1
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Ahmad S, Shah SA, Nishan U, Khan N, Almutairi MH, Fozia F, Jamila N, Almutairi BO, Ullah Z. 6-Aminoflavone Activates Nrf2 to Inhibit the Phospho-JNK/TNF-α Signaling Pathway to Reduce Amyloid Burden in an Aging Mouse Model. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26955-26964. [PMID: 37546603 PMCID: PMC10399177 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the antioxidant activity and anti-amyloidogenic potential of 6-aminoflavone in an adult mice model of d-galactose-induced aging. Male albino eight-week-old mice were assigned into four groups: 1. the control group (saline-treated), 2. d-galactose-treated mice (100 mg/kg/day, intravenously) for eight weeks, 3. d-galactose-treated mice (100 mg/kg/day, intravenously for eight weeks) and 6-AF-treated mice (30 mg/kg/day, intravenously for the final four weeks), and 4. 6-AF-treated mice (30 mg/kg/day i.p. for four weeks). We conducted many assays for antioxidant enzymes, including lipid peroxidation, catalase, glutathione (GSH), peroxidase (POD), and sulfoxide dismutase (SOD) (LPO). Western blotting was used to assess protein expression while the Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze (YM) were used to study behavior. The findings show that 6-AF greatly improved neuronal synapse and memory impairment brought on by d-galactose and it significantly inhibited BACE1 to reduce the amyloidogenic pathway of A (both amyloid β production and aggregation) by upregulating Nrf2 proteins (validated through molecular docking studies) and suppressing phosphorylated JNK and TNF-α proteins in adult albino mice's brain homogenates. These findings suggest that 6-AF, through the Nrf2/p-JNK/TNF-α signaling pathway, can diminish the oxidative stress caused by d-galactose, as well as the amyloidogenic route of A formation and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science
& Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali Shah
- Department
of Biology, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department
of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science
& Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science
& Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Zoology
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Fozia Fozia
- Department
of Biochemistry, KMU Institute of Medical
Sciences, Kohat 26000, KP, Pakistan
| | - Nargis Jamila
- Department
of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women
University, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Bader O. Almutairi
- Zoology
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Zia Ullah
- College of
Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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2
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Thapa K, Shivam K, Khan H, Kaur A, Dua K, Singh S, Singh TG. Emerging Targets for Modulation of Immune Response and Inflammation in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1663-1690. [PMID: 36763312 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory and immunological responses play a significant role after stroke. The innate immune activation stimulated by microglia during stroke results in the migration of macrophages and lymphocytes into the brain and are responsible for tissue damage. The immune response and inflammation following stroke have no defined targets, and the intricacies of the immunological and inflammatory processes are only partially understood. Innate immune cells enter the brain and meninges during the acute phase, which can cause ischemia damage. Activation of systemic immunity is caused by danger signals sent into the bloodstream by injured brain cells, which is followed by a significant immunodepression that encourages life-threatening infections. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a major source of post-stroke morbidity, may be induced by an adaptive immune response that is initiated by antigen presentation during the chronic period and is directed against the brain. Thus, the current review discusses the role of immune response and inflammation in stroke pathogenesis, their role in the progression of injury during the stroke, and the emerging targets for the modulation of the mechanism of immune response and inflammation that may have possible therapeutic benefits against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.,School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Kumar Shivam
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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3
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Li Y, Lai W, Zheng C, Babu JR, Xue C, Ai Q, Huggins KW. Neuroprotective Effect of Stearidonic Acid on Amyloid β-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Hippocampal Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122357. [PMID: 36552565 PMCID: PMC9774633 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids found in fish has been reported to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Stearidonic acid (SDA), a plant-based omega-3 fatty acid, has been targeted as a potential surrogate for fish-based fatty acids. However, its role in neuronal degeneration is unknown. This study was designed to evaluate effects of SDA on Amyloid-β(A-β)-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal cells. Results showed that SDA effectively converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in hippocampal cells. Aβ-induced apoptosis in H19-7 cells was protected by SDA pretreatment as evidenced by its regulation on the expression of relevant pro- and anti-apoptotic genes, as well as the inhibition on caspase activation. SDA also protected H19-7 cells from Aβ-induced oxidative stress by regulating the expression of relevant pro- and anti-oxidative genes, as well as the improvement in activity of catalase. As for Aβ/LPS-induced neuronal inflammation, SDA pretreatment reduced the release of IL-1β and TNFα. Further, we found that the anti-Aβ effect of SDA involves its inhibition on the expression of amyloid precursor protein and the regulation on MAPK signaling. These results demonstrated that SDAs have neuroprotective effect in Aβ-induced H19-7 hippocampal cells. This beneficial effect of SDA was attributed to its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueru Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266005, China
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266005, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18765427301
| | - Wencong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266005, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266005, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266005, China
| | - Kevin W. Huggins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Reyes EY, Shinohara ML. Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:50-74. [PMID: 35672656 PMCID: PMC9489659 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections in the central nervous system (CNS) cause high morbidity and mortality. The frequency of CNS mycosis has increased over the last two decades as more individuals go through immunocompromised conditions for various reasons. Nevertheless, options for clinical interventions for CNS mycoses are still limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms in CNS mycoses for developing novel treatments. Although the CNS has been regarded as an immune-privileged site, recent studies demonstrate the critical involvement of immune responses elicited by CNS-resident and CNS-infiltrated cells during fungal infections. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of fungal invasion in the CNS, fungal pathogen detection by CNS-resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons), roles of CNS-infiltrated leukocytes, and host immune responses. We consider that understanding host immune responses in the CNS is crucial for endeavors to develop treatments for CNS mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Y. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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5
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Qin P, Ran Y, Liu Y, Wei C, Luan X, Niu H, Peng J, Sun J, Wu J. Recent advances of small molecule JNK3 inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106090. [PMID: 35964505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, with three isoforms, JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder and the most common type of dementia. Two well-established AD pathologies are the deposition of Aβ amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles caused by Tau hyperphosphorylation. JNK3 is involved in forming amyloid Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles, suggesting that JNK3 may represent a target to develop treatments for AD. Therefore, this review will discuss the roles of JNK3 in the pathogenesis and treatment of AD, and the latest progress in the development of JNK3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxia Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yingying Ran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Luan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Haoqian Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jingde Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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6
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Acioglu C, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Roles of neuronal toll-like receptors in neuropathic pain and central nervous system injuries and diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:163-178. [PMID: 35176442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that are expressed in immune cells as well as glia and neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are best known for their role in the host defense in response to pathogens and for the induction of inflammation in infectious and non-infectious diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), TLRs modulate glial and neuronal functions as well as innate immunity and neuroinflammation under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. The majority of the studies on TLRs in CNS pathologies investigated their overall contribution without focusing on a particular cell type, or they analyzed TLRs in glia and infiltrating immune cells in the context of neuroinflammation and cellular activation. The role of neuronal TLRs in CNS diseases and injuries has received little attention and remains underappreciated. The primary goal of this review is to summarize findings demonstrating the pivotal and unique roles of neuronal TLRs in neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and CNS injuries. We discuss how the current findings warrant future investigations to better define the specific contributions of neuronal TLRs to these pathologies. We underline the paucity of information regarding the role of neuronal TLRs in other neurodegenerative, demyelinating, and psychiatric diseases. We draw attention to the importance of broadening research on neuronal TLRs in view of emerging evidence demonstrating their distinctive functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Robert F Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ 07042, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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7
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Durán-Laforet V, Peña-Martínez C, García-Culebras A, Cuartero MI, Lo EH, Moro MÁ, Lizasoain I. Role of TLR4 in Neutrophil Dynamics and Functions: Contribution to Stroke Pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757872. [PMID: 34745132 PMCID: PMC8566541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The immune response subsequent to an ischemic stroke is a crucial factor in its physiopathology and outcome. It is known that TLR4 is implicated in brain damage and inflammation after stroke and that TLR4 absence induces neutrophil reprogramming toward a protective phenotype in brain ischemia, but the mechanisms remain unknown. We therefore asked how the lack of TLR4 modifies neutrophil function and their contribution to the inflammatory process. Methods In order to assess the role of the neutrophilic TLR4 after stroke, mice that do not express TLR4 in myeloid cells (TLR4loxP/Lyz-cre) and its respective controls (TLR4loxP/loxP) were used. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and infarct size was measured by MRI. A combination of flow cytometry and confocal microscopy was used to assess different neutrophil characteristics (circadian fluctuation, cell surface markers, cell complexity) and functions (apoptosis, microglia engulfment, phagocytosis, NETosis, oxidative burst) in both genotypes. Results As previously demonstrated, mice with TLR4 lacking-neutrophils had smaller infarct volumes than control mice. Our results show that the absence of TLR4 keeps neutrophils in a steady youth status that is dysregulated, at least in part, after an ischemic insult, preventing neutrophils from their normal circadian fluctuation. TLR4-lacking neutrophils showed a higher phagocytic activity in the basal state, they were preferentially engulfed by the microglia after stroke, and they produced less radical oxygen species (ROS) in the first stage of the inflammatory process. Conclusions TLR4 is specifically involved in neutrophil dynamics under physiological conditions as well as in stroke-induced tissue damage. This research contributes to the idea that TLR4, especially when targeted in specific cell types, is a potential target for neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Durán-Laforet
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Adhikarla SV, Jha NK, Goswami VK, Sharma A, Bhardwaj A, Dey A, Villa C, Kumar Y, Jha SK. TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111373. [PMID: 34827372 PMCID: PMC8615980 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A special class of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential part of the innate immune system, connecting it to the adaptive immune system. There are 10 different Toll-Like Receptors that have been identified in human beings. TLRs are part of the central nervous system (CNS), showing that the CNS is capable of the immune response, breaking the long-held belief of the brain's "immune privilege" owing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These Toll-Like Receptors are present not just on the resident macrophages of the central nervous system but are also expressed by the neurons to allow them for the production of proinflammatory agents such as interferons, cytokines, and chemokines; the activation and recruitment of glial cells; and their participation in neuronal cell death by apoptosis. This study is focused on the potential roles of various TLRs in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), namely TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 in AD and PD in human beings and a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Vishwanath Adhikarla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (Formerly NSIT, University of Delhi), New Delhi 110078, India;
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India;
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Anuradha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India;
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Yatender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (Formerly NSIT, University of Delhi), New Delhi 110078, India;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.K.J.)
