nishijima N, Itakura S, Kokuho N, Atsumi K, Hayashi H, Yamaguchi T, Fujita K, Saito Y, Abe S, Kubota K, Gemma A. Resolution of bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis via a splenic lymphocyte subpopulation. Respir Res 2018; 19:71. [PMID: 29690905 PMCID: PMC5978999 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with high mortality, and the pathogenesis of the disease is still incompletely understood. Although lymphocytes, especially CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), have been implicated in the development of IPF, contradictory results have been reported regarding the contribution of Tregs to fibrosis both in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a specific T cell subset has therapeutic potential in inhibiting bleomycin (BLM)-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis. Methods C57BL/6 mice received BLM (100 mg/kg body weight) with osmotic pumps (day 0), and pulmonary fibrosis was induced. Then, splenocytes or Tregs were adoptively transferred via the tail vein. The lungs were removed and subjected to histological and biochemical examinations to study the effects of these cells on pulmonary fibrosis, and blood samples were collected by cardiac punctures to measure relevant cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tregs isolated from an interleukin (IL)-10 knock-out mice were used to assess the effect of this mediator. To determine the roles of the spleen in this model, spleen vessels were carefully cauterized and the spleen was removed either on day 0 or 14 after BLM challenge. Results Splenocytes significantly ameliorated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis when they were administered on day 14. This effect was abrogated by depleting Tregs with an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody. Adoptive transfer of Tregs on day 14 after a BLM challenge significantly attenuated pulmonary fibrosis, and this was accompanied by decreased production of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9-positive cells bearing the morphology of alveolar epithelial cells. In addition, BLM-induced plasma IL-10 expression reverted to basal levels after adoptive transfer of Tregs. Moreover, BLM-induced fibrocyte chemoattractant chemokine (CC motif) ligand-2 production was significantly ameliorated by Treg adoptive transfer in lung homogenates, accompanied by reduced accumulation of bone-marrow derived fibrocytes. Genetic ablation of IL-10 abrogated the ameliorating effect of Tregs on pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, splenectomy on day 0 after a BLM challenge significantly ameliorated lung fibrosis, whereas splenectomy on day 14 had no effect. Conclusions These findings warrant further investigations to develop a cell-based therapy using Tregs for treating IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kamio
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Arata Azuma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kuniko Matsuda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Jiro Usuki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Minoru Inomata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Akemi Morinaga
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Takeru Kashiwada
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nishijima
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Shioto Itakura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Nariaki Kokuho
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Atsumi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kazue Fujita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Shinji Abe
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kubota
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
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8
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Rusu MC, Mănoiu VS, Creţoiu D, Creţoiu SM, Vrapciu AD. Stromal cells/telocytes and endothelial progenitors in the perivascular niches of the trigeminal ganglion. Ann Anat 2018; 218:141-155. [PMID: 29680777 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells/telocytes (SCs/TCs) were recently described in the human adult trigeminal ganglion (TG). As some markers are equally expressed in SCs/TCs and endothelial cells, we hypothesized that a subset of the TG SCs/TCs is in fact represented by endothelial progenitor cells of a myelomonocytic origin. This study aimed to evaluate whether the interstitial cells of the human adult TG correlate with the myelomonocytic lineage. We used primary antibodies for c-erbB2/HER-2, CD31, nestin, CD10, CD117/c-kit, von Willebrand factor (vWF), CD34, Stro-1, CD146, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD68, VEGFR-2 and cytokeratin 7 (CK7). The TG pial mesothelium and subpial vascular microstroma expressed c-erbB2/HER-2, CK7 and VEGFR-2. SCs/TCs neighbouring the neuronoglial units (NGUs) also expressed HER-2, which suggests a pial origin. These cells were also positive for CD10, CD31, CD34, CD68 and nestin. Endothelial cells expressed CD10, CD31, CD34, CD146, nestin and vWF. We also found vasculogenic networks with spindle-shaped and stellate endothelial progenitors expressing CD10, CD31, CD34, CD68, CD146 and VEGFR-2. Isolated mesenchymal stromal cells expressed Stro-1, CD146, CK7, c-kit and nestin. Pericytes expressed α-SMA and CD146. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found endothelial-specific Weibel-Palade bodies in spindle-shaped stromal progenitors. Our study supports the hypothesis that an intrinsic vasculogenic niche potentially involved in microvascular maintenance and repair might be present in the human adult trigeminal ganglion and that it might be supplied by either the pial mesothelium or the bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; MEDCENTER - Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Romania.
| | - V S Mănoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - D Creţoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S M Creţoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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9
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Sessile Innate Immune Cells. DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS IN HUMAN DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123606 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78655-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, sessile cells of the innate immune system are briefly introduced. Defined as cells equipped with diverse pattern recognition molecules capable of detecting MAMPs and DAMPs, they encompass cells such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. Located at the body surfaces, epithelial cells represent the first line of innate immune defense against invading microbial pathogens. They are significant contributors to innate mucosal immunity and generate various antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Also, epithelial cells critically contribute to tissue repair via the phenomenon of re-epithelialization. Fibroblasts operate as classical sentinel cells of the innate immune system dedicated to responding to MAMPs and DAMPs emitted upon any tissue injury. Typically, fibroblasts synthesize most of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, thereby playing a crucial role in tissue repair processes. Vascular cells of the innate immune system represent an evolutionarily developed first-line defense against any inciting insult hitting the vessel walls from the luminal side including bacteria, viruses, microbial toxins, and chemical noxa such as nicotine. Upon such insults and following recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs, vascular cells react with an innate immune response to create an acute inflammatory milieu in the vessel wall aimed at curing the vascular injury concerned. Chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts represent other vital cells of the skeletal system acting as cells of the innate immune system in its wider sense. These cells mediate injury-promoted DAMP-induced inflammatory and regenerative processes specific for the skeletal systems. Finally, adipocytes are regarded as highly active cells of the innate immune system. As white, brown, and beige adipocytes, they operate as a dynamic metabolic organ that can secrete certain bioactive molecules which have endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions.
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Balasubramanian P, Detsch R, Esteban-Tejeda L, Grünewald A, Moya JS, Boccaccini AR. Influence of dissolution products of a novel Ca-enriched silicate bioactive glass-ceramic on VEGF release from bone marrow stromal cells. BIOMEDICAL GLASSES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/bglass-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study evaluated the influence of ionic dissolution products of a novel Ca-enriched silicate bioactive glass compared to commercial available hydroxyapaptite samples (Endobonr) on cell activity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release in vitro. Bone marrow stromal cells (ST-2) were cultivated with the supernatant of granules of different sizes and at different concentrations (0-1 wt/vol % of granules) for 48 h. In addition to in vitro studies, Ca-ion release from all as cell morphology observation revealed no cytotoxic effect of the released products from all tested materials. It was found that supernatants from granules in concentrations of 1 wt/vol %enhanced the VEGF release from ST2 cells, which is important as a marker of the vascularisation ability of the glass during the bone healing process.
