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Park JY, Park KM. Recent discovery of natural substances with cathepsin L-inhibitory activity for cancer metastasis suppression. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116754. [PMID: 39128327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL), a cysteine cathepsin protease of the papain superfamily, plays a crucial role in cancer progression and metastasis. Dysregulation of CTSL is frequently observed in tumor malignancies, leading to the degradation of extracellular matrix and facilitating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in malignant cancer metastasis. This review mainly provides a comprehensive information about recent findings on natural inhibitors targeting CTSL and their anticancer effects, which have emerged as potent anticancer therapeutic agents or metastasis-suppressive adjuvants. Specifically, inhibitors are categorized into small-molecule and macromolecule inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on cathepsin propeptide-type macromolecules. Additionally, the article explores the molecular mechanisms of CTSL involvement in cancer metastasis, highlighting its regulation at transcriptional, translational, post-translational, and epigenetic levels. This work underscores the importance of understanding natural CTSL inhibitors and provides researchers with practical insights to advance the relevant fields and discover novel CTSL-targeting inhibitors from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Quan Q, Gu H, Wang Y, Yu M. Immune micro-environment analysis and drug screening for ovarian endometriosis. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:803-815. [PMID: 38776050 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients of ovary endometriosis have an abnormal immune micro-environment, leading to endometrial tissue that from retrograde menstruation evade immune surveillance and subsequently develop into ectopic lesions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to elucidate the crucial immune cells and molecular pathways that are associated with an aberrant immune micro-environment of endometriosis. METHOD In this study, we identified differentially expressed genes between ovarian ectopic endometrial tissue (OVE) and eutopic endometrial tissue from patients with endometriosis (PE) and non-endometriosis patients (CON) by analyzing the mRNA sequencing data. Additionally, we used WGCNA(Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis) to screen for key genes related to immune cell infiltration and compared the sub-types of infiltrating immune cells using CIBERSORT(cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcript). Subsequently, we conducted a single-cell analysis on the identified key genes. Furthermore, we analyzed potential drugs suitable for ovarian endometriosis treatment using pRRophertic. RESULTS Seven key genes associated with immune cell infiltration were screened out. The expression of these genes in OVE was significantly lower than that in PE and CON. These key genes were mainly enriched in the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway, especially for CD16 + CD56dim NK. Moreover, NK cells infiltration in ovarian endometriosis was significantly reduced compared with PE and CON, while M2 macrophage shown the opposite. Results of the single-cell analysis showed that the expression of the seven key genes in NK cells and monocyte-macrophages in OVE was significantly lower than that in PE or CON. Additionally, we identified potential drugs suitable for ovarian endometriosis treatment. CONCLUSION The decreased infiltration of NK cells and increased infiltration of M2 macrophages contribute to the evasion of immune surveillance against endometrial tissue, promoting the progression of OVE. Therefore, potential strategies for the treatment of OVE include increasing NK cell activation and decreasing M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), PO Box 510600, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Gu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), PO Box 510600, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), PO Box 510600, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Meixing Yu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, PO Box 510623, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Zhu W, Li M, Wang Q, Shen J, Ji J. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Functional Alterations of the Peripheral Immune System in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100784. [PMID: 38735538 PMCID: PMC11215959 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by high morbidity, high mortality, and limited response to immunotherapies. The peripheral immune system is an important component of tumor immunity, and enhancements of peripheral immunity help to suppress tumor progression. However, the functional alterations of the peripheral immune system in CRC are unclear. Here, we used mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to establish a protein expression atlas for the peripheral immune system in CRC, including plasma and five types of immune cells (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, and B cells). Synthesizing the results of the multidimensional analysis, we observed an enhanced inflammatory phenotype in CRC, including elevated expression of plasma inflammatory proteins, activation of the inflammatory pathway in monocytes, and increased inflammation-related ligand-receptor interactions. Notably, we observed tumor effects on peripheral T cells, including altered cell subpopulation ratios and suppression of cell function. Suppression of CD4+ T cell function is mainly mediated by high expression levels of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Among them, the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type J (PTPRJ) gradually increased with CRC progression; knockdown of PTPRJ in vitro could promote T cell activation, thereby enhancing peripheral immunity. We also found that the combination of leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) and apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) had the best predictive ability for colorectal cancer and has the potential to be a biomarker. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the peripheral immune system in CRC. It also offers insights regarding the potential clinical utilities of these peripheral immune characteristics as diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Minzhe Li
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian Shen
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianguo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Zdravkova K, Mijanovic O, Brankovic A, Ilicheva PM, Jakovleva A, Karanovic J, Pualic M, Pualic D, Rubel AA, Savvateeva LV, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. Unveiling the Roles of Cysteine Proteinases F and W: From Structure to Pathological Implications and Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2024; 13:917. [PMID: 38891048 PMCID: PMC11171618 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins F and W are members of the papain-like cysteine protease family, which have distinct structural features and functional roles in various physiological and pathological processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the structure, biological functions, and pathological implications of cathepsins F and W. Beginning with an introduction to these proteases, we delve into their structural characteristics and elucidate their unique features that dictate their enzymatic activities and substrate specificity. We also explore the intricate involvement of cathepsins F and W in malignancies, highlighting their role as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging roles of these enzymes in immune response modulation and neurological disorders, shedding light on their implications in autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we review the landscape of inhibitors targeting these proteases, highlighting their therapeutic potential and challenges in clinical translation. This review brings together the diverse facets of cysteine cathepsins F and W, providing insights into their roles in health and disease and guiding future investigations for therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Zdravkova
- AD Alkaloid Skopje, Boulevard Alexander the Great 12, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Olja Mijanovic
- Dia-M, LCC, 7 b.3 Magadanskaya Str., 129345 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ana Brankovic
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Forensic Sciences and Engineering, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Cara Dusana 196, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Polina M. Ilicheva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia;
| | | | - Jelena Karanovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444A, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milena Pualic
- Institute Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dusan Pualic
- Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandr A. Rubel
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Lyudmila V. Savvateeva
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia;
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Gress C, Litzenburger T, Schmid R, Xiao K, Heissig F, Muller M, Gupta A, Hohlfeld JM. Transcriptomic characterization of the human segmental endotoxin challenge model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1721. [PMID: 38242945 PMCID: PMC10798985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Segmental instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by bronchoscopy safely induces transient airway inflammation in human lungs. This model enables investigation of pulmonary inflammatory mechanisms as well as pharmacodynamic analysis of investigational drugs. The aim of this work was to describe the transcriptomic profile of human segmental LPS challenge with contextualization to major respiratory diseases. Pre-challenge bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and biopsies were sampled from 28 smoking, healthy participants, followed by segmental instillation of LPS and saline as control. Twenty-four hours post instillation, BAL and biopsies were collected from challenged lung segments. Total RNA of cells from BAL and biopsy samples were sequenced and analysed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). After challenge with LPS compared with saline, 6316 DEGs were upregulated and 241 were downregulated in BAL, but only one DEG was downregulated in biopsy samples. Upregulated DEGs in BAL were related to molecular functions such as "Inflammatory response" or "chemokine receptor activity", and upregulated pro-inflammatory pathways such as "Wnt-"/"Ras-"/"JAK-STAT" "-signaling pathway". Furthermore, the segmental LPS challenge model resembled aspects of the five most prevalent respiratory diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis and lung cancer and featured similarities with acute exacerbations in COPD (AECOPD) and community-acquired pneumonia. Overall, our study provides extensive information about the transcriptomic profile from BAL cells and mucosal biopsies following LPS challenge in healthy smokers. It expands the knowledge about the LPS challenge model providing potential overlap with respiratory diseases in general and infection-triggered respiratory insults such as AECOPD in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gress
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Clinical Airway Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL-BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Schmid
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ke Xiao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Clinical Airway Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Heissig
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Meike Muller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Clinical Airway Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL-BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Abhya Gupta
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Clinical Airway Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL-BREATH), Hannover, Germany.