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9
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Garbuz DG, Zatsepina OG, Evgen’ev MB. Beta Amyloid, Tau Protein, and Neuroinflammation: An Attempt to Integrate Different Hypotheses of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332104004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that inevitably results in dementia and death. Currently, there are no pathogenetically grounded methods for the prevention and treatment of AD, and all current treatment regimens are symptomatic and unable to significantly delay the development of dementia. The accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), which is a spontaneous, aggregation-prone, and neurotoxic product of the processing of signaling protein APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein), in brain tissues, primarily in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex, was for a long time considered the main cause of neurodegenerative changes in AD. However, attempts to treat AD based on decreasing Aβ production and aggregation did not bring significant clinical results. More and more arguments are arising in favor of the fact that the overproduction of Aβ in most cases of AD is not the initial cause, but a concomitant event of pathological processes in the course of the development of sporadic AD. The concept of neuroinflammation has come to the fore, suggesting that inflammatory responses play the leading role in the initiation and development of AD, both in brain tissue and in the periphery. The hypothesis about the key role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD opens up new opportunities in the search for ways to treat and prevent this socially significant disease.
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10
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Sharma VK, Singh TG, Singh S, Garg N, Dhiman S. Apoptotic Pathways and Alzheimer's Disease: Probing Therapeutic Potential. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3103-3122. [PMID: 34386919 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an intrinsic biochemical, cellular process that regulates cell death and is crucial for cell survival, cellular homeostasis, and maintaining the optimum functional status. Apoptosis in a predetermined and programmed manner regulates several molecular events, including cell turnover, embryonic development, and immune system functions but may be the exclusive contributor to several disorders, including neurodegenerative manifestations, when it functions in an aberrant and disorganized manner. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal, chronic neurodegenerative disorder where apoptosis has a compelling and divergent role. The well-characterized pathological features of AD, including extracellular plaques of amyloid-beta, intracellular hyperphosphorylated tangles of tau protein (NFTs), inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excitotoxic cell death, also instigate an abnormal apoptotic cascade in susceptible brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus). The apoptotic players in these regions affect cellular organelles (mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum), interact with trophic factors, and several pathways, including PI3K/AKT, JNK, MAPK, mTOR signalling. This dysregulated apoptotic cascade end with an abnormal neuronal loss which is a primary event that may precede the other events of AD progression and correlates well with the degree of dementia. The present review provides insight into the diverse and versatile apoptotic mechanisms that are indispensable for neuronal survival and constitute an integral part of the pathological progression of AD. Identification of potential targets (restoring apoptotic and antiapoptotic balance, caspases, TRADD, RIPK1, FADD, TNFα, etc.) may be valuable and advantageous to decide the fate of neurons and to develop potential therapeutics for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.,Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | | | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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11
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Durán-Laforet V, Peña-Martínez C, García-Culebras A, Alzamora L, Moro MA, Lizasoain I. Pathophysiological and pharmacological relevance of TLR4 in peripheral immune cells after stroke. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107933. [PMID: 34174279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a very common disease being the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The immune response subsequent to an ischemic stroke is a crucial factor in its physiopathology and outcome. This response is not limited to the injury site. In fact, the immune response to the ischemic process mobilizes mainly circulating cells which upon activation will be recruited to the injury site. When a stroke occurs, molecules that are usually retained inside the cell bodies are released into the extracellular space by uncontrolled cell death. These molecules can bind to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in circulating immune cells which are then activated, eliciting, although not exclusively, the inflammatory response to the stroke. In this review, we present an up-to-date summary of the role of the different peripheral immune cells in stroke as well as the role of TLR4 in the function of each cell type in ischemia. Also, we summarize the different antagonists developed against TLR4 and their potential as a pharmacological tool for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Durán-Laforet
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - A García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Alzamora
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Xu JJ, Guo S, Xue R, Xiao L, Kou JN, Liu YQ, Han JY, Fu JJ, Wei N. Adalimumab ameliorates memory impairments and neuroinflammation in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:14001-14014. [PMID: 34030135 PMCID: PMC8202885 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia worldwide. Although there are five FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), none of them have been applied to treat VaD. Adalimumab is a TNF-α inhibitor that is used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. In a recent retrospective case-control study, the application of adalimumab for rheumatoid or psoriasis was shown to decrease the risk of AD. However, whether adalimumab can be used for the treatment of VaD is not clear. In this study, we used 2VO surgery to generate a VaD rat model and treated the rats with adalimumab or vehicle. We demonstrated that VaD rats treated with adalimumab exhibited significant improvements in memory. In addition, adalimumab treatment significantly alleviated neuronal loss in the hippocampi of VaD rats. Moreover, adalimumab significantly reduced microglial activation and reversed M1/M2 polarization in VaD rats. Furthermore, adalimumab treatment suppressed the activity of NF-κB, an important neuroinflammatory transcription factor. Finally, adalimumab displayed a protective role against oxidative stress in VaD rats. Our results indicate that adalimumab may be applied for the treatment of human patients with VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Guo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory of Central China Fuwai Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, People’s Republic of China
- Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xue
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Na Kou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ya Han
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jie Fu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Nalamolu KR, Challa SR, Fornal CA, Grudzien NA, Jorgenson LC, Choudry MM, Smith NJ, Palmer CJ, Pinson DM, Klopfenstein JD, Veeravalli KK. Attenuation of the Induction of TLRs 2 and 4 Mitigates Inflammation and Promotes Neurological Recovery After Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:923-936. [PMID: 33426628 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intense inflammatory response triggered in the brain after focal cerebral ischemia is detrimental. Recently, we showed that the suppression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 attenuates infarct size and reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain. In this study, we further examined the effect of unsuppressed induction of TLRs 2 and 4 on the expression of its downstream signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines 1 week after reperfusion. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous knockdown of TLRs 2 and 4 on M1/M2 microglial polarization dynamics and post-stroke neurological deficits and the recovery. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) procedure using a monofilament suture. Appropriate cohorts of rats were treated with a nanoparticle formulation of TLR2shRNA and TLR4shRNA (T2sh+T4sh) expressing plasmids (1 mg/kg each of T2sh and T4sh) or scrambled sequence inserted vector (vehicle control) expressing plasmids (2 mg/kg) intravenously via tail vein immediately after reperfusion. Animals from various cohorts were euthanized during reperfusion, and the ischemic brain tissue was isolated and utilized for PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, real-time PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence analysis. Appropriate groups were subjected to a battery of standard neurological tests at regular intervals until 14 days after reperfusion. The increased expression of both TLRs 2 and 4 and their downstream signaling molecules including the pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed even at 1-week after reperfusion. T2sh+T4sh treatment immediately after reperfusion attenuated the post-ischemic inflammation, preserved the motor function, and promoted recovery of the sensory and motor functions. We conclude that the post-ischemic induction of TLRs 2 and 4 persists for at least 7 days after reperfusion, contributes to the severity of acute inflammation, and impedes neurological recovery. Unlike previous studies in TLRs 2 or 4 knockout models, results of this study in a pharmacologically relevant preclinical rodent stroke model have translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara Rao Nalamolu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, USA
| | - Siva Reddy Challa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Casimir A Fornal
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Natalia A Grudzien
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Laura C Jorgenson
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Mouneeb M Choudry
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - Nathan J Smith
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Cassandra J Palmer
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
| | - David M Pinson
- Department of Health Sciences Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klopfenstein
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.