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11
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Moon JS, Ko HM, Park JI, Kim JH, Kim SH, Kim MS. Inhibition of human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via Wnt signaling activation. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1670-1678. [PMID: 28776719 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), characterized by rapid in vitro expandability and multi-differentiation potential, have been widely used in the clinical field of tissue engineering. Recent studies have shown that various signaling networks are involved in the growth and differentiation of hMSCs. Although Wnts and their downstream signaling components have been implicated in the regulation of hMSCs, the role of Wnt signaling in hMSC self-renewal is still controversial. Here, it was observed that activation of endogenous canonical Wnt signaling with LiCl, which decreased β-catenin phosphorylation, leads to a decrease in hMSC proliferation. The fact that this growth arrest is not linked to apoptosis was verified by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay. It was associated with sealing off of the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle accompanied by changes in expression of cell cycle-associated genes such as cyclin A and D. In addition, activation of Wnt signaling during hMSC proliferation seemed to reduce their clonogenic potential. On the contrary, Wnt signaling activation during hMSC proliferation had little effect on the osteogenic differentiation capability of cells. These findings show that canonical Wnt signaling is a critical regulator of hMSC proliferation and clonogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun-Mi Ko
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Seonam University, Namwon, Korea
| | - Ji-Il Park
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gwangju Health College, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Hun Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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12
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McDonald LT, Johnson SD, Russell DL, Young MRI, LaRue AC. Role of a novel immune modulating DDR2-expressing population in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180724. [PMID: 28700752 PMCID: PMC5507261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-injuries associated with chronic inhaled particle exposures are linked with activation of the immune response and are thought to contribute to progression of fibrotic disease. In the pulmonary environment, we have previously demonstrated a heterogeneous population of circulating fibroblast precursors (CFPs), which are defined by expression of the pan-leukocyte marker CD45 and the collagen receptor, discoidin domain receptor-2 (DDR2). This population is derived from the hematopoietic stem cell, expresses collagen, and has a fibroblastic morphology in vitro. Herein, we demonstrate a novel subset of CFPs expressing immune markers CD11b, CD11c, and major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II). The CFP population was skewed toward this immune marker expressing subset in animals with silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Data indicate that this CFP subset upregulates co-stimulatory molecules and MHC II expression in response to silica-induced fibrosis in vivo. Functionally, this population was shown to promote T cell skewing away from a Th1 response and toward a pro-inflammatory profile. These studies represent the first direct flow cytometric and functional evaluation of the novel immune marker expressing CFP subset in an exposure-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis. Elucidating the role of this CFP subset may enhance our understanding of the complex immune balance critical to mediating exposures at the pulmonary-host interface and may be a valuable target for the treatment of exposure-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T. McDonald
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Johnson
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dayvia L. Russell
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Rita I. Young
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda C. LaRue
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Doppler SA, Carvalho C, Lahm H, Deutsch MA, Dreßen M, Puluca N, Lange R, Krane M. Cardiac fibroblasts: more than mechanical support. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S36-S51. [PMID: 28446967 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are cells with a structural function, synthesizing components of the extracellular matrix. They are accordingly associated with various forms of connective tissue. During cardiac development fibroblasts originate from different sources. Most derive from the epicardium, some derive from the endocardium, and a small population derives from the neural crest. Cardiac fibroblasts have important functions during development, homeostasis, and disease. However, since fibroblasts are a very heterogeneous cell population no truly specific markers exist. Therefore, studying them in detail is difficult. Nevertheless, several lineage tracing models have been widely used. In this review, we describe the developmental origins of cardiac fibroblasts, comment on fibroblast markers and related lineage tracing approaches, and discuss the cardiac cell composition, which has recently been revised, especially in terms of non-myocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Doppler
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Catarina Carvalho
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Lahm
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Dreßen
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nazan Puluca
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Lange
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krane
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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14
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Lin RJ, Su ZZ, Liang SM, Chen YY, Shu XR, Nie RQ, Wang JF, Xie SL. Role of Circulating Fibrocytes in Cardiac Fibrosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:326-31. [PMID: 26831236 PMCID: PMC4799578 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.174503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is revealed that circulating fibrocytes are elevated in patients/animals with cardiac fibrosis, and this review aims to provide an introduction to circulating fibrocytes and their role in cardiac fibrosis. DATA SOURCES This review is based on the data from 1994 to present obtained from PubMed. The search terms were "circulating fibrocytes " and "cardiac fibrosis ". STUDY SELECTION Articles and critical reviews, which are related to circulating fibrocytes and cardiac fibrosis, were selected. RESULTS Circulating fibrocytes, which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells, represent a subset of peripheral blood mononuclear cells exhibiting mixed morphological and molecular characteristics of hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells (CD34+/CD45+/collagen I+). They can produce extracellular matrix and many cytokines. It is shown that circulating fibrocytes participate in many fibrotic diseases, including cardiac fibrosis. Evidence accumulated in recent years shows that aging individuals and patients with hypertension, heart failure, coronary heart disease, and atrial fibrillation have more circulating fibrocytes in peripheral blood and/or heart tissue, and this elevation of circulating fibrocytes is correlated with the degree of fibrosis in the hearts. CONCLUSIONS Circulating fibrocytes are effector cells in cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuang-Lun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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15
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Arora H, Madapusi BT, Ramamurti A, Narasimhan M, Periasamy S, Rao SR. Immunohistochemical Localization of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Markers in Cyclosporine A Induced Gingival Overgrowth. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC48-52. [PMID: 27656563 PMCID: PMC5028539 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/20808.8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclosporine, an immunosuppressive agent used in the management of renal transplant patients is known to produce Drug Induced Gingival Overgrowth (DIGO) as a side effect. Several mechanisms have been elucidated to understand the pathogenesis of DIGO. Recently, epithelial mesenchymal transition has been proposed as a mechanism underlying fibrosis of various organs. AIM The aim of the study was to investigate if Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) operates in Cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved obtaining gingival tissue samples from healthy individuals (n=17) and subjects who exhibited cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth (n=18). Presence and distribution of E-Cadherin, S100 A4 and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was assessed using immunohistochemistry and cell types involved in their expression were determined. The number of α- SMA positive fibroblasts were counted in the samples. RESULTS In control group, there was no loss of E-Cadherin and a pronounced staining was seen in the all layers of the epithelium in all the samples analysed (100%). S100 A4 staining was noted in langerhans cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and endothelial lined blood capillaries in Connective Tissue (CT) of all the samples (100%) while α - SMA staining was seen only on the endothelial lined blood capillaries in all the samples (100%). However in DIGO, there was positive staining of E-Cadherin only in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epithelium in all the samples (100%). Moreover there was focal loss of E-Cadherin in the epithelium in eight out of 18 samples (44%). A break in the continuity of the basement membrane was noted in three out of 18 samples (16%) on H & E staining. CONCLUSION Based on the analysis of differential staining of the markers, it can be concluded that EMT could be one of the mechanistic pathways underlying the pathogenesis of DIGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Arora
