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Tartara F, Montalbetti A, Crobeddu E, Armocida D, Tavazzi E, Cardia A, Cenzato M, Boeris D, Garbossa D, Cofano F. Compartmental Cerebrospinal Fluid Events Occurring after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An "Heparin Oriented" Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7832. [PMID: 37175544 PMCID: PMC10178276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a severe acute event with high morbidity and mortality due to the development of early brain injury (EBI), secondary delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and shunt-related hydrocephalus. Secondary events (SSE) such as neuroinflammation, vasospasm, excitotoxicity, blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative cascade, and neuronal apoptosis are related to DCI. Despite improvement in management strategies and therapeutic protocols, surviving patients frequently present neurological deficits with neurocognitive impairment. The aim of this paper is to offer to clinicians a practical review of the actually documented pathophysiological events following subarachnoid hemorrhage. To reach our goal we performed a literature review analyzing reported studies regarding the mediators involved in the pathophysiological events following SAH occurring in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (hemoglobin degradation products, platelets, complement, cytokines, chemokines, leucocytes, endothelin-1, NO-synthase, osteopontin, matricellular proteins, blood-brain barrier disruption, microglia polarization). The cascade of pathophysiological events secondary to SAH is very complex and involves several interconnected, but also distinct pathways. The identification of single therapeutical targets or specific pharmacological agents may be a limited strategy able to block only selective pathophysiological paths, but not the global evolution of SAH-related events. We report furthermore on the role of heparin in SAH management and discuss the rationale for use of intrathecal heparin as a pleiotropic therapeutical agent. The combination of the anticoagulant effect and the ability to interfere with SSE theoretically make heparin a very interesting molecule for SAH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Tartara
- IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Montalbetti
- A.O.U. Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Crobeddu
- A.O.U. Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniele Armocida
- A.U.O. Policlinico Umberto I, Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Tavazzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Cardia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cenzato
- Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Department of Neurosurgery, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Boeris
- Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Department of Neurosurgery, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neurosurgery Unit, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Cofano
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neurosurgery Unit, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
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Ye H, Liu Z, Zhou L, Cai Q. Effect of nimodipine combined with fasudil on vascular endothelial function and inflammatory factors in patients with cerebral vasospasm induced by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:2617-2624. [PMID: 35559390 PMCID: PMC9091089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is an acute disease with rapid progression and critical condition. The most common complication of aSAH is cerebral vasospasm (CVS). Patients are predisposed to severe cerebral ischemia, brain injury, or even death if effective measures are not taken in time to relieve symptoms. This study mainly determines the effect of nimodipine (NM) combined with fasudil on vascular endothelial function (VEF) and inflammatory factors (IFs) in patients with aSAH induced CVS. METHODS The clinical data of 77 patients with aSAH induced CVS treated in the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from March 2019 to June 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Based on different drug therapies, patients receiving NM monotherapy were assigned to the control group (n=32), while those treated with NM combined with fasudil were included in the observation group (n=45), both received two consecutive weeks of treatment. The two arms were compared regarding the following items: clinical efficacy, average blood flow velocities (BFVs) of anterior, posterior and middle cerebral arteries, serum IFs, levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), ET-1 and CGRP, cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, MOCA), activities of daily living (Bathel index), and adverse reactions. RESULTS The overall response rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the BFVs of the anterior, posterior and middle cerebral arteries in the observation group decreased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.05). ET-1 and VEGF decreased in both groups, while CGRP increased, with more significant changes in the observation group (P<0.05). Serum IFs reduced in both arms, with more evident reductions in the observation group (P<0.05). The MOCA score and Barthel index increased statistically in both arms and were higher in the observation group compared with the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total incidence of adverse reactions between the observation group and the control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS NM combined with fasudil in the treatment of aSAH induced CVS can effectively improve the VEF, alleviate IFs, and enhance the cognitive function and quality of life of patients, which is worth popularizing in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zaiming Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
