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Zhu X, Xie S, Chen J, Lu Q, Wang X, Duan F, Xu S, Zhang Y, Huang H, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen B, Huang H. Sildenafil Enhances the Therapeutic Effect of Islet Transplantation for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy via mTOR/S6K1 Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2023; 2023:8199029. [PMID: 37841556 PMCID: PMC10576648 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8199029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of sildenafil in combination with islet transplantation for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods A streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model was established to evaluate the effects of islet transplantation and sildenafil intervention. The mice were subjected to different interventions for 6 weeks, and histopathological staining and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed to examine the pathological changes and protein expressions of BDNF, MBP, and cleaved caspase-3 in the sciatic nerve tissue. Moreover, RSC96 cells were cocultured with islet cells and sildenafil under high glucose conditions to investigate the potential involvement of the mTOR/S6K1 pathway, BDNF, and MBP proteins. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression in each group. Results The results showed that islet transplantation can restore sciatic nerve injury in diabetic mice, and sildenafil can enhance the therapeutic effect of islet transplantation. In addition, the combination of sildenafil and islet cells significantly upregulated the expression levels of mTOR/S6K1, BDNF, and MBP in RSC96 cells under high glucose conditions. Conclusions Islet transplantation can reverse sciatic nerve injury in diabetic mice, and islet cells exhibit a protective effect on RSC96 cells under high glucose conditions via the activation of the mTOR/S6K1 pathway. Sildenafil enhances the therapeutic effect of islet transplantation, which may represent a potential treatment strategy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandong Zhu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shangjing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaohong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feixiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sinian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Dingli Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongjian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huanjie Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Meng F, Fu J, Zhang L, Guo M, Zhuang P, Yin Q, Zhang Y. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in diabetic cognitive impairment. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105591. [PMID: 37543309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) is a complex complication of diabetes in the central nervous system, and its pathological mechanism is still being explored. Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in central nervous system that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Accumulating excellent research has identified astrocyte dysfunction in many neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, aging and Parkinson's disease), and summarized and discussed its pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic value. However, the contribution of astrocytes to DCI has been largely overlooked. In this review, we first systematically summarized the effects and mechanisms of diabetes on brain astrocytes, and found that the diabetic environment (such as hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end products and cerebral insulin resistance) mediated brain reactive astrogliosis, which was specifically reflected in the changes of cell morphology and the remodeling of signature molecules. Secondly, we emphasized the contribution and potential targets of reactive astrogliosis to DCI, and found that reactive astrogliosis-induced increased blood-brain barrier permeability, glymphatic system dysfunction, neuroinflammation, abnormal cell communication and cholesterol metabolism dysregulation worsened cognitive function. In addition, we summarized effective strategies for treating DCI by targeting astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the application of new techniques in astrocytes, including single-cell transcriptome, in situ sequencing, and prospected new functions, new subsets and new targets of astrocytes in DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Meng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jiafeng Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Mengqing Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Enders J, Elliott D, Wright DE. Emerging Nonpharmacologic Interventions to Treat Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:989-1000. [PMID: 36503268 PMCID: PMC10402707 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a complication of metabolic syndrome, type I and type II diabetes, leads to sensory changes that include slow nerve conduction, nerve degeneration, loss of sensation, pain, and gate disturbances. These complications remain largely untreatable, although tight glycemic control can prevent neuropathy progression. Nonpharmacologic approaches remain the most impactful to date, but additional advances in treatment approaches are needed. Recent Advances: This review highlights several emerging interventions, including a focus on dietary interventions and physical activity, that continue to show promise for treating DPN. We provide an overview of our current understanding of how exercise can improve aspects of DPN. We also highlight new studies in which a ketogenic diet has been used as an intervention to prevent and reverse DPN. Critical Issues: Both exercise and consuming a ketogenic diet induce systemic and cellular changes that collectively improve complications associated with DPN. Both interventions may involve similar signaling pathways and benefits but also impact DPN through unique mechanisms. Future Directions: These lifestyle interventions are critically important as personalized medicine approaches will likely be needed to identify specific subsets of neuropathy symptoms and deficits in patients, and determine the most impactful treatment. Overall, these two interventions have the potential to provide meaningful relief for patients with DPN and provide new avenues to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Enders
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Daniel Elliott
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Douglas E. Wright
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Zhang WX, Lin ZQ, Sun AL, Shi YY, Hong QX, Zhao GF. Curcumin Ameliorates the Experimental Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy through Promotion of NGF Expression in Rats. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200029. [PMID: 35538560 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggested that inhibiting the apoptosis of Schwann cells (SCs) and promoting nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in sciatic nerves play key roles in preventing the onset of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Curcumin, a primary bioactive substance in turmeric with multiple characteristics, has been shown to have many therapeutic effects in a variety of diseases. However, curcumin is poorly studied in the DPN models. We aimed to explore the therapeutic benefits and underlying mechanism of curcumin in high fat/sugar diets joint streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DPN rat models. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into five groups (6 rats per group), control group, DPN group, Curcumin groups (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg). Curcumin was administered intragastrically once per day for 4 continuous weeks. Body weight (BW) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were monitored in all groups. The mechanical withdraw threshold (MWT) was measured. We also assessed neuropathic change by testing nerve conductance velocity (NCV) in sciatic nerves. TEM was applied to observe the sciatic nerves ultrastructure. The SCs apoptosis in sciatic nerves was stained using TUNEL kit. NGF contents in sciatic nerves and serum were detected using western blotting and ELISA analysis. The results showed curcumin had no obvious effect on the BW and FBG change. Curcumin (100 and 150 mg/kg) attenuated the MWT, NCV, and sciatic nerves ultrastructure in DPN rats. Curcumin (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) reduced SCs apoptosis in sciatic nerves. In addition, curcumin at 150 mg/kg had the best efficacy in increasing protein expression of NGF in sciatic nerves and serum NGF level. Our work demonstrated that curcumin has neuroprotective effects for the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qiang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ling Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Xiong Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, China
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Enders J, Swanson T, Ryals J, Wright D. A ketogenic diet reduces mechanical allodynia and improves epidermal innervation in diabetic mice. Pain 2022; 163:682-689. [PMID: 34252910 PMCID: PMC10067134 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dietary interventions are promising approaches to treat pain associated with metabolic changes because they impact both metabolic and neural components contributing to painful neuropathy. Here, we tested whether consumption of a ketogenic diet could affect sensation, pain, and epidermal innervation loss in type 1 diabetic mice. C57Bl/6 mice were rendered diabetic using streptozotocin and administered a ketogenic diet at either 3 weeks (prevention) or 9 weeks (reversal) of uncontrolled diabetes. We quantified changes in metabolic biomarkers, sensory thresholds, and epidermal innervation to assess impact on neuropathy parameters. Diabetic mice consuming a ketogenic diet had normalized weight gain, reduced blood glucose, elevated blood ketones, and reduced hemoglobin-A1C levels. These metabolic biomarkers were also improved after 9 weeks of diabetes followed by 4 weeks of a ketogenic diet. Diabetic mice fed a control chow diet developed rapid mechanical allodynia of the hind paw that was reversed within a week of consumption of a ketogenic diet in both prevention and reversal studies. Loss of thermal sensation was also improved by consumption of a ketogenic diet through normalized thermal thresholds. Finally, diabetic mice consuming a ketogenic diet had normalized epidermal innervation, including after 9 weeks of uncontrolled diabetes and 4 weeks of consumption of the ketogenic diet. These results suggest that, in mice, a ketogenic diet can prevent and reverse changes in key metabolic biomarkers, altered sensation, pain, and axon innervation of the skin. These results identify a ketogenic diet as a potential therapeutic intervention for patients with painful diabetic neuropathy and/or epidermal axon loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Enders
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Taylor Swanson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Janelle Ryals
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Douglas Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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Shi M, Zhang X, Zhang R, Zhang H, Zhu D, Han X. Glycyrrhizic acid promotes sciatic nerves recovery in type 1 diabetic rats and protects Schwann cells from high glucose-induced cytotoxicity. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:181-194. [PMID: 35578754 PMCID: PMC9179113 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20210198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Xiangcheng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Ridong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
- Hong Zhang, Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 6 West Beijing Road, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China. Tel: +86-517-80872128, E-mail:
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
- Dalong Zhu, Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China. Tel: +86-25-83304616, E-mail:
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Xiao Han, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel: +86-25-86869426, E-mail:
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Yako H, Niimi N, Kato A, Takaku S, Tatsumi Y, Nishito Y, Kato K, Sango K. Role of pyruvate in maintaining cell viability and energy production under high-glucose conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18910. [PMID: 34556698 PMCID: PMC8460646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate functions as a key molecule in energy production and as an antioxidant. The efficacy of pyruvate supplementation in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy has been shown in animal models; however, its significance in the functional maintenance of neurons and Schwann cells under diabetic conditions remains unknown. We observed rapid and extensive cell death under high-glucose (> 10 mM) and pyruvate-starved conditions. Exposure of Schwann cells to these conditions led to a significant decrease in glycolytic flux, mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, accompanied by enhanced collateral glycolysis pathways (e.g., polyol pathway). Cell death could be prevented by supplementation with 2-oxoglutarate (a TCA cycle intermediate), benfotiamine (the vitamin B1 derivative that suppresses the collateral pathways), or the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, rucaparib. Our findings suggest that exogenous pyruvate plays a pivotal role in maintaining glycolysis–TCA cycle flux and ATP production under high-glucose conditions by suppressing PARP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideji Yako
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Naoko Niimi
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Ayako Kato
- Laboratory of Medicine, Aichi Gakuin University, School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shizuka Takaku
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tatsumi
- Laboratory of Medicine, Aichi Gakuin University, School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Basic Technology Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Laboratory of Medicine, Aichi Gakuin University, School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
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Aldose Reductase and the Polyol Pathway in Schwann Cells: Old and New Problems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031031. [PMID: 33494154 PMCID: PMC7864348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is a member of the reduced nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent aldo-keto reductase superfamily. It is also the rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway, catalyzing the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, which is subsequently converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase. AR is highly expressed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The excess glucose flux through AR of the polyol pathway under hyperglycemic conditions has been suggested to play a critical role in the development and progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Despite the intensive basic and clinical studies over the past four decades, the significance of AR over-activation as the pathogenic mechanism of DPN remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the expected efficacy of some AR inhibitors in patients with DPN has been unsatisfactory, which prompted us to further investigate and review the understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of AR in the PNS. Particularly, the investigation of AR and the polyol pathway using immortalized Schwann cells established from normal and AR-deficient mice could shed light on the causal relationship between the metabolic abnormalities of Schwann cells and discordance of axon-Schwann cell interplay in DPN, and led to the development of better therapeutic strategies against DPN.