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Olayinka JT, Nagarkar A, Ma DJ, Wong NB, Romasco A, Piedra-Mora C, Wrijil L, David CN, Gardner HL, Robinson NA, Hughes KL, Barton B, London CA, Almela RM, Richmond JM. Cathepsin W, T-cell receptor-associated transmembrane adapter 1, lymphotactin and killer cell lectin like receptor K1 are sensitive and specific RNA biomarkers of canine epitheliotropic lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1225764. [PMID: 38026637 PMCID: PMC10654980 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1225764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an uncommon type of lymphoma involving malignant skin-resident or skin-homing T cells. Canine epitheliotropic lymphoma (EL) is the most common form of CTCL in dogs, and it also spontaneously arises from T lymphocytes in the mucosa and skin. Clinically, it can be difficult to distinguish early-stage CTCLs apart from other forms of benign interface dermatitis (ID) in both dogs and people. Our objective was to identify novel biomarkers that can distinguish EL from other forms of ID, and perform comparative transcriptomics of human CTCL and canine EL. Here, we present a retrospective gene expression study that employed archival tissue from biorepositories. We analyzed a discovery cohort of 6 canines and a validation cohort of 8 canines with EL which occurred spontaneously in client-owned companion dogs. We performed comparative targeted transcriptomics studies using NanoString to assess 160 genes from lesional skin biopsies from the discovery cohort and 800 genes from the validation cohort to identify any significant differences that may reflect oncogenesis and immunopathogenesis. We further sought to determine if gene expression in EL and CTCL are conserved across humans and canines by comparing our data to previously published human datasets. Similar chemokine profiles were observed in dog EL and human CTCL, and analyses were performed to validate potential biomarkers and drivers of disease. In dogs, we found enrichment of T cell gene signatures, with upregulation of IFNG, TNF, PRF1, IL15, CD244, CXCL10, and CCL5 in EL in dogs compared to healthy controls. Importantly, CTSW, TRAT1 and KLRK1 distinguished EL from all other forms of interface dermatitis we studied, providing much-needed biomarkers for the veterinary field. XCL1/XCL2 were also highly specific of EL in our validation cohort. Future studies exploring the oncogenesis of spontaneous lymphomas in companion animals will expand our understanding of these disorders. Biomarkers may be useful for predicting disease prognosis and treatment responses. We plan to use our data to inform future development of targeted therapies, as well as for repurposing drugs for both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadesola Temitope Olayinka
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- SUNY Downstate School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Akanksha Nagarkar
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Diana Junyue Ma
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Neil B. Wong
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Andrew Romasco
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Cesar Piedra-Mora
- Pathology Department, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Linda Wrijil
- Pathology Department, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | | | - Heather L. Gardner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Robinson
- Pathology Department, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Kelly L. Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Bruce Barton
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Cheryl A. London
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Ramón M. Almela
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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7
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Iqneibi S, Saigusa R, Khan A, Oliaeimotlagh M, Armstrong Suthahar SS, Kumar S, Alimadadi A, Durant CP, Ghosheh Y, McNamara CA, Hedrick CC, Ley K. Single cell transcriptomics reveals recent CD8T cell receptor signaling in patients with coronary artery disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239148. [PMID: 37828989 PMCID: PMC10565000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death worldwide. The role of CD8+ T cells in CAD is unknown. Recent studies suggest a breakdown of tolerance in atherosclerosis, resulting in active T cell receptor (TCR) engagement with self-antigens. We hypothesized that TCR engagement would leave characteristic gene expression signatures. In a single cell RNA-sequencing analysis of CD8+ T cells from 30 patients with CAD and 30 controls we found significant enrichment of TCR signaling pathways in CAD+ subjects, suggesting recent TCR engagement. We also found significant enrichment of cytotoxic and exhaustion pathways in CAD cases compared to controls. Highly significant upregulation of TCR signaling in CAD indicates that CD8 T cells reactive to atherosclerosis antigens are prominent in the blood of CAD cases compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Iqneibi
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ryosuke Saigusa
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amir Khan
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ahmad Alimadadi
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Yanal Ghosheh
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Catherine C. Hedrick
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Klaus Ley
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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8
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Lei T, Chen R, Zhang S, Chen Y. Self-supervised deep clustering of single-cell RNA-seq data to hierarchically detect rare cell populations. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:bbad335. [PMID: 37769630 PMCID: PMC10539043 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a widely used technique for characterizing individual cells and studying gene expression at the single-cell level. Clustering plays a vital role in grouping similar cells together for various downstream analyses. However, the high sparsity and dimensionality of large scRNA-seq data pose challenges to clustering performance. Although several deep learning-based clustering algorithms have been proposed, most existing clustering methods have limitations in capturing the precise distribution types of the data or fully utilizing the relationships between cells, leaving a considerable scope for improving the clustering performance, particularly in detecting rare cell populations from large scRNA-seq data. We introduce DeepScena, a novel single-cell hierarchical clustering tool that fully incorporates nonlinear dimension reduction, negative binomial-based convolutional autoencoder for data fitting, and a self-supervision model for cell similarity enhancement. In comprehensive evaluation using multiple large-scale scRNA-seq datasets, DeepScena consistently outperformed seven popular clustering tools in terms of accuracy. Notably, DeepScena exhibits high proficiency in identifying rare cell populations within large datasets that contain large numbers of clusters. When applied to scRNA-seq data of multiple myeloma cells, DeepScena successfully identified not only previously labeled large cell types but also subpopulations in CD14 monocytes, T cells and natural killer cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Lei
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ruoyu Chen
- Moorestown High School, Moorestown, NJ 08057, USA
| | - Shaoqiang Zhang
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, NJ 08028, USA
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9
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Gudra D, Valdovska A, Jonkus D, Galina D, Kairisa D, Ustinova M, Viksne K, Fridmanis D, Kalnina I. Genomic Characterization and Initial Insight into Mastitis-Associated SNP Profiles of Local Latvian Bos taurus Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2776. [PMID: 37685039 PMCID: PMC10487150 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Latvia has two local Bos taurus breeds-Latvian Brown (LBG) and Latvian Blue (LZG)-characterized by a good adaptation to the local climate, longevity, and high fat and protein contents in milk. Since these are desired traits in the dairy industry, this study investigated the genetic background of the LBG and LZG breeds and identified the genetic factors associated with mastitis. Blood and semen samples were acquired, and whole genome sequencing was then performed to acquire a genomic sequence with at least 35× or 10× coverage. The heterozygosity, nucleotide diversity, and LD analysis indicated that LBG and LZG cows have similar levels of genetic diversity compared to those of other breeds. An analysis of the population structure revealed that each breed clustered together, but the overall differentiation between the breeds was small. The highest genetic variance was observed in the LZG breed compared with the LBG breed. Our results show that SNP rs721295390 is associated with mastitis in the LBG breed, and SNPs rs383806754, chr29:43998719CG>C, and rs462030680 are associated with mastitis in the LZG breed. This study shows that local Latvian LBG and LZG breeds have a pronounced genetic differentiation, with each one suggesting its own mastitis-associated SNP profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Gudra
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Anda Valdovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
- Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Daina Jonkus
- Faculty of Agriculture, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia (D.K.)
| | - Daiga Galina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
- Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Daina Kairisa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia (D.K.)
| | - Maija Ustinova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Kristine Viksne
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
- Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Davids Fridmanis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Ineta Kalnina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (D.G.); (M.U.); (K.V.); (D.F.)