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Solár P, Zamani A, Lakatosová K, Joukal M. The blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit in subarachnoid hemorrhage: molecular events and potential treatments. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:29. [PMID: 35410231 PMCID: PMC8996682 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following a stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), has been studied extensively. The main components of this reaction are endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes that affect microglia, neurons, and vascular smooth muscle cells. SAH induces alterations in individual BBB cells, leading to brain homeostasis disruption. Recent experiments have uncovered many pathophysiological cascades affecting the BBB following SAH. Targeting some of these pathways is important for restoring brain function following SAH. BBB injury occurs immediately after SAH and has long-lasting consequences, but most changes in the pathophysiological cascades occur in the first few days following SAH. These changes determine the development of early brain injury as well as delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH-induced neuroprotection also plays an important role and weakens the negative impact of SAH. Supporting some of these beneficial cascades while attenuating the major pathophysiological pathways might be decisive in inhibiting the negative impact of bleeding in the subarachnoid space. In this review, we attempt a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular changes in the BBB following SAH and their possible modulation by various drugs and substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solár
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alemeh Zamani
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Lakatosová
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Chen YX. Protective effect of microRNA-224 on acute lower extremity ischemia through activation of the mTOR signaling pathway via CHOP in mice. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8888-8898. [PMID: 30488423 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute lower extremity ischemia (ALEXI) is known worldwide as an urgent condition, occurring when there is an abrupt interruption in blood flow into an extremity. This study aims to investigate whether microRNA-224 (miR-224) affects the ALEXI mice and the underlying mechanism. The miR-224 expression and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and phosphoprotein 70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as protein expressions, were determined. The target gene of miR-224 was also verified by using a luciferase reporter gene assay. The vascular endothelial cells from the ALEXI mice were transfected with miR-224 mimics, miR-224 inhibitors, or small-interfering RNA against CHOP. Cell proliferation was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cell cycle distribution along with the cell apoptosis were both evaluated by using a flow cytometry. The muscle fibers of the lower extremities found in the ALEXI mice were evidently swollen and rounded, presenting with a remarkably narrowed gap. The positive CHOP expression increased in ALEXI mice than normal mice, while the miR-224 expression and mTOR, 4E-BP1, and p70S6K mRNA, as well as the protein expression, decreased. Luciferase reporter gene assay validated that the miR-224 gene directly targeted CHOP. MiR-224 facilitated cell proliferation but inhibited cell apoptosis; by contrast, CHOP increased cell apoptosis. Moreover, the cells transfected along with miR-224 mimic exhibited a lower CHOP expression as well as increased mTOR, 4E-BP1, and p70S6K expression. Our study provided evidence that miR-224 could alleviate the occurrence and development of ALEXI in mice through activation of the mTOR signaling pathway by downregulating CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Xi Chen
- Department of Hematology Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Yoo DY, Cho SB, Jung HY, Kim W, Lee KY, Kim JW, Moon SM, Won MH, Choi JH, Yoon YS, Kim DW, Choi SY, Hwang IK. Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 significantly reduces ischemia-induced damage by reducing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Neurochem Int 2018; 122:19-30. [PMID: 30399388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia causes oxidative stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), accelerates the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins, and may ultimately lead to neuronal cell apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3), an ER-resident chaperone that catalyzes disulfide-bond formation in a subset of glycoproteins, against oxidative damage in the hypoxic HT22 cell line and against ischemic damage in the gerbil hippocampus. We also confirmed the neuroprotective effects of PDIA3 by using PDIA3-knockout HAP1 cells. The HT22 and HAP1 cell lines showed effective (dose-dependent and time-dependent) penetration and stable expression of the Tat-PDIA3 fusion protein 24 h after Tat-PDIA3 treatment compared to that in the control-PDIA3-treated group. We observed that the fluorescence for both 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), which are markers for the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis, respectively, was higher in HAP1 cells than in HT22 cells. The administration of Tat-PDIA3 significantly reduced the (1) DCF-DA and TUNEL fluorescence in HT22 and HAP1 cells, (2) ischemia-induced hyperactivity that was observed 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion, (3) ischemia-induced neuronal damage and glial (astrocytes and microglia) activation that was observed in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion, and (4) lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide generation in the hippocampal homogenates 3-12 h after ischemia/reperfusion. Transient forebrain ischemia significantly elevated the immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) mRNA levels in the hippocampus at 12 h and 4 days after ischemia, relative to those in the time-matched sham-operated group. Administration of Tat-PDIA3 ameliorated the ischemia-induced upregulation of BiP mRNA levels versus the Tat peptide- or control-PDIA3-treated groups, and significantly reduced the induction of CHOP mRNA levels, at 12 h or 4 days after ischemia. Collectively, these results suggest that Tat-PDIA3 acts as a neuroprotective agent against ischemia by attenuating oxidative damage and blocking the apoptotic pathway that is related to the unfolded protein response in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam, 31151, South Korea
| | - Su Bin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kwon Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, 18450, South Korea; Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24253, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea.
