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Imbriani P, Martella G, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunction in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105851. [PMID: 36007757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving a complex interplay between a variety of genetic and environmental factors. In this scenario, mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are widely accepted as crucial neuropathogenic mechanisms, as also evidenced by the identification of PD-associated genes that are directly involved in mitochondrial function. The concept of mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to that of synaptic dysfunction. Indeed, compelling evidence supports the role of mitochondria in synaptic transmission and plasticity, although many aspects have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the most relevant evidence obtained in different neurotoxin-based and genetic rodent models of PD, focusing on mitochondrial impairment and synaptopathy, an early central event preceding overt nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. The identification of early deficits occurring in PD pathogenesis is crucial in view of the development of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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Klonarakis M, De Vos M, Woo E, Ralph L, Thacker JS, Gil-Mohapel J. The three sisters of fate: Genetics, pathophysiology and outcomes of animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Franco R, Rivas-Santisteban R, Navarro G, Pinna A, Reyes-Resina I. Genes Implicated in Familial Parkinson's Disease Provide a Dual Picture of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration with Mitochondria Taking Center Stage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4643. [PMID: 33924963 PMCID: PMC8124903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of nigral dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. One of the pathological characteristics of the disease is the deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) that occurs in the brain from both familial and sporadic PD patients. This paper constitutes a narrative review that takes advantage of information related to genes (SNCA, LRRK2, GBA, UCHL1, VPS35, PRKN, PINK1, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, DNAJC6, SYNJ1, DJ-1/PARK7 and FBXO7) involved in familial cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) to explore their usefulness in deciphering the origin of dopaminergic denervation in many types of PD. Direct or functional interactions between genes or gene products are evaluated using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database. The rationale is to propose a map of the interactions between SNCA, the gene encoding for α-syn that aggregates in PD, and other genes, the mutations of which lead to early-onset PD. The map contrasts with the findings obtained using animal models that are the knockout of one of those genes or that express the mutated human gene. From combining in silico data from STRING-based assays with in vitro and in vivo data in transgenic animals, two likely mechanisms appeared: (i) the processing of native α-syn is altered due to the mutation of genes involved in vesicular trafficking and protein processing, or (ii) α-syn mutants alter the mechanisms necessary for the correct vesicular trafficking and protein processing. Mitochondria are a common denominator since both mechanisms require extra energy production, and the energy for the survival of neurons is obtained mainly from the complete oxidation of glucose. Dopamine itself can result in an additional burden to the mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons because its handling produces free radicals. Drugs acting on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the mitochondria of neurons may hopefully end up targeting those receptors to reduce oxidative burden and increase mitochondrial performance. In summary, the analysis of the data of genes related to familial PD provides relevant information on the etiology of sporadic cases and might suggest new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (R.R.-S.); (I.R.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (R.R.-S.); (I.R.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Neuroscience Institute–Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (R.R.-S.); (I.R.-R.)
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Loss of nigral excitation of cholinergic interneurons contributes to parkinsonian motor impairments. Neuron 2021; 109:1137-1149.e5. [PMID: 33600762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progressive loss of dopamine inputs in Parkinson's disease leads to imbalances in coordinated signaling of dopamine and acetylcholine (ACh) in the striatum, which is thought to contribute to parkinsonian motor symptoms. As reciprocal interactions between dopamine inputs and cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) control striatal dopamine and ACh transmission, we examined how partial dopamine depletion in an early-stage mouse model for Parkinson's disease alters nigral regulation of cholinergic activity. We found region-specific alterations in how remaining dopamine inputs regulate cholinergic excitability that differ between the dorsomedial (DMS) and dorsolateral (DLS) striatum. Specifically, we found that dopamine depletion downregulates metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1) on DLS ChIs at synapses where dopamine inputs co-release glutamate, abolishing the ability of dopamine inputs to drive burst firing. This loss underlies parkinsonian motor impairments, as viral rescue of mGluR1 signaling in DLS ChIs was sufficient to restore circuit function and attenuate motor deficits in early-stage parkinsonian mice.
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Increased glutamate transmission onto dorsal striatum spiny projection neurons in Pink1 knockout rats. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 150:105246. [PMID: 33387634 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function PTEN Induced Kinase 1 (PINK1) mutations cause early-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD) with similar clinical and neuropathological characteristics as idiopathic PD. While Pink1 knockout (KO) rats have mitochondrial dysfunction, locomotor deficits, and α-synuclein aggregates in several brain regions such as cerebral cortex, dorsal striatum, and substantia nigra, the functional ramifications on synaptic circuits are unknown. Using whole cell patch clamp recordings, we found a significant increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) onto striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) in Pink1 KO rats at ages 4 and 6 months compared to wild-type (WT) littermates, suggesting increased excitability of presynaptic neurons. While sEPSC amplitudes were also increased at 2 and 4 months, no changes were observed in AMPAR/NMDAR ratio or receptor expression. Further analysis revealed increased glutamate release probability and decreased recovery of the synaptic vesicle pool following a train of stimulation in Pink1 KO rats. Ultrastructural analysis revealed increased excitatory and inhibitory synapse number and increased levels of presynaptic α-synuclein, while the number and structure of striatal mitochondria appeared normal. Lastly, we found that Pink1 KO rats have altered striatal dopamine tone, which together with the abnormal α- synuclein distribution and dysfunctional mitochondria, could contribute to the increase in excitatory transmission. Together, these studies show that PINK1 is necessary for normal glutamatergic transmission onto striatal SPNs and reveal possible mechanisms underlying striatal circuit dysfunction in PD.
