1
|
Guldager MB, Biojone C, da Silva NR, Godoy LD, Joca S. New insights into the involvement of serotonin and BDNF-TrkB signalling in cannabidiol's antidepressant effect. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111029. [PMID: 38762160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid devoid of psychostimulant properties and is currently under investigation as a potential antidepressant drug. However, the mechanisms underlying CBD's antidepressant effects are not yet well understood. CBD targets include a variety of receptors, enzymes, and transporters, with different binding-affinities. Neurochemical and pharmacological evidence indicates that both serotonin and BDNF-TrkB signalling in the prefrontal cortex are necessary for the antidepressant effects induced by CBD in animal models. Herein, we reviewed the current literature to dissect if these are independent mechanisms or if CBD-induced modulation of the serotonergic neurotransmission could mediate its neuroplastic effects through subsequent regulation of BDNF-TrkB signalling, thus culminating in rapid neuroplastic changes. It is hypothesized that: a) CBD interaction with serotonin receptors on neurons of the dorsal raphe nuclei and the resulting disinhibition of serotonergic neurons would promote rapid serotonin release in the PFC and hence its neuroplastic and antidepressant effects; b) CBD facilitates BDNF-TRKB signalling, especially in the PFC, which rapidly triggers neurochemical and neuroplastic effects. These hypotheses are discussed with perspectives for new drug development and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Bock Guldager
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Caroline Biojone
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicole Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Livea Dornela Godoy
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sâmia Joca
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Y, Hatzipantelis CJ, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD. Molecular insights into orphan G protein-coupled receptors relevant to schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2095-2113. [PMID: 37605621 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a sizable socio-economic burden that continues to be treated with therapeutics based on 70-year old science. All currently approved therapeutics primarily target the dopamine D2 receptor to achieve their efficacy. Whilst dopaminergic dysregulation is a key feature in this disorder, the targeting of dopaminergic machinery has yielded limited efficacy and an appreciable side effect burden. Over the recent decades, numerous drugs that engage non-dopaminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have yielded a promise of efficacy without the deleterious side effect profile, yet none have successfully completed clinical studies and progressed to the market. More recently, there has been increased attention around non-dopaminergic GPCR-targeting drugs, which demonstrated efficacy in some schizophrenia symptom domains. This provides renewed hope that effective schizophrenia treatment may lie outside of the dopaminergic space. Despite the potential for muscarinic receptor- (and other well-characterised GPCR families) targeting drugs to treat schizophrenia, they are often plagued with complications such as lack of receptor subtype selectivity and peripheral on-target side effects. Orphan GPCR studies have opened a new avenue of exploration with many demonstrating schizophrenia-relevant mechanisms and a favourable expression profile, thus offering potential for novel drug development. This review discusses centrally expressed orphan GPCRs: GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR52, GPR85, GPR88 and GPR139 and their relationship to schizophrenia. We review their expression, signalling mechanisms and cellular function, in conjunction with small molecule development and structural insights. We seek to provide a snapshot of the growing evidence and development potential of new classes of schizophrenia therapeutics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Öz-Arslan D, Yavuz M, Kan B. Exploring orphan GPCRs in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1394516. [PMID: 38895631 PMCID: PMC11183337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a significant and growing health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, limited therapeutic options are currently available despite ongoing efforts. Over the past decades, research efforts have increasingly focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these devastating conditions. Orphan receptors, a class of receptors with no known endogenous ligands, emerge as promising druggable targets for diverse diseases. This review aims to direct attention to a subgroup of orphan GPCRs, in particular class A orphans that have roles in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. We highlight the diverse roles orphan receptors play in regulating critical cellular processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal survival and neuro-inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting orphan receptors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing recent advances in drug discovery and preclinical studies. Finally, we outline future directions and challenges in orphan receptor research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Birgül Iyison N, Abboud C, Abboud D, Abdulrahman AO, Bondar AN, Dam J, Georgoussi Z, Giraldo J, Horvat A, Karoussiotis C, Paz-Castro A, Scarpa M, Schihada H, Scholz N, Güvenc Tuna B, Vardjan N. ERNEST COST action overview on the (patho)physiology of GPCRs and orphan GPCRs in the nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38825750 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that play a critical role in nervous system function by transmitting signals between cells and their environment. They are involved in many, if not all, nervous system processes, and their dysfunction has been linked to various neurological disorders representing important drug targets. This overview emphasises the GPCRs of the nervous system, which are the research focus of the members of ERNEST COST action (CA18133) working group 'Biological roles of signal transduction'. First, the (patho)physiological role of the nervous system GPCRs in the modulation of synapse function is discussed. We then debate the (patho)physiology and pharmacology of opioid, acetylcholine, chemokine, melatonin and adhesion GPCRs in the nervous system. Finally, we address the orphan GPCRs, their implication in the nervous system function and disease, and the challenges that need to be addressed to deorphanize them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Necla Birgül Iyison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Bogazici, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Clauda Abboud