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10
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Micevic G, Daniels A, Flem-Karlsen K, Park K, Talty R, McGeary M, Mirza H, Blackburn HN, Sefik E, Cheung JF, Hornick NI, Aizenbud L, Joshi NS, Kluger H, Iwasaki A, Bosenberg MW, Flavell RA. IL-7R licenses a population of epigenetically poised memory CD8 + T cells with superior antitumor efficacy that are critical for melanoma memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304319120. [PMID: 37459511 PMCID: PMC10372654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304319120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of advanced melanoma after therapy is a major risk factor for reduced survival, and treatment options are limited. Antitumor immune memory plays a critical role in preventing melanoma recurrence and memory T cells could be a potent cell-based therapy, but the identity, and functional properties of the required immune cells are incompletely understood. Here, we show that an IL-7Rhi tumor-specific CD8+ population is critical for antitumor memory and can be epigenetically augmented to drive powerful antitumor immune responses. Using a model of functional antimelanoma memory, we found that high IL-7R expression selectively marks a CD8+ population in lymphoid organs that plays critical roles in maintaining tumor remission after immunotherapy or surgical resection. This population has intrinsic cytotoxic activity, lacks markers of exhaustion and has superior antitumor efficacy. IL-7Rhi cells have a functionally poised epigenetic landscape regulated by DNA methylation, which can be augmented by hypomethylating agents to confer improved survival and complete melanoma clearance in naive mice. Importantly, greater than 95% of tumor-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes after therapy express high levels of IL-7R. This overlap between IL-7Rhi and antigen-specific T cells allows for enrichment of a potent functional CD8+ population without determining antigen-specificity, which we demonstrate in a melanoma model without a known antigen. We identify that IL-7R expression in human melanoma is an independent prognostic factor of improved survival. These findings advance our basic understanding of antitumor memory and suggest a cell-based therapy using high IL-7R expression to enrich for a lymph node population with superior antitumor activity that can be augmented by hypomethylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Micevic
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Andrew Daniels
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | | | - Koonam Park
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Ronan Talty
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Meaghan McGeary
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Haris Mirza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Holly N. Blackburn
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Julie F. Cheung
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Noah I. Hornick
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Lilach Aizenbud
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Nikhil S. Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Harriet Kluger
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Marcus W. Bosenberg
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Yale Center for Immuno-Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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11
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Li J, Chen Z, Kim G, Luo J, Hori S, Wu C. Cathepsin W restrains peripheral regulatory T cells for mucosal immune quiescence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3924. [PMID: 37436991 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral regulatory T (pTreg) cells are a key T cell lineage for mucosal immune tolerance and anti-inflammatory responses, and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling is critical for Treg cell generation, expansion, and maintenance. The expression of IL-2R on pTreg cells is tightly regulated to ensure proper induction and function of pTreg cells without a clear molecular mechanism. We here demonstrate that Cathepsin W (CTSW), a cysteine proteinase highly induced in pTreg cells under transforming growth factor-β stimulation is essential for the restraint of pTreg cell differentiation in an intrinsic manner. Loss of CTSW results in elevated pTreg cell generation, protecting the animals from intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, CTSW inhibits IL-2R signaling in pTreg cells by cytosolic interaction with and process of CD25, repressing signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 activation to restrain pTreg cell generation and maintenance. Hence, our data indicate that CTSW acts as a gatekeeper to calibrate pTreg cell differentiation and function for mucosal immune quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shohei Hori
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Frolova AS, Tikhomirova NK, Kireev II, Zernii EY, Parodi A, Ivanov KI, Zamyatnin AA. Expression, Intracellular Localization, and Maturation of Cysteine Cathepsins in Renal Embryonic and Cancer Cell Lines. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1034-1044. [PMID: 37751872 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923070143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. The expression of these enzymes is often increased in many types of tumor cells. Cysteine cathepsins contribute to carcinogenesis through a number of mechanisms, including proteolysis of extracellular matrix and signaling molecules on the cell surface, as well as degradation of transcription factors and disruption of signaling cascades in the cell nucleus. Distinct oncogenic functions have been reported for several members of the cysteine cathepsin family in various types of cancer, but a comparative study of all eleven cysteine cathepsins in one experimental model is still missing. In this work, we assessed and compared the expression, localization, and maturation of all eleven cysteine cathepsins in embryonic kidney cells HEK293 and kidney cancer cell lines 769-P and A-498. We found that the expression of cathepsins V, B, Z, L, and S was 3- to 9-fold higher in kidney tumor cells than in embryonic cells. We also showed that all cysteine cathepsins were present in varying amounts in the nucleus of both embryonic and tumor cells. Notably, more than half of the cathepsin Z or K and over 88% of cathepsin F were localized in tumor cell nuclei. Moreover, mature forms of cysteine cathepsins were more prevalent in tumor cells than in embryonic cells. These results can be further used to develop novel diagnostic tools and may assist in the investigation of cysteine cathepsins as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Frolova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia
| | - Natalia K Tikhomirova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Igor I Kireev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Evgeni Yu Zernii
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia
| | - Konstantin I Ivanov
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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13
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Zhang G, Yin Z, Fang J, Wu A, Chen G, Cao K. Construction of the novel immune risk scoring system related to CD8 + T cells in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:124. [PMID: 37349706 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is a gynecological malignant tumor with high incidence and poor prognosis. Although immunotherapy has brought significant survival benefits to advanced UCEC patients, traditional evaluation indicators cannot accurately identify all potential beneficiaries of immunotherapy. Consequently, it is necessary to construct a new scoring system to predict patient prognosis and responsiveness of immunotherapy. METHODS CIBERSORT combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), and random forest algorithms to screen the module associated with CD8+ T cells, and key genes related to prognosis were selected out by univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression analyses to develop the novel immune risk score (NIRS). Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis was used to compare the difference of survival between high- and low- NIRS groups. We also explored the correlations between NIRS, immune infiltration and immunotherapy, and three external validation sets were used to verify the predictive performance of NIRS. Furthermore, clinical subgroup analysis, mutation analysis, differential expression of immune checkpoints, and drug sensitivity analysis were performed to generate individualized treatments for patients with different risk scores. Finally, gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was conducted to explore the biological functions of NIRS, and qRT-PCR was applied to verify the differential expressions of three trait genes at cellular and tissue levels. RESULTS Among the modules clustered by WGCNA, the magenta module was most positively associated with CD8+ T cells. Three genes (CTSW, CD3D and CD48) were selected to construct NIRS after multiple screening procedures. NIRS was confirmed as an independent prognostic factor of UCEC, and patients with high NIRS had significantly worse prognosis compared to those with low NIRS. The high NIRS group showed lower levels of infiltrated immune cells, gene mutations, and expression of multiple immune checkpoints, indicating reduced sensitivity to immunotherapy. Three module genes were identified as protective factors positively correlated with the level of CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we constructed NIRS as a novel predictive signature of UCEC. NIRS not only differentiates patients with distinct prognoses and immune responsiveness, but also guides their therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijing Yin
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianing Fang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Anshan Wu
- Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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14
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Senjor E, Kos J, Nanut MP. Cysteine Cathepsins as Therapeutic Targets in Immune Regulation and Immune Disorders. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020476. [PMID: 36831012 PMCID: PMC9953096 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins, as the most abundant proteases found in the lysosomes, play a vital role in several processes-such as protein degradation, changes in cell signaling, cell morphology, migration and proliferation, and energy metabolism. In addition to their lysosomal function, they are also secreted and may remain functional in the extracellular space. Upregulation of cathepsin expression is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune-system dysregulation. In this review, we present an overview of cysteine-cathepsin involvement and possible targeting options for mitigation of aberrant function in immune disorders such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and immune response in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Huertas J, Lee HT. Multi‑faceted roles of cathepsins in ischemia reperfusion injury (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:368. [PMID: 36300202 PMCID: PMC9644425 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are one of the most abundant proteases within the lysosomes with diverse physiological effects ranging from immune responses, cell death and intracellular protein degradation. Cathepsins are involved in extracellular and systemic functions such as systemic inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation. Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is responsible for numerous diseases including myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, stroke and acute graft failure after transplant surgery. Inflammation plays a major role in the reperfusion phase of IR injury and previous research has shown that cathepsins are key mediators of the inflammation cascade as well as apoptosis. Taken together, cathepsins modulation could provide potential therapeutic approaches to attenuate IR injury. The present review summarized the current understanding of various cathepsin subtypes, their major physiologic functions, their roles in multi‑organ IR injury and detailed selective cathepsin inhibitors with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Huertas
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
| | - H. Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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17
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Wiarda JE, Trachsel JM, Sivasankaran SK, Tuggle CK, Loving CL. Intestinal single-cell atlas reveals novel lymphocytes in pigs with similarities to human cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201442. [PMID: 35995567 PMCID: PMC9396248 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing of porcine ileal lymphocytes reveals similarities to human cells and discovery of porcine intestinal innate lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes can heavily influence intestinal health, but resolving intestinal lymphocyte function is challenging as the intestine contains a vastly heterogeneous mixture of cells. Pigs are an advantageous biomedical model, but deeper understanding of intestinal lymphocytes is warranted to improve model utility. Twenty-six cell types were identified in the porcine ileum by single-cell RNA sequencing and further compared with cells in human and murine ileum. Though general consensus of cell subsets across species was revealed, some porcine-specific lymphocyte subsets were identified. Differential tissue dissection and in situ analyses conferred spatial context, revealing similar locations of lymphocyte subsets in Peyer’s patches and epithelium in pig-to-human comparisons. Like humans, activated and effector lymphocytes were abundant in the ileum but not periphery of pigs, suggesting tissue-specific and/or activation-associated gene expression. Gene signatures for peripheral and ileal innate lymphoid cells newly discovered in pigs were defined and highlighted similarities to human innate lymphoid cells. Overall, we reveal novel lymphocyte subsets in pigs and highlight utility of pigs for intestinal research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Wiarda
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Agricultural Research Service Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Julian M Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sathesh K Sivasankaran
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Crystal L Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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18
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New Insights into the Role of Cysteine Cathepsins in Neuroinflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121796. [PMID: 34944440 PMCID: PMC8698589 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which is mediated by microglia and astrocytes, is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence shows that activated microglia induce the expression and secretion of various lysosomal cathepsins, particularly during the early stage of neuroinflammation. This trigger signaling cascade that aggravate neurodegeneration. To date, most research on neuroinflammation has focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins, the largest cathepsin family. Cysteine cathepsins are primarily responsible for protein degradation in lysosomes; however, they also play a role in regulating a number of other important physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the functional roles of cysteine cathepsins in the central nervous system during neuroinflammation, with an emphasis on their roles in the polarization of microglia and neuroinflammation signaling, which in turn causes neuronal death and thus neurodegeneration.