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De Gregorio C, Ezquer F. Sensory neuron cultures derived from adult db/db mice as a simplified model to study type-2 diabetes-associated axonal regeneration defects. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm.046334. [PMID: 33262160 PMCID: PMC7847260 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is an early common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), leading to chronic pain, sensory loss and muscle atrophy. Owing to its multifactorial etiology, neuron in vitro cultures have been proposed as simplified systems for DN studies. However, the most used models currently available do not recreate the chronic and systemic damage suffered by peripheral neurons of type-2 DM (T2DM) individuals. Here, we cultured neurons derived from dorsal root ganglia from 6-month-old diabetic db/db-mice, and evaluated their morphology by the Sholl method as an easy-to-analyze readout of neuronal function. We showed that neurons obtained from diabetic mice exhibited neuritic regeneration defects in basal culture conditions, compared to neurons from non-diabetic mice. Next, we evaluated the morphological response to common neuritogenic factors, including nerve growth factor NGF and Laminin-1 (also called Laminin-111). Neurons derived from diabetic mice exhibited reduced regenerative responses to these factors compared to neurons from non-diabetic mice. Finally, we analyzed the neuronal response to a putative DN therapy based on the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Neurons from diabetic mice treated with the MSC secretome displayed a significant improvement in neuritic regeneration, but still reduced when compared to neurons derived from non-diabetic mice. This in vitro model recapitulates many alterations observed in sensory neurons of T2DM individuals, suggesting the possibility of studying neuronal functions without the need of adding additional toxic factors to culture plates. This model may be useful for evaluating intrinsic neuronal responses in a cell-autonomous manner, and as a throughput screening for the pre-evaluation of new therapies for DN. Summary: Morphological characterization of a model for evaluating neuritic regeneration in vitro in dorsal root ganglion primary neurons derived from type-2 diabetic mice with an advanced stage of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian De Gregorio
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7690000 Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7690000 Chile
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An J, Zhang X, Jia K, Zhang C, Zhu L, Cheng M, Li F, Zhao S, Hao J. Trichostatin A increases BDNF protein expression by improving XBP-1s/ATF6/GRP78 axis in Schwann cells of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111062. [PMID: 33378965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the common complication of diabetes mellitus. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) is reported to ameliorate the peripheral nerves degeneration of DPN. However, the exact mechanism is still not well elucidated. Here, we first revealed that TSA promoted nerve conduction and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the sciatic nerves of diabetic mice. In line, TSA also reversed high glucose-reduced mature BDNF expression in vitro cultured rat Schwann cells (RSC96). Then unexpectedly, the downstream targets of TSA HDAC1 and HDAC5 were not involved in TSA-improved BDNF expression. Furthermore, unfolded protein response (UPR) chaperone GRP78 was revealed to be downregulated with high glucose stimulation in RSC96 cells, which was avoided with TSA treatment. Also, GRP78 upregulation mediated TSA-improved mature BDNF expression in high glucose-cultured RSC96 cells by binding with BDNF. As well, TSA treatment enhanced the binding of GRP78 with BDNF in RSC96 cells. Again, UPR-associated transcription factors XBP-1s and ATF6 were involved in TSA-increased GRP78 expression in high glucose-stimulated RSC96 cells. Finally, conditioned medium from high glucose-cultured RSC96 cells delayed neuron SH-SY5Y differentiation and that from TSA-treated high glucose-cultured RSC96 cells promoted SH-SY5Y cell differentiation. Taken together, our findings suggested that TSA increased BDNF expression to ameliorate DPN by improving XBP-1s/ATF6/GRP78 axis in Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui An
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Keqi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuihong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Electromyogram, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meijuan Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Jun Hao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Elkashty OA, Abu Elghanam G, Su X, Liu Y, Chauvin PJ, Tran SD. Cancer stem cells enrichment with surface markers CD271 and CD44 in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:458-466. [PMID: 31742606 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor 5-year survival rate of 50%. One potential reason for treatment failure is the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several cell markers, particularly CD44, have been used to isolate CSCs. However, isolating a pure population of CSC in HNSCC still remains a challenging task. Recent findings show that normal oral stem cells were isolated using CD271 as a marker. Thus, we investigated the combined use of CD271 and CD44 to isolate an enriched subpopulation of CSCs, followed by their characterization in vitro, in vivo, and in patients' tissue samples. Fluorescent-activated cell sorting was used to isolate CD44+/CD271+ and CD44+/CD271- from two human HNSCC cell lines. Cell growth and self-renewal were measured with MTT and sphere/colony formation assays. Treatment-resistance was tested against chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) and ionizing radiation. Self-renewal, resistance, and stemness-related genes expression were measured with qRT-PCR. In vivo tumorigenicity was tested with an orthotopic immunodeficient mouse model of oral cancer. Finally, we examined the co-localization of CD44+/CD271+ in patients' tissue samples. We found that CD271+ cells were a subpopulation of CD44+ cells in human HNSCC cell lines and tissues. CD44+/CD271+ cells exhibited higher cell proliferation, sphere/colony formation, chemo- and radio-resistance, upregulation of CSCs-related genes, and in vivo tumorigenicity when compared to CD44+/CD271- or the parental cell line. These cell markers showed increased expression in patients with the increase of the tumor stage. In conclusion, using both CD44 and CD271 allowed the isolation of CSCs from HNSCC. These enriched CSCs will be more relevant in future treatment and HNSCC progression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Elkashty
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada.,Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ghada Abu Elghanam
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada
| | - Xinyun Su
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada.,College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Younan Liu
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada
| | - Peter J Chauvin
- Division of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada
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Li RZ, Ding XW, Geetha T, Al-Nakkash L, Broderick TL, Babu JR. Beneficial Effect of Genistein on Diabetes-Induced Brain Damage in the ob/ob Mouse Model. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3325-3336. [PMID: 32884237 PMCID: PMC7443039 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s249608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced brain damage is characterized by cellular, molecular and functional changes. The mechanisms include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduction of neurotrophic factors, insulin resistance, excessive amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition and Tau phosphorylation. Both antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects of the phytoestrogen genistein have been reported. However, the beneficial effect of genistein in brain of the ob/ob mouse model of severe obesity and diabetes remains to be determined. Methods In this study, female ob/ob mice and lean control mice were fed with either a standard diet or a diet containing genistein (600mg/kg) for a period of 4 weeks. Body weight was monitored weekly. Blood was collected for the measurement of glucose, insulin and common cytokines. Mice brains were isolated for Western immunoblotting analyses. Results Treatment with genistein reduced weight gain of ob/ob mice and decreased hyperglycemia compared to ob/ob mice fed the standard diet. The main findings show that genistein treatment increased insulin sensitivity and the expression levels of the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF). In these mice, genistein also reduced Aβ deposition and the level of hyper-phosphorylated Tau protein. Conclusion The results of our study indicate the beneficial effects of genistein in the obese diabetic mouse brain, including improving brain insulin signaling, increasing neurotrophic support, and alleviating Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xiao-Wen Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Layla Al-Nakkash
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Tom L Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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13
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Shen YY, Gu XK, Zhang RR, Qian TM, Li SY, Yi S. Biological characteristics of dynamic expression of nerve regeneration related growth factors in dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1502-1509. [PMID: 31997815 PMCID: PMC7059586 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of peripheral nerves is limited after nerve injury. A number of growth factors modulate many cellular behaviors, such as proliferation and migration, and may contribute to nerve repair and regeneration. Our previous study observed the dynamic changes of genes in L4-6 dorsal root ganglion after rat sciatic nerve crush using transcriptome sequencing. Our current study focused on upstream growth factors and found that a total of 19 upstream growth factors were dysregulated in dorsal root ganglions at 3, 9 hours, 1, 4, or 7 days after nerve crush, compared with the 0 hour control. Thirty-six rat models of sciatic nerve crush injury were prepared as described previously. Then, they were divided into six groups to measure the expression changes of representative genes at 0, 3, 9 hours, 1, 4 or 7 days post crush. Our current study measured the expression levels of representative upstream growth factors, including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor 2 and amphiregulin genes, and explored critical signaling pathways and biological process through bioinformatic analysis. Our data revealed that many of these dysregulated upstream growth factors, including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor 2 and amphiregulin, participated in tissue remodeling and axon growth-related biological processes Therefore, the experiment described the expression pattern of upstream growth factors in the dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury. Bioinformatic analysis revealed growth factors that may promote repair and regeneration of damaged peripheral nerves. All animal surgery procedures were performed in accordance with Institutional Animal Care Guidelines of Nantong University and ethically approved by the Administration Committee of Experimental Animals, China (approval No. 20170302-017) on March 2, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian-Mei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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14