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Dayana Abboud
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Ana-Nicoleta Bondar
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Jülich, Germany
| | - Julie Dam
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zafiroula Georgoussi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christos Karoussiotis
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Alba Paz-Castro
- Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs research group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago, Spain
| | - Miriam Scarpa
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bilge Güvenc Tuna
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Gu Y, Chen J, Liu X, Xie C, Wang X. Bioinformatics gene analysis for potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of Parkinson's disease based on neutrophil extracellular traps. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1388226. [PMID: 38882525 PMCID: PMC11178047 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1388226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) provide key innate immune mechanisms, and studies have shown innate immunity and adaptive immunity are directly linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. However, limited research has been conducted on NETs in the context of PD. Methods A differential analysis was implemented to acquire differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PD and control as well as between high- and low-score groups determined by a gene set variation analysis (GSVA). Then, the genes within the critical module, obtained through a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), were intersected with the DEGs to identify the overlapping genes. Then, five kinds of algorithms in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) were performed to identify potential biomarkers. Subsequently, a nomogram for forecasting PD probability was created. An enrichment analysis and an immune infiltration analysis were performed on the identified biomarkers. qRT-PCR was performed to validate the expression trends of three biomarkers. Results We revealed 798 DEGs between PD and control groups as well as 168 DEGs between high- and low-score groups obtained by differential analyses. The pink module containing 926 genes was identified as the critical module. According to the intersection of these gene sets, a total of 43 overlapping genes were screened out. Furthermore, GPR78, CADM3, and CACNA1E were confirmed as biomarkers. Moreover, we found that biomarkers mainly participated in pathways, such as the 'hydrogen peroxide catabolic process', and 'cell cycle'; five kinds of differential immune cells between PD and control groups were identified. Finally, the qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated the up-regulation of GPR78, CADM3, and CACNA1E in the PD group. Discussion Our study authenticated GPR78, CADM3, and CACNA1E as the biomarkers associated with PD. These findings provide an original reference for the diagnosis and treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youquan Gu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Chengdu shi Longquanyi qu Diyi Renmin Yiyuan: The First People's Hospital of Longquanyi District, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anversa RG, Maddern XJ, Lawrence AJ, Walker LC. Orphan peptide and G protein-coupled receptor signalling in alcohol use disorder. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:595-609. [PMID: 38073127 PMCID: PMC10953447 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have long been, and continue to be, one of the most popular target classes for drug discovery in CNS disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Yet, orphaned neuropeptide systems and receptors (oGPCR), which have no known cognate receptor or ligand, remain understudied in drug discovery and development. Orphan neuropeptides and oGPCRs are abundantly expressed within the brain and represent an unprecedented opportunity to address brain function and may hold potential as novel treatments for disease. Here, we describe the current literature regarding orphaned neuropeptides and oGPCRs implicated in AUD. Specifically, in this review, we focus on the orphaned neuropeptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and several oGPCRs that have been directly implicated in AUD (GPR6, GPR26, GPR88, GPR139, GPR158) and discuss their potential and pitfalls as novel treatments, and progress in identifying their cognate receptors or ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Goncalves Anversa
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Xavier J. Maddern
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Leigh C. Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aguayo-Cerón KA, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Gutierrez-Rojas RA, Acevedo-Villavicencio LN, Flores-Zarate AV, Huang F, Giacoman-Martinez A, Villafaña S, Romero-Nava R. Glycine: The Smallest Anti-Inflammatory Micronutrient. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11236. [PMID: 37510995 PMCID: PMC10379184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid with many functions and effects. Glycine can bind to specific receptors and transporters that are expressed in many types of cells throughout an organism to exert its effects. There have been many studies focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of glycine, including its abilities to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines and the concentration of free fatty acids, to improve the insulin response, and to mediate other changes. However, the mechanism through which glycine acts is not clear. In this review, we emphasize that glycine exerts its anti-inflammatory effects throughout the modulation of the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in many cells. Although glycine is a non-essential amino acid, we highlight how dietary glycine supplementation is important in avoiding the development of chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | | | | | - Aurora Vanessa Flores-Zarate