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19
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Gureeva TA, Timoshenko OS, Kugaevskaya EV, Solovyova NI. [Cysteine cathepsins: structure, physiological functions and their role in carcinogenesis]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2021; 67:453-464. [PMID: 34964439 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216706453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (Cts) also known as thiol proteinases belong to the superfamily of cysteine proteinases (EC 3.4.22). Cts are known as lysosomal proteases responsible for the intracellular proteins degradation. All Cts are synthesized as zymogens, activation of which occurs autocatalytically. Their activity is regulated by endogenous inhibitors. Cts can be secreted into the extracellular environment, which is of particular importance in tumor progression. Extracellular Cts not only hydrolyze extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, but also contribute to ECM remodeling, processing and/or release of cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. In cancer, the expression and activity of Cts sharply increase both in cell lysosomes and in the intercellular space, which correlates with neoplastic transformation, invasion, metastasis and leads to further tumor progression. It has been shown that Cts expression depends on the cells type, therefore, their role in the tumor development differs depending on their cellular origin. The mechanism of Cts action in cancer is not limited only by their proteolytic action. The Cts influence on signal transduction pathways associated with cancer development, including the pathway involving growth factors, which is mediated through receptors tyrosine kinases (RTK) and various signaling mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), has been proven. In addition, Cts are able to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating signal transduction pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and the pathway involving TGF-β. So, Ctc perform specific both destructive and regulatory functions, carrying out proteolysis, both inside and outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gureeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Perišić Nanut M, Pečar Fonović U, Jakoš T, Kos J. The Role of Cysteine Peptidases in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Modulation of Immune System Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680279. [PMID: 34335582 PMCID: PMC8322073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are primarily involved in the degradation and recycling of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments but are also gaining recognition as pivotal proteolytic contributors to various immune functions. Through their extracellular proteolytic activities within the hematopoietic stem cell niche, they are involved in progenitor cell mobilization and differentiation. Cysteine cathepsins, such as cathepsins L and S contribute to antigen-induced adaptive immunity through major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation whereas cathepsin X regulates T-cell migration. By regulating toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine secretion cysteine cathepsins activate innate immune cells and affect their functional differentiation. Cathepsins C and H are expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and are involved in processing of pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms. Cytoplasmic activities of cathepsins B and L contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the adaptive immune response by regulating cell death of T and B lymphocytes. The expression pattern, localization, and activity of cysteine cathepsins is tightly connected to their function in immune cells. Furthermore, cysteine cathepsins together with their endogenous inhibitors, serve as mediators in the interplay between cancer and immune cells that results in immune cell anergy. The aim of the present article is to review the mechanisms of dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in relation to immune dysfunction to address new possibilities for regulation of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Rinchai D, Verzoni E, Huber V, Cova A, Squarcina P, De Cecco L, de Braud F, Ratta R, Dugo M, Lalli L, Vallacchi V, Rodolfo M, Roelands J, Castelli C, Chaussabel D, Procopio G, Bedognetti D, Rivoltini L. Integrated transcriptional-phenotypic analysis captures systemic immunomodulation following antiangiogenic therapy in renal cell carcinoma patients. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e434. [PMID: 34185403 PMCID: PMC8214860 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with standard therapies is becoming a common approach for overcoming resistance to cancer immunotherapy in most human malignancies including metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). In this regard, insights into the immunomodulatory properties of antiangiogenic agents may help designing multidrug schedules based on specific immune synergisms. METHODS We used orthogonal transcriptomic and phenotyping platforms combined with functional analytic pipelines to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of the antiangiogenic agent pazopanib in mRCC patients. Nine patients were studied longitudinally over a period of 6 months. We also analyzed transcriptional data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RCC cohort (N = 571) to assess the prognostic implications of our findings. The effect of pazopanib was assessed in vitro on NK cells and T cells. Additionally, myeloid-derived suppressor (MDSC)-like cells were generated from CD14+ monocytes transfected with mimics of miRNAs associated with MDSC function in the presence or absence of pazopanib. RESULTS Pazopanib administration caused a rapid and dramatic reshaping in terms of frequency and transcriptional activity of multiple blood immune cell subsets, with a downsizing of MDSC and regulatory T cells in favor of a strong enhancement in PD-1 expressing cytotoxic T and Natural Killer effectors. These changes were paired with an increase of the expression of transcripts reflecting activation of immune-effector functions. This immunomodulation was marked but transient, peaking at the third month of treatment. Moreover, the intratumoral expression level of a MDSC signature (MDSC INT) was strongly associated with poor prognosis in RCC patients. In vitro experiments indicate that the observed immunomodulation might be due to an inhibitory effect on MDSC-mediated suppression, rather than a direct effect on NK and T cells. CONCLUSIONS The marked but transient nature of this immunomodulation, peaking at the third month of treatment, provides the rationale for the use of antiangiogenics as a preconditioning strategy to improve the efficacy of ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Verzoni
- Medical Oncology DepartmentFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human TumorsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Agata Cova
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human TumorsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Paola Squarcina
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human TumorsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Platform of Integrated BiologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Medical Oncology DepartmentFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | | | - Matteo Dugo
- Platform of Integrated BiologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Luca Lalli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human TumorsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Viviana Vallacchi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human TumorsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human TumorsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | | | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human TumorsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | | | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Medical Oncology DepartmentFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Cancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDohaQatar
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità MedicheUniversità degli Studi di GenovaGenovaItaly
- College of Health and Life SciencesHamad Bin Khalifa UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human TumorsFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
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22
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Arora M, Pandey G, Chauhan SS. Cysteine Cathepsins and Their Prognostic and Therapeutic Relevance in Leukemia. ANNALS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (INDIA) 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCysteine cathepsins are lysosomal proteases that require Cys-His ion pair in their catalytic site for enzymatic activity. While their aberrant expression and oncogenic functions have been widely reported in solid tumors, recent findings suggest that these proteases also play an important role in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. In this review, we summarize the potential clinical implications of cysteine cathepsins as diagnostic and prognostic markers in leukemia, and present evidences which supports the utility of these proteases as potential therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies. We also highlight the available information on the expression patterns, regulation, and potential functions of cysteine cathepsins in normal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies. In hematopoiesis, cysteine cathepsins play a variety of physiological roles including regulation of hematopoietic stem cell adhesion in the bone marrow, trafficking, and maturation. They are also involved in several functions of immune cells which include the selection of lymphocytes in the thymus, antigen processing, and presentation. However, the expression of cysteine cathepsins is dysregulated in hematological malignancies where they have been shown to play diverse functions. Interestingly, several pieces of evidence over the past few years have demonstrated overexpression of cathepsins in leukemia and their association with worst survival outcomes in patients. Strategies aimed at altering the expression, activity, and subcellular localization of these cathepsins are emerging as potential therapeutic modalaties in the management of hematological malignancies. Recent findings also suggest the involvement of these proteases in modulating the immune response in leukemia and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam S. Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Patel RS, Tomlinson JE, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR, Rosenberg BR. Single-cell resolution landscape of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals diverse cell types including T-bet + B cells. BMC Biol 2021; 19:13. [PMID: 33482825 PMCID: PMC7820527 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional laboratory model organisms represent a small fraction of the diversity of multicellular life, and findings in any given experimental model often do not translate to other species. Immunology research in non-traditional model organisms can be advantageous or even necessary, such as when studying host-pathogen interactions. However, such research presents multiple challenges, many stemming from an incomplete understanding of potentially species-specific immune cell types, frequencies, and phenotypes. Identifying and characterizing immune cells in such organisms is frequently limited by the availability of species-reactive immunophenotyping reagents for flow cytometry, and insufficient prior knowledge of cell type-defining markers. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate the utility of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to characterize immune cells for which traditional experimental tools are limited. Specifically, we used scRNA-Seq to comprehensively define the cellular diversity of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy horses across different breeds, ages, and sexes. We identified 30 cell type clusters partitioned into five major populations: monocytes/dendritic cells, B cells, CD3+PRF1+ lymphocytes, CD3+PRF1- lymphocytes, and basophils. Comparative analyses revealed many cell populations analogous to human PBMC, including transcriptionally heterogeneous monocytes and distinct dendritic cell subsets (cDC1, cDC2, plasmacytoid DC). Remarkably, we found that a majority of the equine peripheral B cell compartment is comprised of T-bet+ B cells, an immune cell subpopulation typically associated with chronic infection and inflammation in human and mouse. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of scRNA-Seq for cellular analyses in non-traditional model organisms and form the basis for an immune cell atlas of horse peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosheel S Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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24