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Zhao J, Xiang X, Zhang H, Jiang D, Liang Y, Qing W, Liu L, Zhao Q, He Z. CHOP induces apoptosis by affecting brain iron metabolism in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2017; 302:22-33. [PMID: 29291402 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum stress-related factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) aggravates early brain injury (EBI) in rats after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Our research aims to investigate the role of CHOP-mediated iron metabolism in EBI after SAH and the underlying mechanism. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish SAH models. Tunicamycin (Tm) was employed to excite CHOP expression, and two CHOP small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to inhibit CHOP expression. Neurological scores, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were evaluated at 24h after SAH. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were implemented for the quantification and localization of GRP78 (glucoseregulated protein78), CHOP, C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding proteinα) and hepcidin. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL staining, and the brain iron content was measured via Perls' staining. The expression of CHOP and hepcidin increased and the expression of C/EBPα decreased after SAH. Knockdown of CHOP decreased the brain water content, reduced Evans blue extravasation, and improved neurological functions. CHOP significantly increased hepcidin levels and significantly decreased C/EBPα levels after SAH. Hepcidin is expressed in the nuclei of neurons and is widely co-localized with TUNEL-positive cells both in the hippocampus and cortex. Along with increased hepcidin expression, the iron content in brain tissue and the apoptosis rate were increased. Thus, CHOP promotes hepcidin expression by regulating C/EBPα activity, which increases the brain iron content, induces apoptosis and is involved in the development of EBI after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dengzhi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yidan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Qing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaohui He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China..
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7
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Nam DH, Han JH, Lim JH, Park KM, Woo CH. CHOP Deficiency Ameliorates ERK5 Inhibition-Mediated Exacerbation of Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemia and Pancreatic β-Cell Apoptosis. Mol Cells 2017; 40:457-465. [PMID: 28681594 PMCID: PMC5547215 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced murine models of type 1 diabetes have been used to examine ER stress during pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, as this ER stress plays important roles in the pathogenesis and development of the disease. However, the mechanisms linking type 1 diabetes to the ER stress-modulating anti-diabetic signaling pathway remain to be addressed, though it was recently established that ERK5 (Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5) contributes to the pathogeneses of diabetic complications. This study was undertaken to explore the mechanism whereby ERK5 inhibition instigates pancreatic β-cell apoptosis via an ER stress-dependent signaling pathway. STZ-induced diabetic WT and CHOP deficient mice were i.p. injected every 2 days for 6 days under BIX02189 (a specific ERK5 inhibitor) treatment in order to evaluate the role of ERK5. Hyperglycemia was exacerbated by co-treating C57BL/6J mice with STZ and BIX02189 as compared with mice administered with STZ alone. In addition, immunoblotting data revealed that ERK5 inhibition activated the unfolded protein response pathway accompanying apoptotic events, such as, PARP-1 and caspase-3 cleavage. Interestingly, ERK5 inhibition-induced exacerbation of pancreatic β-cell apoptosis was inhibited in CHOP deficient mice. Moreover, transduction of adenovirus encoding an active mutant form of MEK5α, an upstream kinase of ERK5, inhibited STZ-induced unfolded protein responses and β-cell apoptosis. These results suggest that ERK5 protects against STZ-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and hyperglycemia by interrupting the ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Pharmacology and Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415,
Korea
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114,
Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415,
Korea
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 03760,
Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41566,
Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Woo