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14
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Schroeder P, Rivalan M, Zaqout S, Krüger C, Schüler J, Long M, Meisel A, Winter Y, Kaindl AM, Lehnardt S. Abnormal brain structure and behavior in MyD88-deficient mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:181-193. [PMID: 33002631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While the original protein Toll in Drosophila melanogaster regulates both host defense and morphogenesis, the role of its ortholog Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) family, and the associated signaling pathways in mammalian brain development and structure is poorly understood. Because the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) is essential for downstream signaling of most TLRs and IL-1R, we systematically investigated the effect of MyD88 deficiency on murine brain structure during development and on behavior. In neonatal Myd88-/- mice, neocortical thickness was reduced, while density of cortical neurons was increased. In contrast, microglia, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and proliferating cell numbers were unchanged in these mice compared to wild-type mice. In adult Myd88-/- mice, neocortical thickness was unaltered, but neuronal density in neocortex and hippocampus was increased. Neuron arborization was less pronounced in adult Myd88-/- mice compared to wild-type animals. In addition, numbers of microglia and proliferating cells were increased in the neocortex and subventricular zone, respectively, with unaltered astrocyte and oligodendrocyte numbers, and myelinization was enhanced in the adult Myd88-/- neocortex. These morphologic changes in the brain of adult Myd88-/- mice were accompanied by specific behavioral traits, such as decreased locomotor activity, increased anxiety-like behavior, but normal day/light activity, satisfactory learning, short- and long-term spatial memory, potential cognitive inflexibility, and increased hanging and locomotor behavior within their home cage. Taken together, MyD88 deficiency results in morphologic and cellular changes in the mouse brain, as well as in altered natural and specific behaviors. Our data indicate a pathophysiological significance of MyD88 for mammalian CNS development, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Schroeder
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Rivalan
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany; Animal Outcome Core Facility of the Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sami Zaqout
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Schüler
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melissa Long
- Animal Outcome Core Facility of the Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - York Winter
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany; Animal Outcome Core Facility of the Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Satta N, Weppe R, Pagano S, Frias M, Juillard C, Vuilleumier N. Auto-antibodies against apolipoprotein A-1 block cancer cells proliferation and induce apoptosis. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4266-4280. [PMID: 33245719 PMCID: PMC7679029 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Auto-antibodies against apoA-1 (anti-apoA-1 IgGs) have been identified as important actors of atherosclerosis development through pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic properties and to also induce apoptosis in tumoral neuronal and lymphocyte derived cell lines through unknown mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to explore the cellular pathways involved in tumoral cell survival modulated by anti-apoA-1 antibodies. We observed that anti-apoA-1 antibodies induce growth arrest (in G2/M phase) and cell apoptosis through caspase 3 activation, accompanied by a selective p53 phosphorylation on serine 15. RNA sequencing indicated that anti-apoA-1 IgGs affect the expression of more than 950 genes belonging to five major groups of genes and respectively involved in i) cell proliferation inhibition, ii) p53 stabilisation and regulation, iii) apoptosis regulation, iv) inflammation regulation, and v) oxidative stress. In conclusion, anti-apoA-1 antibodies seem to have a role in blocking tumoral cell proliferation and survival, by activating a major tumor suppressor protein and by modulating the inflammatory and oxidative stress response. Further investigations are needed to explore a possible anti-cancer therapeutic approach of these antibodies in very specific and circumscribed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Satta
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Weppe
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Pagano
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Frias
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Juillard
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Silva DF, Candeias E, Esteves AR, Magalhães JD, Ferreira IL, Nunes-Costa D, Rego AC, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. Microbial BMAA elicits mitochondrial dysfunction, innate immunity activation, and Alzheimer's disease features in cortical neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:332. [PMID: 33153477 PMCID: PMC7643281 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After decades of research recognizing it as a complex multifactorial disorder, sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) still has no known etiology. Adding to the myriad of different pathways involved, bacterial neurotoxins are assuming greater importance in the etiology and/or progression of sAD. β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a neurotoxin produced by some microorganisms namely cyanobacteria, was previously detected in the brains of AD patients. Indeed, the consumption of BMAA-enriched foods has been proposed to induce amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC), which implicated this microbial metabolite in neurodegeneration mechanisms. METHODS Freshly isolated mitochondria from C57BL/6 mice were treated with BMAA and O2 consumption rates were determined. O2 consumption and glycolysis rates were also measured in mouse primary cortical neuronal cultures. Further, mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production were evaluated by fluorimetry and the integrity of mitochondrial network was examined by immunofluorescence. Finally, the ability of BMAA to activate neuronal innate immunity was quantified by addressing TLRs (Toll-like receptors) expression, p65 NF-κB translocation into the nucleus, increased expression of NLRP3 (Nod-like receptor 3), and pro-IL-1β. Caspase-1 activity was evaluated using a colorimetric substrate and mature IL-1β levels were also determined by ELISA. RESULTS Treatment with BMAA reduced O2 consumption rates in both isolated mitochondria and in primary cortical cultures, with additional reduced glycolytic rates, decrease mitochondrial potential and increased ROS production. The mitochondrial network was found to be fragmented, which resulted in cardiolipin exposure that stimulated inflammasome NLRP3, reinforced by decreased mitochondrial turnover, as indicated by increased p62 levels. BMAA treatment also activated neuronal extracellular TLR4 and intracellular TLR3, inducing p65 NF-κB translocation into the nucleus and activating the transcription of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β. Increased caspase-1 activity resulted in elevated levels of mature IL-1β. These alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and inflammation increased Tau phosphorylation and Aβ peptides production, two hallmarks of AD. CONCLUSIONS Here we propose a unifying mechanism for AD neurodegeneration in which a microbial toxin can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and activate neuronal innate immunity, which ultimately results in Tau and Aβ pathology. Our data show that neurons, alone, can mount inflammatory responses, a role previously attributed exclusively to glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João D Magalhães
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Luísa Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Nunes-Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Ciesielska A, Matyjek M, Kwiatkowska K. TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1233-1261. [PMID: 33057840 PMCID: PMC7904555 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Gram-negative bacteria and sequentially triggers two signaling cascades: the first one involving TIRAP and MyD88 adaptor proteins is induced in the plasma membrane, whereas the second engaging adaptor proteins TRAM and TRIF begins in early endosomes after endocytosis of the receptor. The LPS-induced internalization of TLR4 and hence also the activation of the TRIF-dependent pathway is governed by a GPI-anchored protein, CD14. The endocytosis of TLR4 terminates the MyD88-dependent signaling, while the following endosome maturation and lysosomal degradation of TLR4 determine the duration and magnitude of the TRIF-dependent one. Alternatively, TLR4 may return to the plasma membrane, which process is still poorly understood. Therefore, the course of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses depends strictly on the rates of TLR4 endocytosis and trafficking through the endo-lysosomal compartment. Notably, prolonged activation of TLR4 is linked with several hereditary human diseases, neurodegeneration and also with autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent studies have provided ample data on the role of diverse proteins regulating the functions of early, late, and recycling endosomes in the TLR4-induced inflammation caused by LPS or phagocytosis of E. coli. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of the internalization and intracellular trafficking of TLR4 and CD14, and also of LPS, in immune cells and discuss how dysregulation of the endo-lysosomal compartment contributes to the development of diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Matyjek