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Balaji Thodur Madapusi
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Anjana Ramamurti
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Malathi Narasimhan
- Professor and Head of Department, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Soundararajan Periasamy
- Professor, Department of Nephrology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Suresh Ranga Rao
- Professor and Head of Department, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
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16
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Stone RC, Pastar I, Ojeh N, Chen V, Liu S, Garzon KI, Tomic-Canic M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:495-506. [PMID: 27461257 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the global process by which stationary epithelial cells undergo phenotypic changes, including the loss of cell-cell adhesion and apical-basal polarity, and acquire mesenchymal characteristics that confer migratory capacity. EMT and its converse, MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition), are integral stages of many physiologic processes and, as such, are tightly coordinated by a host of molecular regulators. Converging lines of evidence have identified EMT as a component of cutaneous wound healing, during which otherwise stationary keratinocytes (the resident skin epithelial cells) migrate across the wound bed to restore the epidermal barrier. Moreover, EMT plays a role in the development of scarring and fibrosis, as the matrix-producing myofibroblasts arise from cells of the epithelial lineage in response to injury but are pathologically sustained instead of undergoing MET or apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the role of EMT in physiologic repair and pathologic fibrosis of tissues and organs. We conclude that further investigation into the contribution of EMT to the faulty repair of fibrotic wounds might identify components of EMT signaling as common therapeutic targets for impaired healing in many tissues. Graphical Abstract Model for injury-triggered EMT activation in physiologic wound repair (left) and fibrotic wound healing (right).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka C Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Research Residency Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla., USA
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Vivien Chen
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sophia Liu
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Karen I Garzon
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023A, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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17
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Kaur H, Takefuji M, Ngai CY, Carvalho J, Bayer J, Wietelmann A, Poetsch A, Hoelper S, Conway SJ, Möllmann H, Looso M, Troidl C, Offermanns S, Wettschureck N. Targeted Ablation of Periostin-Expressing Activated Fibroblasts Prevents Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in Mice. Circ Res 2016; 118:1906-17. [PMID: 27140435 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activated cardiac fibroblasts (CF) are crucial players in the cardiac damage response; excess fibrosis, however, may result in myocardial stiffening and heart failure development. Inhibition of activated CF has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy in cardiac disease, but whether this truly improves cardiac function is unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of CF ablation on cardiac remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS We characterized subgroups of murine CF by single-cell expression analysis and identified periostin as the marker showing the highest correlation to an activated CF phenotype. We generated bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice allowing tamoxifen-inducible Cre expression in periostin-positive cells as well as their diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation. In the healthy heart, periostin expression was restricted to valvular fibroblasts; ablation of this population did not affect cardiac function. After chronic angiotensin II exposure, ablation of activated CF resulted in significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function. After myocardial infarction, ablation of periostin-expressing CF resulted in reduced fibrosis without compromising scar stability, and cardiac function was significantly improved. Single-cell transcriptional analysis revealed reduced CF activation but increased expression of prohypertrophic factors in cardiac macrophages and cardiomyocytes, resulting in localized cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of the activated CF population is a promising approach to prevent adverse cardiac remodeling in response to angiotensin II and after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Mikito Takefuji
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - C Y Ngai
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Jorge Carvalho
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Julia Bayer
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Ansgar Poetsch
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Soraya Hoelper
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Simon J Conway
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Helge Möllmann
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Mario Looso
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Christian Troidl
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.K., C.Y.N., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Bioinformatics Facility (J.B., M.L.), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility (A.W.), and Mass Spectrometry Group (A.P., S.H.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (M.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.J.C.); Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (H.M., C.T.); and Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.).
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18
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Yu J, Cao J, Li H, Liu P, Xu S, Zhou R, Yao Z, Guo X. Bone marrow fibrosis with fibrocytic and immunoregulatory responses induced by β-catenin activation in osteoprogenitors. Bone 2016; 84:38-46. [PMID: 26688275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been reported to contribute to the development of bone fibrous dysplasia. However, it remains unclear whether fibrocytes and immune cells are involved in this β-catenin-mediated bone marrow fibrosis. In this study, we showed that constitutive activation of β-catenin by Col1a1-Cre (3.6-kb) exhibited bone marrow fibrosis, featured with expanded populations of fibrocytes, myofibroblasts and osteoprogenitors. Lineage tracing and IHC examinations showed that Col3.6-Cre display Cre recombinase activity not only in osteoprogenitors, but also in monocyte-derived fibrocytes in the endosteal niches of bones. Additionally, β-catenin stimulated the secretion of cytokines and pro-fibrotic signals in bone marrow, including GM-CSF, TGFβ1 and VEGF. Consequently, the frequency of differentiated immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells and naïve T cells was markedly increased in the mutant bone marrow. These phenotypes were quite different from those following β-catenin activation in mature osteoblasts driven by Col1a1-Cre (2.3-kb). Our findings suggested that a conserved pro-fibrotic signal cascade might underlie β-catenin-mediated bone marrow fibrosis, involving TGFβ1-enhanced fibrocyte activation and immunoregulatory responses. This study might shed new light on the understanding and development of a therapeutic strategy for bone fibrous dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rujiang Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhengju Yao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xizhi Guo
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Hematopoietic stem cell-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts are novel contributors to the pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Neoplasia 2016; 17:434-48. [PMID: 26025666 PMCID: PMC4468366 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the tumor microenvironment is critical toward improving the effectiveness of cancer therapeutics. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most abundant cell types of the tumor microenvironment, playing an important role in tumor progression. Multiple origins for CAFs have been proposed including resident fibroblasts, adipocytes, and bone marrow. Our laboratory previously identified a novel hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) origin for CAFs; however, the functional roles of HSC-derived CAFs (HSC-CAFs) in tumor progression have not yet been examined. To test the hypothesis that HSC-CAFs promote tumor progression through contribution to extracellular matrix (ECM) and paracrine production of pro-angiogenic factors, we developed a method to isolate HSC-CAFs. HSC-CAFs were profiled on the basis of their expression of hematopoietic and fibroblastic markers in two murine tumor models. Profiling revealed production of factors associated with ECM deposition and remodeling. Functional in vivo studies showed that co-injection of HSC-CAFs with tumor cells resulted in increased tumor growth rate and significantly larger tumors than tumor cells alone. Immunohistochemical studies revealed increased blood vessel density with co-injection, demonstrating a role for HSC-CAFs in tumor vascularization. Mechanistic in vitro studies indicated that HSC-CAFs play a role in producing vascular endothelial growth factor A and transforming growth factor–β1 in endothelial tube formation and patterning. In vitro and in vivo findings suggest that HSC-CAFs are a critical component of the tumor microenvironment and suggest that targeting the novel HSC-CAF may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Harrell DB, Caradonna E, Mazzucco L, Gudenus R, Amann B, Prochazka V, Giannoudis PV, Hendrich C, Jäger M, Krauspe R, Hernigou P. Non-Hematopoietic Essential Functions of Bone Marrow Cells: A Review of Scientific and Clinical Literature and Rationale for Treating Bone Defects. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2015; 7:5691. [PMID: 26793290 PMCID: PMC4703908 DOI: 10.4081/or.2015.5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis as the only essential function of bone marrow cells has been challenged for several decades through basic science (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical data. Such work has shed light on two other essential functions of bone marrow cells: osteopoiesis and angio-genesis/vasculogenesis. Clinical utility of autologous concentrated bone marrow aspirate (CBMA) has demonstrated both safety and efficacy in treating bone defects. Moreover, CBMA has been shown to be comparable to the gold standard of iliac crest bone graft (ICBG), or autograft, with regard to being osteogenic and osteoinductive. ICBG is not considered an advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP), but CBMA may become regulated as an ATMP. The European Medicines Agency Committee for Advanced Therapies (EMA:CAT) has issued a reflection paper (20 June 2014) in which reversal of the 2013 ruling that CBMA is a non-ATMP has been proposed. We review bone marrow cell involvement in osteopoiesis and angiogenesis/vasculogenesis to examine EMA:CAT 2013 decision to use CBMA for treatment of osteonecrosis (e.g, of the femoral head) should be considered a non-ATMP. This paper is intended to provide discussion on the 20 June 2014 reflection paper by reviewing two non-hematopoietic essential functions of bone marrow cells. Additionally, we provide clinical and scientific rationale for treating osteonecrosis with CBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenio Caradonna
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Fondazione de Ricerca e Cura Giovanni e Paolo II, Campbasso, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzucco
- Blood Component and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Alessandria Hospital, Italy
| | | | | | - Vaclav Prochazka
- Interventional Neuroradiology and Angiology, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Abstract
The understanding of bone marrow stem cell plasticity and contribution of bone marrow stem cells to pathophysiology is evolving with the advent of innovative technologies. Recent data has led to new mechanistic insights in the field of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) research, and an increased appreciation for the plasticity of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). In this review, we discuss current research examining the origin of pulmonary cell types from endogenous lung stem and progenitor cells as well as bone marrow-derived stem cells (MSCs and HSCs) and their contributions to lung homeostasis and pathology. We specifically highlight recent findings from our laboratory that demonstrate an HSC origin for pulmonary fibroblasts based on transplantation of a clonal population of cells derived from a single HSC. These findings demonstrate the importance of developing an understanding of the sources of effector cells in disease state. Finally, a perspective is given on the potential clinical implications of these studies and others addressing stem cell contributions to lung tissue homeostasis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T McDonald
- Research Services, Ralph H Johnson VAMC, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Amanda C LaRue
- Research Services, Ralph H Johnson VAMC, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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22
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Hematopoietic Origin of Murine Lung Fibroblasts. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:159713. [PMID: 26185498 PMCID: PMC4491389 DOI: 10.1155/2015/159713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple origins, including the bone marrow, have been suggested to contribute to fibroblast populations in the lung. Using bone marrow reconstitution strategies, the present study tested the hypothesis that the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gives rise to lung tissue fibroblasts in vivo. Data demonstrate that the nonadherent bone marrow fraction is enriched for CD45+ HSC-derived cells and was able to reconstitute hematopoiesis in lethally irradiated animals. Analysis of peripheral blood and lung tissues from engrafted mice demonstrated the ability of this population to give rise to CD45+/Discoidin-Domain Receptor-2+ (DDR2) circulating fibroblast precursors (CFPs) in blood and fibroblast populations in lung. An HSC origin for lung fibroblasts was confirmed using a novel clonal cell transplantation method in which the bone marrow is reconstituted by a clonal population derived from a single HSC. Together, these findings provide evidence for an HSC contribution to lung fibroblasts and demonstrate a circulating intermediate through the CD45+/DDR2+ HSC-derived CFP.
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Xiong Y, McDonald LT, Russell DL, Kelly RR, Wilson KR, Mehrotra M, Soloff AC, LaRue AC. Hematopoietic stem cell-derived adipocytes and fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:253-265. [PMID: 25815113 PMCID: PMC4369485 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is complex and constantly evolving. This is due, in part, to the crosstalk between tumor cells and the multiple cell types that comprise the TME, which results in a heterogeneous population of tumor cells and TME cells. This review will focus on two stromal cell types, the cancer-associated adipocyte (CAA) and the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF). In the clinic, the presence of CAAs and CAFs in the TME translates to poor prognosis in multiple tumor types. CAAs and CAFs have an activated phenotype and produce growth factors, inflammatory factors, cytokines, chemokines, extracellular matrix components, and proteases in an accelerated and aberrant fashion. Through this activated state, CAAs and CAFs remodel the TME, thereby driving all aspects of tumor progression, including tumor growth and survival, chemoresistance, tumor vascularization, tumor invasion, and tumor cell metastasis. Similarities in the tumor-promoting functions of CAAs and CAFs suggest that a multipronged therapeutic approach may be necessary to achieve maximal impact on disease. While CAAs and CAFs are thought to arise from tissues adjacent to the tumor, multiple alternative origins for CAAs and CAFs have recently been identified. Recent studies from our lab and others suggest that the hematopoietic stem cell, through the myeloid lineage, may serve as a progenitor for CAAs and CAFs. We hypothesize that the multiple origins of CAAs and CAFs may contribute to the heterogeneity seen in the TME. Thus, a better understanding of the origin of CAAs and CAFs, how this origin impacts their functions in the TME, and the temporal participation of uniquely originating TME cells may lead to novel or improved anti-tumor therapeutics.
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24
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Dostal D, Glaser S, Baudino TA. Cardiac Fibroblast Physiology and Pathology. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:887-909. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Chong JJ, Forte E, Harvey RP. Developmental origins and lineage descendants of endogenous adult cardiac progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:592-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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26
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Hirota N, McCuaig S, O'Sullivan MJ, Martin JG. Serotonin augments smooth muscle differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:599-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Inomata M, Kamio K, Azuma A, Matsuda K, Kokuho N, Miura Y, Hayashi H, Nei T, Fujita K, Saito Y, Gemma A. Pirfenidone inhibits fibrocyte accumulation in the lungs in bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2014; 15:16. [PMID: 24507087 PMCID: PMC3930125 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow-derived fibrocytes reportedly play important roles in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent; however, its effects on fibrocytes have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pirfenidone inhibits fibrocyte pool size in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice. METHODS Bleomycin (100 mg/kg) was infused with osmotic pumps into C57BL/6 mice, and pirfenidone (300 mg/kg/day) was orally administered daily for 2 wk. The lungs were removed, and single-cell suspensions were subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis to detect fibrocytes, which were defined as CD45 and collagen-I double-positive cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the lung specimens to quantify fibrocytes. Chemokines in the lung digests were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of pirfenidone on alveolar macrophages was evaluated with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In a therapeutic setting, pirfenidone administration was initiated 10 days after bleomycin treatment. For chemotaxis assay, lung fibrocytes were isolated with immunomagnetic selection (CD45-positive mesenchymal cells) after culture and allowed to migrate toward chemokines in the presence or absence of pirfenidone. Moreover, the