- Department of Pharmacology and Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415,
Korea
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Huang F, Yi J, Zhou T, Gong X, Jiang H, Yao X. Toward Understanding Non-coding RNA Roles in Intracranial Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Neurosci 2017; 8:54-64. [PMID: 28729919 PMCID: PMC5516590 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common and frequently life-threatening cerebrovascular disease, which is mostly related with a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Its complications include rebleeding, early brain injury, cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, chronic hydrocephalus, and also non neurological problems. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), comprising of microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), play an important role in intracranial aneurysms and SAH. Here, we review the non-coding RNAs expression profile and their related mechanisms in intracranial aneurysms and SAH. Moreover, we suggest that these non-coding RNAs function as novel molecular biomarkers to predict intracranial aneurysms and SAH, and may yield new therapies after SAH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhen Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan, 423000, P. R.China
| | - Jiping Yi
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan, 423000, P. R.China
| | - Tieqiao Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan, 423000, P. R.China
| | - Xiaoxiang Gong
- Pediatrics, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011 P. R.China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R.China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R.China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R.China
| | - Xiaoxi Yao
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan, 423000, P. R.China
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Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Mediates Apoptosis in Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040854. [PMID: 28420192 PMCID: PMC5412438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) is considered to be the major factor associated with high morbidity and mortality after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Apoptosis is the major pathological mechanism of EBI, and its pathogenesis has not been fully clarified. Here, we report that thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), which is induced by protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK), participates in EBI by promoting apoptosis. By using adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to establish SAH models, as well as Terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, immunofluorescence, and western blot, we found that TXNIP expression significantly increased after SAH in comparison to the sham group and peaked at 48 h (up to 3.2-fold). Meanwhile, TXNIP was widely expressed in neurons and colocalized with TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus and cortex of SAH rats. After administration of TXNIP inhibitor-resveratrol (60 mg/kg), TXNIP small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the PERK inhibitor GSK2656157, TXNIP expression was significantly reduced, accompanied by an attenuation of apoptosis and prognostic indicators, including SAH grade, neurological deficits, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Collectively, these results suggest that TXNIP may participate in EBI after SAH by mediating apoptosis. The blockage of TXNIP induced by PERK could be a potential therapeutic strategy for SAH treatment.
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Li H, Wu J, Shen H, Yao X, Liu C, Pianta S, Han J, Borlongan CV, Chen G. Autophagy in hemorrhagic stroke: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:79-97. [PMID: 28414101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence advances the critical role of autophagy in brain pathology after stroke. Investigations employing autophagy induction or inhibition using pharmacological tools or autophagy-related gene knockout mice have recently revealed the biological significance of intact and functional autophagy in stroke. Most of the reported cases attest to a pro-survival role for autophagy in stroke, by facilitating removal of damaged proteins and organelles, which can be recycled for energy generation and cellular defenses. However, these observations are difficult to reconcile with equally compelling evidence demonstrating stroke-induced upregulation of brain cell death index that parallels enhanced autophagy. This begs the question of whether drug-induced autophagy during stroke culminates in improved or worsened pathological outcomes. A corollary fascinating hypothesis, but presents as a tricky conundrum, involves