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De Gregorio C, Contador D, Díaz D, Cárcamo C, Santapau D, Lobos-Gonzalez L, Acosta C, Campero M, Carpio D, Gabriele C, Gaspari M, Aliaga-Tobar V, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Ezquer M, Ezquer F. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium ameliorates polyneuropathy and foot ulceration in diabetic BKS db/db mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:168. [PMID: 32357914 PMCID: PMC7195803 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common and early developing complication of diabetes mellitus, and the key contributor for foot ulcers development, with no specific therapies available. Different studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration is able to ameliorate DPN; however, limited cell survival and safety reasons hinder its transfer from bench to bedside. MSCs secrete a broad range of antioxidant, neuroprotective, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory factors (known as conditioned medium), which are all decreased in the peripheral nerves of diabetic patients. Furthermore, the abundance of these factors can be boosted in vitro by incubating MSCs with a preconditioning stimulus, enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. We hypothesize that systemic administration of conditioned medium derived from preconditioned MSCs could reverse DPN and prevent foot ulcer formation in a mouse model of type II diabetes mellitus. METHODS Diabetic BKS db/db mice were treated with systemic administration of conditioned medium derived from preconditioned human MSCs; conditioned medium derived from non-preconditioned MSCs or vehicle after behavioral signs of DPN was already present. Conditioned medium or vehicle administration was repeated every 2 weeks for a total of four administrations, and several functional and structural parameters characteristic of DPN were evaluated. Finally, a wound was made in the dorsal surface of both feet, and the kinetics of wound closure, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation were evaluated. RESULTS Our molecular, electrophysiological, and histological analysis demonstrated that the administration of conditioned medium derived from non-preconditioned MSCs or from preconditioned MSCs to diabetic BKS db/db mice strongly reverts the established DPN, improving thermal and mechanical sensitivity, restoring intraepidermal nerve fiber density, reducing neuron and Schwann cell apoptosis, improving angiogenesis, and reducing chronic inflammation of peripheral nerves. Furthermore, DPN reversion induced by conditioned medium administration enhances the wound healing process by accelerating wound closure, improving the re-epithelialization of the injured skin and increasing blood vessels in the wound bed in a skin injury model that mimics a foot ulcer. CONCLUSIONS Studies conducted indicate that MSC-conditioned medium administration could be a novel cell-free therapeutic approach to reverse the initial stages of DPN, avoiding the risk of lower limb amputation triggered by foot ulcer formation and accelerating the wound healing process in case it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian De Gregorio
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Contador
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Díaz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Cárcamo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Santapau
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Lobos-Gonzalez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Acosta
- Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET), School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Mario Campero
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Hospital José Joaquín Aguirre, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Carpio
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Caterina Gabriele
- Research Center for Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Gaspari
- Research Center for Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Victor Aliaga-Tobar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases-ACCDiS, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases-ACCDiS, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Campos Lima T, Lemes JBP, Capop TFPA, de Lima LB, Monteiro da Cruz Lotufo C. Altered morphology and function of the peripheral nociceptive system in the offspring of diabetic rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:267-275. [PMID: 32144810 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal diabetes induced by alloxan injection in the first gestational day of female Wistar rats interferes with the development of the nociceptive peripheral system of the offspring. Behavioral and histologic analysis was performed using the adult offspring of diabetic and control rats. It was found that the offspring of diabetic rats were more sensitive to thermal stimulation and showed an altered response to carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. The histological analysis showed an increased proportion of nociceptive neurons, while the population of non-nociceptive myelinated neurons was reduced. Therefore, exposition to hyperglycemia and/or hyperinsulinemia in uterus, caused by a diabetic mother, might result in altered nociceptive sensations in the offspring throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Campos Lima
- Área de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Júlia Borges Paes Lemes
- Área de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Borges de Lima
- Área de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Liu YP, Shao SJ, Guo HD. Schwann cells apoptosis is induced by high glucose in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Life Sci 2020; 248:117459. [PMID: 32092332 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that affects approximately half of patients with diabetes. Current treatment regimens cannot treat DPN effectively. Schwann cells (SCs) are very sensitive to glucose concentration and insulin, and closely associated with the occurrence and development of type 1 diabetic mellitus (T1DM) and DPN. Apoptosis of SCs is induced by hyperglycemia and is involved in the pathogenesis of DPN. This review considers the pathological processes of SCs apoptosis under high glucose, which include the following: oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, nitrification and signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT, ERK, PERK/Nrf2, and Wnt/β-catenin). The clarification of mechanisms underlying SCs apoptosis induced by high glucose will help us to understand and identify more effective strategies for the treatment of T1DM DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shui-Jin Shao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hai-Dong Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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17
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Miura‐Yura E, Tsunekawa S, Naruse K, Nakamura N, Motegi M, Nakai‐Shimoda H, Asano S, Kato M, Yamada Y, Izumoto‐Akita T, Yamamoto A, Himeno T, Kondo M, Kato Y, Nakamura J, Kamiya H. Secreted factors from cultured dental pulp stem cells promoted neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons and ameliorated neural functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:28-38. [PMID: 31144464 PMCID: PMC6944849 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Transplantation of stem cells promotes axonal regeneration and angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. In the present study, we examined whether the secreted factors in conditioned medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED-CM) had beneficial effects on diabetic polyneuropathy in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conditioned medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth was collected 48 h after culturing in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), and separated into four fractions according to molecular weight. Dorsal root ganglion neurons from C57BL/6J mice were cultured with SHED-CM or DMEM to evaluate the effect on neurite outgrowth. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were injected with 100 μL of SHED-CM or DMEM into the unilateral hindlimb muscles twice a week over a period of 4 weeks. Peripheral nerve functions were evaluated by the plantar test, and motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities. Intraepidermal nerve fiber densities, capillary number-to-muscle fiber ratio, capillary blood flow and morphometry of sural nerves were also evaluated. RESULTS Conditioned medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth significantly promoted neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons compared with DMEM. Among four fractions of SHED-CM, the only fraction of <6 kDa promoted the neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, SHED-CM significantly prevented decline in sensory nerve conduction velocities compared with DMEM in diabetic mice. Although SHED-CM did not improve intraepidermal nerve fiber densities or morphometry of sural nerves, SHED-CM ameliorated the capillary number-to-muscle fiber ratio and capillary blood flow. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that SHED-CM might have a therapeutic effect on diabetic polyneuropathy through promoting neurite outgrowth, and the increase in capillaries might contribute to the improvement of neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiri Miura‐Yura
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of DentistryAichi Gakuin UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of DentistryAichi Gakuin UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Mikio Motegi
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Hiromi Nakai‐Shimoda
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Saeko Asano
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Makoto Kato
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Takako Izumoto‐Akita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Akihito Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Oral HistologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Tatsuhito Himeno
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Yoshiro Kato
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Jiro Nakamura
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Hideki Kamiya
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
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18
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Guo N, Li C, Liu Q, Liu S, Huan Y, Wang X, Bai G, Yang M, Sun S, Xu C, Shen Z. Maltol, a food flavor enhancer, attenuates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Funct 2019; 9:6287-6297. [PMID: 30411095 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methy-4-pyrone), a potent antioxidative agent, typically is used to enhance flavor and preserve food. This study evaluated its effects on preventing diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and explored its mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS We intraperitoneally injected Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with STZ (65 mg kg-1, ip) and treated the rats with different doses of maltol after 4 weeks of injection. During treatment, we evaluated motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and assayed the oxidative stress, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and apoptosis. Repeated treatment with maltol for 12 weeks significantly improved thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, increased the MNCV, elevated the Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and ameliorated oxidative stress and apoptosis in STZ-induced diabetic rats. We coincubated RSC96 cells, a Schwann cell line, with maltol and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 0.6 mM). Evidently, maltol increased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis after injury by H2O2. CONCLUSIONS Maltol was demonstrated to prevent DPN development and may provide a new alternative for the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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19
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Decroli E, Manaf A, Syahbuddin S, Syafrita Y, Dillasamola D. The Correlation between Malondialdehyde and Nerve Growth Factor Serum Level with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Score. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:103-106. [PMID: 30740170 PMCID: PMC6352465 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study was conducted to identify malondialdehyde (MDA) serum level, nerve growth factor (NGF) serum level, diabetic peripheral neuropathy score and the correlation between MDA and NGF serum level with diabetic peripheral neuropathy score. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to observe diabetic patients in the internal medicine department in Dr M. Djamil Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. The MDA serum level was measured using Beuge method with thiobarbituric acid. The NGF serum level was analysed using ELISA method. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy score was defined when history score in Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) ≥ 7 and physical assessment score in MNSI > 2. RESULTS: Thirty subjects with diabetes has diabetic peripheral neuropathy score 3.53 (± 0.91), MDA serum level 2.16 (± 2.89) nmol/ml, and NGF serum level 10.56 (± 2.89) pg/dl. There were significant correlations between the MDA serum level and the diabetic peripheral neuropathy score (r = 0.364, p = 0.048), and between the NGF serum level with the diabetic peripheral neuropathy score (r = -0.59, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: There are high MDA serum level and low NGF serum level in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Low NGF serum level plays a bigger role than high MDA serum level in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Decroli