effect of pirfenidone on the expression of chemokine receptors on fibrocytes was evaluated. RESULTS Pirfenidone significantly ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis as assessed with quantitative histology and collagen measurement. Fibrocyte pool size in bleomycin-treated mice lungs was attenuated from 26.5% to 13.7% by pirfenidone on FACS analysis. This outcome was also observed in a therapeutic setting. Immunohistochemistry revealed that fibrocytes were significantly decreased by pirfenidone administration compared with those in bleomycin-treated mice (P = 0.0097). Increased chemokine (CC motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) and CCL12 production in bleomycin-treated mouse lungs was significantly attenuated by pirfenidone (P = 0.0003 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Pirfenidone also attenuated macrophage counts stimulated by bleomycin in BAL fluid. Fibrocyte migration toward CCL2 and chemokine (CC motif) receptor-2 expression on fibrocytes was significantly inhibited by pirfenidone in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Pirfenidone attenuated the fibrocyte pool size in bleomycin-treated mouse lungs via attenuation of CCL2 and CCL12 production in vivo, and fibrocyte migration was inhibited by pirfenidone in vitro. Fibrocyte inhibition is considered a mechanism of anti-fibrotic action of pirfenidone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arata Azuma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
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28
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Lajiness JD, Conway SJ. Origin, development, and differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 70:2-8. [PMID: 24231799 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most abundant cell in the mammalian heart. While they have been historically underappreciated in terms of their functional contributions to cardiac development and physiology, they and their activated form, myofibroblasts, are now known to play key roles in both development and disease through structural, paracrine, and electrical interactions with cardiomyocytes. The lack of specific markers for fibroblasts currently convolutes the study of this dynamic cell lineage, but advances in marker analysis and lineage mapping technologies are continuously being made. Understanding how to best utilize these tools, both individually and in combination, will help to elucidate the functional significance of fibroblast-cardiomyocyte interactions in vivo. Here we review what is currently known about the diverse roles played by cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts throughout development and periods of injury with the intent of emphasizing the duality of their nature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium ".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn D Lajiness
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Simon J Conway
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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29
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Sahebally SM, Burke JP, Chang KH, Kiernan MG, O'Connell PR, Coffey JC. Circulating fibrocytes and Crohn's disease. Br J Surg 2013; 100:1549-56. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite advances in medical therapy, there remains no effective preventive or non-surgical therapeutic option for fibrostenotic Crohn's disease (CD). Symptomatic recurrences are common, necessitating reintervention. Intestinal fibroblasts mediate stricture formation, but their exact source is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that circulating fibrocytes drive fibrosis through differentiation into fibroblasts and the production of extracellular matrix proteins. The aim of this review is to describe current understanding of the pathophysiology underlying fibrosis in CD, the cellular and molecular biology of fibrocytes and their role in CD.
Methods
The electronic literature (January 1972 to December 2012) on ‘circulating fibrocytes’ and ‘Crohn's fibrosis’ was reviewed.
Results
Circulating fibrocytes appear universally involved in organ fibrosis. A complex array of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors regulate fibrocyte biology, and these are associated with fibrogenesis in CD. The cytokines transforming growth factor β1, connective tissue growth factor and interleukin 13, overexpressed in the strictured Crohn's intestine, promote fibrocyte generation and/or differentiation.
Conclusion
Levels of circulating fibrocytes are raised in conditions marked by exaggerated fibrosis. These and other observations prompt a characterization of fibrocyte activity in CD with a view to investigating a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sahebally
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- 4i Centre for Interventions In Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J P Burke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - K H Chang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - M G Kiernan
- 4i Centre for Interventions In Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - P R O'Connell
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J C Coffey
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- 4i Centre for Interventions In Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwata
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
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Worthley DL, Si Y, Quante M, Churchill M, Mukherjee S, Wang TC. Bone marrow cells as precursors of the tumor stroma. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1650-6. [PMID: 23499739 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a systemic disease. Local and distant factors conspire to promote or inhibit tumorigenesis. The bone marrow is one important source of tumor promoting cells. These include the important mature and immature hematopoietic cells as well as circulating mesenchymal progenitors. Recruited bone marrow cells influence carcinogenesis at the primary site, within the lymphoreticular system and even presage metastasis through their recruitment to distant organs. In this review we focus on the origins and contribution of cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumorigenesis. Mesenchymal cells present an important opportunity for targeted cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiling Si
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munich, Germany
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Dey D, Han L, Bauer M, Sanada F, Oikonomopoulos A, Hosoda T, Unno K, De Almeida P, Leri A, Wu JC. Dissecting the molecular relationship among various cardiogenic progenitor cells. Circ Res 2013; 112:1253-62. [PMID: 23463815 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Multiple progenitors derived from the heart and bone marrow (BM) have been used for cardiac repair. Despite this, not much is known about the molecular identity and relationship among these progenitors. To develop a robust stem cell therapy for the heart, it is critical to understand the molecular identity of the multiple cardiogenic progenitor cells. OBJECTIVE This study is the first report of high-throughput transcriptional profiling of cardiogenic progenitor cells carried out on an identical platform. METHOD AND RESULTS Microarray-based transcriptional profiling was carried out for 3 cardiac (ckit(+), Sca1(+), and side population) and 2 BM (ckit(+) and mesenchymal stem cell) progenitors, obtained from age- and sex-matched wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Analysis indicated that cardiac-derived ckit(+) population was very distinct from Sca1(+) and side population cells in the downregulation of genes encoding for cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion proteins, and in the upregulation of developmental genes. Significant enrichment of transcripts involved in DNA replication and repair was observed in BM-derived progenitors. The BM ckit(+) cells seemed to have the least correlation with the other progenitors, with enrichment of immature neutrophil-specific molecules. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that cardiac ckit(+) cells represent the most primitive population in the rodent heart. Primitive cells of cardiac versus BM origin differ significantly with respect to stemness and cardiac lineage-specific genes, and molecules involved in DNA replication and repair. The detailed molecular profile of progenitors reported here will serve as a useful reference to determine the molecular identity of progenitors used in future preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaveena Dey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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Ogawa M, LaRue AC, Mehrotra M. Hematopoietic stem cells are pluripotent and not just "hematopoietic". Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:3-8. [PMID: 23453528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over a decade ago, several preclinical transplantation studies suggested the striking concept of the tissue-reconstituting ability (often referred to as HSC plasticity) of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). While this heralded an exciting time of radically new therapies for disorders of many organs and tissues, the concept was soon mired in controversy and remained dormant for almost a decade. This commentary provides a concise review of evidence for HSC plasticity, including more recent findings based on single HSC transplantation in mouse and clinical transplantation studies. There is strong evidence for the concept that HSCs are pluripotent and are the source for the majority, if not all, of the cell types in our body. Also discussed are some biological and experimental issues that need to be considered in the future investigation of HSC plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makio Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, USA.