the effects of autophagy on cell death and inflammation, which are two main culprits in the disease progression of stroke-induced brain injury. Evidence has extended the roles of autophagy in inflammation via cytokine regulation in an unconventional secretion manner or by targeting inflammasomes for degradation. Moreover, in the recently concluded Vancouver Autophagy Symposium (VAS) held in 2014, the potential of selective autophagy for clinical treatment has been recognized. The role of autophagy in ischemic stroke has been reviewed previously in detail. Here, we evaluate the strength of laboratory and clinical evidence by providing a comprehensive summary of the literature on autophagy, and thereafter we offer our perspectives on exploiting autophagy as a drug target for cerebral ischemia, especially in hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiyang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - S Pianta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - J Han
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - C V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Increased Expression of Caspase-12 After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3407-3416. [PMID: 27718045 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Convincing evidences have proved that apoptosis plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of early and delayed brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Recently, a novel caspase-12-mediated apoptotic pathway has been reported to be induced by excess endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Extensive protein damage occurs after SAH, which may trigger ER stress-associated apoptotic pathway. Thus, we hypothesized that caspase-12, as the major molecular marker of this novel apoptotic pathway, may be activated and involved in the pathogenesis of apoptotic injury after SAH. This study sought to investigate the changes of caspase-12 expressions in both in vitro and in vivo SAH models. Western blot analysis found significantly increased protein expressions of both pro- and active forms of caspase-12 after SAH. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry assays confirmed elevated caspase-12 level after SAH in vivo. Further, double immunofluorescence staining revealed obvious caspase-12 over-expression in both cortical neurons and astrocytes. Moreover, immunofluorescent co-staining in vivo demonstrated that neural cells with high immunoreactivity of caspase-12 also expressed caspase-3, and dual-immunofluorescent staining for caspase-12 and TUNEL in vitro showed that TUNEL-positive cells were more likely to exhibit higher caspase-12 immunoreactivity, indicating a potential contribution of caspase-12 activation to apoptosis in SAH. Collectively, our results showed significant upregulation of caspase-12 expression after experimental SAH. These findings also offer important implications for further investigations of the therapeutic potential of caspase-12 associated apoptosis in SAH.
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Abstract
Sepsis is an enormous public health issue and the leading cause of death in critically ill patients in intensive care units. Overwhelming inflammation, characterized by cytokine storm, oxidative threats, and neutrophil sequestration, is an underlying component of sepsis-associated organ failure. Despite recent advances in sepsis research, there is still no effective treatment available beyond the standard of care and supportive therapy. To reduce sepsis-related mortality, a better understanding of the biological mechanism associated with sepsis is essential. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a subcellular organelle, is responsible for the facilitation of protein folding and assembly and involved in several other physiological activities. Under stress and inflammatory conditions, ER loses homeostasis in its function, which is termed ER stress. During ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to restore ER function to its normal balance. However, once stress is beyond the compensatory capacity of UPR or protracted, apoptosis would be initiated by triggering cell injuries, even cell death. As such, ER stress and UPR are reported to be implicated in several pathological and inflammatory conditions. Although the detrimental role of ER stress during infections has been demonstrated, there is growing evidence that ER stress participates in the pathogenesis of sepsis. In this review, we summarize current research in the context of ER stress and UPR signaling associated with sepsis and its related clinical conditions, such as trauma-hemorrhage and ischemia/reperfusion injury. We also discuss the potential implications of ER stress as a novel therapeutic target and prognostic marker in patients with sepsis.