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Wang L, Nie R, Yu Z, Xin R, Zheng C, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Cai J. An interpretable deep-learning architecture of capsule networks for identifying cell-type gene expression programs from single-cell RNA-sequencing data. NAT MACH INTELL 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-020-00244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Mola S, Foisy S, Boucher G, Major F, Beauchamp C, Karaky M, Goyette P, Lesage S, Rioux JD. A transcriptome-based approach to identify functional modules within and across primary human immune cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233543. [PMID: 32469933 PMCID: PMC7259617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide transcriptomic analyses have provided valuable insight into fundamental biology and disease pathophysiology. Many studies have taken advantage of the correlation in the expression patterns of the transcriptome to infer a potential biologic function of uncharacterized genes, and multiple groups have examined the relationship between co-expression, co-regulation, and gene function on a broader scale. Given the unique characteristics of immune cells circulating in the blood, we were interested in determining whether it was possible to identify functional co-expression modules in human immune cells. Specifically, we sequenced the transcriptome of nine immune cell types from peripheral blood cells of healthy donors and, using a combination of global and targeted analyses of genes within co-expression modules, we were able to determine functions for these modules that were cell lineage-specific or shared among multiple cell lineages. In addition, our analyses identified transcription factors likely important for immune cell lineage commitment and/or maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraï Mola
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Foisy
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Boucher
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - François Major
- Unité de recherche en ingénierie des ARN, Institut de recherche en immunologie et en cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département d’informatique et de recherche opérationnelle, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudine Beauchamp
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamad Karaky
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Goyette
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Centre de recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John D. Rioux
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Petushkova AI, Savvateeva LV, Korolev DO, Zamyatnin AA. Cysteine Cathepsins: Potential Applications in Diagnostics and Therapy of Malignant Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:746-761. [PMID: 31509726 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791907006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes involved in protein degradation in lysosomes and endosomes. Cysteine cathepsins have been also found in the tumor microenvironment during carcinogenesis, where they are implicated in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells through the degradation of extracellular matrix, suppression of cell-cell interactions, and promotion of angiogenesis. In this regard, cathepsins can have a diagnostic value and represent promising targets for antitumor drugs aimed at inhibition of these proteases. Moreover, cysteine cathepsins can be used as activators of novel targeted therapeutic agents. This review summarizes recent discovered roles of cysteine cathepsins in carcinogenesis and discusses new trends in cancer therapy and diagnostics using cysteine cathepsins as markers, targets, or activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Petushkova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L V Savvateeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D O Korolev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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27
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Anoveros-Barrera A, Bhullar AS, Stretch C, Dunichand-Hoedl AR, Martins KJB, Rieger A, Bigam D, McMullen T, Bathe OF, Putman CT, Field CJ, Baracos VE, Mazurak VC. Immunohistochemical phenotyping of T cells, granulocytes, and phagocytes in the muscle of cancer patients: association with radiologically defined muscle mass and gene expression. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:24. [PMID: 31521204 PMCID: PMC6744687 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a recognized contributor to muscle wasting. Research in injury and myopathy suggests that interactions between the skeletal muscle and immune cells confer a pro-inflammatory environment that influences muscle loss through several mechanisms; however, this has not been explored in the cancer setting. This study investigated the local immune environment of the muscle by identifying the phenotype of immune cell populations in the muscle and their relationship to muscle mass in cancer patients. METHODS Intraoperative muscle biopsies were collected from cancer patients (n = 30, 91% gastrointestinal malignancies). Muscle mass was assessed histologically (muscle fiber cross-sectional area, CSA; μm2) and radiologically (lumbar skeletal muscle index, SMI; cm2/m2 by computed tomography, CT). T cells (CD4 and CD8) and granulocytes/phagocytes (CD11b, CD14, and CD15) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Microarray analysis was conducted in the muscle of a second cancer patient cohort. RESULTS T cells (CD3+), granulocytes/phagocytes (CD11b+), and CD3-CD4+ cells were identified. Muscle fiber CSA (μm2) was positively correlated (Spearman's r = > 0.45; p = < 0.05) with the total number of T cells, CD4, and CD8 T cells and granulocytes/phagocytes. In addition, patients with the smallest SMI exhibited fewer CD8 T cells within their muscle. Consistent with this, further exploration with gene correlation analyses suggests that the presence of CD8 T cells is negatively associated (Pearson's r = ≥ 0.5; p = <0.0001) with key genes within muscle catabolic pathways for signaling (ACVR2B), ubiquitin proteasome (FOXO4, TRIM63, FBXO32, MUL1, UBC, UBB, UBE2L3), and apoptosis/autophagy (CASP8, BECN1, ATG13, SIVA1). CONCLUSION The skeletal muscle immune environment of cancer patients is comprised of immune cell populations from the adaptive and innate immunity. Correlations of T cells, granulocyte/phagocytes, and CD3-CD4+ cells with muscle mass measurements indicate a positive relationship between immune cell numbers and muscle mass status in cancer patients. Further exploration with gene correlation analyses suggests that the presence of CD8 T cells is negatively correlated with components of muscle catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Anoveros-Barrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Amritpal S Bhullar
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Cynthia Stretch
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abha R Dunichand-Hoedl
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Karen J B Martins
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Aja Rieger
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Bigam
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Todd McMullen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Oliver F Bathe
- Department of Oncology and Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Charles T Putman
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Vickie E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 4-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Emmer A, Abobarin-Adeagbo A, Posa A, Jordan B, Delank KS, Staege MS, Surov A, Zierz S, Kornhuber ME. Myositis in Lewis rats induced by the superantigen Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4085-4094. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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McGinnis CS, Murrow LM, Gartner ZJ. DoubletFinder: Doublet Detection in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data Using Artificial Nearest Neighbors. Cell Syst 2019; 8:329-337.e4. [PMID: 30954475 PMCID: PMC6853612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1455] [Impact Index Per Article: 291.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data are commonly affected by technical artifacts known as "doublets," which limit cell throughput and lead to spurious biological conclusions. Here, we present a computational doublet detection tool-DoubletFinder-that identifies doublets using only gene expression data. DoubletFinder predicts doublets according to each real cell's proximity in gene expression space to artificial doublets created by averaging the transcriptional profile of randomly chosen cell pairs. We first use scRNA-seq datasets where the identity of doublets is known to show that DoubletFinder identifies doublets formed from transcriptionally distinct cells. When these doublets are removed, the identification of differentially expressed genes is enhanced. Second, we provide a method for estimating DoubletFinder input parameters, allowing its application across scRNA-seq datasets with diverse distributions of cell types. Lastly, we present "best practices" for DoubletFinder applications and illustrate that DoubletFinder is insensitive to an experimentally validated kidney cell type with "hybrid" expression features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S McGinnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lyndsay M Murrow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerbeg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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30