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Rusu MC, Didilescu AC, Stănescu R, Pop F, Mănoiu VM, Jianu AM, Vâlcu M. The mandibular ridge oral mucosa model of stromal influences on the endothelial tip cells: an immunohistochemical and TEM study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012. [PMID: 23192856 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the morphological features of the oral mucosa endothelial tip cells (ETCs) and to determine the immune and ultrastructural patterns of the stromal nonimmune cells which could influence healing processes. Immune labeling was performed on bioptic samples obtained from six edentulous patients undergoing surgery for dental implants placement; three normal samples were collected from patients prior to the extraction of the third mandibular molar. The antibodies were tested for CD34, CD117(c-kit), platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFR-α), Mast Cell Tryptase, CD44, vimentin, CD45, CD105, alpha-smooth muscle actin, FGF2, Ki67. In light microscopy, while stromal cells (StrCs) of the reparatory and normal oral mucosa, with a fibroblastic appearance, were found positive for a CD34/CD44/CD45/CD105/PDGFR-α/vimentin immune phenotype, the CD117/c-kit labeling led to a positive stromal reaction only in the reparatory mucosa. In TEM, non-immune StrCs presenting particular ultrastructural features were identified as circulating fibrocytes (CFCs). Within the lamina propria CFCs were in close contact with ETCs. Long processes of the ETCs were moniliform, and hook-like collaterals were arising from the dilated segments, suggestive for a different stage migration. Maintenance and healing of oral mucosa are so supported by extensive processes of angiogenesis, guided by ETCs that, in turn, are influenced by the CFCs that populate the stromal compartment both in normal and reparatory states. Therefore, CFCs could be targeted by specific therapies, with pro- or anti-angiogenic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel Constantin Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
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Zhou J, Chen H, Li S, Xie Y, He W, Nan X, Yue W, Liu B, Pei X. Fibroblastic Potential of CD41+Cells in the Mouse Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros Region and Yolk Sac. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2592-605. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junnian Zhou
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haixu Chen
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Siting Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Xie
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Inner Mongolia Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenyan He
- Laboratory of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Nan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
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Mehrotra M, Williams CR, Ogawa M, LaRue AC. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to osteo-chondrogenic cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 50:41-9. [PMID: 22954476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Repair of bone fracture requires recruitment and proliferation of stem cells with the capacity to differentiate to functional osteoblasts. Given the close association of bone and bone marrow (BM), it has been suggested that BM may serve as a source of these progenitors. To test the ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to give rise to osteo-chondrogenic cells, we used a single HSC transplantation paradigm in uninjured bone and in conjunction with a tibial fracture model. Mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with a clonal population of cells derived from a single enhanced green fluorescent protein positive (eGFP+) HSC. Analysis of paraffin sections from these animals showed the presence of eGFP+ osteocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes. To determine the contribution of HSC-derived cells to fracture repair, non-stabilized tibial fracture was created. Paraffin sections were examined at 7 days, 2 weeks and 2 months after fracture and eGFP+ hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes were identified at the callus site. These cells stained positive for Runx-2 or osteocalcin and also stained for eGFP demonstrating their origin from the HSC. Together, these findings strongly support the concept that HSCs generate bone cells and suggest therapeutic potentials of HSCs in fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Mehrotra
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Fan D, Takawale A, Lee J, Kassiri Z. Cardiac fibroblasts, fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling in heart disease. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:15. [PMID: 22943504 PMCID: PMC3464725 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts comprise the largest cell population in the myocardium. In heart disease, the number of fibroblasts is increased either by replication of the resident myocardial fibroblasts, migration and transformation of circulating bone marrow cells, or by transformation of endothelial/epithelial cells into fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. The primary function of fibroblasts is to produce structural proteins that comprise the extracellular matrix (ECM). This can be a constructive process; however, hyperactivity of cardiac fibroblasts can result in excess production and deposition of ECM proteins in the myocardium, known as fibrosis, with adverse effects on cardiac structure and function. In addition to being the primary source of ECM proteins, fibroblasts produce a number of cytokines, peptides, and enzymes among which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), directly impact the ECM turnover and homeostasis. Function of fibroblasts can also in turn be regulated by MMPs and TIMPs. In this review article, we will focus on the function of cardiac fibroblasts in the context of ECM formation, homeostasis and remodeling in the heart. We will discuss the origins and multiple roles of cardiac fibroblasts in myocardial remodeling in different types of heart disease in patients and in animal models. We will further provide an overview of what we have learned from experimental animal models and genetically modified mice with altered expression of ECM regulatory proteins, MMPs and TIMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Lajiness JD, Conway SJ. The dynamic role of cardiac fibroblasts in development and disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:739-48. [PMID: 22878976 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most abundant cell in the mammalian heart. While they have been historically overlooked in terms of functional contributions to development and physiology, cardiac fibroblasts are now front and center. They are currently recognized as key protagonists during both normal development and cardiomyopathy disease, and work together with cardiomyocytes through paracrine, structural, and potentially electrical interactions. However, the lack of specific biomarkers and fibroblast heterogeneous nature currently convolutes the study of this dynamic cell lineage; though, efforts to advance marker analysis and lineage mapping technologies are ongoing. These tools will help elucidate the functional significance of fibroblast-cardiomyocyte interactions in vivo and delineate the dynamic nature of normal and pathological cardiac fibroblasts. Since therapeutic promise lies in understanding the interface between developmental biology and the postnatal injury response, future studies to understand the divergent roles played by cardiac fibroblasts both in utero and following cardiac insult are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn D Lajiness
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room R4 W402F, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Hematopoietic stem cell development, niches, and signaling pathways. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2012; 2012:270425. [PMID: 22900188 PMCID: PMC3413998 DOI: 10.1155/2012/270425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) play a key role in hematopoietic system that functions mainly in homeostasis and immune response. HSCs transplantation has been applied for the treatment of several diseases. However, HSCs persist in the small quantity within the body, mostly in the quiescent state. Understanding the basic knowledge of HSCs is useful for stem cell biology research and therapeutic medicine development. Thus, this paper emphasizes on HSC origin, source, development, the niche, and signaling pathways which support HSC maintenance and balance between self-renewal and proliferation which will be useful for the advancement of HSC expansion and transplantation in the future.
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Chong JJH, Chandrakanthan V, Xaymardan M, Asli NS, Li J, Ahmed I, Heffernan C, Menon MK, Scarlett CJ, Rashidianfar A, Biben C, Zoellner H, Colvin EK, Pimanda JE, Biankin AV, Zhou B, Pu WT, Prall OWJ, Harvey RP. Adult cardiac-resident MSC-like stem cells with a proepicardial origin. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 9:527-40. [PMID: 22136928 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Colony-forming units - fibroblast (CFU-Fs), analogous to those giving rise to bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are present in many organs, although the relationship between BM and organ-specific CFU-Fs in homeostasis and tissue repair is unknown. Here we describe a population of adult cardiac-resident CFU-Fs (cCFU-Fs) that occupy a perivascular, adventitial niche and show broad trans-germ layer potency in vitro and in vivo. CRE lineage tracing and embryo analysis demonstrated a proepicardial origin for cCFU-Fs. Furthermore, in BM transplantation chimeras, we found no interchange between BM and cCFU-Fs after aging, myocardial infarction, or BM stem cell mobilization. BM and cardiac and aortic CFU-Fs had distinct CRE lineage signatures, indicating that they arise from different progenitor beds during development. These diverse origins for CFU-Fs suggest an underlying basis for differentiation biases seen in different CFU-F populations, and could also influence their capacity for participating in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J H Chong
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
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The angiogenic capacity from ligamentum flavum subsequent to inflammation: a critical component of the pathomechanism of hypertrophy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:E147-55. [PMID: 21673619 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3182269b19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN In vitro study about angiogenic potentiality of ligamentum flavum (LF) cells using coculture of human lumbar LF cells and activated macropage-like THP-1 cells. OBJECTIVE To test our hypothesis that activated LF, which was exposed to inflammation, induces angiogenesis, thus resulting in hypertrophy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Inflammatory reactions after mechanical stress produce fibrosis and scarring of the LF that result in hypertrophy, a major pathological feature of spinal stenosis. This study evaluated the roles of LF cells in the pathomechanism of hypertrophy, focusing on angiogenesis. METHODS To determine their response to the inflammatory reaction, human LF cells were cocultured with phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated macrophage-like THP-1 cells. The conditioned media were assayed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Naïve and macrophage-exposed LF cells that responded to TNF-α/IL-1β were compared using the same outcome measures. Hypertrophied LF tissue was stained by TGF-β1 primary antibody using immunohistochemical method. RESULTS Larger quantities of IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF were secreted by cocultured cells than by macrophages alone and LF cells alone combined. Prior macrophage exposure increased the secretion of IL-8 and VEGF in response to TNF-α/IL-1β stimulation whereas IL-6 production was increased in response to IL-1β. The coculture appeared to increase TGF-β1 secretion but the level was lower than that for macrophage-like cells alone and LF cells alone combined. CONCLUSION LF cells interact with macrophage-like cells to produce angiogenesis-related factors except TGF-β1. Activated LF cells that have been exposed to macrophage, can impact the inducement of angiogenesis-related factors, suggesting that fibrosis and scarring during inflammatory reaction is the major pathomechanism of LF hypertrophy.