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Wang ZT, Zhang C, Wang YJ, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. Selective neuronal vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101114. [PMID: 32569730 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined by a deficiency in specific behavioural and/or cognitive domains, pointing to selective vulnerabilities of specific neurons from different brain regions. These vulnerabilities can be compared across neuron subgroups to identify the most vulnerable neuronal types, regions, and time points for further investigation. Thus, the relevant organizational frameworks for brain subgroups will hold great values for a clear understanding of the progression in AD. Presently, the neuronal vulnerability has yet urgently required to be elucidated as not yet been clearly defined. It is suggested that cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms can affect the neuronal vulnerability to stressors, and in turn modulates AD progression. This review examines cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms that contribute to the neuronal vulnerability. Collectively, the cell-autonomous mechanisms seem to be the primary drivers responsible for initiating specific stressor-related neuronal vulnerability with pathological changes in certain brain areas, which then utilize non-cell-autonomous mechanisms and result in subsequent progression of AD. In summary, this article has provided a new perspective on the preventative and therapeutic options for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2060, USA
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Lee EY, Srinivasan Y, de Anda J, Nicastro LK, Tükel Ç, Wong GCL. Functional Reciprocity of Amyloids and Antimicrobial Peptides: Rethinking the Role of Supramolecular Assembly in Host Defense, Immune Activation, and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1629. [PMID: 32849553 PMCID: PMC7412598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological self-assembly is a concept that is classically associated with amyloids, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. In prokaryotic organisms, amyloids are assembled extracellularly in a similar fashion to human amyloids. Pathogenicity of amyloids is attributed to their ability to transform into several distinct structural states that reflect their downstream biological consequences. While the oligomeric forms of amyloids are thought to be responsible for their cytotoxicity via membrane permeation, their fibrillar conformations are known to interact with the innate immune system to induce inflammation. Furthermore, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic amyloids can self-assemble into molecular chaperones to bind nucleic acids, enabling amplification of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Recent work has shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) follow a strikingly similar paradigm. Previously, AMPs were thought of as peptides with the primary function of permeating microbial membranes. Consistent with this, many AMPs are facially amphiphilic and can facilitate membrane remodeling processes such as pore formation and fusion. We show that various AMPs and chemokines can also chaperone and organize immune ligands into amyloid-like ordered supramolecular structures that are geometrically optimized for binding to TLRs, thereby amplifying immune signaling. The ability of amphiphilic AMPs to self-assemble cooperatively into superhelical protofibrils that form structural scaffolds for the ordered presentation of immune ligands like DNA and dsRNA is central to inflammation. It is interesting to explore the notion that the assembly of AMP protofibrils may be analogous to that of amyloid aggregates. Coming full circle, recent work has suggested that Aβ and other amyloids also have AMP-like antimicrobial functions. The emerging perspective is one in which assembly affords a more finely calibrated system of recognition and response: the detection of single immune ligands, immune ligands bound to AMPs, and immune ligands spatially organized to varying degrees by AMPs, result in different immunologic outcomes. In this framework, not all ordered structures generated during multi-stepped AMP (or amyloid) assembly are pathological in origin. Supramolecular structures formed during this process serve as signatures to the innate immune system to orchestrate immune amplification in a proportional, situation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yashes Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauren K Nicastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Graykowski D, Kasparian K, Caniglia J, Gritsaeva Y, Cudaback E. Neuroinflammation drives APOE genotype-dependent differential expression of neprilysin. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577315. [PMID: 32682137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and widespread neuroinflammation. While the cause of AD remains unknown, multiple factors likely contribute to the disease, including heart disease, diabetes, previous head injury, as well as a number of genetic determinants. Inheritance of the apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele represents the strongest genetic risk factor for development of AD, driving pathogenesis and increasing overall disease severity. APOE has long been recognized as a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, although a greater appreciation now exists for its role in various innate immune system processes. Indeed, APOE modulates inflammatory environments in brain in large part by altering gene expression profiles in glia, important mediators of immunity in the CNS. While the association between APOE and AD was first observed nearly three decades ago, the mechanism by which APOE ε4 influences the etiology and pathophysiology of AD is not well characterized. Overwhelming data supports the hypothesis that APOE ε4 dysregulates central amyloid metabolism by an undetermined molecular mechanism, thus laying the foundation for disease. A host of amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) regulate Aβ accumulation in brain, and therefore represent valuable therapeutic targets. Neprilysin (NEP), a metalloendopeptidase expressed by activated microglia and astrocytes, is a broad-spectrum ADE able to degrade a variety of Aβ species. Here we describe in vivo and in vitro experiments designed to investigate the potential for APOE genotype to differentially regulate glial NEP in brain under neuroinflammatory conditions. Our results provide a novel mechanism by which APOE genotype-dependent differential expression of NEP by glia during neuroinflammation may contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Graykowski
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Kyle Kasparian
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - John Caniglia
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Yelena Gritsaeva
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Eiron Cudaback
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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21
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Asiri MMH, Engelsman S, Eijkelkamp N, Höppener JWM. Amyloid Proteins and Peripheral Neuropathy. Cells 2020; 9:E1553. [PMID: 32604774 PMCID: PMC7349787 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful peripheral neuropathy affects millions of people worldwide. Peripheral neuropathy develops in patients with various diseases, including rare familial or acquired amyloid polyneuropathies, as well as some common diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and several chronic inflammatory diseases. Intriguingly, these diseases share a histopathological feature-deposits of amyloid-forming proteins in tissues. Amyloid-forming proteins may cause tissue dysregulation and damage, including damage to nerves, and may be a common cause of neuropathy in these, and potentially other, diseases. Here, we will discuss how amyloid proteins contribute to peripheral neuropathy by reviewing the current understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in known inherited and acquired (usually rare) amyloid neuropathies. In addition, we will discuss the potential role of amyloid proteins in peripheral neuropathy in some common diseases, which are not (yet) considered as amyloid neuropathies. We conclude that there are many similarities in the molecular and cell biological defects caused by aggregation of the various amyloid proteins in these different diseases and propose a common pathogenic pathway for "peripheral amyloid neuropathies".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. H. Asiri
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
- The National Centre for Genomic Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, 11461 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sjoukje Engelsman
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
| | - Jo W. M. Höppener
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Li HY, Li P, Yang HG, Yao QQ, Huang SN, Wang JQ, Zheng N. Investigation and comparison of the protective activities of three functional proteins-lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin-in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4895-4906. [PMID: 32229112 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the protection conferred by lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin in cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were used to construct an oxygen and glucose deprivation model in vitro, and ICR mice underwent carotid artery "ligation-relaxation" to construct a cerebral I/R injury model in vivo. The levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and downstream factors including nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β were measured. Metabonomics detection and data mining were conducted to identify the specific metabolic sponsor of the 3 proteins. The results showed that lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin protected neurons from cerebral I/R injury by increasing the level of bopindolol and subsequently inhibiting the TLR4-related pathway to different degrees; β-lactoglobulin had the strongest activity of the 3 proteins. In summary, this study is the first to investigate and compare the protective effects of lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin in a cerebral stroke model. The results implicate TLR4 as a novel target of the 3 bioactive proteins to prevent cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Huai-Gu Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Yao
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Nan Huang
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