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Houtman M, Ekholm L, Hesselberg E, Chemin K, Malmström V, Reed AM, Lundberg IE, Padyukov L. T-cell transcriptomics from peripheral blood highlights differences between polymyositis and dermatomyositis patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:188. [PMID: 30157932 PMCID: PMC6116372 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are two distinct subgroups of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, a chronic inflammatory disorder clinically characterized by muscle weakness and inflammatory cell infiltrates in muscle tissue. In PM, a major component of inflammatory cell infiltrates is CD8+ T cells, whereas in DM, CD4+ T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells predominate. In this study, with the aim to differentiate involvement of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subpopulations in myositis subgroups, we investigated transcriptomic profiles of T cells from peripheral blood of patients with myositis. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from CD4+ T cells (PM = 8 and DM = 7) and CD8+ T cells (PM = 4 and DM = 5) that were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells via positive selection using microbeads. Sequencing libraries were generated using the Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Kit and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, yielding about 50 million paired-end reads per sample. Differential gene expression analyses were conducted using DESeq2. RESULTS In CD4+ T cells, only two genes, ANKRD55 and S100B, were expressed significantly higher in patients with PM than in patients with DM (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05, model adjusted for age, sex, HLA-DRB1*03 status, and RNA integrity number [RIN]). On the contrary, in CD8+ T cells, 176 genes were differentially expressed in patients with PM compared with patients with DM. Of these, 44 genes were expressed significantly higher in CD8+ T cells from patients with PM, and 132 genes were expressed significantly higher in CD8+ T cells from patients with DM (FDR < 0.05, model adjusted for age, sex, and RIN). Gene Ontology analysis showed that genes differentially expressed in CD8+ T cells are involved in lymphocyte migration and regulation of T-cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our data strongly suggest that CD8+ T cells represent a major divergence between PM and DM patients compared with CD4+ T cells. These alterations in the gene expression in T cells from PM and DM patients might advocate for distinct immune mechanisms in these subphenotypes of myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Houtman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Louise Ekholm
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Espen Hesselberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Chemin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann M Reed
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bulitta B, Zuschratter W, Bernal I, Bruder D, Klawonn F, von Bergen M, Garritsen HSP, Jänsch L. Proteomic definition of human mucosal-associated invariant T cells determines their unique molecular effector phenotype. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1336-1349. [PMID: 29749611 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) constitute the most abundant anti-bacterial CD8+ T-cell population in humans. MR1/TCR-activated MAIT cells were reported to organize cytotoxic and innate-like responses but knowledge about their molecular effector phenotype is still fragmentary. Here, we have examined the functional inventory of human MAIT cells (CD3+ Vα7.2+ CD161+ ) in comparison with those from conventional non-MAIT CD8+ T cells (cCD8+ ) and NK cells. Quantitative mass spectrometry characterized 5500 proteins of primary MAIT cells and identified 160 and 135 proteins that discriminate them from cCD8+ T cells and NK cells donor-independently. Most notably, MAIT cells showed a unique exocytosis machinery in parallel to a proinflammatory granzyme profile with high levels of the granzymes A, K, and M. Furthermore, 24 proteins were identified with highest abundances in MAIT cells, including CD26, CD98, and L-amino-oxidase (LAAO). Among those, expression of granzyme K and CD98 were validated as MAIT-specific with respect to non-MAIT CD8+ effector subsets and LAAO was found to be recruited together with granzymes, perforin, and CD107a at the immunological synapse of activated MAIT cells. In conclusion, this study complements knowledge on the molecular effector phenotype of MAIT cells and suggest novel immune regulatory functions as part of their cytotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bulitta
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Werner Zuschratter
- Special Lab Electron and Laserscanning Microscopy, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Bernal
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrikus Stephanus Paulus Garritsen
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, Städtisches Klinikum Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Abou-El-Hassan H, Sukhon F, Assaf EJ, Bahmad H, Abou-Abbass H, Jourdi H, Kobeissy FH. Degradomics in Neurotrauma: Profiling Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1598:65-99. [PMID: 28508358 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6952-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradomics has recently emerged as a subdiscipline in the omics era with a focus on characterizing signature breakdown products implicated in various disease processes. Driven by promising experimental findings in cancer, neuroscience, and metabolomic disorders, degradomics has significantly promoted the notion of disease-specific "degradome." A degradome arises from the activation of several proteases that target specific substrates and generate signature protein fragments. Several proteases such as calpains, caspases, cathepsins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases that disturb the physiologic balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. While regulated proteolytic activities are needed for development, growth, and regeneration, uncontrolled proteolysis initiated under pathological conditions ultimately culminates into apoptotic and necrotic processes. In this chapter, we aim to review the protease-substrate repertoires in neural injury concentrating on traumatic brain injury. A striking diversity of protease substrates, essential for neuronal and brain structural and functional integrity, namely, encryptic biomarker neoproteins, have been characterized in brain injury. These include cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, cell cycle regulatory proteins, synaptic proteins, and cell junction proteins. As these substrates are subject to proteolytic fragmentation, they are ceaselessly exposed to activated proteases. Characterization of these molecules allows for a surge of "possible" therapeutic approaches of intervention at various levels of the proteolytic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Fares Sukhon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Edwyn Jeremy Assaf
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham Bahmad
- Faculty of Medical, Neuroscience Research Center, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Abou-Abbass
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussam Jourdi
- Faculty of Science¸ Department of Biology, University of Balamand, Souk-el-Gharb Campus, Aley, Lebanon
| | - Firas H Kobeissy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Cysteine cathepsin activity regulation by glycosaminoglycans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:309718. [PMID: 25587532 PMCID: PMC4283429 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are a group of enzymes normally found in the endolysosomes where they are primarily involved in intracellular protein turnover but also have a critical role in MHC II-mediated antigen processing and presentation. However, in a number of pathologies cysteine cathepsins were found to be heavily upregulated and secreted into extracellular milieu, where they were found to degrade a number of extracellular proteins. A major role in modulating cathepsin activities play glycosaminoglycans, which were found not only to facilitate their autocatalytic activation including at neutral pH, but also to critically modulate their activities such as in the case of the collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K. The interaction between cathepsins and glycosaminoglycans will be discussed in more detail.
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Acerbi E, Zelante T, Narang V, Stella F. Gene network inference using continuous time Bayesian networks: a comparative study and application to Th17 cell differentiation. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:387. [PMID: 25495206 PMCID: PMC4267461 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-014-0387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dynamic aspects of gene regulatory networks are typically investigated by measuring system variables at multiple time points. Current state-of-the-art computational approaches for reconstructing gene networks directly build on such data, making a strong assumption that the system evolves in a synchronous fashion at fixed points in time. However, nowadays omics data are being generated with increasing time course granularity. Thus, modellers now have the possibility to represent the system as evolving in continuous time and to improve the models’ expressiveness. Results Continuous time Bayesian networks are proposed as a new approach for gene network reconstruction from time course expression data. Their performance was compared to two state-of-the-art methods: dynamic Bayesian networks and Granger causality analysis. On simulated data, the methods comparison was carried out for networks of increasing size, for measurements taken at different time granularity densities and for measurements unevenly spaced over time. Continuous time Bayesian networks outperformed the other methods in terms of the accuracy of regulatory interactions learnt from data for all network sizes. Furthermore, their performance degraded smoothly as the size of the network increased. Continuous time Bayesian networks were significantly better than dynamic Bayesian networks for all time granularities tested and better than Granger causality for dense time series. Both continuous time Bayesian networks and Granger causality performed robustly for unevenly spaced time series, with no significant loss of performance compared to the evenly spaced case, while the same did not hold true for dynamic Bayesian networks. The comparison included the IRMA experimental datasets which confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method. Continuous time Bayesian networks were then applied to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms controlling murine T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation and were found to be effective in discovering well-known regulatory mechanisms, as well as new plausible biological insights. Conclusions Continuous time Bayesian networks were effective on networks of both small and large size and were particularly feasible when the measurements were not evenly distributed over time. Reconstruction of the murine Th17 cell differentiation network using continuous time Bayesian networks revealed several autocrine loops, suggesting that Th17 cells may be auto regulating their own differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Acerbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4 138648, Singapore.