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Johnson KA, Voyvodic L, Loewinger GC, Mateo Y, Lovinger DM. Operant self-stimulation of thalamic terminals in the dorsomedial striatum is constrained by metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1454-1462. [PMID: 31995814 PMCID: PMC7360544 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal striatal manipulations including stimulation of dopamine release and activation of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are sufficient to drive reinforcement-based learning. Glutamatergic innervation of the striatum by the cortex and thalamus is a critical determinant of MSN activity and local regulation of dopamine release. However, the relationship between striatal glutamatergic afferents and behavioral reinforcement is not well understood. We evaluated the reinforcing properties of optogenetic stimulation of thalamostriatal terminals, which are associated with vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) expression, in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a region implicated in goal-directed behaviors. In mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) under control of the Vglut2 promoter, optical stimulation of the DMS reinforced operant lever-pressing behavior. Mice also acquired operant self-stimulation of thalamostriatal terminals when ChR2 expression was virally targeted to the intralaminar thalamus. Stimulation trains that supported operant responding evoked dopamine release in the DMS and excitatory postsynaptic currents in DMS MSNs. Our previous work demonstrated that the presynaptic G protein-coupled receptor metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) robustly inhibits glutamate and dopamine release induced by activation of thalamostriatal afferents. Thus, we examined the regulation of thalamostriatal self-stimulation by mGlu2. Administration of an mGlu2/3 agonist or an mGlu2-selective positive allosteric modulator reduced self-stimulation. Conversely, blockade of these receptors increased thalamostriatal self-stimulation, suggesting that endogenous activation of these receptors negatively modulates the reinforcing properties of thalamostriatal activity. These findings demonstrate that stimulation of thalamic terminals in the DMS is sufficient to reinforce a self-initiated action, and that thalamostriatal reinforcement is constrained by mGlu2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A. Johnson
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dLaboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852 USA ,0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Present Address: Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, C2019, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Lucas Voyvodic
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dLaboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - Gabriel C. Loewinger
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dLaboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dLaboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
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Brunelli F, Valente EM, Arena G. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: keep neurons in the PINK1. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 189:111277. [PMID: 32504621 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies on PINK1, whose mutations are a confirmed cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), have been conducted in animal models or immortalized cell lines. These include initial ground-breaking discoveries on mitophagy, which demonstrated that PINK1 recruits Parkin on depolarized mitochondria, initiating a signalling cascade eventually resulting in their autophagic degradation. Not all features of this complex molecular pathway have been reproduced in mammalian or human neurons, undermining the hypothesis proposing mitophagy as the most relevant biochemical link between PINK1 deficiency and PD pathogenesis. Experiments in murine primary neurons examined another possible neuroprotective function of PINK1, namely its involvement in mitochondrial motility along axons and dendrites. PINK1 interacts with Miro, a component of the motor/adaptor complex binding mitochondria to microtubules and allowing their movement to and from cellular processes. Distinct subcellular pools of PINK1, cytosolic and mitochondrial, appear to regulate anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively. Technological advancements today allow researchers to de-differentiate fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells and re-differentiate them into dopaminergic neurons. Few studies based on this technique address possible neuroprotective effects of PINK1, including mitophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis, but underline the need for a broader characterization of its function in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Brunelli
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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Baaske MK, Kramer ER, Meka DP, Engler G, Engel AK, Moll CKE. Parkin deficiency perturbs striatal circuit dynamics. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104737. [PMID: 31923460 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the parkin-encoding PARK2 gene are a frequent cause of young-onset, autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin knockout mice have no nigro-striatal neuronal loss but exhibit abnormalities of striatal dopamine transmission and cortico-striatal synaptic function. How these predegenerative changes observed in vitro affect neural dynamics at the intact circuit level, however, remains hitherto elusive. Here, we recorded from motor cortex, striatum and globus pallidus (GP) of anesthetized parkin-deficient mice to assess cortex-basal ganglia circuit dynamics and to dissect cell type-specific functional connectivity in the presymptomatic phase of genetic PD. While ongoing activity of presumed striatal spiny projection neurons and their downstream counterparts in the GP was not different from controls, parkin deficiency had a differential impact on striatal interneurons: In parkin-mutant mice, tonically active neurons displayed elevated activity levels. Baseline firing rates of transgenic striatal fast spiking interneurons (FSI), on the contrary, were reduced and the correlational structure of the FSI microcircuitry was disrupted. The entire transgenic striatal microcircuit showed enhanced and phase-shifted phase coupling to slow (1-3 Hz) cortical population oscillations. Unexpectedly, local field potentials recorded from striatum and GP of parkin-mutant mice robustly displayed amplified beta oscillations (~22 Hz), phase-coupled to cortex. Parkin deficiency selectively increased spike-field coupling of FSIs to beta oscillations. Our findings suggest that loss of parkin function leads to amplifications of synchronized cortico-striatal oscillations and an intrastriatal reconfiguration of interneuronal circuits. This presymptomatic disarrangement of dynamic functional connectivity may precede nigro-striatal neurodegeneration and predispose to imbalance of striatal outflow accompanying symptomatic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Baaske
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Edgar R Kramer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | | | - Gerhard Engler
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian K E Moll