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Yang L, Xu Y, Zhang W. Sophoricoside attenuates neuronal injury and altered cognitive function by regulating the LTR-4/NF-κB/PI3K signalling pathway in anaesthetic-exposed neonatal rats. Arch Med Sci 2020; 20:248-254. [PMID: 38414447 PMCID: PMC10895946 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.93638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the protective effects of sophoricoside on neuronal injury and cognitive dysfunction in anaesthetic-exposed neonatal rats. Material and methods Neuronal injury was induced in rat pups by exposure to isoflurane (0.75%) with 30% oxygen for 6 h on P7. The protective effects of sophoricoside were evaluated by assessing cognitive function using the neurological score and Morris water maze. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed in hippocampus tissue using a TUNEL assay. The cytokine and macrophage inflammatory protein levels were assessed by ELISA. Western blot assays and RT-PCR were performed to assess the expression of NF-κB, TLR-4, Akt, and PI3K proteins in neuronal tissues. Immunohistochemical and histopathological changes were observed in the brain tissues of isoflurane-induced neuronal injury rats. Results The sophoricoside treatment improved cognitive and neuronal function in rats exposed to isoflurane. Cytokine and MIP levels in the brain tissues of isoflurane-exposed rats decreased. However, sophoricoside treatment attenuated the expression of TLR-4, PI3K, and Akt protein in the brain tissues of isoflurane-exposed rats. The histopathology improved in the sophoricoside-treated isoflurane-exposed rats. Conclusions Sophoricoside treatment protects against neuronal injury and reduced cognitive function in isoflurane-induced neuronal injury rats by regulating TLR-4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yucan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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24
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Yang HG, Li HY, Li P, Bao XY, Huang GX, Xing L, Zheng N, Wang JQ. Modulation activity of heat-treated and untreated lactoferrin on the TLR-4 pathway in anoxia cell model and cerebral ischemia reperfusion mouse model. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1151-1163. [PMID: 31837800 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the modulation activity of heated and nonheated lactoferrins in an inflammatory pathway in anoxia and reoxygenation cell and cerebral ischemic reperfusion mouse models. Rat pheochromocytoma 12 (PC-12) cells were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation in vitro to construct an anoxia and reoxygenation cell model, and Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice were given carotid artery "ligation-relaxation" in vivo to construct a cerebral ischemic reperfusion mouse model. The protein levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and downstream inflammatory proteins including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β were detected. Meanwhile, metabonomic detection of overall metabolites of PC-12 cells was performed to screen out the specific changed metabolite affected by lactoferrin at the condition of anoxia and reoxygenation. The results showed that lactoferrin could inhibit the TLR-4-related pathway triggered by anoxia and reoxygenation and ischemic reperfusion. A total of 41 significantly changed metabolites were identified by metabonomic analysis, and glutathione was seen as a metabolite of interest in suppressing TLR-4-related pathway in anoxia and reoxygenation cell models. However, heated lactoferrin lost the ability of attenuating the TLR-4-related pathway. The loss of modulation activity of heated lactoferrin might be due to its protein aggregation, which was evidenced by larger average particle diameter than the unheated lactoferrin. This study is the first to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the modulation activity of lactoferrin in the TLR-4-related pathway in anoxia and reoxygenation cell and cerebral ischemic reperfusion mouse models, and indicate that lactoferrin may serve as a dietary intervention for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Gu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
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25
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Mehrabadi S, Motevaseli E, Sadr SS, Moradbeygi K. Hypoxic-conditioned medium from adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells improved neuroinflammation through alternation of toll like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expression in model of Alzheimer's disease rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112362. [PMID: 31739000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have a pivotal role to initiate immune responses in AD brains through toll-like receptors and induce neuroinflammation. Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (ATSCs) secret many neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors called conditioned medium (CM). Many studies have demonstrated that CM of mesenchymal stem cells facilitate regeneration and attenuates inflammation in many disorders. To this purpose, the effect of ATSCs-conditioned medium (ATSC-CM) on brain inflammation and the role of toll-like receptors were investigated in this study. Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, sham, sham+ATSC-CM: 200μl ATSC-CM once a day intraperitoneally for 8 days, AD group injected the Aβ1-40 intra-hippocampal, AD+ASC-CM, which was injected Aβ1-40 intra-hippocampal and 200μl ATSC-CM once a day intraperitoneally for 8 days and AD+ rivastigmine: was injected Aβ1-40 intra-hippocampal and received rivastigmine (0.6 mg/kg) orally once a day for 2 weeks. Memory and learning were measured by Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. For detection of beta-amyloid plaque, Congo red staining was used, and neuronal survival was assessed by Nissl staining. Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was measured by real-time PCR, and finally, to assess inflammation markers (IL-1β and TNF-α) in the hippocampus, ELISA kits were used. In treatment group spatial and recognition memory significantly was improved. ATSC-CM administration decreased beta amyloid plaques and enhanced neuronal survival in AD brain rats. In addition, TLR2 and TLR4 expression decreased in treatment group. Results also showed that ATSC-CM reduced IL-1β and TNF-α as inflammation markers. ATSC-CM improved memory deficit, decreased beta amyloids formation, increased neuron survival, and attenuated inflammation by reducing the expression of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mehrabadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahabeddin Sadr
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Moradbeygi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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26
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Leitner GR, Wenzel TJ, Marshall N, Gates EJ, Klegeris A. Targeting toll-like receptor 4 to modulate neuroinflammation in central nervous system disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:865-882. [PMID: 31580163 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1676416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Adverse immune activation contributes to many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. All main CNS cell types express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4). This receptor is critical for a myriad of immune functions such as cytokine secretion and phagocytic activity of microglia; however, imbalances in TLR 4 activation can contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Areas covered: We considered available evidence implicating TLR 4 activation in the following CNS pathologies: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, multiple systems atrophy, and Huntington's disease. We reviewed studies reporting effects of TLR 4-specific antagonists and agonists in models of peripheral and CNS diseases from the perspective of possible future use of TLR 4 ligands in CNS disorders. Expert opinion: TLR 4-specific antagonists could suppress neuroinflammation by reducing overproduction of inflammatory mediators; however, they may interfere with protein clearance mechanisms and myelination. Agonists that specifically activate myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88)-independent pathway of TLR 4 signaling could facilitate beneficial glial phagocytic activity with limited activity as inducers of proinflammatory mediators. Deciphering the disease stage-specific involvement of TLR 4 in CNS pathologies is crucial for the future clinical development of TLR 4 agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar R Leitner
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Tyler J Wenzel
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Nick Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Ellen J Gates
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
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27
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Cell Type Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Brains and Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7420189. [PMID: 31396533 PMCID: PMC6668540 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7420189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors mediate important cellular immune responses upon activation via various pathogenic stimuli such as bacterial or viral components. The activation and subsequent secretion of cytokines and proinflammatory factors occurs in the whole body including the brain. The subsequent inflammatory response is crucial for the immune system to clear the pathogen(s) from the body via the innate and adaptive immune response. Within the brain, astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes all bear unique compositions of Toll-like receptors. Besides pathogens, cellular damage and abnormally folded protein aggregates, such as tau and Amyloid beta peptides, have been shown to activate Toll-like receptors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the different cell type-specific Toll-like receptors of the human brain, their activation mode, and subsequent cellular response, as well as their activation in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting Toll-like receptors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease as well as discussing the limitation of mouse models in understanding Toll-like receptor function in general and in Alzheimer's disease.