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico
| | - Abraham Giacoman-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Framacología, Departamaneto de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Mteropolitana-Iztapalapa (UAM-I), Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luz-Veiga M, Azevedo-Silva J, Fernandes JC. Beyond Pain Relief: A Review on Cannabidiol Potential in Medical Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:155. [PMID: 37259306 PMCID: PMC9958812 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is receiving increasing attention due to its pharmacological properties. Although CBD is extracted from Cannabis sativa, it lacks the psychoactive effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and has become an attractive compound for pharmacological uses due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic potential. The molecular mechanisms involved in CBD's biological effects are not limited to its interaction with classical cannabinoid receptors, exerting anti-inflammatory or pain-relief effects. Several pieces of evidence demonstrate that CBD interacts with other receptors and cellular signaling cascades, which further support CBD's therapeutic potential beyond pain management. In this review, we take a closer look at the molecular mechanisms of CBD and its potential therapeutic application in the context of cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Luz-Veiga
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Azevedo-Silva
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - João C. Fernandes
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2022:167927. [PMID: 36563742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized in part by the deterioration of dopaminergic neurons which leads to motor impairment. Although there is no cure for PD, the motor symptoms can be treated using dopamine replacement therapies including the dopamine precursor L-DOPA, which has been in use since the 1960s. However, neurodegeneration in PD is not limited to dopaminergic neurons, and many patients experience non-motor symptoms including cognitive impairment or neuropsychiatric disturbances, for which there are limited treatment options. Moreover, there are currently no treatments able to alter the progression of neurodegeneration. There are many therapeutic strategies being investigated for PD, including alternatives to L-DOPA for the treatment of motor impairment, symptomatic treatments for non-motor symptoms, and neuroprotective or disease-modifying agents. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which include the dopamine receptors, are highly druggable cell surface proteins which can regulate numerous intracellular signaling pathways and thereby modulate the function of neuronal circuits affected by PD. This review will describe the treatment strategies being investigated for PD that target GPCRs and their downstream signaling mechanisms. First, we discuss new developments in dopaminergic agents for alleviating PD motor impairment, the role of dopamine receptors in L-DOPA induced dyskinesia, as well as agents targeting non-dopamine GPCRs which could augment or replace traditional dopaminergic treatments. We then discuss GPCRs as prospective treatments for neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms in PD. Finally, we discuss the evidence pertaining to ghrelin receptors, β-adrenergic receptors, angiotensin receptors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors, which have been proposed as disease modifying targets with potential neuroprotective effects in PD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Florio E, Serra M, Lewis RG, Kramár E, Freidberg M, Wood M, Morelli M, Borrelli E. D2R signaling in striatal spiny neurons modulates L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. iScience 2022; 25:105263. [PMID: 36274959 PMCID: PMC9579025 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons leads to Parkinson’s disease (PD), characterized by reduced levels of striatal dopamine (DA) and impaired voluntary movements. DA replacement is achieved by levodopa treatment which in long-term causes involuntary movements or dyskinesia. Dyskinesia is linked to the pulsatile activation of D1 receptors of the striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) forming the direct output pathway (dMSNs). The contribution of DA stimulation of D2R in MSNs of the indirect pathway (iMSNs) is less clear. Using the 6-hydroxydopamine model of PD, here we show that loss of DA-mediated inhibition of these neurons intensifies levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) leading to reprogramming of striatal gene expression. We propose that the motor impairments characteristic of PD and of its therapy are critically dependent on D2R-mediated iMSNs activity. D2R signaling not only filters inputs to the striatum but also indirectly regulates dMSNs mediated responses. D2RKO in iMSNs increases L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) D2R signaling in iMSNs inhibits striatal gene and PD-associated genes Unopposed M1R signaling is responsible for the increased LID in iMSN-D2RKO mice Simultaneous modulation of M1R and M4R signaling on MSNs drastically reduces LID
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Florio
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, 308 Sprague Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Robert G. Lewis
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, 308 Sprague Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Enikö Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 200 Qureshey Research Lab., Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael Freidberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marcello Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 200 Qureshey Research Lab., Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Emiliana Borrelli