- Universitas Andalas, Internal Medicine Padang, Sumatera Barat, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Asman Manaf
- Universitas Andalas, Internal Medicine Padang, Sumatera Barat, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Syafril Syahbuddin
- Universitas Andalas, Internal Medicine Padang, Sumatera Barat, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Yuliarni Syafrita
- Universitas Andalas, Neurology Padang, Sumatera Barat, Padang, Indonesia
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Naruse K. Schwann Cells as Crucial Players in Diabetic Neuropathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:345-356. [PMID: 31760655 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells maintain peripheral nerve structure and function by ensheathment of unmyelinated axons, myelination of myelinated axons, and secretion of neurotrophic factors, and these cells also play a crucial role in the pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy. A decrease in unmyelinated and small myelinated axons appeared earlier than a decrease in large myelinated fibers in diabetic neuropathy. Electron microscopic studies of human diabetic neuropathy demonstrated edematous cell cytoplasm, aggregates of glycogen particles, and hyperplasia of the surrounding basal lamina in Schwann cells. Diabetic conditions also induces metabolic disorders, such as polyol pathway hyperactivity, activation of protein kinase C, and increased advanced glycosylation end products in Schwann cells, followed by the depletion of neurotrophic factor production.Cell transplantation using progenitor or stem cells is expected to cure diabetic neuropathy. Many studies demonstrated that the paracrine effect of abundant secreted factors from transplanted stem cells was crucial for the success of cell transplantation in diabetic neuropathy. Transplantation of progenitor or stem cells in diabetic animal models ameliorated impaired nerve conduction velocity, nerve blood flow, sensory disorders, and intraepidermal nerve fiber density, with an increase of myelin thickness. The supernatant from cultured dental pulp stem cells increased the proliferation and production of myelin-related protein in Schwann cells, suggesting that Schwann cells is the main target of cell transplantation for diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
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21
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Gao D, Tang T, Zhu J, Tang Y, Sun H, Li S. CXCL12 has therapeutic value in facial nerve injury and promotes Schwann cells autophagy and migration via PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:460-468. [PMID: 30391592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Facial nerve injury is a clinically common disease accompanied by demyelination of damaged nerves. The remyelination of damaged nerves and the unsatisfactory function recovery are problems that have been plaguing people for a long time. The role that CXCL12 plays after facial nerve injury remains unknown. Our experiments found that the expression of CXCL12 was up-regulated in the early stage of facial nerve injury and decreased after two weeks. Further research found that CXCL12 had no effect on Schwann cells proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle, while significantly promoted Schwann cells migration. Treatment with CXCL12 decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT and mTOR, but increased autophagy marker LC3II/I. The CXCL12-induced Schwann cells migration was significantly attenuated by inhibition of autophagy and activation of PI3K pathway through pretreatment with 3-MA and IGF-1 respectively, and this effect was enhanced by PI3K pathway inhibitor LY294002. Animal experiment also confirmed that CXCL12 could improve facial nerve function and myelin regeneration. The findings of this study indicate that CXCL12 can promote the migration of Schwann cells and potentially become a key molecule in the repair of facial nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tianchi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yinda Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shiting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Niimi N, Sango K. Potential utility of aldose reductase-deficient Schwann cells IKARS1 for the study of axonal degeneration and regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:979-980. [PMID: 29926820 PMCID: PMC6022478 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.233436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Niimi
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Danhong Injection Alleviates Mechanical Allodynia via Inhibiting ERK1/2 Activation and Elevates BDNF Level in Sciatic Nerve in Diabetic Rat. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5798453. [PMID: 29552083 PMCID: PMC5820641 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5798453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Danhong injection (DHI) has been widely used in China for cardiocerebrovascular diseases treatments. And in this study, we demonstrated the therapeutic effect of DHI on experimental diabetic neuropathy for the first time. Methods. Streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced SD rats were used. In experiment 1, 4-week treatment with DHI or saline started 4 weeks after STZ injection; mechanical allodynia was measured before and every 2 weeks after STZ injection. In experiment 2, chronic intrathecal infusion of U0126 was conducted during the 8th week of diabetes. Phosphorylated and total ERK1/2 in spinal cord were analyzed by western blot. BDNF level in sciatic nerve was evaluated by ELISA. Results. DHI treatment significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia at the end of the study and downregulated the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in spinal cord. In addition, DHI treatment also elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in sciatic nerve of DPN rat. In experiment 2, inhibition of ERK1/2 activation was confirmed to result in the alleviation of mechanical allodynia. Conclusions. We demonstrated that DHI was able to alleviate mechanical allodynia in diabetic neuropathy rat through inhibiting the activation of ERK1/2. The reduction of BDNF content in sciatic nerve was also partially reversed by DHI treatment.
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Li R, Wu Y, Zou S, Wang X, Li Y, Xu K, Gong F, Liu Y, Wang J, Liao Y, Li X, Xiao J. NGF Attenuates High Glucose-Induced ER Stress, Preventing Schwann Cell Apoptosis by Activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β and ERK1/2 Pathways. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3005-3018. [PMID: 28762104 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common and troublesome complications of diabetes mellitus. It has been demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF) exerts a pivotal role in the regulation of neuronal growth and the promotion of DPN recovery. However, the exact molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Recent studies have indicated that as a novel therapeutic target, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress participates in the onset and progression of DPN. In the present study, it has been demonstrated that NGF prevents the sciatic nerve from degeneration and demyelination in DPN rats. Thus, RSC 96 cells, which retain the characteristic features of Schwann cells (SCs), were cultured in medium containing 30 mM glucose (high glucose, HG) to mimic SCs in DPN mice. The 50-ng/ml dose of NGF was identified to be the optimal concentration for treating an excessive ER stress level under HG conditions for 24 h. We found that NGF treatment significantly inhibits HG-induced ER stress and subsequently suppresses ER-related apoptosis. Further, NGF administration also activates the upstream signaling pathway of ER stress, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling and ERK1/2 signaling. Co-treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 significantly reverses the protective role of NGF on HG-induced excessive ER stress and subsequent apoptosis. These observations suggest that the neuroprotective role of NGF in DPN is mediated by the inhibition of excessive ER stress via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Shuang Zou
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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25
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Oses C, Olivares B, Ezquer M, Acosta C, Bosch P, Donoso M, Léniz P, Ezquer F. Preconditioning of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells with deferoxamine increases the production of pro-angiogenic, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory factors: Potential application in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178011. [PMID: 28542352 PMCID: PMC5438173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the most frequent and troublesome complications of diabetes mellitus. Evidence from diabetic animal models and diabetic patients suggests that reduced availability of neuroprotective and pro-angiogenic factors in the nerves in combination with a chronic pro-inflammatory microenvironment and high level of oxidative stress, contribute to the pathogenesis of DN. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of great interest as therapeutic agents for regenerative purposes, since they can secrete a broad range of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory factors. Therefore, the use of the MSC secretome may represent a promising approach for DN treatment. Recent data indicate that the paracrine potential of MSCs could be boosted by preconditioning these cells with an environmental or pharmacological stimulus, enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, we observed that the preconditioning of human adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) with 150μM or 400μM of the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFX) for 48 hours, increased the abundance of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in a concentration dependent manner, without affecting MSC morphology and survival. Activation of HIF-1α led to the up-regulation of the mRNA levels of pro-angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor alpha and angiopoietin 1. Furthermore this preconditioning increased the expression of potent neuroprotective factors, including nerve growth factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3, and cytokines with anti-inflammatory activity like IL4 and IL5. Additionally, we observed that these molecules, which could also be used as therapeutics, were also increased in the secretome of MSCs preconditioned with DFX compared to the secretome obtained from non-preconditioned cells. Moreover, DFX preconditioning significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity of the MSC secretome and they showed neuroprotective effects when evaluated in an in vitro model of DN. Altogether, our findings suggest that DFX preconditioning of AD-MSCs improves their therapeutic potential and should be considered as a potential strategy for the generation of new alternatives for DN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Oses
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo. Av. Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Olivares
- Centro de Química Médica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo. Av. Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo. Av. Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Acosta
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Paul Bosch