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Tan G, Liu L, He Z, Sun J, Xing W, Sun X. Role of hepcidin and its downstream proteins in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 418:31-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wu J, Zhang Y, Yang P, Enkhjargal B, Manaenko A, Tang J, Pearce WJ, Hartman R, Obenaus A, Chen G, Zhang JH. Recombinant Osteopontin Stabilizes Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype via Integrin Receptor/Integrin-Linked Kinase/Rac-1 Pathway After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Stroke 2016; 47:1319-27. [PMID: 27006454 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.011552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recombinant osteopontin (rOPN) has been reported to be neuroprotective in stroke animal models. The purpose of this study is to investigate a potential role and mechanism of nasal administration of rOPN on preserving the vascular smooth muscle phenotype in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS One hundred and ninety-two male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The SAH model was induced by endovascular perforation. Integrin-linked kinase small interfering RNA was intracerebroventricularly injected 48 hours before SAH. The integrin receptor antagonist fibronectin-derived peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro (GRGDSP), focal adhesion kinase inhibitor Fib-14, and Rac-1 inhibitor NSC23766 were administered 1 hour before SAH induction. rOPN was administered via the intracerebroventricular and nasal route after SAH. SAH grade, neurological scores, brain water content, brain swelling, hematoxylin and eosin staining, India ink angiography, Western blots, and immunofluorescence were used to study the mechanisms of rOPN on the vascular smooth muscle phenotypic transformation. RESULTS The marker proteins of vascular smooth muscle phenotypic transformation α-smooth muscle actin decreased and embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMemb) increased significantly at 24 and 72 hours in the cerebral arteries after SAH. rOPN prevented the changes of α-smooth muscle actin and SMemb and significantly alleviated neurobehavioral dysfunction, increased the cross-sectional area and the lumen diameter of the cerebral arteries, reduced the brain water content and brain swelling, and improved the wall thickness of cerebral arteries. These effects of rOPN were abolished by GRGDSP, integrin-linked kinase small interfering RNA, and NSC23766. Intranasal application of rOPN at 3 hours after SAH also reduced neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS rOPN prevented the vascular smooth muscle phenotypic transformation and improved the neurological outcome, which was possibly mediated by the integrin receptor/integrin-linked kinase/Rac-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Yang Zhang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Peng Yang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Jiping Tang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - William J Pearce
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Richard Hartman
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Gang Chen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA.
| | - John H Zhang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (J.W., G.C.), the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and Department of Physiology (J.W., Y.Z., P.Y., B.E., A.M., J.T., W.J.P., R.H., A.O., J.H.Z.), School of Behavioral Science (R.H.), Department of Pediatrics (A.O.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA.
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Nakka VP, Prakash-Babu P, Vemuganti R. Crosstalk Between Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Oxidative Stress, and Autophagy: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Acute CNS Injuries. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:532-544. [PMID: 25482050 PMCID: PMC4461562 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces a variety of neuronal cell death pathways that play a critical role in the pathophysiology of stroke. ER stress occurs when unfolded/misfolded proteins accumulate and the folding capacity of ER chaperones exceeds the capacity of ER lumen to facilitate their disposal. As a consequence, a complex set of signaling pathways will be induced that transmit from ER to cytosol and nucleus to compensate damage and to restore the normal cellular homeostasis, collectively known as unfolded protein response (UPR). However, failure of UPR due to severe or prolonged stress leads to cell death. Following acute CNS injuries, chronic disturbances in protein folding and oxidative stress prolong ER stress leading to sustained ER dysfunction and neuronal cell death. While ER stress responses have been well studied after stroke, there is an emerging need to study the association of ER stress with other cell pathways that exacerbate neuronal death after an injury. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role for ER stress in acute brain injuries, highlighting the diverse molecular mechanisms associated with ER stress and its relation to oxidative stress and autophagy. We also discussed the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed to reduce ER stress to protect the CNS after acute injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Prasuja Nakka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash-Babu
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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16