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, 308 Sprague Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang M, Liu H, Ma Z. Roles of the Cannabinoid System in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:832854. [PMID: 35264932 PMCID: PMC8900732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.832854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease usually caused by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and other etiologies. Recent studies have found that the cannabinoid system present in the basal ganglia has a strong influence on the progression of PD. Altering the cannabinoid receptor activation status by modulating endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) levels can exert an anti-movement disorder effect. Therefore, the development of drugs that modulate the endocannabinoid system may be a novel strategy for the treatment of PD. However, eCB regulation is complex, with diverse cannabinoid receptor functions and the presence of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and γ-aminobutyric signals interacting with cannabinoid signaling in the basal ganglia region. Therefore, the study of eCB is challenging. Here, we have described the function of the cannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and its association with PD in three parts (eCBs, cannabinoid receptors, and factors regulating the cannabinoid metabolism) and summarized the mechanisms of action related to the cannabinoid analogs currently aimed at treating PD. The shortcomings identified from previous studies and the directions that should be explored in the future will provide insights into new approaches and ideas for the future development of cannabinoid-based drugs and the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huayuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zegang Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Zegang Ma,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brice NL, Schiffer HH, Monenschein H, Mulligan VJ, Page K, Powell J, Xu X, Cheung T, Burley JR, Sun H, Dickson L, Murphy ST, Kaushal N, Sheardown S, Lawrence J, Chen Y, Bartkowski D, Kanta A, Russo J, Hosea N, Dawson LA, Hitchcock SH, Carlton MB. Development of CVN424: A Selective and Novel GPR6 Inverse Agonist Effective in Models of Parkinson Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:407-416. [PMID: 33795395 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
GPR6 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that has enriched expression in the striatopallidal, indirect pathway and medium spiny neurons of the striatum. This pathway is greatly impacted by the loss of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease, and modulating this neurocircuitry can be therapeutically beneficial. In this study, we describe the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of (R)-1-(2-(4-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)piperidin-1-yl)-3-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)amino)-7,8-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-6(5H)-yl)ethan-1-one (CVN424), a highly potent and selective small-molecule inverse agonist for GPR6 that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation. CVN424 is brain-penetrant and shows dose-dependent receptor occupancy that attained brain 50% of receptor occupancy at plasma concentrations of 6.0 and 7.4 ng/ml in mice and rats, respectively. Oral administration of CVN424 dose-dependently increases locomotor activity and reverses haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Furthermore, CVN424 restored mobility in bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of Parkinson disease. The presence and localization of GPR6 in medium spiny neurons of striatum postmortem samples from both nondemented control and patients with Parkinson disease were confirmed at the level of both RNA (using Nuclear Enriched Transcript Sort sequencing) and protein. This body of work demonstrates that CVN424 is a potent, orally active, and brain-penetrant GPR6 inverse agonist that is effective in preclinical models and is a potential therapeutic for improving motor function in patients with Parkinson disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: CVN424 represents a nondopaminergic novel drug for potential use in patients with Parkinson disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Brice
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Hans H Schiffer
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Holger Monenschein
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Victoria J Mulligan
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Keith Page
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Justin Powell
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Xiao Xu
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Toni Cheung
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - J Russell Burley
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Huikai Sun
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Louise Dickson
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Sean T Murphy
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Steve Sheardown
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Jason Lawrence
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Yun Chen
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Darian Bartkowski
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Anne Kanta
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Joseph Russo
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Natalie Hosea
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Lee A Dawson
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Stephen H Hitchcock
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Mark B Carlton
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vitale RM, Iannotti FA, Amodeo P. The (Poly)Pharmacology of Cannabidiol in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms and Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4876. [PMID: 34062987 PMCID: PMC8124847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the major nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent, has been proposed for the treatment of a wide panel of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, epilepsy and drug addiction due to the ability of its versatile scaffold to interact with diverse molecular targets that are not restricted to the endocannabinoid system. Albeit the molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of CBD have yet to be fully elucidated, many efforts have been devoted in the last decades to shed light on its complex pharmacological profile. In particular, an ever-increasing number of molecular targets linked to those disorders have been identified for this phytocannabinoid, along with the modulatory effects of CBD on their cascade signaling. In this view, here we will try to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the molecular basis underlying the therapeutic effects of CBD involved in the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (F.A.I.); (P.A.)