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Key J, Mueller AK, Gispert S, Matschke L, Wittig I, Corti O, Münch C, Decher N, Auburger G. Ubiquitylome profiling of Parkin-null brain reveals dysregulation of calcium homeostasis factors ATP1A2, Hippocalcin and GNA11, reflected by altered firing of noradrenergic neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:114-130. [PMID: 30763678 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder in the old population. Among its monogenic variants, a frequent cause is a mutation in the Parkin gene (Prkn). Deficient function of Parkin triggers ubiquitous mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in the brain, but it remains unclear how selective neural circuits become vulnerable and finally undergo atrophy. We attempted to go beyond previous work, mostly done in peripheral tumor cells, which identified protein targets of Parkin activity, an ubiquitin E3 ligase. Thus, we now used aged Parkin-knockout (KO) mouse brain for a global quantification of ubiquitylated peptides by mass spectrometry (MS). This approach confirmed the most abundant substrate to be VDAC3, a mitochondrial outer membrane porin that modulates calcium flux, while uncovering also >3-fold dysregulations for neuron-specific factors. Ubiquitylation decreases were prominent for Hippocalcin (HPCA), Calmodulin (CALM1/CALML3), Pyruvate Kinase (PKM2), sodium/potassium-transporting ATPases (ATP1A1/2/3/4), the Rab27A-GTPase activating protein alpha (TBC1D10A) and an ubiquitin ligase adapter (DDB1), while strong increases occurred for calcium transporter ATP2C1 and G-protein subunits G(i)/G(o)/G(Tr). Quantitative immunoblots validated elevated abundance for the electrogenic pump ATP1A2, for HPCA as neuron-specific calcium sensor, which stimulates guanylate cyclases and modifies axonal slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP), and for the calcium-sensing G-protein GNA11. We assessed if compensatory molecular regulations become insufficient over time, leading to functional deficits. Patch clamp experiments in acute Parkin-KO brain slices indeed revealed alterations of the electrophysiological properties in aged noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. LC neurons of aged Parkin-KO brain showed an acceleration of the spontaneous pacemaker frequency, a reduction in sAHP and shortening of action potential duration, without modulation of KCNQ potassium currents. These findings indicate altered calcium-dependent excitability in a PARK2 model of PD, mediated by diminished turnover of potential Parkin targets such as ATP1A2 and HPCA. The data also identified further novel Parkin substrate candidates like SIRT2, OTUD7B and CUL5. Our elucidation of neuron-specific mechanisms of PD pathogenesis helps to explain the known exceptional susceptibility of noradrenergic and dopaminergic projections to alterations of calcium homeostasis and its mitochondrial buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Key
- Exp. Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A K Mueller
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB; Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - S Gispert
- Exp. Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Matschke
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB; Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - I Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - O Corti
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France; Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France; Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - C Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - N Decher
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB; Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - G Auburger
- Exp. Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Abudukeyoumu N, Hernandez-Flores T, Garcia-Munoz M, Arbuthnott GW. Cholinergic modulation of striatal microcircuits. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:604-622. [PMID: 29797362 PMCID: PMC6587740 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap between earlier literature on striatal cholinergic interneurons and mechanisms of microcircuit interaction demonstrated with the use of newly available tools. It is well known that the main source of the high level of acetylcholine in the striatum, compared to other brain regions, is the cholinergic interneurons. These interneurons provide an extensive local innervation that suggests they may be a key modulator of striatal microcircuits. Supporting this idea requires the consideration of functional properties of these interneurons, their influence on medium spiny neurons, other interneurons, and interactions with other synaptic regulators. Here, we underline the effects of intrastriatal and extrastriatal afferents onto cholinergic interneurons and discuss the activation of pre‐ and postsynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors that participate in the modulation of intrastriatal neuronal interactions. We further address recent findings about corelease of other transmitters in cholinergic interneurons and actions of these interneurons in striosome and matrix compartments. In addition, we summarize recent evidence on acetylcholine‐mediated striatal synaptic plasticity and propose roles for cholinergic interneurons in normal striatal physiology. A short examination of their role in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Tourette's pathologies and dystonia is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gordon W Arbuthnott
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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Jiang P, Dickson DW. Parkinson's disease: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:13-32. [PMID: 29151169 PMCID: PMC5828522 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive movement disorder of adults and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathologic diagnosis of PD requires moderate-to-marked neuronal loss in the ventrolateral substantia nigra pars compacta and α-synuclein (αS) Lewy body pathology. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration correlates with the Parkinsonian motor features, but involvement of other peripheral and central nervous system regions leads to a wide range of non-motor features. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration is shared with other parkinsonian disorders, including some genetic forms of parkinsonism, but many of these disorders do not have Lewy bodies. An ideal animal model for PD, therefore, should exhibit age-dependent and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration, motor dysfunction, and abnormal αS pathology. Rodent models of PD using genetic or toxin based strategies have been widely used in the past several decades to investigate the pathogenesis and therapeutics of PD, but few recapitulate all the major clinical and pathologic features of PD. It is likely that new strategies or better understanding of fundamental disease processes may facilitate development of better animal models. In this review, we highlight progress in generating rodent models of PD based on impairments of four major cellular functions: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, autophagy-lysosomal metabolism, ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response. We attempt to evaluate how impairment of these major cellular systems contribute to PD and how they can be exploited in rodent models. In addition, we review recent cell biological studies suggesting a link between αS aggregation and impairment of nuclear membrane integrity, as observed during cellular models of apoptosis. We also briefly discuss the role of incompetent phagocytic clearance and how this may be a factor to consider in developing new rodent models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Jiang