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Ohishi M, Ono W, Ono N, Khatri R, Marzia M, Baker EK, Root SH, Wilson TLS, Iwamoto Y, Kronenberg HM, Aguila HL, Purton LE, Schipani E. A novel population of cells expressing both hematopoietic and mesenchymal markers is present in the normal adult bone marrow and is augmented in a murine model of marrow fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:811-8. [PMID: 22155108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) fibrosis is a feature of severe hyperparathyroidism. Consistent with this observation, mice expressing constitutively active parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptors (PPR) in osteoblasts (PPR*Tg) display BM fibrosis. To obtain insight into the nature of BM fibrosis in such a model, a double-mutant mouse expressing constitutively active PPR and green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the type I collagen promoter (PPR*Tg/GFP) was generated. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry revealed the presence of a cell population expressing GFP (GFP(+)) that was also positive for the hematopoietic marker CD45 in the BM of both PPR*Tg/GFP and control animals. This cell population was expanded in PPR*Tg/GFP. The existence of cells expressing both type I collagen and CD45 in the adult BM was confirmed by IHC and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. An analysis of total RNA extracted from sorted GFP(+)CD45(+) cells showed that these cells produced type I collagen and PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor and receptor activator for NF-κB mRNAs, further supporting their features of being both mesenchymal and hematopoietic lineages. Similar cells, known as fibrocytes, are also present in pathological fibroses. Our findings, thus, indicate that the BM is a permissive microenvironment for the differentiation of fibrocyte-like cells and raise the possibility that these cells could contribute to the pathogenesis of BM fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Ohishi
- Endocrine Unit, the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Maharaj SS, Baroke E, Gauldie J, Kolb MRJ. Fibrocytes in chronic lung disease--facts and controversies. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 25:263-7. [PMID: 21951688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cell precursors, defined primarily by their ability to co-express markers of both haematopoietic (e.g. CD45 or CXCR4) and stromal (e.g. collagen) lineages. Fibrocytes in culture also have ultrastructural cell surface features that distinguish them from other leukocytes. Extensive efforts have helped to characterise fibrocytes phenotypically and functionally, but it is still unclear exactly how these cells contribute to tissue repair and/or pathologic fibrosis. Nevertheless, the varied levels of fibrocytes in blood have raised considerable interest as a biomarker of disease activity, such as chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma and pulmonary hypertension. These cells also may become a novel therapeutic target for these difficult to treat disorders. This review will briefly summarize the current knowledge about fibrocytes in human lung disease and in animal disease models and highlight areas of consensus as well as issues that remain controversial to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S Maharaj
- McMaster University, Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Canada
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Huang S, Leung V, Peng S, Li L, Lu FJ, Wang T, Lu W, Cheung KMC, Zhou G. Developmental definition of MSCs: new insights into pending questions. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:465-72. [PMID: 21919705 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a rare heterogeneous population of multipotent cells that can be isolated from many different adult and fetal tissues. They exhibit the capacity to give rise to cells of multiple lineages and are defined by their phenotype and functional properties, such as spindle-shaped morphology, adherence to plastic, immune response modulation capacity, and multilineage differentiation potential. Accordingly, MSCs have a wide range of promising applications in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, tissue repair, and regeneration. Recent studies have shed some light on the exact identity and native distribution of MSCs, whereas controversial results are still being reported, indicating the need for further review on their definition and origin. In this article, we summarize the important progress and describe some of our own relevant work on the developmental definition of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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45
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Comprehensive transcriptome and immunophenotype analysis of renal and cardiac MSC-like populations supports strong congruence with bone marrow MSC despite maintenance of distinct identities. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:58-73. [PMID: 22099021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells resembling bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been isolated from many organs but their functional relationships have not been thoroughly examined. Here we compared the immunophenotype, gene expression, multipotency and immunosuppressive potential of MSC-like colony-forming cells from adult murine bone marrow (bmMSC), kidney (kCFU-F) and heart (cCFU-F), cultured under uniform conditions. All populations showed classic MSC morphology and in vitro mesodermal multipotency. Of the two solid organ-specific CFU-F, only kCFU-F displayed suppression of T-cell alloreactivity in vitro, albeit to a lesser extent than bmMSC. Quantitative immunophenotyping using 81 phycoerythrin-conjugated CD antibodies demonstrated that all populations contained high percentages of cells expressing diagnostic MSC surface markers (Sca1, CD90.2, CD29, CD44), as well as others noted previously on murine MSC (CD24, CD49e, CD51, CD80, CD81, CD105). Illumina microarray expression profiling and bioinformatic analysis indicated a correlation of gene expression of 0.88-0.92 between pairwise comparisons. All populations expressed approximately 66% of genes in the pluripotency network (Plurinet), presumably reflecting their stem-like character. Furthermore, all populations expressed genes involved in immunomodulation, homing and tissue repair, suggesting these as conserved functions for MSC-like cells in solid organs. Despite this molecular congruence, strong biases in gene and protein expression and pathway activity were seen, suggesting organ-specific functions. Hence, tissue-derived MSC may also retain unique properties potentially rendering them more appropriate as cellular therapeutic agents for their organ of origin.