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Desarrollo. Av. Plaza, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Donoso
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Desarrollo. Av. Plaza, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Léniz
- Unidad de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética, Clínica Alemana. Av. Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo. Av. Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Gonçalves NP, Vægter CB, Andersen H, Østergaard L, Calcutt NA, Jensen TS. Schwann cell interactions with axons and microvessels in diabetic neuropathy. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:135-147. [PMID: 28134254 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes worldwide is at pandemic levels, with the number of patients increasing by 5% annually. The most common complication of diabetes is peripheral neuropathy, which has a prevalence as high as 50% and is characterized by damage to neurons, Schwann cells and blood vessels within the nerve. The pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy remain poorly understood, impeding the development of targeted therapies to treat nerve degeneration and its most disruptive consequences of sensory loss and neuropathic pain. Involvement of Schwann cells has long been proposed, and new research techniques are beginning to unravel a complex interplay between these cells, axons and microvessels that is compromised during the development of diabetic neuropathy. In this Review, we discuss the evolving concept of Schwannopathy as an integral factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, and how disruption of the interactions between Schwann cells, axons and microvessels contribute to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia P Gonçalves
- The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vægter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henning Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Pain Research Center and IDNC, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Department of Neuroradiology and Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Troels S Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Pain Research Center and IDNC, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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27
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Erbas O, Taşkıran D, Oltulu F, Yavaşoğlu A, Bora S, Bilge O, Çınar BP, Peker G. Oxytocin provides protection against diabetic polyneuropathy in rats. Neurol Res 2016; 39:45-53. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1249630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oytun Erbas
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Bilim University School of Medicine , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Taşkıran
- Department of Physiology, Ege University School of Medicine , Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine , Izmir, Turkey
| | - Altuğ Yavaşoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine , Izmir, Turkey
| | - Saylav Bora
- Department of Physiology, Ege University School of Medicine , Izmir, Turkey
| | - Okan Bilge
- Department of Anatomy, Ege University School of Medicine , Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bilge Piri Çınar
- Department of Neurology, Giresun State Hospital , Giresun, Turkey
| | - Gönül Peker
- Department of Physiology, Ege University School of Medicine , Izmir, Turkey
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28
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Clarke JP, Mearow K. Autophagy inhibition in endogenous and nutrient-deprived conditions reduces dorsal root ganglia neuron survival and neurite growth in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:653-70. [PMID: 27018986 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies can result in cytoskeletal changes in axons, ultimately leading to Wallerian degeneration and cell death. Recently, autophagy has been studied as a potential target for improving axonal survival and growth during peripheral nerve damage. This study investigates the influence of autophagy on adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuron survival and axonal growth under control and nutrient deprivation conditions. Constitutive autophagy was modulated with pharmacological activators (rapamycin; Rapa) and inhibitors (3-methyladenine, bafilomycin A1) in conjunction with either a nutrient-stable environment (standard culture medium) or a nutrient-deprived environment (Hank's balanced salt solution + Ca(2+) /Mg(2+) ). The results demonstrated that autophagy inhibition decreased cell viability and reduced neurite growth and branching complexity. Although autophagy was upregulated with nutrient deprivation compared with the control, it was not further activated by rapamycin, suggesting a threshold level of autophagy. Overall, both cellular and biochemical approaches combined to show the influence of autophagy on adult DRG neuron survival and growth. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph-Patrick Clarke
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Karen Mearow
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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29
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Effects of High Glucose on Cell Viability and Differentiation in Primary Cultured Schwann Cells: Potential Role of ERK Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1281-90. [PMID: 26915107 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia is considered to be the major factor in the development and progression of DPN. Because of the contribution of Schwann cells (SCs) to the pathology of DPN, we investigated the effects of high glucose on cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in primary cultured SCs. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Hoechst staining showed that high glucose inhibited SCs proliferation and increased apoptosis ratio in time and concentration dependent manner. Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the major myelin proteins and genes expressions including P0, MAG and Krox-20, were downregulated time dependently in SCs exposed to high glucose from 48 to 96 h. To further elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, we also explored the role of ERK signaling pathway in high glucose induced SC injury, which has been proved to drive demyelination of peripheral nerves. The western blot analysis showed that compared with control group phosphorylation level of ERK was increased by 14.3 % in SCs exposed to high glucose for 72 h (P < 0.01). Using immunocytochemistry analysis, we observed that the ERK specific inhibitor U0126 blocked the ERK activation induced by high glucose and reversed the inhibitory effect of high glucose on P0 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that high glucose can cause damage in primary cultured SCs and may exert the inhibitory effect on SC differentiation and myelination through ERK signaling activation.
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30
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Zhang H, Zhuang XD, Meng FH, Chen L, Dong XB, Liu GH, Li JH, Dong Q, Xu JD, Yang CT. Calcitriol prevents peripheral RSC96 Schwann neural cells from high glucose & methylglyoxal-induced injury through restoration of CBS/H 2 S expression. Neurochem Int 2016; 92:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Stenberg L, Kodama A, Lindwall-Blom C, Dahlin LB. Nerve regeneration in chitosan conduits and in autologous nerve grafts in healthy and in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:463-73. [PMID: 26355640 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about nerve regeneration after nerve injury and reconstruction in appropriate diabetic animal models is incomplete. Short-term nerve regeneration after reconstruction of a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect with either a hollow chitosan conduit or an autologous nerve graft was investigated in healthy Wistar and diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. After 21 days, axonal outgrowth, the presence of activated and apoptotic Schwann cells and the thickness of the formed matrix in the conduits were measured. In general, nerve regeneration was superior in autologous nerve grafts. In chitosan conduits, a matrix, which was thicker in diabetic rats, was formed and was positively correlated with length of axonal outgrowth. Axonal outgrowth in conduits and in nerve grafts extended further in diabetic rats than in healthy rats. There was a higher percentage of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)-immunostained cells in nerve segments from healthy rats than in diabetic rats after autologous nerve graft reconstruction. In chitosan conduits, more cleaved caspase 3-stained Schwann cells were generally observed in the matrix from the diabetic rats than in healthy rats. However, there were fewer apoptotic cells in the distal segment in diabetic rats reconstructed with a chitosan conduit. Preoperative glucose levels were positively correlated with axonal outgrowth after both reconstruction methods. Axonal regeneration was better in autologous nerve grafts than in hollow chitosan conduits and was enhanced in diabetic GK rats compared to healthy rats after reconstruction. This study provides insights into the nerve regeneration process in a clinically relevant diabetic animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stenberg
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 5, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Akira Kodama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 5, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Saito K, Tamaki T, Hirata M, Hashimoto H, Nakazato K, Nakajima N, Kazuno A, Sakai A, Iida M, Okami K. Reconstruction of Multiple Facial Nerve Branches Using Skeletal Muscle-Derived Multipotent Stem Cell Sheet-Pellet Transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138371. [PMID: 26372044 PMCID: PMC4570662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages, and surgical resection with wide margins is generally indicated, despite this treatment being associated with poor postoperative quality of life (QOL). We have previously reported on the therapeutic effects of skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cells (Sk-MSCs), which exert reconstitution capacity for muscle-nerve-blood vessel units. Recently, we further developed a 3D patch-transplantation system using Sk-MSC sheet-pellets. The aim of this study is the application of the 3D Sk-MSC transplantation system to the reconstitution of facial complex nerve-vascular networks after severe damage. Mouse experiments were performed for histological analysis and rats were used for functional examinations. The Sk-MSC sheet-pellets were prepared from GFP-Tg mice and SD rats, and were transplanted into the facial resection model (ST). Culture medium was transplanted as a control (NT). In the mouse experiment, facial-nerve-palsy (FNP) scoring was performed weekly during the recovery period, and immunohistochemistry was used for the evaluation of histological recovery after 8 weeks. In rats, contractility of facial muscles was measured via electrical stimulation of facial nerves root, as the marker of total functional recovery at 8 weeks after transplantation. The ST-group showed significantly higher FNP (about three fold) scores when compared to the NT-group after 2–8 weeks. Similarly, significant functional recovery of whisker movement muscles was confirmed in the ST-group at 8 weeks after transplantation. In addition, engrafted GFP+ cells formed complex branches of nerve-vascular networks, with differentiation into Schwann cells and perineurial/endoneurial cells, as well as vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Thus, Sk-MSC sheet-pellet transplantation is potentially useful for functional reconstitution therapy of large defects in facial nerve-vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tamaki
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
- Department of Physiological Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Maki Hirata
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hashimoto
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Kenei Nakazato
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
- Department of General Thorathic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nakajima
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Akihito Kazuno