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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12
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Torres-Odio S, Key J, Hoepken HH, Canet-Pons J, Valek L, Roller B, Walter M, Morales-Gordo B, Meierhofer D, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Tegeder I, Gispert S, Auburger G. Progression of pathology in PINK1-deficient mouse brain from splicing via ubiquitination, ER stress, and mitophagy changes to neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:154. [PMID: 28768533 PMCID: PMC5541666 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PINK1 deficiency causes the autosomal recessive PARK6 variant of Parkinson’s disease. PINK1 activates ubiquitin by phosphorylation and cooperates with the downstream ubiquitin ligase PARKIN, to exert quality control and control autophagic degradation of mitochondria and of misfolded proteins in all cell types. Methods Global transcriptome profiling of mouse brain and neuron cultures were assessed in protein-protein interaction diagrams and by pathway enrichment algorithms. Validation by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblots was performed, including human neuroblastoma cells and patient primary skin fibroblasts. Results In a first approach, we documented Pink1-deleted mice across the lifespan regarding brain mRNAs. The expression changes were always subtle, consistently affecting “intracellular membrane-bounded organelles”. Significant anomalies involved about 250 factors at age 6 weeks, 1300 at 6 months, and more than 3500 at age 18 months in the cerebellar tissue, including Srsf10, Ube3a, Mapk8, Creb3, and Nfkbia. Initially, mildly significant pathway enrichment for the spliceosome was apparent. Later, highly significant networks of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing occurred. Finally, an enrichment of neuroinflammation factors appeared, together with profiles of bacterial invasion and MAPK signaling changes—while mitophagy had minor significance. Immunohistochemistry showed pronounced cellular response of Iba1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes; brain lipidomics observed increases of ceramides as neuroinflammatory signs at old age. In a second approach, we assessed PINK1 deficiency in the presence of a stressor. Marked dysregulations of microbial defense factors Ifit3 and Rsad2 were consistently observed upon five analyses: (1) Pink1−/− primary neurons in the first weeks after brain dissociation, (2) aged Pink1−/− midbrain with transgenic A53T-alpha-synuclein overexpression, (3) human neuroblastoma cells with PINK1-knockdown and murine Pink1−/− embryonal fibroblasts undergoing acute starvation, (4) triggering mitophagy in these cells with trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and (5) subjecting them to pathogenic RNA-analogue poly(I:C). The stress regulation of MAVS, RSAD2, DDX58, IFIT3, IFIT1, and LRRK2 was PINK1 dependent. Dysregulation of some innate immunity genes was also found in skin fibroblast cells from PARK6 patients. Conclusions Thus, an individual biomarker with expression correlating to progression was not identified. Instead, more advanced disease stages involved additional pathways. Hence, our results identify PINK1 deficiency as an early modulator of innate immunity in neurons, which precedes late stages of neuroinflammation during alpha-synuclein spreading. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0928-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jana Key
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Hoepken
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Júlia Canet-Pons
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucie Valek
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bastian Roller
- Edinger-Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Blas Morales-Gordo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Cecilio, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Edinger-Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger-Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Pathology, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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13
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Johnson KA, Mateo Y, Lovinger DM. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 inhibits thalamically-driven glutamate and dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:114-123. [PMID: 28159646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The striatum plays critical roles in action control and cognition, and activity of striatal neurons is driven by glutamatergic input. Inhibition of glutamatergic inputs to projection neurons and interneurons of the striatum by presynaptic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) stands to modulate striatal output and striatum-dependent behaviors. Despite knowledge that a substantial number of glutamatergic inputs to striatal neurons originate in the thalamus, most electrophysiological studies assessing GPCR modulation do not differentiate between effects on corticostriatal and thalamostriatal transmission, and synaptic inhibition is frequently assumed to be mediated by activation of GPCRs on corticostriatal terminals. We used optogenetic techniques and recently-discovered pharmacological tools to dissect the effects of a prominent presynaptic GPCR, metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2), on corticostriatal vs. thalamostriatal transmission. We found that an agonist of mGlu2 and mGlu3 induces long-term depression (LTD) at synapses onto MSNs from both the cortex and the thalamus. Thalamostriatal LTD is selectively blocked by an mGlu2-selective negative allosteric modulator and reversed by application of an antagonist following LTD induction. Activation of mGlu2/3 also induces LTD of thalamostriatal transmission in striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs), and pharmacological activation of mGlu2/3 or selective activation of mGlu2 inhibits CIN-mediated dopamine release evoked by selective stimulation of thalamostriatal inputs. Thus, mGlu2 activation exerts effects on striatal physiology that extend beyond modulation of corticostriatal synapses, and has the potential to influence cognition and striatum-related disorders via inhibition of thalamus-derived glutamate and dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Johnson
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane TS-13, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane TS-13, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane TS-13, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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14
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Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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15