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Hajdu Z, Romeo SJ, Fleming PA, Markwald RR, Visconti RP, Drake CJ. Recruitment of bone marrow-derived valve interstitial cells is a normal homeostatic process. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:955-65. [PMID: 21871458 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding of the maintenance of the cardiac valves during normal cardiac function and response to injury have led to several novel findings, including that there is contribution of extra-cardiac cells to the major cellular population of the valve: the valve interstitial cell (VIC). While suggested to occur in human heart studies, we have been able to experimentally demonstrate, using a mouse model, that cells of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell origin engraft into the valves and synthesize collagen type I. Based on these initial findings, we sought to further characterize this cell population in terms of its similarity to VICs and begin to elucidate its contribution to valve homeostasis. To accomplish this, chimeric mice whose bone marrow was repopulated with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expressing total nucleated bone marrow cells were used to establish a profile of EGFP(+) valve cells in terms of their expression of hematopoietic antigens, progenitor markers, fibroblast- and myofibroblast-related molecules, as well as their distribution within the valves. Using this profile, we show that normal (non-irradiated, non-transplanted) mice have BM-derived cell populations that exhibit identical morphology and phenotype to those observed in transplanted mice. Collectively, our findings establish that the engraftment of bone marrow-derived cells occurs as part of normal valve homeostasis. Further, our efforts demonstrate that the use of myeloablative irradiation, which is commonly employed in studies involving bone marrow transplantation, does not elicit changes in the bone marrow-derived VIC phenotype in recipient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Hajdu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Masuya M, Nakamura S, Yukimoto H, Miyata E, Ino K, Liu B, Suzuki K, Ohishi K, Katayama N. Ly6C(+) monocytes are extrahepatic precursors of hepatic stellate cells in the injured liver of mice. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:934-46. [PMID: 21703982 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported that hepatic stellate cells (HpSCs) are of hematopoietic origin in liver injury. However, the immediate precursors of HpSCs remain unknown. This study was conducted to elucidate whether terminally differentiated blood cells can differentiate into HpSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We adoptively transferred a variety of cells isolated from enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transgenic mice into carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-treated nontransgenic mice twice weekly for 2 weeks. We examined the presence of EGFP(+) HpSCs in the injured liver using immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS Monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, B cells, or T cells from EGFP mice were transferred into CCl(4)-treated mice. Thirty percent of EGFP(+) cells in the livers of mice given Ly6C(high)c-kit(-) monocytes were negative for CD45, but were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, desmin, CD146, ADAMTS13, and α-smooth muscle actin, well-known markers of HpSCs. EGFP(+)CD45(-) cells were predominantly positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Although 48% of EGFP(+) cells were positive for procollagen type I, half of them were CD45(-). In the livers of mice given neutrophils, eosinophils, B cells, or T cells, all of the EGFP(+) cells were CD45(+). The majority of EGFP(+) cells in the nonparenchymal cell fraction purified from the livers of mice given Ly6C(high)c-kit(-) monocytes contained lipid droplets and were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, desmin, ADAMTS13, and procollagen type I. When Ly6C(+) monocyte-depleted peripheral blood total nucleated cells were adoptively transferred into CCl(4)-treated mice, we found no EGFP(+)CD45(-) cells in the liver. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ly6C(+) monocytes can become HpSCs in the injured liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Masuya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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48
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Dalakas E, Newsome PN, Boyle S, Brown R, Pryde A, McCall S, Hayes PC, Bickmore WA, Harrison DJ, Plevris JN. Bone marrow stem cells contribute to alcohol liver fibrosis in humans. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1417-25. [PMID: 20025456 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived stem cell (BMSC) contribution to liver repair varies considerably and recent evidence suggests these cells may contribute to liver fibrosis. We investigated the mobilization and hepatic recruitment of bone marrow (BM) stem cells in patients with alcohol liver injury and their contribution to parenchymal/non-parenchymal liver cell lineages. Liver biopsies from alcoholic hepatitis (AH) patients and male patients, who received a female liver transplant and developed AH, were analyzed for BM stem cell content by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunostaining. Y chromosome analysis was performed, along with co-staining for hepatocyte, biliary, myofibroblast, and Ki-67 markers. Blood CD34(+) levels were quantified in AH patients by flow cytometry. AH patients had increased CD34(+) cell counts in liver tissue (1.834% +/- 0.605%; P < 0.05) and in blood (0.195% +/- 0.063%; P < 0.05) as compared with matched controls (0.299% + 0.208% and 0.067% +/- 0.01%). A proportion of hepatic myofibroblasts were BM-derived (7.9%-26.8%) as deemed by the co-localization of Y chromosome/alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) staining. In the cross-sex liver grafts with AH, 5.025% of the myofibroblasts were co-staining for CD34, suggesting that a population of CD34(+) cells were contributing to the hepatic myofibroblast population. There was no evidence of BM contribution to hepatocyte or biliary cell differentiation, nor evidence of increased hepatocyte regeneration. Alcohol liver injury mobilizes CD34(+) stem cells into the circulation and recruits them into the liver. These BMSCs contribute to the hepatic myofibroblast population but not to parenchymal lineages and do not promote hepatocyte repair.
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by cellular and structural changes in the walls of pulmonary arteries. Intimal thickening and fibrosis, medial hypertrophy and fibroproliferative changes in the adventitia are commonly observed, as is the extension of smooth muscle into the previously non-muscularized vessels. A majority of these changes are associated with the enhanced presence of α-SM-actin+ cells and inflammatory cells. Atypical abundances of functionally distinct endothelial cells, particularly in the intima (plexiform lesions), and also in the perivascular regions, are also described. At present, neither the origin(s) of these cells nor the molecular mechanisms responsible for their accumulation, in any of the three compartments of the vessel wall, have been fully elucidated. The possibility that they arise from either resident vascular progenitors or bone marrow-derived progenitor cells is now well established. Resident vascular progenitor cells have been demonstrated to exist within the vessel wall, and in response to certain stimuli, to expand and express myofibroblastic, endothelial or even hematopoietic markers. Bone marrow-derived or circulating progenitor cells have also been shown to be recruited to sites of vascular injury and to assume both endothelial and SM-like phenotypes. Here, we review the data supporting the contributory role of vascular progenitors (including endothelial progenitor cells, smooth muscle progenitor cells, pericytes, and fibrocytes) in vascular remodeling. A more complete understanding of the processes by which progenitor cells modulate pulmonary vascular remodeling will undoubtedly herald a renaissance of therapies extending beyond the control of vascular tonicity and reduction of pulmonary artery pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Yeager
- Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria G. Frid
- Developmental Lung Biology Laboratory, Denver, Colorado, USA
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50
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Bieback K, Brinkmann I. Mesenchymal stromal cells from human perinatal tissues: From biology to cell therapy. World J Stem Cells 2010; 2:81-92. [PMID: 21607124 PMCID: PMC3097927 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v2.i4.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based regenerative medicine is of growing interest in biomedical research. The role of stem cells in this context is under intense scrutiny and may help to define principles of organ regeneration and develop innovative therapeutics for organ failure. Utilizing stem and progenitor cells for organ replacement has been conducted for many years when performing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Since the first successful transplantation of umbilical cord blood to treat hematological malignancies, non-hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations have recently been identified within umbilical cord blood and other perinatal and fetal tissues. A cell population entitled mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) emerged as one of the most intensely studied as it subsumes a variety of capacities: MSCs can differentiate into various subtypes of the mesodermal lineage, they secrete a large array of trophic factors suitable of recruiting endogenous repair processes and they are immunomodulatory.Focusing on perinatal tissues to isolate MSCs, we will discuss some of the challenges associated with these cell types concentrating on concepts of isolation and expansion, the comparison with cells derived from other tissue sources, regarding phenotype and differentiation capacity and finally their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bieback
- Karen Bieback, Irena Brinkmann, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg - Hessen gGmbH, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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