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iida
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Kenji Okami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
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Murillo-Sauca O, Chung MK, Shin JH, Karamboulas C, Kwok S, Jung YH, Oakley R, Tysome JR, Farnebo LO, Kaplan MJ, Sirjani D, Divi V, Holsinger FC, Tomeh C, Nichols A, Le QT, Colevas AD, Kong CS, Uppaluri R, Lewis JS, Ailles LE, Sunwoo JB. CD271 is a functional and targetable marker of tumor-initiating cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6854-66. [PMID: 25149537 PMCID: PMC4196168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) are best characterized by their surface expression of CD44. Although there is great interest in identifying strategies to target this population, no marker of these cells has been found to be functionally active. Here, we examined the expression of the purported marker of normal human oral epithelial stem cells, CD271. We show that CD271 expression is restricted to a subset of the CD44+ cells. Using xenograft assays, we show that the CD44+CD271+ subpopulation contains the most tumorigenic cells. Loss of CD271 function results in a block in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle and a profound negative impact on the capacity of these cells to initiate tumor formation in vivo. Incubation with recombinant NGF results in enhanced phosphorylation of Erk, providing additional evidence that CD271 is functionally active. Finally, incubation of SCCHN cells with antibody to CD271 results in decreased Erk phosphorylation and decreased tumor formation in vivo. Thus, our data are the first to demonstrate that CD271 more specifically identifies the TIC subpopulation within the CD44+ compartment in SCCHN and that this receptor is a functionally active and targetable molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihana Murillo-Sauca
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
| | - Man Ki Chung
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - June Ho Shin
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
| | | | - Shirley Kwok
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Young Ho Jung
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Richard Oakley
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - James R Tysome
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Lovisa O Farnebo
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael J Kaplan
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Davud Sirjani
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Vasu Divi
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
| | - F Christopher Holsinger
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
| | - Chafeek Tomeh
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Anthony Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quynh T Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
| | - A Dimitrios Colevas
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Christina S Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ravindra Uppaluri
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - James S Lewis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Laurie E Ailles
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Zhou YK, Liang Z, Guo Y, Zhang HT, Wang KH. High glucose upregulates CYP24A1 expression which attenuates the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to increase NGF secretion in a rat Schwann cell line RSC96. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 404:75-81. [PMID: 25614971 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is an independent risk factor for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but the relationship between 1,25(OH)2D3 and DPN remains unknown. We found that 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulated the secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) in rat Schwann cell line RSC96, but ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to increase NGF protein was impaired under high glucose conditions. High glucose upregulated the expression of CYP24A1 protein, which catalyzes the conversion of 1,25(OH)2D3 into inactive products, further impairing the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to upregulate NGF secretion in Schwann cells. Inhibition of CYP24A1 protein expression ameliorated the secretion of NGF in response to 1,25(OH)2D3. The findings of this study suggest that CYP24A1 protein plays an important role in the relationship between DPN and 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (The Kunhua Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- Department of Information Center, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (The Kunhua Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua-Tang Zhang
- Chongqing Center for Biomedical Research and Equipment Development, Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China.
| | - Kun-Hua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (The Kunhua Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Li S, Wang X, Gu Y, Chen C, Wang Y, Liu J, Hu W, Yu B, Wang Y, Ding F, Liu Y, Gu X. Let-7 microRNAs regenerate peripheral nerve regeneration by targeting nerve growth factor. Mol Ther 2014; 23:423-33. [PMID: 25394845 PMCID: PMC4351454 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical problem. Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes peripheral nerve regeneration, but its clinical applications are limited by several constraints. In this study, we found that the time-dependent expression profiles of eight let-7 family members in the injured nerve after sciatic nerve injury were roughly similar to each other. Let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs) significantly reduced cell proliferation and migration of primary Schwann cells (SCs) by directly targeting NGF and suppressing its protein translation. Following sciatic nerve injury, the temporal change in let-7 miRNA expression was negatively correlated with that in NGF expression. Inhibition of let-7 miRNAs increased NGF secretion by primary cultured SCs and enhanced axonal outgrowth from a coculture of primary SCs and dorsal root gangalion neurons. In vivo tests indicated that let-7 inhibition promoted SCs migration and axon outgrowth within a regenerative microenvironment. In addition, the inhibitory effect of let-7 miRNAs on SCs apoptosis might serve as an early stress response to nerve injury, but this effect seemed to be not mediated through a NGF-dependent pathway. Collectively, our results provide a new insight into let-7 miRNA regulation of peripheral nerve regeneration and suggest a potential therapy for repair of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Masaeli E, Wieringa PA, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Sadri S, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. Peptide functionalized polyhydroxyalkanoate nanofibrous scaffolds enhance Schwann cells activity. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1559-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Taiana MM, Lombardi R, Porretta-Serapiglia C, Ciusani E, Oggioni N, Sassone J, Bianchi R, Lauria G. Neutralization of schwann cell-secreted VEGF is protective to in vitro and in vivo experimental diabetic neuropathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108403. [PMID: 25268360 PMCID: PMC4182455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenetic role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in long-term retinal and kidney complications of diabetes has been demonstrated. Conversely, little is known in diabetic neuropathy. We examined the modulation of VEGF pathway at mRNA and protein level on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and Schwann cells (SC) induced by hyperglycaemia. Moreover, we studied the effects of VEGF neutralization on hyperglycemic DRG neurons and streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Our findings demonstrated that DRG neurons were not affected by the direct exposition to hyperglycaemia, whereas showed an impairment of neurite outgrowth ability when exposed to the medium of SC cultured in hyperglycaemia. This was mediated by an altered regulation of VEGF and FLT-1 receptors. Hyperglycaemia increased VEGF and FLT-1 mRNA without changing their intracellular protein levels in DRG neurons, decreased intracellular and secreted protein levels without changing mRNA level in SC, while reduced the expression of the soluble receptor sFLT-1 both in DRG neurons and SC. Bevacizumab, a molecule that inhibits VEGF activity preventing the interaction with its receptors, restored neurite outgrowth and normalized FLT-1 mRNA and protein levels in co-cultures. In diabetic rats, it both prevented and restored nerve conduction velocity and nociceptive thresholds. We demonstrated that hyperglycaemia early affected neurite outgrowth through the impairment of SC-derived VEGF/FLT-1 signaling and that the neutralization of SC-secreted VEGF was protective both in vitro and in vivo models of diabetic neuropathy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Bevacizumab
- Coculture Techniques
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetic Neuropathies/chemically induced
- Diabetic Neuropathies/drug therapy
- Diabetic Neuropathies/genetics
- Diabetic Neuropathies/pathology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hyperglycemia/chemically induced
- Hyperglycemia/drug therapy
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Hyperglycemia/pathology
- Male
- Neural Conduction/drug effects
- Neurites/drug effects
- Neurites/metabolism
- Neurites/pathology
- Nociception/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Schwann Cells/drug effects
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Schwann Cells/pathology
- Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Streptozocin
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela M. Taiana
- Neuroalgology and Headache Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- Neuroalgology and Headache Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Porretta-Serapiglia
- Neuroalgology and Headache Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Ciusani
- Clinical Pathology and Genetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Norberto Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- Neuroalgology and Headache Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianchi
- Neuroalgology and Headache Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Neuroalgology and Headache Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Rouq FA, Hammad D, Meo SA. Protection of neuronal cell death against diabetes-induced apoptosis by Fas blocker ZB4. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:949-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0300060513510656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the role of apoptosis inhibition in the prevention of diabetic neuropathy using the antiFas cell surface death receptor (Fas) antagonistic monoclonal antibody ZB4. Methods This prospective study enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes with and without neuropathy and a group of healthy controls. The serum concentrations of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) were measured in all study participants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ability of serum from study participants to induce apoptosis was evaluated in a human neuronal cell line using flow cytometry. Results A total of 28 healthy subjects and 57 patients with diabetes were enrolled in the study. Serum Fas concentrations were significantly increased in diabetes patients with and without neuropathy compared with the controls. Cells treated with the serum from diabetes patients with neuropathy had significantly higher rates of early apoptosis compared with cells treated with control serum. Monoclonal antibody ZB4 was able to block serum-induced apoptosis. Conclusions Serum-induced apoptosis of a human neuronal cell line appeared to be mediated via Fas, which suggests that targeting and inhibiting Fas might offer a therapeutic target for diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzia Al Rouq
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Durdana Hammad