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (F.A.I.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (F.A.I.); (P.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun H, Monenschein H, Schiffer HH, Reichard HA, Kikuchi S, Hopkins M, Macklin TK, Hitchcock S, Adams M, Green J, Brown J, Murphy ST, Kaushal N, Collia DR, Moore S, Ray WJ, English NM, Carlton MBL, Brice NL. First-Time Disclosure of CVN424, a Potent and Selective GPR6 Inverse Agonist for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Discovery, Pharmacological Validation, and Identification of a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9875-9890. [PMID: 33861086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive movement disorder with the urgent unmet need for efficient symptomatic therapies with fewer side effects. GPR6 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) with highly restricted expression in dopamine receptor D2-type medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway, a striatal brain circuit which shows aberrant hyperactivity in PD patients. Potent and selective GPR6 inverse agonists (IAG) were developed starting from a low-potency screening hit (EC50 = 43 μM). Herein, we describe the multiple parameter optimization that led to the discovery of multiple nanomolar potent and selective GPR6 IAG, including our clinical compound CVN424. GPR6 IAG reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats and restored mobility in the bilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat PD model demonstrating that inhibition of GPR6 activity in vivo normalizes activity in basal ganglia circuitry and motor behavior. CVN424 is currently in clinical development to treat motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huikai Sun
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Holger Monenschein
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hans H Schiffer
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Holly A Reichard
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shota Kikuchi
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Maria Hopkins
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd K Macklin
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephen Hitchcock
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Adams
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Green
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Brown
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sean T Murphy
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deanna R Collia
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Steve Moore
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - William J Ray
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicole Marion English
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Nicola L Brice
- Cerevance Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Characterization of Four Orphan Receptors (GPR3, GPR6, GPR12 and GPR12L) in Chickens and Ducks and Regulation of GPR12 Expression in Ovarian Granulosa Cells by Progesterone. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040489. [PMID: 33801713 PMCID: PMC8065388 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The three structurally related orphan G protein-coupled receptors, GRP3, GPR6, and GPR12, are reported to be constitutively active and likely involved in the regulation of many physiological/pathological processes, such as neuronal outgrowth and oocyte meiotic arrest in mammals. However, the information regarding these orphan receptors in nonmammalian vertebrates is extremely limited. Here, we reported the structure, constitutive activity, and tissue expression of these receptors in two representative avian models: chickens and ducks. The cloned duck GPR3 and duck/chicken GPR6 and GPR12 are intron-less and encode receptors that show high amino acid (a.a.) sequence identities (66–88%) with their respective mammalian orthologs. Interestingly, a novel GPR12-like receptor (named GPR12L) sharing 66% a.a. identity to that in vertebrates was reported in the present study. Using dual-luciferase reporter assay and Western blot, we demonstrated that GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR12L are constitutively active and capable of stimulating the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway without ligand stimulation in birds (and zebrafish), indicating their conserved signaling property across vertebrates. RNA-seq data/qRT-PCR assays revealed that GPR6 and GPR12L expression is mainly restricted to the chicken brain, while GPR12 is highly expressed in chicken ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and oocytes of 6 mm growing follicles and its expression in cultured GCs is upregulated by progesterone. Taken together, our data reveal the structure, function, and expression of GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR12L in birds, thus providing the first piece of evidence that GPR12 expression is upregulated by gonadal steroid (i.e., progesterone) in vertebrates.
Collapse
|
16
|
Patricio F, Morales-Andrade AA, Patricio-Martínez A, Limón ID. Cannabidiol as a Therapeutic Target: Evidence of its Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Function in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:595635. [PMID: 33384602 PMCID: PMC7770114 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa L. have, since ancient times, been proposed as a pharmacological alternative for treating various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Interestingly, cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are highly expressed in the basal ganglia (BG) circuit of both animals and humans. The BG are subcortical structures that regulate the initiation, execution, and orientation of movement. CBRs regulate dopaminergic transmission in the nigro-striatal pathway and, thus, the BG circuit also. The functioning of the BG is affected in pathologies related to movement disorders, especially those occurring in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which produces motor and non-motor symptoms that involving GABAergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic neural networks. To date, the most effective medication for PD is levodopa (l-DOPA); however, long-term levodopa treatment causes a type of long-term dyskinesias, l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). With neuromodulation offering a novel treatment strategy for PD patients, research has focused on the endocannabinoid system (ECS), as it participates in the physiological neuromodulation of the BG in order to control movement. CBRs have been shown to inhibit neurotransmitter release, while endocannabinoids (eCBs) play a key role in the synaptic regulation of the BG. In the past decade, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid, has been shown to have compensatory effects both on the ECS and as a neuromodulator and neuroprotector in models such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and reserpine, as well as other PD models. Although the CBD-induced neuroprotection observed in animal models of PD has been attributed to the activation of the CB1 receptor, recent research conducted at a molecular level has proposed that CBD is capable of activating other receptors, such as CB2 and the TRPV-1 receptor, both of which are expressed in the dopaminergic neurons of the nigro-striatal pathway. These findings open new lines of scientific inquiry into the effects of CBD at the level of neural communication. Cannabidiol activates the PPARγ, GPR55, GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR18 receptors, causing a variety of biochemical, molecular, and behavioral effects due to the broad range of receptors it activates in the CNS. Given the low number of pharmacological treatment alternatives for PD currently available, the search for molecules with the therapeutic potential to improve neuronal communication is crucial. Therefore, the investigation of CBD and the mechanisms involved in its function is required in order to ascertain whether receptor activation could be a treatment alternative for both PD and LID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Patricio
- Laboratorio De Neurofarmacología, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alan Axel Morales-Andrade
- Laboratorio De Neurofarmacología, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio De Neurofarmacología, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.,Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio De Neurofarmacología, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Isawi IH, Morales P, Sotudeh N, Hurst DP, Lynch DL, Reggio PH. GPR6 Structural Insights: Homology Model Construction and Docking Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030725. [PMID: 32046081 PMCID: PMC7037797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR6 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that has been associated with the cannabinoid family because of its recognition of a sub-set of cannabinoid ligands. The high abundance of GPR6 in the central nervous system, along with high constitutive activity and a link to several neurodegenerative diseases make GPR6 a promising biological target. In fact, diverse research groups have demonstrated that GPR6 represents a possible target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Several patents have claimed the use of a wide range of pyrazine derivatives as GPR6 inverse agonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease symptoms and other dyskinesia syndromes. However, the full pharmacological importance of GPR6 has not yet been fully explored due to the lack of high potency, readily available ligands targeting GPR6. The long-term goal of the present study is to develop such ligands. In this paper, we describe our initial steps towards this goal. A human GPR6 homology model was constructed using a suite of computational techniques. This model permitted the identification of unique GPR6 structural features and the exploration of the GPR6 binding crevice. A subset of patented pyrazine analogs were docked in the resultant GPR6 inactive state model to validate the model, rationalize the structure-activity relationships from the reported patents and identify the key residues in the binding crevice for ligand recognition. We will take this structural knowledge into the next phase of GPR6 project, in which scaffold hopping will be used to design new GPR6 ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israa H. Isawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (I.H.I.); (D.P.H.); (D.L.L.)
| | - Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Medica (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Noori Sotudeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Dow P. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (I.H.I.); (D.P.H.); (D.L.L.)
| | - Diane L. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (I.H.I.); (D.P.H.); (D.L.L.)
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (I.H.I.); (D.P.H.); (D.L.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shrader SH, Song ZH. Discovery of endogenous inverse agonists for G protein-coupled receptor 6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:1041-1045. [PMID: 31818461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 6 (GPR6) is highly expressed in the striatum and has been linked to multiple striatal pathologies. The identification of endogenous ligands and their mechanisms of action at GPR6 will help to elucidate the physiological and pathological roles of the receptor. In the current study, we tested the concentration-dependent effects of a variety of endocannabinoid-like N-acylamides on GPR6 signaling. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that N-arachidonoyl dopamine, N-docosahexaenoyl dopamine, N-oleoyl dopamine and N-palmitoyl dopamine exert inverse agonism at GPR6. This effect was concentration-dependent, with potencies in the micromolar range, and functionally selective for β-arrestin2 recruitment. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate that both the N-acyl side chain and the dopamine head group are important for these ligands to act on GPR6. Our discovery of these N-acyl dopamines as endogenous inverse agonists for GPR6 moves us one step further in understanding the roles GPR6 play in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders related to striatal dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Shrader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Laun AS, Shrader SH, Brown KJ, Song ZH. GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 as novel molecular targets: their biological functions and interaction with cannabidiol. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:300-308. [PMID: 29941868 PMCID: PMC6460361 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors 3, 6, and 12 (GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12) comprise a family of closely related orphan receptors with no confirmed endogenous ligands. These receptors are constitutively active and capable of signaling through G protein-mediated and non-G protein-mediated mechanisms. These orphan receptors have previously been reported to play important roles in many normal physiological functions and to be involved in a variety of pathological conditions. Although they are orphans, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are phylogenetically most closely related to the cannabinoid receptors. Using β-arrestin2 recruitment and cAMP accumulation assays, we recently found that the nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is an inverse agonist for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. This discovery highlights these orphan receptors as potential new molecular targets for CBD, provides novel mechanisms of action, and suggests new therapeutic uses of CBD for illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and infertility. Furthermore, identification of CBD as a new inverse agonist for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 provides the initial chemical scaffolds upon which potent and efficacious agents acting on these receptors can be developed, with the goal of developing chemical tools for studying these orphan receptors and ultimately new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Laun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Sarah H Shrader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Kevin J Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laun AS, Shrader SH, Song ZH. Novel inverse agonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 6. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00933. [PMID: 30480157 PMCID: PMC6240797 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 6 (GPR6) displays unique promise as a therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders due to its high expression in the striatopallidal neurons of the basal ganglia. GPR6, along with closely related orphan receptors GPR3 and GPR12, are phylogenetically related to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. In the current study, we performed concentration-response studies on the effects of three different classes of cannabinoids: endogenous, phyto-, and synthetic, on both GPR6-mediated cAMP accumulation and β-arrestin2 recruitment. In addition, structure-activity relationship studies were conducted on cannabidiol (CBD), a recently discovered inverse agonist for GPR6. We have identified four additional cannabinoids, cannabidavarin (CBDV), WIN55212-2, SR141716A and SR144528, that exert inverse agonism on GPR6. Furthermore, we have discovered that these cannabinoids exhibit functional selectivity toward the β-arrestin2 recruitment pathway. These novel, functionally selective inverse agonists for GPR6 can be used as research tools and potentially developed into therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Laun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
| | - Sarah H Shrader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peres FF, Lima AC, Hallak JEC, Crippa JA, Silva RH, Abílio VC. Cannabidiol as a Promising Strategy to Treat and Prevent Movement Disorders? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:482. [PMID: 29867488 PMCID: PMC5958190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia are highly debilitating conditions linked to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. When available, the pharmacological therapies for these disorders are still mainly symptomatic, do not benefit all patients and induce severe side effects. Cannabidiol is a non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa that presents antipsychotic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Although the studies that investigate the effects of this compound on movement disorders are surprisingly few, cannabidiol emerges as a promising compound to treat and/or prevent them. Here, we review these clinical and pre-clinical studies and draw attention to the potential of cannabidiol in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda F Peres