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Teng Z, Jiang L, Hu Q, He Y, Guo Z, Wu Y, Huang Z, Cao F, Cheng C, Sun X, Guo Z. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Stroke 2015; 47:196-205. [PMID: 26628385 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.011701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Early brain injury is proposed to be the primary cause of the poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is closely related to the neural apoptosis. To date, the relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) and nuclear factor-κB/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (NF-κB/MMP-9) pathway, both of which are closely related to apoptotic effects, has been poorly studied in SAH. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of PPARβ/δ on early brain injury and NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway after SAH in rats. METHODS SAH model was established by injecting nonheparinized autologous arterial blood into the prechiasmatic cistern in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Adenoviruses or small interfering RNAs were injected into the right lateral cerebral ventricle to, respectively, up- or downregulate PPARβ/δ expression before SAH. All animals were assessed with a neurological score and then killed at 24 hours after SAH surgery. The indexes of brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, and apoptosis were used to detect brain injury. The expression of PPARβ/δ, NF-κB, and MMP-9 were measured by immunohistochemistry, gelatin zymography, and Western Blot methods, respectively. In addition, GW0742, a specific agonist of PPARβ/δ, was used to treat SAH in rats, the effects of which were evaluated by neurological scoring and Evans blue extravasation. RESULTS Overexpression of PPARβ/δ by adenoviruses treatment significantly ameliorated brain injury with improvement in neurological deficits, brain edema, blood-brain barrier impairment, and neural cell apoptosis at 24 hours after SAH in rats, whereas downregulation of PPARβ/δ by small interfering RNAs administration resulted in the reverse effects of the above. The expression levels of NF-κB and MMP-9 were markedly downregulated when PPARβ/δ increased after PPARβ/δ adenovirus transfection and upregulated when PPARβ/δ decreased by PPARβ/δ small interfering RNAs treatment. Moreover, GW0742 improved neurological deficits and reduced Evans blue extravasation at 24 hours after SAH. CONCLUSIONS PPARβ/δ's overexpression may attenuate early brain injury after rats' SAH administration, which reduces neural apoptosis possibly through blocking NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Teng
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Li Jiang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Qin Hu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Yue He
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Zhenni Guo
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Yue Wu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Zhijian Huang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Fang Cao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo)
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo).
| | - Zongduo Guo
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.T., L.J., Y.W., Z.H., F.C., C.C., X.S., Zongduo Guo); Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Q.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China (Y.H.); and Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Zhenni Guo).
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Nam DH, Han JH, Lee TJ, Shishido T, Lim JH, Kim GY, Woo CH. CHOP deficiency prevents methylglyoxal-induced myocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:168-77. [PMID: 26027784 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that methylglyoxal (MGO) plasma levels are closely linked to diabetes and the exacerbation of diabetic cardiovascular complications. Recently, it was established that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress importantly contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. The objective of this study was to explore the mechanism by which diabetes instigates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction via MGO-mediated myocyte apoptosis. Intriguingly, the MGO activated unfolded protein response pathway accompanying apoptotic events, such as cleavages of PARP-1 and caspase-3. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed that MGO-induced myocyte apoptosis was inhibited by depletion of CHOP with siRNA against Ddit3, the gene name for rat CHOP. To investigate the physiologic roles of CHOP in vivo, glucose tolerance and cardiac dysfunction were assessed in CHOP-deficient mice. No significant difference was observed between CHOP KO and littermate naïve controls in terms of the MGO-induced impairment of glucose tolerance. In contrast, myocyte apoptosis, inflammation, and cardiac dysfunction were significantly diminished in CHOP KO compared with littermate naïve controls. These results showed that CHOP is the key signal for myocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction induced by MGO. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential of CHOP inhibition in the management of diabetic cardiovascular complications including diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1 Daemyung-dong, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1 Daemyung-dong, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1 Daemyung-dong, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tetsuro Shishido
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911-1 Mok-dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Young Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1 Daemyung-dong, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Neurovascular events after subarachnoid hemorrhage: focusing on subcellular organelles. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2015; 120:39-46. [PMID: 25366597 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04981-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating condition with high morbidity and mortality rates due to the lack of effective therapy. Early brain injury (EBI) and cerebral vasospasm (CVS) are the two most important pathophysiological mechanisms for brain injury and poor outcomes for patients with SAH. CVS has traditionally been considered the sole cause of delayed ischemic neurological deficits after SAH. However, the failure of antivasospastic therapy in patients with SAH supported changing the research target from CVS to other mechanisms. Currently, more attention has been focused on global brain injury within 3 days after ictus, designated as EBI. The dysfunction of subcellular organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial failure, and autophagy-lysosomal system activation, has developed during EBI and delayed brain injury after SAH. To our knowledge, there is a lack of review articles addressing the direction of organelle dysfunction after SAH. In this review, we discuss the roles of organelle dysfunction in the pathogenesis of SAH and present the opportunity to develop novel therapeutic strategies of SAH via modulating the functions of organelles.