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Oghumu S, Terrazas CA, Varikuti S, Kimble J, Vadia S, Yu L, Seveau S, Satoskar AR. CXCR3 expression defines a novel subset of innate CD8+ T cells that enhance immunity against bacterial infection and cancer upon stimulation with IL-15. FASEB J 2014; 29:1019-28. [PMID: 25466888 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-264507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate CD8(+) T cells are a heterogeneous population with developmental pathways distinct from conventional CD8(+) T cells. However, their biology, classification, and functions remain incompletely understood. We recently demonstrated the existence of a novel population of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)-positive innate CD8(+) T cells. Here, we investigated the functional properties of this subset and identified effector molecules and pathways which mediate their function. Adoptive transfer of IL-15 activated CXCR3(+) innate CD8(+) T cells conferred increased protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection in susceptible IFN-γ(-/-) mice compared with similarly activated CXCR3(-) subset. This was associated with enhanced proliferation and IFN-γ production in CXCR3(+) cells. Further, CXCR3(+) innate cells showed enhanced cytotoxicity against a tumor cell line in vitro. In depth analysis of the CXCR3(+) subset showed increased gene expression of Ccl5, Klrc1, CtsW, GP49a, IL-2Rβ, Atp5e, and Ly6c but reduced IFN-γR2 and Art2b. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed an up-regulation of genes associated with T-cell activation, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and translational initiation in CXCR3(+) populations. Our results demonstrate that CXCR3 expression in innate CD8(+) T cells defines a subset with enhanced cytotoxic potential and protective antibacterial immune functions. Immunotherapeutic approaches against infectious disease and cancer could utilize CXCR3(+) innate CD8(+) T-cell populations as novel clinical intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Oghumu
- *Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Microbiology, Center for Biostatistics, and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cesar A Terrazas
- *Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Microbiology, Center for Biostatistics, and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- *Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Microbiology, Center for Biostatistics, and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Kimble
- *Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Microbiology, Center for Biostatistics, and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Vadia
- *Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Microbiology, Center for Biostatistics, and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- *Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Microbiology, Center for Biostatistics, and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie Seveau
- *Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Microbiology, Center for Biostatistics, and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- *Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Microbiology, Center for Biostatistics, and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Perišić Nanut M, Sabotič J, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins as regulators of the cytotoxicity of NK and T cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:616. [PMID: 25520721 PMCID: PMC4251435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases involved at different levels in the processes of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Some, such as cathepsins B, L, and H are expressed constitutively in most immune cells. In cells of innate immunity they play a role in cell adhesion and phagocytosis. Other cysteine cathepsins are expressed more specifically. Cathepsin X promotes dendritic cell maturation, adhesion of macrophages, and migration of T cells. Cathepsin S is implicated in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation, whereas cathepsin C, expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, is involved in processing pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms, which trigger cell death in their target cells. The activity of cysteine cathepsins is controlled by endogenous cystatins, cysteine protease inhibitors. Of these, cystatin F is the only cystatin that is localized in endosomal/lysosomal vesicles. After proteolytic removal of its N-terminal peptide, cystatin F becomes a potent inhibitor of cathepsin C with the potential to regulate pro-granzyme processing and cell cytotoxicity. This review is focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in the molecular mechanisms leading to the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes and NK cells in order to address new possibilities for regulation of their function in pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia ; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Raeven RHM, Brummelman J, Pennings JLA, Nijst OEM, Kuipers B, Blok LER, Helm K, van Riet E, Jiskoot W, van Els CACM, Han WGH, Kersten GFA, Metz B. Molecular signatures of the evolving immune response in mice following a Bordetella pertussis infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104548. [PMID: 25137043 PMCID: PMC4138111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide resurgence of pertussis necessitates the need for improvement of pertussis vaccines and vaccination strategies. Since natural infections induce a longer-lasting immunity than vaccinations, detailed knowledge of the immune responses following natural infection can provide important clues for such improvement. The purpose was to elucidate the kinetics of the protective immune response evolving after experimental Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) infection in mice. Data were collected from (i) individual analyses, i.e. microarray, flow cytometry, multiplex immunoassays, and bacterial clearance; (ii) twelve time points during the infection; and (iii) different tissues involved in the immune responses, i.e. lungs, spleen and blood. Combined data revealed detailed insight in molecular and cellular sequence of events connecting different phases (innate, bridging and adaptive) of the immune response following the infection. We detected a prolonged acute phase response, broad pathogen recognition, and early gene signatures of subsequent T-cell recruitment in the lungs. Activation of particular transcription factors and specific cell markers provided insight into the time course of the transition from innate towards adaptive immune responses, which resulted in a broad spectrum of systemic antibody subclasses and splenic Th1/Th17 memory cells against B. pertussis. In addition, signatures preceding the local generation of Th1 and Th17 cells as well as IgA in the lungs, considered key elements in protection against B. pertussis, were established. In conclusion, molecular and cellular immunological processes in response to live B. pertussis infection were unraveled, which may provide guidance in selecting new vaccine candidates that should evoke local and prolonged protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H. M. Raeven
- Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Brummelman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Betsy Kuipers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kina Helm
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cecile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda G. H. Han
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F. A. Kersten
- Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Theoretical insight into the mechanism for the inhibition of the cysteine protease cathepsin B by 1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2254. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liew A, Narasaraju T, Phoon M, Wang S, Tan K, Chow V. Caspase-1-Deficient Mice are More Susceptible Than Wild-Type Mice to Pneumonia Induced by Influenza A (H1N1). EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activity and subsequent maturation of IL-1β are critical in host immune response against influenza, their roles in lung pathogenesis are not completely understood. Enhanced susceptibility of caspase-1-deficient mice to influenza has been attributed to decreased inflammation and augmented epithelial damage, while increased IL-1β release has been shown to exacerbate lung pathology. We challenged caspase-1-knockout and wild-type mice with high doses of influenza A (H1N1) virus (500 pfu). Only 10% mortality occurred in wild-type mice, in contrast to 40% mortality in caspase-1-knockout mice which exhibited severe pathologic manifestations as a result of overwhelming inflammatory and cytokine/chemokine responses. Infected caspase-1 knockout mice revealed neutrophil-dominant recruitment and elevated apoptotic inflammatory cells in the lungs, while 20% of these animals displayed focal lymphocytic infiltrates in the brains suggestive of mild focal encephalitis. In infected caspase-1 knockout mice, cytokine/chemokine levels were reduced at 3 days post-infection, but robust increase in the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-1α, MCP-1, MIP-1β and RANTES were observed at 6 days post-infection, coinciding with exaggerated neutrophil influx. These results support our previous findings implicating excessive neutrophil infiltration in pathologic complications during influenza pneumonia. In addition, we observed an induction of IL-1β release in caspase-1 knock-out mice at 6 days post-infection, indicating the involvement of caspase-1-independent activation of IL-1β. Microarray analyses of the lungs of infected caspase-1 knockout mice revealed upregulation of immune and inflammatory genes including CCL8, CCL4, IFN-γ, ICOS, PRF-1, KLRA4, KLRA7, KLRA18, NKG7, LTB4R and PTX3. Collectively, our data suggest that caspase-1-mediated effects are critical against severe influenza infection which can also trigger robust caspase-1-independent inflammatory responses, thus alluding to the complexity of innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Liew
- Host and Pathogen Interactivity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - T. Narasaraju
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - M.C. Phoon
- Host and Pathogen Interactivity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - K.B. Tan
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - V.T. Chow
- Host and Pathogen Interactivity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
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40
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Scheiter M, Lau U, van Ham M, Bulitta B, Gröbe L, Garritsen H, Klawonn F, König S, Jänsch L. Proteome analysis of distinct developmental stages of human natural killer (NK) cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1099-114. [PMID: 23315794 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent Natural Killer (NK) cell maturation model postulates that CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) first develop into CD56(bright) NK cells, then into CD56(dim)CD57(-) and finally into terminally maturated CD56(dim)CD57(+). The molecular mechanisms of human NK cell differentiation and maturation however are incompletely characterized. Here we present a proteome analysis of distinct developmental stages of human primary NK cells, isolated from healthy human blood donors. Peptide sequencing was used to comparatively analyze CD56(bright) NK cells versus CD56(dim) NK cells and CD56(dim)CD57(-) NK cells versus CD56(dim)CD57(+) NK cells and revealed distinct protein signatures for all of these subsets. Quantitative data for about 3400 proteins were obtained and support the current differentiation model. Furthermore, 11 donor-independently, but developmental stage specifically regulated proteins so far undescribed in NK cells were revealed, which may contribute to NK cell development and may elucidate a molecular source for NK cell effector functions. Among those proteins, S100A4 (Calvasculin) and S100A6 (Calcyclin) were selected to study their dynamic subcellular localization. Upon activation of human primary NK cells, both proteins are recruited into the immune synapse (NKIS), where they colocalize with myosin IIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi Scheiter
- Research Group Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, HZI, Inhoffenstraβe 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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41
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Raab AK, Mönkemüller K, Kandulski A, Weber E, Malfertheiner P, Wex T. Expression pattern of cathepsin W isoforms in peripheral blood and gastroesophageal mucosa of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Biol Chem 2012; 392:1167-72. [PMID: 22050231 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin W is exclusively expressed in immune cells, and a novel isoform was identified previously. To characterize the expression pattern of the wildtype and isoform Ins10, specific polymerase chain reaction assays were generated and used to study respective transcript levels in peripheral blood cells and gastric biopsies in healthy subjects. The wildtype-encoding transcript levels were 3- and 9-fold higher in mucosal samples and peripheral immune cells, respectively (p<0.05). The predominant expression of wildtype form by infiltrating immune cells was confirmed in 116 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and 27 reflux-negative individuals demonstrating that cathepsin W expression is not altered in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Raab
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Mild Plasmodium falciparum malaria following an episode of severe malaria is associated with induction of the interferon pathway in Malawian children. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1150-5. [PMID: 22232187 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06008-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Plasmodium falciparum can lead to a range of severe to minimal symptoms, occasionally resulting in death in young children or nonimmune adults. In areas of high transmission, older children and adults generally suffer only mild or asymptomatic malaria infections and rarely develop severe disease. The immune features underlying this apparent immunity to severe disease remain elusive. To gain insight into host responses associated with severe and mild malaria, we conducted a longitudinal study of five children who first presented with severe malaria and, 1 month later, with mild malaria. Employing peripheral blood whole-genome profiling, we identified 68 genes that were associated with mild malaria compared to their expression in the severe malaria episode (paired Students t test, P < 0.05). These genes reflect the interferon (IFN) pathway and T cell biology and include IFN-induced protein transcripts 1 to 3, oligoadenylate synthetases 1 and 3, and the T cell markers cathepsin W and perforin. Gene set enrichment analysis identified Gene Ontology (GO) pathways associated with mild malaria to include the type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway (GO 0060337), T cell activation (GO 0042110), and other GO pathways representing many aspects of immune activation. In contrast, only six genes were associated with severe malaria, including thymidine kinase 1, which was recently found to be a biomarker of cerebral malaria susceptibility in the murine model, and carbonic anhydrase, reflecting the blood's abnormal acid base environment during severe disease. These data may provide potential insights to inform pathogenesis models and the development of therapeutics to reduce severe disease outcomes due to P. falciparum infection.