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Feligioni M, Mango D, Piccinin S, Imbriani P, Iannuzzi F, Caruso A, De Angelis F, Blandini F, Mercuri NB, Pisani A, Nisticò R. Subtle alterations of excitatory transmission are linked to presynaptic changes in the hippocampus of PINK1-deficient mice. Synapse 2016; 70:223-30. [PMID: 26850695 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous or heterozygous mutations in the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene have been linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Several neurophysiological studies have demonstrated alterations in striatal synaptic plasticity along with impaired dopamine release in PINK1-deficient mice. Using electrophysiological methods, here we show that PINK1 loss of function causes a progressive increase of spontaneous glutamate-mediated synaptic events in the hippocampus, without influencing long-term potentiation. Moreover, fluorescence analysis reveals increased neurotrasmitter release although our biochemical results failed to detect which presynaptic proteins might be engaged. This study provides a novel role for PINK1 beyond the physiology of nigrostriatal dopaminergic circuit. Specifically, PINK1 might contribute to preserve synaptic function and glutamatergic homeostasis in the hippocampus, a brain region underlying cognition. The subtle changes in excitatory transmission here observed might be a pathogenic precursor to excitotoxic neurodegeneration and cognitive decline often observed in PD. Using electrophysiological and fluorescence techniques, we demonstrate that lack of PINK1 causes increased excitatory transmission and neurotransmitter release in the hippocampus, which might lead to the cognitive decline often observed in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Feligioni
- EBRI-European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy.,Casa Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Dalila Mango
- EBRI-European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Blandini
- IRCSS "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Robert Nisticò
- EBRI-European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy.,University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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16
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Qu D, Hage A, Don-Carolis K, Huang E, Joselin A, Safarpour F, Marcogliese PC, Rousseaux MWC, Hewitt SJ, Huang T, Im DS, Callaghan S, Dewar-Darch D, Figeys D, Slack RS, Park DS. BAG2 Gene-mediated Regulation of PINK1 Protein Is Critical for Mitochondrial Translocation of PARKIN and Neuronal Survival. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30441-52. [PMID: 26538564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.677815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated a growing genetic component in Parkinson disease (PD). For instance, loss-of-function mutations in PINK1 or PARKIN can cause autosomal recessive PD. Recently, PINK1 and PARKIN have been implicated in the same signaling pathway to regulate mitochondrial clearance through recruitment of PARKIN by stabilization of PINK1 on the outer membrane of depolarized mitochondria. The precise mechanisms that govern this process remain enigmatic. In this study, we identify Bcl2-associated athanogene 2 (BAG2) as a factor that promotes mitophagy. BAG2 inhibits PINK1 degradation by blocking the ubiquitination pathway. Stabilization of PINK1 by BAG2 triggers PARKIN-mediated mitophagy and protects neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced oxidative stress in an in vitro cell model of PD. Collectively, our findings support the notion that BAG2 is an upstream regulator of the PINK1/PARKIN signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianbo Qu
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Ali Hage
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Katie Don-Carolis
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - En Huang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Alvin Joselin
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Farzaneh Safarpour
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Maxime W C Rousseaux
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Sarah J Hewitt
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Tianwen Huang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Doo-Soon Im
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Steve Callaghan
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Danielle Dewar-Darch
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - David S Park
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
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17
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Moussa CEH. Parkin Is Dispensable for Mitochondrial Function, but Its Ubiquitin Ligase Activity Is Critical for Macroautophagy and Neurotransmitters: Therapeutic Potential beyond Parkinson's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:259-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000430888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Van Rompuy AS, Oliveras-Salvá M, Van der Perren A, Corti O, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V. Nigral overexpression of alpha-synuclein in the absence of parkin enhances alpha-synuclein phosphorylation but does not modulate dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:23. [PMID: 26099628 PMCID: PMC4477319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein is a key protein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mutations in the parkin gene are the most common cause of early-onset autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease, probably through a loss-of-function mechanism. However, the molecular mechanism by which loss of parkin function leads to the development of the disease and the role of alpha-synuclein in parkin-associated Parkinson's disease is still not elucidated. Conflicting results were reported about the effect of the absence of parkin on alpha-synuclein-mediated neurotoxicity using a transgenic approach. In this study, we investigated the effect of loss of parkin on alpha-synuclein neuropathology and toxicity in adult rodent brain using viral vectors. Therefore, we overexpressed human wild type alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra of parkin knockout and wild type mice using two different doses of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. RESULTS No difference was observed in nigral dopaminergic cell loss between the parkin knockout mice and wild type mice up to 16 weeks after viral vector injection. However, the level of alpha-synuclein phosphorylated at serine residue 129 in the substantia nigra was significantly increased in the parkin knockout mice compared to the wild type mice while the total expression level of alpha-synuclein was similar in both groups. The increased alpha-synuclein phosphorylation was confirmed in a parkin knockdown cell line. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a functional relationship between parkin and alpha-synuclein phosphorylation in rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Van Rompuy
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Marusela Oliveras-Salvá
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Anke Van der Perren
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Olga Corti
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France. .,UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium. .,Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