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28
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Camacho-Hernández NP, Lorea-Hernández JJ, Peña-Ortega F. Microglial modulators reduce respiratory rhythm long-term facilitation in vitro. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 265:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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29
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Li Y, Deng SL, Lian ZX, Yu K. Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Nitroxidative Stress in Mammals. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060576. [PMID: 31212769 PMCID: PMC6627996 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are important antimicrobial effectors that cause damage to DNA, membrane lipids, and proteins. Professional phagocytes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that contribute towards the destruction of pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the innate immune response and respond to conserved microbial products and endogenous molecules resulting from cellular damage to elicit an effective defense against invading pathogens, tissue injury, or cancer. In recent years, several studies have focused on how the TLR-mediated activation of innate immune cells leads to the production of pro-inflammatory factors upon pathogen invasion. Here, we review recent findings that indicate that TLRs trigger a signaling cascade that induces the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Garbuz DG, Zatsepina OG, Evgen’ev MB. The Major Human Stress Protein Hsp70 as a Factor of Protein Homeostasis and a Cytokine-Like Regulator. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Chiu YJ, Hsieh YH, Lin TH, Lee GC, Hsieh-Li HM, Sun YC, Chen CM, Chang KH, Lee-Chen GJ. Novel compound VB-037 inhibits Aβ aggregation and promotes neurite outgrowth through enhancement of HSP27 and reduction of P38 and JNK-mediated inflammation in cell models for Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:175-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:16-30. [PMID: 30928868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later studies showed their involvement in the recognition of various damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated by host itself. Thus, TLRs are capable of recognizing wide-array of patterns/molecules derived from pathogens and host as well and initiating a proinflammatory immune response through the activation of NF-κB and other transcription factors causing synthesis of proinflammatory molecules. The process of neuroinflammation is seen under both sterile and infectious inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and may lead to the development of neurodegeneration. The present article is designed to highlight the importance of TLRs in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation under diverse conditions. TLRs are expressed by various immune cells present in CNS along with neurons. However out of thirteen TLRs described in mammals, some are present and active in these cells, while some are absent and are described in detail in main text. The role of various immune cells present in the brain and their role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation depending on the type of TLR expressed is described. Thereafter the role of TLRs in bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and autoimmune disease including multiple sclerosis (MS) is described. The article is designed for both neuroscientists needing information regarding TLRs in neuroinflammation and TLR biologists or immunologists interested in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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Herrera-Rivero M, Santarelli F, Brosseron F, Kummer MP, Heneka MT. Dysregulation of TLR5 and TAM Ligands in the Alzheimer’s Brain as Contributors to Disease Progression. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6539-6550. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and clozapine abrogates poly I: C-induced immune alterations in primary hippocampal neurons. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:186-196. [PMID: 30508574 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) is an important tool to study the consequences of viral infection to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, based on the premise of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFAs) as supplemental treatment to antipsychotics in schizophrenia, we investigated the involvement of NFkB pathway in the effects of n3 PUFAs or of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine in hippocampal poly I:C-challenged neurons. Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures were exposed to n3 PUFAs (DHA4.35 μM/EPA7.10 μM, DHA 8.7 μM/EPA14.21 μM or DHA17.4 μM/EPA28.42 μM) or clozapine (1.5 or 3 μM) in the presence or absence of poly I:C. MTT assay revealed that poly I:C-induced reduction in cell viability was prevented by n3 PUFAs or clozapine. N3 PUFAs (DHA 8.7 μM/EPA14.21 μM) or clozapine (3 μM) significantly reduced poly I:C-induced increase in iNOS, NFkB (p50/p65), IL-6 and nitrite when compared to non-treated cells. Only n3 PUFAs prevented poly I:C-induced deficits in BDNF. On the other hand, poly I:C caused a marked reduction in DCX immunoexpression, which was prevented only by clozapine. Thus, n3 PUFAs and clozapine exert in vitro neuroprotective effects against poly I:C immune challenge in hippocampal neurons, by mechanisms possibly involving the inhibition of canonical NFkB pathway. The present study adds further evidences to the mechanisms underlying n3 PUFAs and clozapine neuroprotective effects against viral immune challenges. Since n3 PUFAs is a safe strategy for use during pregnancy, our results also add further evidence for the use of this supplement in order to prevent alterations induced by viral hits during this developmental period.
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Hesperetin Confers Neuroprotection by Regulating Nrf2/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling in an Aβ Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6293-6309. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Tajalli-Nezhad S, Karimian M, Beyer C, Atlasi MA, Azami Tameh A. The regulatory role of Toll-like receptors after ischemic stroke: neurosteroids as TLR modulators with the focus on TLR2/4. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:523-537. [PMID: 30377701 PMCID: PMC11105485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease and considered as a worldwide leading cause of death. After cerebral ischemia, different pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation, invasion and aggregation of inflammatory cells and up-regulation of cytokines occur simultaneously. In this respect, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first identified important mediators for the activation of the innate immune system and are widely expressed in glial cells and neurons following brain trauma. TLRs are also able to interact with endogenous and exogenous molecules released during ischemia and can increase tissue damage. Particularly, TLR2 and TLR4 activate different downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, TLR signaling can alternatively play a role for endogenous neuroprotection. In this review, the gene and protein structures, common genetic polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4, TLR-related molecular pathways and their putative role after ischemic stroke are delineated. Furthermore, the relationship between neurosteroids and TLRs as neuroprotective mechanism is highlighted in the context of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Tajalli-Nezhad
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Ali Atlasi
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Isoflurane Preconditioning Attenuates Brain Injury Induced by Electromagnetic Pulse via the TLR4/NF κB Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9653494. [PMID: 30723536 PMCID: PMC6339739 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9653494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a unique type of electromagnetic radiation, and EMP exposure causes a series of biological effects. The nervous system is sensitive to EMP. We studied the neuroprotective effects of isoflurane preconditioning against EMP exposure and used hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) to observe the effects of electromagnetic pulse and isoflurane preconditioning on neurons. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blotting was used to detect the expression of caspase-3, CD11b, TLR4, and NFκBp65. We found that after EMP exposure, the number of abnormal neurons had increased, and the expression of caspase-3, CD11b, TLR4, and NFκBp65 had also increased. Isoflurane preconditioning can reverse the above phenomenon. Moreover, we found that isoflurane preconditioning can reduce neuronal apoptosis and improve cognitive impairment induced by EMP. These findings indicate that isoflurane preconditioning can protect neurons in the cerebral cortex from EMP exposure, alleviate the inflammatory reaction and cell apoptosis, and improve cognitive impairment induced by EMP. These effects may occur through the downregulation of the TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway and the inhibition of microglial activation.
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Widera D, Martínez Aguilar R, Cottrell GS. Toll-like receptor 4 and protease-activated receptor 2 in physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system: more than just receptor cooperation? Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1196-1201. [PMID: 30804245 PMCID: PMC6425834 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.251290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) play pivotal roles in the mammalian innate immune response. Notably, in addition to their involvement in detection of invading pathogens, PAR2 and TLR4 modulate the levels of cell death-induced sterile inflammation by activating pro- or anti-inflammatory downstream signaling cascades. Within the central nervous system, there is emerging evidence that both receptors are involved in synaptic transmission and brain plasticity. Furthermore, due to their prominent role in mediating neuroinflammation, PAR2 and TLR4 are associated with development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders including but not limited to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. In this article, we summarise the current knowledge on the cooperation between PAR2 and TLR4, discuss the potential cross-talk levels and highlight the impact of the cross-coupling on neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights campus, Reading, UK
| | - Rocío Martínez Aguilar
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights campus, Reading, UK; Unidad de Inmunología, IBIMER, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Graeme S Cottrell