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Bany BM, Scott CA, Eckstrum KS. Analysis of uterine gene expression in interleukin-15 knockout mice reveals uterine natural killer cells do not play a major role in decidualization and associated angiogenesis. Reproduction 2011; 143:359-75. [PMID: 22187674 DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During decidualization, uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are the most abundant immune cell types found in the uterus. Although it is well known that they play key roles in spiral arteriole modification and the maintenance of decidual integrity seen after mid-pregnancy, their roles in the differentiation of decidual cells and accompanying angiogenesis during the process of decidualization is less well characterized. To address this, we used whole-genome Illumina BeadChip analysis to compare the gene expression profiles in implantation segments of the uterus during decidualization on day 7.5 of pregnancy between wild-type and uNK cell-deficient (interleukin-15-knockout) mice. We found almost 300 differentially expressed genes and verified the differential expression of ~60 using quantitative RT-PCR. Notably, there was a lack of differential expression of genes involved in decidualization and angiogenesis and this was also verified by quantitative RT-PCR. Similar endothelial cell densities and proliferation indices were also found in the endometrium between the implantation site tissues of wild-type and knockout mice undergoing decidualization. Overall, the results of this study reveal that uNK cells likely do not play a major role in decidualization and accompanying angiogenesis during implantation. In addition, the study identifies a large number of genes whose expression in implantation-site uterine tissue during decidualization depends on interleukin-15 expression in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Bany
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
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Raab AK, Mönkemüller K, Kandulski A, Weber E, Malfertheiner P, Wex T. Expression pattern of cathepsin W isoforms in peripheral blood and gastroesophageal mucosa of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Biol Chem 2011. [PMID: 22050231 DOI: 10.1515/bc-2011-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin W is exclusively expressed in immune cells, and a novel isoform was identified previously. To characterize the expression pattern of the wildtype and isoform Ins10, specific polymerase chain reaction assays were generated and used to study respective transcript levels in peripheral blood cells and gastric biopsies in healthy subjects. The wildtype-encoding transcript levels were 3- and 9-fold higher in mucosal samples and peripheral immune cells, respectively (p<0.05). The predominant expression of wildtype form by infiltrating immune cells was confirmed in 116 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and 27 reflux-negative individuals demonstrating that cathepsin W expression is not altered in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Raab
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Cysteine cathepsins: from structure, function and regulation to new frontiers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:68-88. [PMID: 22024571 PMCID: PMC7105208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is more than 50 years since the lysosome was discovered. Since then its hydrolytic machinery, including proteases and other hydrolases, has been fairly well identified and characterized. Among these are the cysteine cathepsins, members of the family of papain-like cysteine proteases. They have unique reactive-site properties and an uneven tissue-specific expression pattern. In living organisms their activity is a delicate balance of expression, targeting, zymogen activation, inhibition by protein inhibitors and degradation. The specificity of their substrate binding sites, small-molecule inhibitor repertoire and crystal structures are providing new tools for research and development. Their unique reactive-site properties have made it possible to confine the targets simply by the use of appropriate reactive groups. The epoxysuccinyls still dominate the field, but now nitriles seem to be the most appropriate “warhead”. The view of cysteine cathepsins as lysosomal proteases is changing as there is now clear evidence of their localization in other cellular compartments. Besides being involved in protein turnover, they build an important part of the endosomal antigen presentation. Together with the growing number of non-endosomal roles of cysteine cathepsins is growing also the knowledge of their involvement in diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. Finally, cysteine cathepsins are important regulators and signaling molecules of an unimaginable number of biological processes. The current challenge is to identify their endogenous substrates, in order to gain an insight into the mechanisms of substrate degradation and processing. In this review, some of the remarkable advances that have taken place in the past decade are presented. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Acute myeloid leukemia with the t(8;21) translocation: clinical consequences and biological implications. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:104631. [PMID: 21629739 PMCID: PMC3100545 DOI: 10.1155/2011/104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(8;21) abnormality occurs in a minority of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The translocation results in an in-frame fusion of two genes, resulting in a fusion protein of one N-terminal domain from the AML1 gene and four C-terminal domains from the ETO gene. This protein has multiple effects on the regulation of the proliferation, the differentiation, and the viability of leukemic cells. The translocation can be detected as the only genetic abnormality or as part of more complex abnormalities. If t(8;21) is detected in a patient with bone marrow pathology, the diagnosis AML can be made based on this abnormality alone. t(8;21) is usually associated with a good prognosis. Whether the detection of the fusion gene can be used for evaluation of minimal residual disease and risk of leukemia relapse remains to be clarified. To conclude, detection of t(8;21) is essential for optimal handling of these patients as it has both diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications.
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Konjar S, Sutton VR, Hoves S, Repnik U, Yagita H, Reinheckel T, Peters C, Turk V, Turk B, Trapani JA, Kopitar-Jerala N. Human and mouse perforin are processed in part through cleavage by the lysosomal cysteine proteinase cathepsin L. Immunology 2011; 131:257-67. [PMID: 20497254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pore-forming protein perforin is synthesized as an inactive precursor in natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and becomes active when a short C-terminal peptide is cleaved within acidic lysosome-like cytotoxic granules. Although it was shown more than a decade ago that this cleavage is pH dependent and can be inhibited by the generic cysteine cathepsin inhibitor E-64d, no protease capable of processing the perforin C terminus has been identified. Neither is it known whether a single protease is responsible or the processing has inbuilt redundancy. Here, we show that incubation of human NK cells and primary antigen-restricted mouse CTLs with the cathepsin L (CatL) inhibitor L1 resulted in a marked inhibition of perforin-dependent target cell death and reduced perforin processing. In vitro, CatL preferentially cleaved a site on full-length recombinant perforin close to its C terminus. The NK cells of mice deficient in CatL showed a reduction but not a complete absence of processed perforin, indicating that cysteine proteases other than CatL are also able to process perforin. We conclude that granule-bound cathepsins are essential for processing perforin to its active form, and that CatL is an important, but not exclusive, participant in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spela Konjar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sutton VR, Trapani JA. Proteases in lymphocyte killer function: redundancy, polymorphism and questions remaining. Biol Chem 2010; 391:873-9. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProteases of the serine and cysteine protease families are involved in many processes crucial to the lytic functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. In this study we describe those functions and attempt to place them in the pathophysiological context of defence to pathogen invasion. In particular, we stress that the co-evolution of pathogens with the immune systems of higher organisms over evolutionary time has ensured that redundancy, flexibility and polymorphism of the proteases can be identified, both within the protease repertoire of a given species, and by comparing orthologous protease functions across species.
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Colbert JD, Matthews SP, Miller G, Watts C. Diverse regulatory roles for lysosomal proteases in the immune response. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:2955-65. [PMID: 19637232 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune system utilise endocytic protease activity to promote functional immune responses. Cysteine and aspartic proteases (cathepsins) constitute a subset of endocytic proteases, the immune function of which has been described extensively. Although historically these studies have focused on their role in processes such as antigen presentation and zymogen processing within the endocytic compartment, recent discoveries have demonstrated a critical role for these proteases in other intracellular compartments, and within the extracellular milieu. It has also become clear that their pattern of expression and substrate specificities are more diverse than was first envisaged. Here, we discuss recent advances addressing the role of lysosomal proteases in various aspects of the immune response. We pay attention to reports demonstrating cathepsin activity outside of its canonical endosome/lysosome microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D Colbert
- Division of Cell biology & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Beisiegel M, Mollenkopf HJ, Hahnke K, Koch M, Dietrich I, Reece ST, Kaufmann SHE. Combination of host susceptibility and Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence define gene expression profile in the host. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3369-84. [PMID: 19795415 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progression and outcome of tuberculosis is governed by extensive crosstalk between pathogen and host. Analyses of global changes in gene expression during immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) can help identify molecular markers of disease state and progression. Global distribution of M.tb strains with different degrees of virulence and drug resistance, especially for the immunocompromised host, make closer analyses of host responses more pressing than ever. Here, we describe global transcriptional responses of inducible nitric oxide synthase-deficient (iNOS(-/-)) and WT mice infected with two related M.tb strains of markedly different virulence, namely the M.tb laboratory strains H37Rv and H37Ra. Both hosts exhibited highly similar resistance to infection with H37Ra. In contrast, iNOS(-/-) mice rapidly succumbed to H37Rv, whereas WT mice developed chronic course of disease. By differential analyses, virulence-specific changes in global host gene expression were analyzed to identify molecular markers characteristic for chronic versus acute infection. We identified several markers unique for different stages of disease progression and not previously associated with virulence-specific host responses in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beisiegel
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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