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19
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20
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Blesa J, Przedborski S. Parkinson's disease: animal models and dopaminergic cell vulnerability. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:155. [PMID: 25565980 PMCID: PMC4266040 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 1.5% of the global population over 65 years of age. A hallmark feature of PD is the degeneration of the dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the consequent striatal DA deficiency. Yet, the pathogenesis of PD remains unclear. Despite tremendous growth in recent years in our knowledge of the molecular basis of PD and the molecular pathways of cell death, important questions remain, such as: (1) why are SNc cells especially vulnerable; (2) which mechanisms underlie progressive SNc cell loss; and (3) what do Lewy bodies or α-synuclein reveal about disease progression. Understanding the variable vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons from the midbrain and the mechanisms whereby pathology becomes widespread are some of the primary objectives of research in PD. Animal models are the best tools to study the pathogenesis of PD. The identification of PD-related genes has led to the development of genetic PD models as an alternative to the classical toxin-based ones, but does the dopaminergic neuronal loss in actual animal models adequately recapitulate that of the human disease? The selection of a particular animal model is very important for the specific goals of the different experiments. In this review, we provide a summary of our current knowledge about the different in vivo models of PD that are used in relation to the vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Blesa
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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21
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Lim SAO, Kang UJ, McGehee DS. Striatal cholinergic interneuron regulation and circuit effects. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 25374536 PMCID: PMC4204445 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum plays a central role in motor control and motor learning. Appropriate responses to environmental stimuli, including pursuit of reward or avoidance of aversive experience all require functional striatal circuits. These pathways integrate synaptic inputs from limbic and cortical regions including sensory, motor and motivational information to ultimately connect intention to action. Although many neurotransmitters participate in striatal circuitry, one critically important player is acetylcholine (ACh). Relative to other brain areas, the striatum contains exceptionally high levels of ACh, the enzymes that catalyze its synthesis and breakdown, as well as both nicotinic and muscarinic receptor types that mediate its postsynaptic effects. The principal source of striatal ACh is the cholinergic interneuron (ChI), which comprises only about 1-2% of all striatal cells yet sends dense arbors of projections throughout the striatum. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the factors affecting the excitability of these neurons through acute effects and long term changes in their synaptic inputs. In addition, we discuss the physiological effects of ACh in the striatum, and how changes in ACh levels may contribute to disease states during striatal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel S McGehee
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA ; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Wang Q, Li J, Wei X, Liao J, Xu Y, Lu T, Qin B, Xie J, Deng C, Huang X. Alterations of NMDA receptor binding in various brain regions among 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsonian rats. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:457-65. [PMID: 24102195 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.853058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) system closely interacts with the dopaminergic system and is strongly implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic paradigms of Parkinson's disease. This study aims to systematically investigate the changes of NMDA receptors in a wide range of brain structures 3 weeks after unilateral medial forebrain bundle lesion by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). NMDA receptor distributions and alterations in the post-mortem rat brain were detected by [(3)H] MK-801 binding autoradiography. In the 6-OHDA-induced Parkinsonian rat model, nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron loss significantly mediated the decreased [(3)H] MK-801 binding, predominantly in the hippocampus (-22.4%, p < 0.001), caudate putamen (-14.1%, p < 0.01), accumbens nucleus (-13.8%, p < 0.05), cingulate cortex (-13.4%, p < 0.001), posteromedial cortical amygdala (-14.5%, p < 0.01) and piriform cortex (-9%, p < 0.05) compared to the controls, while there was a profound reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Alterations in [(3)H] MK-801 in the specific brain regions related to cognitive functions may indicate that cognitive dysfunctions caused by 6-OHDA lesion were via the NMDA system. The downregulation of NMDA receptor binding in the present study provides indirect evidence for plasticity in the NMDA system in the rat brain. The present study improves our understanding of the critical roles of the NMDA receptors in treating neurodegenerative disorders, and implicates NMDA receptors as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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23
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor–Dopamine Interactions in the Basal Ganglia Motor Circuit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b11284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Corti O, Lesage S, Brice A. What genetics tells us about the causes and mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1161-218. [PMID: 22013209 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
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25
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Aberrant striatal synaptic plasticity in monogenic parkinsonisms. Neuroscience 2011; 211:126-35. [PMID: 21839811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has evolved from a neurodegenerative disorder considered entirely sporadic to a disease with an unequivocal genetic component. Indeed, different inherited forms of PD have been discovered and characterized, although the functional roles of the gene products identified are still under intense investigation. To gain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of hereditary forms of PD, different animal models have been generated. Although most of the rodent models display neither obvious behavioral impairment nor evidence for neurodegeneration, remarkable abnormalities of dopamine-mediated neurotransmission and corticostriatal synaptic plasticity have been described, indicative of a fundamental distortion of network function within the basal ganglia. The picture emerging from a critical review of recent data on monogenic parkinsonisms suggests that mutations in PD genes might cause developmental rearrangements in the corticobasal ganglia circuitry, compensating the dopaminergic dysfunction observed both in mice and humans, in order to maintain proper motor function.