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq, FAPESP, CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alvaro C Lima
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaime E C Hallak
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq, FAPESP, CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José A Crippa
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq, FAPESP, CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Regina H Silva
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Abílio
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq, FAPESP, CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morales P, Isawi I, Reggio PH. Towards a better understanding of the cannabinoid-related orphan receptors GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:74-93. [PMID: 29390908 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1428616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are three orphan receptors that belong to the Class A family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These GPCRs share over 60% of sequence similarity among them. Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 share a high percentage of homology with other lipid receptors such as the lysophospholipid and the cannabinoid receptors. On the basis of sequence similarities at key structural motifs, these orphan receptors have been related to the cannabinoid family. However, further experimental data are required to confirm this association. GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are predominantly expressed in mammalian brain. Their high constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase triggers increases in cAMP levels similar in amplitude to fully activated GPCRs. This feature defines their physiological role under certain pathological conditions. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge attained so far on the understanding of these receptors. Expression patterns, pharmacology, physiopathological relevance, and molecules targeting GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 will be analyzed herein. Interestingly, certain cannabinoid ligands have been reported to modulate these orphan receptors. The current debate about sphingolipids as putative endogenous ligands will also be addressed. A special focus will be on their potential role in the brain, particularly under neurological conditions such as Parkinson or Alzheimer's disease. Reported physiological roles outside the central nervous system will also be covered. This critical overview may contribute to a further comprehension of the physiopathological role of these orphan GPCRs, hopefully attracting more research towards a future therapeutic exploitation of these promising targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Israa Isawi
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alavi MS, Shamsizadeh A, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Roohbakhsh A. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: The role in CNS disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:222-232. [PMID: 29268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various types of receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the highest expression with a wide range of physiological functions. A newer sub group of these receptors namely orphan GPCRs have been discovered. GPR3, GPR6, GPR17, GPR26, GPR37, GPR39, GPR40, GPR50, GPR52, GPR54, GPR55, GPR85, GPR88, GPR103, and GPR139 are the selected orphan GPCRs for this article. Their roles in the central nervous system have not been understood well so far. However, recent studies show that they may have very important functions in the CNS. Hence, in the present study, we reviewed most recent findings regarding the physiological roles of the selected orphan GPCRs in the CNS. After a brief presentation of each receptor, considering the results from genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the receptors, their roles in the pathophysiology of different diseases and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse will be discussed. At present, our knowledge regarding the role of GPCRs in the brain is very limited. However, previous limited studies show that orphan GPCRs have an important place in psychopharmacology and these receptors are potential new targets for the treatment of major CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morales P, Reggio PH. An Update on Non-CB 1, Non-CB 2 Cannabinoid Related G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:265-273. [PMID: 29098189 PMCID: PMC5665501 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been shown to be of great importance in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. To date, two Class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been discovered and validated as the main therapeutic targets of this system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is the most abundant neuromodulatory receptor in the brain, and the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), predominantly found in the immune system among other organs and tissues. Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands (endocannabinoids) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis, cell uptake, and degradation have also been identified as part of the ECS. However, its complex pharmacology suggests that other GPCRs may also play physiologically relevant roles in this therapeutically promising system. In the last years, GPCRs such as GPR18 and GPR55 have emerged as possible missing members of the cannabinoid family. This categorization still stimulates strong debate due to the lack of pharmacological tools to validate it. Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, the Class A orphan GPCRs, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12, have also been associated with the cannabinoids. Moreover, certain endo-, phyto-, and synthetic cannabinoid ligands have displayed activity at other well-established GPCRs, including the opioid, adenosine, serotonin, and dopamine receptor families. In addition, the cannabinoid receptors have also been shown to form dimers with other GPCRs triggering cross-talk signaling under specific conditions. In this mini review, we aim to provide insight into the non-CB1, non-CB2 cannabinoid-related GPCRs that have been reported thus far. We consider the physiological relevance of these molecular targets in modulating the ECS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Laun AS, Song ZH. GPR3 and GPR6, novel molecular targets for cannabidiol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:17-21. [PMID: 28571738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GPR3 and GPR6 are members of a family of constitutively active, Gs protein-coupled receptors. Previously, it has been reported that GPR3 is involved in Alzheimer's disease whereas GPR6 plays potential roles in Parkinson's disease. GPR3 and GPR6 are considered orphan receptors because there are no confirmed endogenous agonists for them. However, GPR3 and GPR6 are phylogenetically related to the cannabinoid receptors. In this study, the activities of endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids were tested on GPR3 and GPR6 using a β-arrestin2 recruitment assay. Among the variety of cannabinoids tested, cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychoactive component of marijuana, significantly reduced β-arrestin2 recruitment to both GPR3 and GPR6. In addition, the inhibitory effects of CBD on β-arrestin2 recruitment were concentration-dependent for both GPR3 and GPR6, with a higher potency for GPR6. These data show that CBD acts as an inverse agonist at both GPR3 and GPR6 receptors. These results demonstrate for the first time that both GPR3 and GPR6 are novel molecular targets for CBD. Our discovery that CBD acts as a novel inverse agonist on both GPR3 and GPR6 indicates that some of the potential therapeutic effects of CBD (e.g. treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) may be mediated through these important receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Laun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Oeckl P, Ferger B. Increased susceptibility of G-protein coupled receptor 6 deficient mice to MPTP neurotoxicity. Neuroscience 2016; 337:218-223. [PMID: 27651149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor 6 (GPR6) is a constitutive active orphan GPCR which is predominantly expressed in striatopallidal neurons. GPR6 deficiency in mice may alter the susceptibility of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system relevant for Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigated the effect of GPR6 deficiency in mice on neurotoxicity induced by the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). GPR6-/-- and control mice were treated with MPTP (4×12.5mg/kg, i.p., 2h intervals) and analyzed after seven days. Striatal dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) concentrations were measured by HPLC. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In a separate group of mice, MPP+ (500μM for 20min) was administered via an intrastriatal microdialysis probe to measure the MPP+-induced DA release. MPTP produced a significant reduction in striatal DA, DOPAC, HVA and an increase in dopamine turnover in control and GPR6-/--mice. The MPTP-induced DA and HVA depletion was significantly more pronounced in GPR6-/--mice. Consistently, the MPTP-induced reduction of TH-positive neurons in the SPpc was significantly higher in GPR6-/--mice. Furthermore, the MPP+-induced dopamine release was significantly higher in GPR6-/--mice. In conclusion, we showed that MPTP induces an enhanced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in GPR6-/--mice indicated by alterations at the striatal and nigral level. We propose that GPR6 signaling is involved in the cascade of neurodegenerative events of the parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP and suggest that pharmacological modulation of GPR6 might represent an entry point to further investigate GPR6 in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Oeckl
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Boris Ferger
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Novel Therapeutic GPCRs for Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14109-21. [PMID: 26101869 PMCID: PMC4490542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets of the neuropharmacological drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). GPCRs are activated by manifold neurotransmitters, and their activation in turn evokes slow synaptic transmission. They are deeply involved in multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. In the brain, the striatum is strongly innervated by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and plays a central role in manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Recently, anatomical and comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the non-odorant GPCR superfamily revealed that the orphan GPCRs GPR88, GPR6, and GPR52, as well as dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and the adenosine A2a receptor, are the most highly enriched in the rodent striatum. Genetically engineered animal models and molecular biological studies have suggested that these striatally enriched GPCRs have a potential to be therapeutic psychiatric receptors. This review summarizes the current understanding of the therapeutic GPCR candidates for psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ahmad R, Wojciech S, Jockers R. Hunting for the function of orphan GPCRs - beyond the search for the endogenous ligand. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:3212-28. [PMID: 25231237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven transmembrane-spanning proteins (7TM), also called GPCRs, are among the most versatile and evolutionary successful protein families. Out of the 400 non-odourant members identified in the human genome, approximately 100 remain orphans that have not been matched with an endogenous ligand. Apart from the classical deorphanization strategies, several alternative strategies provided recent new insights into the function of these proteins, which hold promise for high therapeutic potential. These alternative strategies consist of the phenotypical characterization of organisms silenced or overexpressing orphan 7TM proteins, the search for constitutive receptor activity and formation of protein complexes including 7TM proteins as well as the development of synthetic, surrogate ligands. Taken together, a variety of ligand-independent functions can be attributed to orphan 7TM proteins that range from constitutive activity to complex formation with other proteins and include 'true' orphans for which no ligand exist and 'conditional' orphans that behave like orphans in the absence of ligand and as non-orphans in the presence of ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Wojciech
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|