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Enhancement of Autophagy by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Trichostatin A Ameliorates Neuronal Apoptosis After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:18-27. [PMID: 25399954 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA), a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, exerts multiple neuroprotective properties. This study aims to examine whether TSA could enhance autophagy, thereby reduce neuronal apoptosis and ultimately attenuate early brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH was performed through endovascular perforation method, and mortality, neurological score, and brain water content were evaluated at 24 h after surgery. Western blot were used for quantification of acetylated histone H3, LC3-II, LC3-I, Beclin-1, cytochrome c, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Immunofluorescence was performed for colocalization of Beclin-1 and neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Apoptotic cell death of neurons was quantified with double staining of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and NeuN. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was used to manipulate the proposed pathway. Our results demonstrated that TSA reduced brain edema and alleviated neurological deficits at 24 h after SAH. TSA significantly increased acetylated histone H3, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and Beclin-1 while decreased Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in the cortex. Beclin-1 and NeuN, TUNEL, and NeuN, respectively, were colocalized in cortical cells. Neuronal apoptosis in the ipsilateral basal cortex was significantly inhibited after TSA treatment. Conversely, 3-MA reversed the beneficial effects of TSA. These results proposed that TSA administration enhanced autophagy, which contributes to alleviation of neuronal apoptosis, improvement of neurological function, and attenuation of EBI following SAH.
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20
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Rat endovascular perforation model. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:660-8. [PMID: 25213427 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental animal models of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have provided a wealth of information on the mechanisms of brain injury. The rat endovascular perforation (EVP) model replicates the early pathophysiology of SAH and hence is frequently used to study early brain injury following SAH. This paper presents a brief review of historical development of the EVP model and details the technique used to create SAH and considerations necessary to overcome technical challenges.
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21
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Chen S, Feng H, Sherchan P, Klebe D, Zhao G, Sun X, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang JH. Controversies and evolving new mechanisms in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 115:64-91. [PMID: 24076160 PMCID: PMC3961493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. The mechanisms contributing to brain injury after SAH remain unclear. Traditionally, most in vivo research has heavily emphasized the basic mechanisms of SAH over the pathophysiological or morphological changes of delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Unfortunately, the results of clinical trials based on this premise have mostly been disappointing, implicating some other pathophysiological factors, independent of vasospasm, as contributors to poor clinical outcomes. Delayed cerebral vasospasm is no longer the only culprit. In this review, we summarize recent data from both experimental and clinical studies of SAH and discuss the vast array of physiological dysfunctions following SAH that ultimately lead to cell death. Based on the progress in neurobiological understanding of SAH, the terms "early brain injury" and "delayed brain injury" are used according to the temporal progression of SAH-induced brain injury. Additionally, a new concept of the vasculo-neuronal-glia triad model for SAH study is highlighted and presents the challenges and opportunities of this model for future SAH applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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siRNA Treatment: "A Sword-in-the-Stone" for Acute Brain Injuries. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:435-56. [PMID: 24705212 PMCID: PMC3924829 DOI: 10.3390/genes4030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) a little over a decade ago, it has been highly sought after for its potential as a therapeutic agent for many diseases. In this review, we discuss the promising possibility of siRNA to be used as a drug to treat acute brain injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. First, we will give a brief and basic overview of the principle of RNA interference as an effective mechanism to decrease specific protein expression. Then, we will review recent in vivo studies describing siRNA research experiments/treatment options for acute brain diseases. Lastly, we will discuss the future of siRNA as a clinical therapeutic strategy against brain diseases and injuries, while addressing the current obstacles to effective brain delivery.
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