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Ayoub Meo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Tamaki T, Hirata M, Soeda S, Nakajima N, Saito K, Nakazato K, Okada Y, Hashimoto H, Uchiyama Y, Mochida J. Preferential and comprehensive reconstitution of severely damaged sciatic nerve using murine skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91257. [PMID: 24614849 PMCID: PMC3948784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of vital functions in the somatic motor and sensory nervous systems can be induced by severe peripheral nerve transection with a long gap following trauma. In such cases, autologous nerve grafts have been used as the gold standard, with the expectation of activation and proliferation of graft-concomitant Schwann cells associated with their paracrine effects. However, there are a limited number of suitable sites available for harvesting of nerve autografts due to the unavoidable sacrifice of other healthy functions. To overcome this problem, the potential of skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cells (Sk-MSCs) was examined as a novel alternative cell source for peripheral nerve regeneration. Cultured/expanded Sk-MSCs were injected into severely crushed sciatic nerve corresponding to serious neurotmesis. After 4 weeks, engrafted Sk-MSCs preferentially differentiated into not only Schwann cells, but also perineurial/endoneurial cells, and formed myelin sheath and perineurium/endoneurium, encircling the regenerated axons. Increased vascular formation was also observed, leading to a favorable blood supply and waste product excretion. In addition, engrafted cells expressed key neurotrophic and nerve/vascular growth factor mRNAs; thus, endocrine/paracrine effects for the donor/recipient cells were also expected. Interestingly, skeletal myogenic capacity of expanded Sk-MSCs was clearly diminished in peripheral nerve niche. The same differentiation and tissue reconstitution capacity of Sk-MSCs was sufficiently exerted in the long nerve gap bridging the acellular conduit, which facilitated nerve regeneration/reconnection. These effects represent favorable functional recovery in Sk-MSC-treated mice, as demonstrated by good corduroy walking. We also demonstrated that these differentiation characteristics of the Sk-MSCs were comparable to native peripheral nerve-derived cells, whereas the therapeutic capacities were largely superior in Sk-MSCs. Therefore, Sk-MSCs can be a novel/suitable alternative cell source for healthy nerve autografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tamaki
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Basic Clinical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maki Hirata
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Basic Clinical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Teaching & Research Support Center, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Soeda
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nakajima
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenei Nakazato
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Teaching & Research Support Center, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hashimoto
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Division of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Uchiyama
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Division of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Joji Mochida
- Department of Orthopedics, Division of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Okawa T, Kamiya H, Himeno T, Seino Y, Tsunekawa S, Hayashi Y, Harada N, Yamada Y, Inagaki N, Seino Y, Oiso Y, Nakamura J. Sensory and motor physiological functions are impaired in gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor-deficient mice. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 5:31-7. [PMID: 24843734 PMCID: PMC4025241 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin secreted from the gastrointestinal tract after an ingestion of nutrients, and stimulates an insulin secretion from the pancreatic islets. Additionally, GIP has important roles in extrapancreatic tissues: fat accumulation in adipose tissue, neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system and an inhibition of bone resorption. In the current study, we investigated the effects of GIP signaling on the peripheral nervous system (PNS). MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the presence of the GIP receptor (GIPR) in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was evaluated utilizing immunohistochemical analysis, western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. DRG neurons of male wild-type mice (WT) were cultured with or without GIP, and their neurite lengths were quantified. Functions of the PNS were evaluated in GIPR-deficient mice (gipr-/-) and WT by using current perception thresholds (CPTs), Thermal Plantar Test (TPT), and motor (MNCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV, respectively). Sciatic nerve blood flow (SNBF) and plantar skin blood flow (PSBF) were also evaluated. RESULTS We confirmed the expression of GIPR in DRG neurons. The neurite outgrowths of DRG neurons were promoted by the GIP administrations. The gipr-/- showed impaired perception functions in the examination of CPTs and TPT. Both MNCV and SNCV were delayed in gipr-/- compared with these in WT. There was no difference in SNBF and PSBF between WT and gipr-/-. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the GIP signal could exert direct physiological roles in the PNS, which might be directly exerted on the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Okawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Hideki Kamiya
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease Initiatives Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Tatsuhito Himeno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Nagoya University School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Genetics Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine Akita University Graduate School of Medicine Akita Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Jiro Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
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Dey I, Midha N, Singh G, Forsyth A, Walsh SK, Singh B, Kumar R, Toth C, Midha R. Diabetic Schwann cells suffer from nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 underproduction and poor associability with axons. Glia 2013; 61:1990-9. [PMID: 24123456 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are integral to peripheral nerve biology, contributing to saltatory conduction along axons, nerve and axon development, and axonal regeneration. SCs also provide a microenvironment favoring neural regeneration partially due to production of several neurotrophic factors. Dysfunction of SCs may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve diseases such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy where hyperglycemia is often considered pathogenic. In order to study the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) upon the regenerative capacity of adult SCs, we investigated the differential production of the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) by SCs harvested from the sciatic nerves of murine models of type 1 DM (streptozotocin treated C57BL/6J mice) and type 2 DM (LepR(-/-) or db/db mice) or non-diabetic cohorts. In vitro, SCs from diabetic and control mice were maintained under similar hyperglycemic and euglycemic conditions respectively. Mature SCs from diabetic mice produced lower levels of NGF and NT3 under hyperglycemic conditions when compared to SCs in euglycemia. In addition, SCs from both DM and non-DM mice appear to be incapable of insulin production, but responded to exogenous insulin with greater proliferation and heightened myelination potentiation. Moreover, SCs from diabetic animals showed poorer association with co-cultured axons. Hyperglycemia had significant impact upon SCs, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Dey
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Okawa T, Kamiya H, Himeno T, Kato J, Seino Y, Fujiya A, Kondo M, Tsunekawa S, Naruse K, Hamada Y, Ozaki N, Cheng Z, Kito T, Suzuki H, Ito S, Oiso Y, Nakamura J, Isobe KI. Transplantation of Neural Crest-Like Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Improves Diabetic Polyneuropathy in Mice. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1767-83. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired vascularity and nerve degeneration are the most important pathophysiological abnormalities of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). Therefore, regeneration of both the vascular and nervous systems is required for the treatment of DPN. The neural crest (NC) is a transient embryonic structure in vertebrates that differentiates into a vast range of cells, including peripheral neurons, Schwann cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, we investigated the ability of transplantation of NC-like (NCL) cells derived from aged mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in the treatment of DPN. iPS cells were induced to differentiate into neural cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA) and subsequently supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein 4 to promote differentiation of NC lineage. After the induction, p75 neurotrophin receptor-positive NCL cells were purified using magnetic-activated cell sorting. Sorted NCL cells differentiated to peripheral neurons, glial cells, and smooth muscle cells by additional SDIA. NCL cells were transplanted into hind limb skeletal muscles of 16-week streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Nerve conduction velocity, current perception threshold, intraepidermal nerve fiber density, sensitivity to thermal stimuli, sciatic nerve blood flow, plantar skin blood flow, and capillary number-to-muscle fiber ratio were evaluated. Four weeks after transplantation, the engrafted cells produced growth factors: nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. It was also confirmed that some engrafted cells differentiated into vascular smooth muscle cells or Schwann cell-like cells at each intrinsic site. The transplantation improved the impaired nerve and vascular functions. These results suggest that transplantation of NCL cells derived from iPS cells could have therapeutic effects on DPN through paracrine actions of growth factors and differentiation into Schwann cell-like cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Okawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamiya
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease Initiatives, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuhito Himeno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiro Kato
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoji Hamada
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ozaki
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Kito
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Suzuki
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Isobe
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Sango K, Watabe K. [Immortalized adult rodent Schwann cells as useful tools for the study of peripheral nerve regeneration]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2013; 53:1117-9. [PMID: 24291897 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have established spontaneously immortalized Schwann cell lines from adult ICR mice [IMS32] and Fischer344 rats [IFRS1]. IMS32 cells display distinct Schwann cell phenotypes such as a spindle-shaped morphology and the expression of glial cell markers (e.g. S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), p75 low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR))) and neurotrophic factors. In addition, conditioned medium obtained from IMS32 cells enhances neurite elongation of PC12 cells and mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. IMS32 cells have been utilized to investigate the action mechanisms of various molecules that accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration (e.g. ciliary neurotrophic factor, sonic hedgehog, galectin-1). Like IMS32 cells, IFRS1 cells retain the characteristic features of mature Schwann cells as described above. Furthermore, IFRS1 cells have been shown to myelinate neurites in coculture with adult rat DRG neurons and PC12 cells. Our current investigation with IFRS1 cells focuses on the molecular mechanisms of myelination-inducible factors, such as soluble neuregulin-1 type III and exendin-4. These Schwann cell lines can be valuable tools for exploring neuron-Schwann cell interactions, pathobiology of axonal degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system, and novel therapeutic approaches against neurological disorders in patients with relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sango
- Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Pathophysiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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Hernández-Ojeda J, Cardona-Muñoz EG, Román-Pintos LM, Troyo-Sanromán R, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Cárdenas-Meza MA, Pascoe-González S, Miranda-Díaz AG. The effect of ubiquinone in diabetic polyneuropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:352-8. [PMID: 22595020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic polyneuropathy aetiology is based on oxidative stress generation due to production of reactive oxygen species. Ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol and redistributed into lipoproteins, possibly to protect them from oxidation. AIMS To evaluate the impact of oral ubiquinone in diabetic polyneuropathy, and the role of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nerve growth factor (NGF-β). METHODS We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, patients were randomized to ubiquinone (400 mg) or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Main outcomes were clinical scores, nerve conduction studies, LPO, NGF-β and safety. RESULTS Twenty four patients on experimental group and twenty five on control group met the inclusion criteria (mean age 56 years, 22% male and 78% female, mean evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus 10.7 years). Significant improvement on experimental vs control group was found in neuropathy symptoms score (from 2.5 ± 0.7 to 1 ± 0.8, p<0.001), neuropathy impairment score (5.5 ± 4 to 3.1 ± 2.6, p<0.001), sural sensory nerve amplitude (13.0 ± 6.1 to 15.8 ± 5.1 μV, p=0.049), peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (39.7 ± 5.0 to 47.8 ± 4.9 m/s, p=0.047), and ulnar motor nerve conduction velocity (48.8 ± 6.8 to 54.5 ± 6.1m/s, p=0.046). There was a significant reduction of LPO in subjects treated with ubiquinone vs placebo (16.7 ± 8.6 and 23.2 ± 15.8 nmol/mL, respectively) with p<0.05, and NGF-β did not change (control 66.5 ± 26.7 vs. experimental 66.8 ± 28.4 pg/mL, p=0.856). No drug-related adverse reactions were reported. CONCLUSIONS Twelve weeks treatment with ubiquinone improves clinical outcomes and nerve conduction parameters of diabetic polyneuropathy; furthermore, it reduces oxidative stress without significant adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Hernández-Ojeda
- Unidad de Investigación Cardiovascular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Sun LQ, Zhao J, Zhang TT, Qu L, Wang X, Xue B, Li XJ, Mu YM, Lu JM. Protective effects of Salvianolic acid B on Schwann cells apoptosis induced by high glucose. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:996-1010. [PMID: 22252725 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common and debilitating microvascular complications of diabetes, and there is no effective therapy for the prevention or treatment of DPN. Oxidative stress triggers several pathways of injury and may be the unifying factor of hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to investigate protective effect of Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on the high glucose (HG)-induced oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial pathway activation and Schwann cells (SCs) apoptosis in vitro. We found that Sal B inhibited the HG-induced oxidative stress by reducing ROS and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine (8-OHdG) production, and mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis in SCs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Sal B down-regulated the HG-mediated Bax expression and AIF nuclear translocation and the release of cytochrome c, but up-regulated the HG-induced BcL-2 expression in SCs. In addition, Sal B attenuated the HG-induced activation of caspase 3 and 9 and minimized the cleavage of PARP in SCs. Our results indicated that Sal B antagonized the HG-induced oxidative stress, activation of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Qing Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, China
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Chao T, Gupta R. Commentary on Kemp et al. (2011): Dose and duration of nerve growth factor (NGF) administration determine the extent of behavioral recovery following peripheral nerve injury in the rat. Exp Neurol 2011; 234:5-7. [PMID: 22222878 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Chao
- University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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47
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Jang Y, Jung J, Kim H, Oh J, Jeon JH, Jung S, Kim KT, Cho H, Yang DJ, Kim SM, Kim IB, Song MR, Oh U. Axonal neuropathy-associated TRPV4 regulates neurotrophic factor-derived axonal growth. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:6014-24. [PMID: 22187434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.316315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies are characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy caused by the degenerations of peripheral motor and sensory nerves. Recent advances in genetics have resulted in the identification of missense mutations in TRPV4 in patients with these hereditary neuropathies. Neurodegeneration caused by Ca(2+) overload due to the gain-of-function mutation of TRPV4 was suggested as the molecular mechanism for the neuropathies. Despite the importance of TRPV4 mutations in causing neuropathies, the precise role of TRPV4 in the sensory/motor neurons is unknown. Here, we report that TRPV4 mediates neurotrophic factor-derived neuritogenesis in developing peripheral neurons. TRPV4 was found to be highly expressed in sensory and spinal motor neurons in early development as well as in the adult, and the overexpression or chemical activation of TRPV4 was found to promote neuritogenesis in sensory neurons as well as PC12 cells, whereas its knockdown and pharmacologic inhibition had the opposite effect. More importantly, nerve growth factor or cAMP treatment up-regulated the expression of phospholipase A(2) and TRPV4. Neurotrophic factor-derived neuritogenesis appears to be regulated by the phospholipase A(2)-mediated TRPV4 pathway. These findings show that TRPV4 mediates neurotrophic factor-induced neuritogenesis in developing peripheral nerves. Because neurotrophic factors are essential for the maintenance of peripheral nerves, these findings suggest that aberrant TRPV4 activity may lead to some types of pathology of sensory and motor nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Gerhauser I, Hahn K, Baumgärtner W, Wewetzer K. Culturing adult canine sensory neurons to optimise neural repair. Vet Rec 2011; 170:102. [PMID: 22068333 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
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49
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Kim N, Kim SH, Kim YJ, Kim JK, Nam MK, Rhim H, Yoon SK, Choi SZ, Son M, Kim SY, Kuh HJ. Neurotrophic activity of DA-9801, a mixture extract of Dioscorea japonica Thunb. and Dioscorea nipponica Makino, in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:312-319. [PMID: 21651968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dioscorea japonica Thunb. has been traditionally used to treat polyuria and diabetes in Korea. AIM OF THE STUDY We previously report the effects of Dioscorea japonica Thunb. extract on glucose control, NGF induction, and neuroprotection in a rodent diabetic model. Since the most potent fraction, DA-9801, was identified from a mixture of Dioscorea japonica Thunb. (DJ) and Dioscorea nipponica Makino (DN) following bioactivity-guided fractionation, here, we investigated the potential mechanism of the extract activity against diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS A 1:3 mixture of DJ and DN was extracted with ethanol (DA-9801) and further fractionated into an ethylacetate-soluble fraction (DA-9801E). Effects of these extracts on neurite outgrowth were measured in PC-12 cells and DRG neurons. Effects on cell viability and TrkA phosphorylation were evaluated in PC-12 cells. NGF induction effect was determined in primary Schwann cells as well as IMS32 cells (immortalized Schwann cells). RESULTS No cytotoxicity was observed in PC-12 cells at the concentration below 500 μg/ml of either DA-9801 or DA-9801E. DA-9801 and DA-9801E at 100 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml, respectively, showed a significant effect on neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells and DRG neurons in the presence of or absence a low concentration of NGF (2 ng/ml). The Trk-A phosphorylation effect of DA9801 was confirmed in PC-12 cells. An NGF induction effect of these extracts was not detected in either IMS-32 cells, or primary Schwann cells. CONCLUSIONS The NGF agonistic activity of DA-9801 and DA-9801E was demonstrated, which may contribute to their neuroprotective effect against DPN. Studies of the detailed mechanism of these extracts as well as identification of the active components are warranted for the development of an anti-DPN drug from DJ and DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-4-dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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50
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Himeno T, Kamiya H, Naruse K, Harada N, Ozaki N, Seino Y, Shibata T, Kondo M, Kato J, Okawa T, Fukami A, Hamada Y, Inagaki N, Seino Y, Drucker DJ, Oiso Y, Nakamura J. Beneficial effects of exendin-4 on experimental polyneuropathy in diabetic mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:2397-406. [PMID: 21810596 PMCID: PMC3161330 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The therapeutic potential of exendin-4, an agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), on diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice was investigated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The presence of the GLP-1R in lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was evaluated by immunohistochemical analyses. DRG neurons were dissected from C57BL6/J mice and cultured with or without Schwann cell-conditioned media in the presence or absence of GLP-1 (7-37) or exendin-4. Then neurite outgrowth was determined. In animal-model experiments, mice were made diabetic by STZ administration, and after 12 weeks of diabetes, exendin-4 (10 nmol/kg) was intraperitoneally administered once daily for 4 weeks. Peripheral nerve function was determined by the current perception threshold and motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity (MNCV and SNCV, respectively). Sciatic nerve blood flow (SNBF) and intraepidermal nerve fiber densities (IENFDs) also were evaluated. RESULTS The expression of the GLP-1R in DRG neurons was confirmed. GLP-1 (7-37) and exendin-4 significantly promoted neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons. Both GLP-1R agonists accelerated the impaired neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons cultured with Schwann cell-conditioned media that mimicked the diabetic condition. At the doses used, exendin-4 had no effect on blood glucose or HbA(1c) levels. Hypoalgesia and delayed MNCV and SNCV in diabetic mice were improved by exendin-4 without affecting the reduced SNBF. The decreased IENFDs in sole skins of diabetic mice were ameliorated by exendin-4. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that exendin-4 ameliorates the severity of DPN, which may be achieved by its direct actions on DRG neurons and their axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito Himeno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease Initiatives, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Corresponding author: Hideki Kamiya,
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ozaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taiga Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiro Kato
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Okawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Fukami
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoji Hamada
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Division of Diabetes, Clinical Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel J. Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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