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Hu J, Li C, Hua Y, Zhang B, Gao BY, Liu PL, Sun LM, Lu RR, Wang YY, Bai YL. Constrained-induced movement therapy promotes motor function recovery by enhancing the remodeling of ipsilesional corticospinal tract in rats after stroke. Brain Res 2018; 1708:27-35. [PMID: 30471245 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), which forces the use of the impaired limb by restraining the unaffected limb, has been used extensively for the recovery of limb motor function after stroke. However, the underlying mechanism of CIMT remains unclear. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a well-known neuroimaging technique that reflects the microstructure of white matter tracts and potential changes associated with different treatments. The aim of this study is to use DTI imaging to determine how corticospinal tract (CST) fibers remodel in ischemic rats with CIMT. In the present study, rats were randomly divided into three groups: a middle cerebral artery occlusion group (MCAO), a therapeutic group (MCAO + CIMT), and a sham-operated group (sham). A plaster cast was used to restrict the unaffected limb of the rats in the MCAO + CIMT group for 14 days. The Catwalk system was used to assess the limb motor function of rats. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and the average diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the CST were quantified through DTI. The expression of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase signaling pathway (JNK) was examined after 14 days of CIMT. We found that CIMT could accelerate and enhance motor function recovery, and the MCAO + CIMT group showed significantly increased FA values in the ipsilesional posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) compared with the MCAO group. In addition, we found no significant difference in the ratio of phosphorylated-JNK/total-JNK among the three groups, whereas the expression of P-JNK decreased significantly in the chronic phase of stroke. In conclusion, CIMT-induced functional recovery following ischemic stroke through facilitation of the remodeling of ipsilesional CST, and restoration after ischemic stroke may be associated with the declining value of the ratio of P-JNK/JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Yao Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Le Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Min Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Rong Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu-Long Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Specific alterations in the circulating levels of the SIRT1, TLR4, and IL7 proteins in patients with dementia. Exp Gerontol 2018; 111:203-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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El-Abhar H, Abd El Fattah MA, Wadie W, El-Tanbouly DM. Cilostazol disrupts TLR-4, Akt/GSK-3β/CREB, and IL-6/JAK-2/STAT-3/SOCS-3 crosstalk in a rat model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203837. [PMID: 30260985 PMCID: PMC6160003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Countless neurodegenerative diseases are associated with perverse multiple targets of cyclic nucleotide signalling, hastening neuronal death. Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor, exerts neuroprotective effects against sundry models of neurotoxicity, however, its role against Huntington's disease (HD) has not yet been tackled. Hence, its modulatory effect on several signalling pathways using the 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) model was conducted. Animals were injected with 3-NP (10 mg/kg/day, i.p) for two successive weeks with or without the administration of cilostazol (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Contrary to the 3-NP effects, cilostazol largely preserved striatal dopaminergic neurons, improved motor coordination, and enhanced the immunohistochemical reaction of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme. The anti-inflammatory effect of cilostazol was documented by the pronounced reduction of the toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) protein expression and the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, but with a marked elevation in IL-10 striatal contents. As a consequence, cilostazol reduced IL-6 downstream signal, where it promoted the level of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3), while abated the phosphorylation of Janus Kinase 2 (JAK-2) and Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT-3). Phosphorylation of the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/cAMP response element binding protein (Akt/GSK-3β/CREB) cue is another signalling pathway that was modulated by cilostazol to further signify its anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic capacities. The latter was associated with a reduction in the caspase-3 expression assessed by immunohistochemical assay. In conclusion the present study provided a new insight into the possible mechanisms by which cilostazol possesses neuroprotective properties. These intersecting mechanisms involve the interference between TLR-4, IL-6-IL-10/JAK-2/STAT-3/SOCS-3, and Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mai A. Abd El Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa Wadie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia M. El-Tanbouly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Thummayot S, Tocharus C, Jumnongprakhon P, Suksamrarn A, Tocharus J. Cyanidin attenuates Aβ 25-35-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing NF-κB activity downstream of TLR4/NOX4 in human neuroblastoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1439-1452. [PMID: 29671417 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanidin is polyphenolic pigment found in plants. We have previously demonstrated that cyanidin protects nerve cells against Aβ25-35-induced toxicity by decreasing oxidative stress and attenuating apoptosis mediated by both the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and the ER stress pathway. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of cyanidin, we investigated the effects of cyanidin on neuroinflammation mediated by the TLR4/NOX4 pathway in Aβ25-35-treated human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH). SK-N-SH cells were exposed to Aβ25-35 (10 μmol/L) for 24 h. Pretreatment with cyanidin (20 μmol/L) or NAC (20 μmol/L) strongly inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway in the cells evidenced by suppressing the degradation of IκBα, translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and thereby reducing the expression of iNOS protein and the production of NO. Furthermore, pretreatment with cyanidin greatly promoted the translocation of the Nrf2 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus; upregulating cytoprotective enzymes, including HO-1, NQO-1 and GCLC; and increased the activity of SOD enzymes. Pretreatment with cyanidin also decreased the expression of TLR4, directly improved intracellular ROS levels and regulated the activity of inflammation-related downstream pathways including NO production and SOD activity through TLR4/NOX4 signaling. These results demonstrate that TLR4 is a primary receptor in SK-N-SH cells, by which Aβ25-35 triggers neuroinflammation, and cyanidin attenuates Aβ-induced inflammation and ROS production mediated by the TLR4/NOX4 pathway, suggesting that inhibition of TLR4 by cyanidin could be beneficial in preventing neuronal cell death in the process of Alzheimer's disease.
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Kerr F, Bjedov I, Sofola-Adesakin O. Molecular Mechanisms of Lithium Action: Switching the Light on Multiple Targets for Dementia Using Animal Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:297. [PMID: 30210290 PMCID: PMC6121012 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium has long been used for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, due to its robust beneficial effect as a mood stabilizing drug. Lithium’s effectiveness for improving neurological function is therefore well-described, stimulating the investigation of its potential use in several neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD) and Huntington’s (HD) diseases. A narrow therapeutic window for these effects, however, has led to concerted efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of lithium action in the brain, in order to develop more selective treatments that harness its neuroprotective potential whilst limiting contraindications. Animal models have proven pivotal in these studies, with lithium displaying advantageous effects on behavior across species, including worms (C. elegans), zebrafish (Danio rerio), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and rodents. Due to their susceptibility to genetic manipulation, functional genomic analyses in these model organisms have provided evidence for the main molecular determinants of lithium action, including inhibition of inositol monophosphatase (IMPA) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Accumulating pre-clinical evidence has indeed provided a basis for research into the therapeutic use of lithium for the treatment of dementia, an area of medical priority due to its increasing global impact and lack of disease-modifying drugs. Although lithium has been extensively described to prevent AD-associated amyloid and tau pathologies, this review article will focus on generic mechanisms by which lithium preserves neuronal function and improves memory in animal models of dementia. Of these, evidence from worms, flies and mice points to GSK-3 as the most robust mediator of lithium’s neuro-protective effect, but it’s interaction with downstream pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, CREB/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), have identified multiple targets for development of drugs which harness lithium’s neurogenic, cytoprotective, synaptic maintenance, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and protein homeostasis properties, in addition to more potent and selective GSK-3 inhibitors. Lithium, therefore, has advantages as a multi-functional therapy to combat the complex molecular pathology of dementia. Animal studies will be vital, however, for comparative analyses to determine which of these defense mechanisms are most required to slow-down cognitive decline in dementia, and whether combination therapies can synergize systems to exploit lithium’s neuro-protective power while avoiding deleterious toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Kerr
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oyinkan Sofola-Adesakin
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Wiciński M, Wódkiewicz E, Słupski M, Walczak M, Socha M, Malinowski B, Pawlak-Osińska K. Neuroprotective Activity of Sitagliptin via Reduction of Neuroinflammation beyond the Incretin Effect: Focus on Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6091014. [PMID: 30186862 PMCID: PMC6116461 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6091014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sitagliptin is a member of a class of drugs that inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4). It increases the levels of the active form of incretins such as GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) or GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) and by their means positively affects glucose metabolism. It is successfully applied in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. The most recent scientific reports suggest beneficial effect of sitagliptin on diseases in which neuron damage occurs. Result of experimental studies may indicate a reducing influence of sitagliptin on inflammatory response within encephalon area. Sitagliptin decreased the levels of proinflammatory factors: TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (interleukin-6), IL-17 (interleukin-17), and CD-163 (cluster of differentiation 163), and contributed to an increase in levels of anti-inflammatory factors: IL-10 (interleukin-10) and TGF-β (transforming growth factor β). Moreover, sitagliptin demonstrated antioxidative and antiapoptotic properties by modifying glutamate and glutathione levels within the region of hippocampus in mice. It has been observed that sitagliptin decreases accumulation of β-amyloid within encephalon structures in experimental models of Alzheimer's dementia. This effect may be connected with SDF-1α (stromal cell-derived factor 1α) concentration. Administration of sitagliptin caused a significant improvement in MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) tests used for assessment of dementias. The paper presents potential mechanisms of sitagliptin activity in conditions connected with neuroinflammation with special emphasis on Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wiciński
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eryk Wódkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Słupski
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Walczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Socha
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlak-Osińska
- Department of Pathophysiology of Hearing and Balance System, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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45