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Antony PMA, Diederich NJ, Balling R. Parkinson's disease mouse models in translational research. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:401-19. [PMID: 21559878 PMCID: PMC3151483 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models with high predictive power are a prerequisite for translational research. The closer the similarity of a model to Parkinson’s disease (PD), the higher is the predictive value for clinical trials. An ideal PD model should present behavioral signs and pathology that resemble the human disease. The increasing understanding of PD stratification and etiology, however, complicates the choice of adequate animal models for preclinical studies. An ultimate mouse model, relevant to address all PD-related questions, is yet to be developed. However, many of the existing models are useful in answering specific questions. An appropriate model should be chosen after considering both the context of the research and the model properties. This review addresses the validity, strengths, and limitations of current PD mouse models for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M A Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Bonsi P, Cuomo D, Martella G, Madeo G, Schirinzi T, Puglisi F, Ponterio G, Pisani A. Centrality of striatal cholinergic transmission in Basal Ganglia function. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:6. [PMID: 21344017 PMCID: PMC3036975 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Work over the past two decades revealed a previously unexpected role for striatal cholinergic interneurons in the context of basal ganglia function. The recognition that these interneurons are essential in synaptic plasticity and motor learning represents a significant step ahead in deciphering how the striatum processes cortical inputs, and why pathological circumstances cause motor dysfunction. Loss of the reciprocal modulation between dopaminergic inputs and the intrinsic cholinergic innervation within the striatum appears to be the trigger for pathophysiological changes occurring in basal ganglia disorders. Accordingly, there is now compelling evidence showing profound changes in cholinergic markers in these disorders, in particular Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Based on converging experimental and clinical evidence, we provide an overview of the role of striatal cholinergic transmission in physiological and pathological conditions, in the context of the pathogenesis of movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is well documented in presymptomatic brain tissue with Parkinson's disease (PD). Identification of the autosomal recessive variant PARK6 caused by loss-of-function mutations in the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 provides an opportunity to dissect pathogenesis. Although PARK6 shows clinical differences to PD, the induction of alpha-synuclein "Lewy" pathology by PINK1-deficiency proves that mitochondrial pathomechanisms are relevant for old-age PD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is induced by PINK1 deficiency even in peripheral tissues unaffected by disease, consistent with the ubiquitous expression of PINK1. It remains unclear whether this dysfunction is due to PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of proteins inside or outside mitochondria. Although PINK1 deficiency affects the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance, cell stress is required in mammals to alter mitochondrial dynamics and provoke apoptosis. Clearance of damaged mitochondria depends on pathways including PINK1 and Parkin and is critical for postmitotic neurons with high energy demand and cumulative stress, providing a mechanistic concept for the tissue specificity of disease.
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Magen I, Chesselet MF. Genetic mouse models of Parkinson's disease The state of the art. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 184:53-87. [PMID: 20887870 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)84004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identification of several mutations causing familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has led to the creation of multiple lines of mice expressing similar genetic alterations. These models present a unique opportunity for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms leading to PD in a mammalian brain and provide models that are suitable for the preclinical testing of new therapies. Different lines of mice recapitulate the symptoms and pathological features of PD to various extents. This chapter examines their respective advantages and highlights some of the key findings that have already emerged from the analysis of these new models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iddo Magen
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Valente EM, Michiorri S, Arena G, Gelmetti V. PINK1: one protein, multiple neuroprotective functions. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the PINK1 gene are the second most frequent cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism after Parkin, and can represent a risk factor towards sporadic Parkinson’s disease. The PINK1 protein product has been implicated in several functions, mostly aimed at protecting neuronal cells against different types of stress. Growing evidence indicates that PINK1 interplays with other proteins mutated in familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, such as Parkin, DJ-1 and α-synuclein. These interactions contribute to the definition of a complex scenario in which the mainteinance of mitochondrial homeostasis and the clearance of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles represent key neuroprotective processes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on PINK1 characteristics and functions, and analyze the network of functional relationships that link PINK1 to other Parkinson’s disease-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit, CSS-Mendel Institute, viale Regina Margherita 261, 00198 Rome, Italy and University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Michiorri
- CSS-Mendel Institute, viale Regina Margherita 261, 00198 Rome, Italy and Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- CSS-Mendel Institute, viale Regina Margherita 261, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Vania Gelmetti
- CSS-Mendel Institute, viale Regina Margherita 261, 00198 Rome, Italy
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Dagda RK, Zhu J, Chu CT. Mitochondrial kinases in Parkinson's disease: converging insights from neurotoxin and genetic models. Mitochondrion 2009; 9:289-98. [PMID: 19563915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial biology have long been implicated in neurotoxin, and more recently, genetic models of parkinsonian neurodegeneration. In particular, kinase regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and turnover are emerging as central mechanisms at the convergence of neurotoxin, environmental and genetic approaches to studying Parkinson's disease (PD). Kinases that localize to mitochondria during neuronal injury include mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), protein kinase B/Akt, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1). Although site(s) of action within mitochondria and specific kinase targets are still unclear, these signaling pathways regulate mitochondrial respiration, transport, fission-fusion, calcium buffering, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial autophagy and apoptotic cell death. In this review, we summarize accelerating experimental evidence gathered over the last decade that implicate a central role for kinase signaling at the mitochondrion in Parkinson's and related neurodegenerative disorders. Interactions involving alpha-synuclein, leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), DJ-1 and Parkin are discussed. Converging mechanisms from different model systems support the concept of common pathways in parkinsonian neurodegeneration that may be amenable to future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben K Dagda
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
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Gispert S, Ricciardi F, Kurz A, Azizov M, Hoepken HH, Becker D, Voos W, Leuner K, Müller WE, Kudin AP, Kunz WS, Zimmermann A, Roeper J, Wenzel D, Jendrach M, García-Arencíbia M, Fernández-Ruiz J, Huber L, Rohrer H, Barrera M, Reichert AS, Rüb U, Chen A, Nussbaum RL, Auburger G. Parkinson phenotype in aged PINK1-deficient mice is accompanied by progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in absence of neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5777. [PMID: 19492057 PMCID: PMC2686165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is an adult-onset movement disorder of largely unknown etiology. We have previously shown that loss-of-function mutations of the mitochondrial protein kinase PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1) cause the recessive PARK6 variant of PD. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Now we generated a PINK1 deficient mouse and observed several novel phenotypes: A progressive reduction of weight and of locomotor activity selectively for spontaneous movements occurred at old age. As in PD, abnormal dopamine levels in the aged nigrostriatal projection accompanied the reduced movements. Possibly in line with the PARK6 syndrome but in contrast to sporadic PD, a reduced lifespan, dysfunction of brainstem and sympathetic nerves, visible aggregates of alpha-synuclein within Lewy bodies or nigrostriatal neurodegeneration were not present in aged PINK1-deficient mice. However, we demonstrate PINK1 mutant mice to exhibit a progressive reduction in mitochondrial preprotein import correlating with defects of core mitochondrial functions like ATP-generation and respiration. In contrast to the strong effect of PINK1 on mitochondrial dynamics in Drosophila melanogaster and in spite of reduced expression of fission factor Mtp18, we show reduced fission and increased aggregation of mitochondria only under stress in PINK1-deficient mouse neurons. CONCLUSION Thus, aging Pink1(-/-) mice show increasing mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in impaired neural activity similar to PD, in absence of overt neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gispert
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Filomena Ricciardi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mekhman Azizov
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Dorothea Becker
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voos
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Leuner
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Walter E. Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Annabelle Zimmermann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Wenzel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moisés García-Arencíbia
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leslie Huber
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miguel Barrera
- CEF Makromolekulare Komplexe, Mitochondriale Biologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Reichert
- CEF Makromolekulare Komplexe, Mitochondriale Biologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Department of Clinical Neuroanatomy, University Med. School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amy Chen
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Nussbaum
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Georg Auburger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kitada T, Pisani A, Karouani M, Haburcak M, Martella G, Tscherter A, Platania P, Wu B, Pothos EN, Shen J. Impaired dopamine release and synaptic plasticity in the striatum of parkin-/- mice. J Neurochem 2009; 110:613-21. [PMID: 19457102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkin is the most common causative gene of juvenile and early-onset familial Parkinson's diseases and is thought to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, it remains unclear how loss of Parkin protein causes dopaminergic dysfunction and nigral neurodegeneration. To investigate the pathogenic mechanism underlying these mutations, we used parkin-/- mice to study its physiological function in the nigrostriatal circuit. Amperometric recordings showed decreases in evoked dopamine release in acute striatal slices of parkin-/- mice and reductions in the total catecholamine release and quantal size in dissociated chromaffin cells derived from parkin-/- mice. Intracellular recordings of striatal medium spiny neurons revealed impairments of long-term depression and long-term potentiation in parkin-/- mice, whereas long-term potentiation was normal in the Schaeffer collateral pathway of the hippocampus. Levels of dopamine receptors and dopamine transporters were normal in the parkin-/- striatum. These results indicate that Parkin is involved in the regulation of evoked dopamine release and striatal synaptic plasticity in the nigrostriatal pathway, and suggest that impairment in evoked dopamine release may represent a common pathophysiological change in recessive parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kitada
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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