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Helaly AM, Mokhtar N, Firgany AEDL, Hazem NM, El Morsi E, Ghorab D. Molybdenum bupropion combined neurotoxicity in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:224-230. [PMID: 30081056 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity is a common foodborne problem in Egypt, especially in combination. Molybdenum toxicity has been studied as a model of the heavy metal toxicity. Molybdenum could promote toxicity via oxidative-inflammatory mechanisms. Bupropion is a well-known antidepressant that has anti-oxidant mechanisms. It exerts a cytoprotective action against molybdenum induced metal toxicity. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of combined bupropion and molybdenum in a toxic animal model. The results showed that the combination of bupropion and high doses of molybdenum was extremely toxic with an evident animal fatality. Bupropion showed a clear anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory profile detected by the ELISA assay of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione, and interleukin -6 (IL-6), and real-time gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The immunohistochemistry of nuclear factor Kappa Beta (NF-κB) showed that bupropion reduced the inflammatory response induced by the molybdenum neurotoxicity. Despite the improved laboratory profile, the animals were extremely intoxicated with recorded fatalities raising the question about other pathways and mechanisms explaining the drug metal interaction. Furthermore, Bupropion even in normal doses was toxic to the animals. Choroid plexus hyperplasia was reported in the histological examination of the animal brain loaded with bupropion, and choroid plexus papilloma was recorded in the combined drug metal group. More wide-scale studies are needed to verify the safety of the current antidepressant medications for the long-term therapy. It is important to focus on drug metal interaction as a possible cause of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Helaly
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Department, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Jordan
| | - Naglaa Mokhtar
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Din L Firgany
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Noha M Hazem
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - E El Morsi
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Department, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - D Ghorab
- Pathology Department, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Snyder JM, Wood TR, Corry K, Moralejo DH, Parikh P, Juul SE. Ontogeny of white matter, toll-like receptor expression, and motor skills in the neonatal ferret. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 70:25-33. [PMID: 29791868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation caused by perinatal infection, superimposed with hypoxia and/or hyperoxia, appears to be important in the pathogenesis of preterm neonatal encephalopathy, with white matter particularly vulnerable during the third trimester. The associated inflammatory response is at least partly mediated through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and behavioral studies were used to characterize white matter development and determine TLR3 and TLR4 expression and accumulation in the neonatal ferret brain. Expression of markers of white matter development increased significantly between postnatal day (P)1 and P10 (NG2, PDGFRα) or P15 (Olig2), and either remained elevated (NG2), or decreased again at P40 (PDGFRα, Olig2). Olig2 immunostaining within the internal capsule was also greatest at P15. Myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining and mRNA expression increased markedly from P15 to P40 and into adulthood, which correlated with increasing performance on behavioral tests (negative geotaxis, cliff aversion, righting reflex, and catwalk gait analysis). TLR4 and TLR3 positive staining was low at all ages, but TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA expression both increased significantly from P1 to P40. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia/hyperoxia exposure at P10, meningeal and parenchymal inflammation was seen, including an increase in TLR4 positive cells. These data suggest that the neuroinflammation associated with prematurity could be modeled in the newborn ferret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas R Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kylie Corry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel H Moralejo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Pratik Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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The involvement of neuroinflammation and necroptosis in the hippocampus during vascular dementia. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 320:48-57. [PMID: 29759140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of vascular dementia is increasing at an alarming rate. The Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia depends on post-mortem examination of the brain. In our study, we investigated the vascular disease and neuroinflammation during vascular dementia. Our results showed a β-amyloid deposits, neovascularization, neuronal hypertrophy and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus tissue. Interestingly, the neuroinflammation was characterized by a higher expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β and iNOS which are TLR4/RelA pathway dependent. Finally, the finding of necroptosis by impaired blood supply and inflammation state suggests that the cognitive impairment was caused by vascular disease and neuroinflammation.
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48
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Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020203. [PMID: 29438282 PMCID: PMC5852779 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system may "sense" the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In mammalian cells, several TLRs were identified with a tissue and cell type-specific distribution. Understanding the functions of specific TLRs is crucial for the development and discovery of compounds useful to maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Due to their relevance in regulating the inflammatory response in the GIT, we will focus here on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5. In particular, we describe (a) the molecular pathways activated by the stimulation of these receptors with their known bacterial ligands; (b) the non-bacterial ligands known to interact directly with TLR2 and TLR4 and their soluble forms. The scope of this minireview is to highlight the importance of bacterial and non-bacterial compounds in affecting the gut immune functions via the activation of the TLRs.
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Saik OV, Demenkov PS, Ivanisenko TV, Bragina EY, Freidin MB, Goncharova IA, Dosenko VE, Zolotareva OI, Hofestaedt R, Lavrik IN, Rogaev EI, Ivanisenko VA. Novel candidate genes important for asthma and hypertension comorbidity revealed from associative gene networks. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:15. [PMID: 29504915 PMCID: PMC6389037 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and bronchial asthma are a major issue for people's health. As of 2014, approximately one billion adults, or ~ 22% of the world population, have had hypertension. As of 2011, 235-330 million people globally have been affected by asthma and approximately 250,000-345,000 people have died each year from the disease. The development of the effective treatment therapies against these diseases is complicated by their comorbidity features. This is often a major problem in diagnosis and their treatment. Hence, in this study the bioinformatical methodology for the analysis of the comorbidity of these two diseases have been developed. As such, the search for candidate genes related to the comorbid conditions of asthma and hypertension can help in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the comorbid condition of these two diseases, and can also be useful for genotyping and identifying new drug targets. RESULTS Using ANDSystem, the reconstruction and analysis of gene networks associated with asthma and hypertension was carried out. The gene network of asthma included 755 genes/proteins and 62,603 interactions, while the gene network of hypertension - 713 genes/proteins and 45,479 interactions. Two hundred and five genes/proteins and 9638 interactions were shared between asthma and hypertension. An approach for ranking genes implicated in the comorbid condition of two diseases was proposed. The approach is based on nine criteria for ranking genes by their importance, including standard methods of gene prioritization (Endeavor, ToppGene) as well as original criteria that take into account the characteristics of an associative gene network and the presence of known polymorphisms in the analysed genes. According to the proposed approach, the genes IL10, TLR4, and CAT had the highest priority in the development of comorbidity of these two diseases. Additionally, it was revealed that the list of top genes is enriched with apoptotic genes and genes involved in biological processes related to the functioning of central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS The application of methods of reconstruction and analysis of gene networks is a productive tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of comorbid conditions. The method put forth to rank genes by their importance to the comorbid condition of asthma and hypertension was employed that resulted in prediction of 10 genes, playing the key role in the development of the comorbid condition. The results can be utilised to plan experiments for identification of novel candidate genes along with searching for novel pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Saik
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Demenkov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Timofey V. Ivanisenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Bragina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maxim B. Freidin
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Olga I. Zolotareva
- Bielefeld University, International Research Training Group “Computational Methods for the Analysis of the Diversity and Dynamics of Genomes”, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Hofestaedt
- Bielefeld University, Technical Faculty, AG Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Inna N. Lavrik
- Department of Translational Inflammation, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Evgeny I. Rogaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Ivanisenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Wang S, Zhang X, Zhai L, Sheng X, Zheng W, Chu H, Zhang G. Atorvastatin Attenuates Cognitive Deficits and Neuroinflammation Induced by Aβ 1-42 Involving Modulation of TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:363-373. [PMID: 29417448 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory damage aggravates the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the mechanism of inflammatory damage may provide a new therapeutic window for the treatment of AD. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling can regulate the inflammatory process. However, changes in TLR4 signaling pathway induced by beta-amyloid (Aβ) have not been well characterized in brain, especially in the hippocampus. In the present study, we explored the changes of TLR4 signaling pathway induced by Aβ in the hippocampus and the role of atorvastatin in modulating this signal pathway and neurotoxicity induced by Aβ. Experimental AD rats were induced by intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1-42, and the rats were treated with atorvastatin by oral gavage from 3 weeks before to 6 days after injections of Aβ1-42. To determine the spatial learning and memory ability of rats in the AD models, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed. The expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), TLR4, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB (NF-κB) protein in the hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Compared to the control group, increased expression of TLR4, TRAF6, and NF-κB was observed in the hippocampus at 7 days post-injection of Aβ (P < 0.01). Furthermore, atorvastatin treatment significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits of rats, attenuated microglia and astrocyte activation, inhibited apoptosis, and down-regulated the expression of TLR4, TRAF6, and NF-κB, both at the mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.01). TLR4 signaling pathway is thus actively involved in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and atorvastatin treatment can exert the therapeutic benefits for AD via the TLR4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liuyu Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Xiaona Sheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China.
| | - Weina Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Hongshan Chu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
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