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Wang H, Fang F, Jing X, Xu D, Ren Z, Dou S, Xie Y, Zhuang Y. Augmentation of functional recovery via ROCK/PI3K/AKT pathway by Fasudil Hydrochloride in a rat sciatic nerve transection model. J Orthop Translat 2024; 47:74-86. [PMID: 39007038 PMCID: PMC11245988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury remains unsatisfactory. This study aims to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of Fasudil Hydrochloride at treating the sciatic nerve transection injury in rats and the mechanism involved. Materials and methods In animal experiments, 75 Sprague Dawley rats that underwent transection and repair of the right sciatic nerve were divided into a control, Fasudil, and Fas + LY group, receiving daily intraperitoneal injection of saline, Fasudil Hydrochloride (10 mg/kg), and Fasudil Hydrochloride plus LY294002 (5 mg/kg), respectively. At day 3 after surgery, the expression of ROCK2, p-PI3K, and p-AKT in L4-5 DRG and the lumbosacral enlargement was determined using Western blotting. At day 7 and 14, axon density in the distal stump was evaluated with immunostaining using the anti-Neurofilament-200 antibody. At day 30, retrograde tracing by injecting Fluoro-gold in the distal stump was performed. Three months after surgery, remyelination was analyzed with immostaining using the anti-MPZ antibody and the transmission electron microscope; Moreover, Motion-Evoked Potential, and recovery of sensorimotor functions was evaluated with a neuromonitor, Footprint, Hot Plate and Von Frey Filaments, respectively. Moveover, the Gastrocnemius muscles were weighed, and then underwent H&E staining, and staining of the neuromuscular junction using α-Bungarotoxin to evaluate the extent of atrophy and degeneration of the endplates in the Gastrocnemius. In vitro, spinal motor neurons (SMNs) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were cultured to examine the impact of Fasudil Hydrochloride and LY294002 on the axon outgrowth. Results Three days after injury, the expression of ROCK2 increased significantly (P<0.01), and Fasudil application significantly increased the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT in L4-6 DRG and the lumbosacral enlargement (P < 0.05). At day 7 and 14 after surgery, a higher axon density could be observed in the Fasudil group(P < 0.05). At day 30 after surgery, a larger number of motor and sensory neurons absorbing Fluoro-gold could be observed in the Fasudil group (P < 0.01) Three months after surgery, a greater thickness of myelin sheath could be observed in the Fasudil group (P < 0.05). The electrophysiological test showed that a larger amplitude of motion-evoked potential could be triggered in the Fasudil group (P < 0.01). Behavioral tests showed that a higher sciatic function index and a lower threshold for reacting to heat and mechanical stimuli could be measured in the Fasudil group. (P < 0.01). The wet weight ratio of the Gastrocnemius muscles and the area of the cross section of its myofibrils were greater in the Fasudil group (P < 0.01), which also demonstrated a higer ratio of axon-endplate connection and a larger size of endplates (P < 0.05). And there were no significant differences for the abovementioned parameters between the control and Fas + LY groups (P>0.05). In vitro studies showed that Fasudil could significantly promote axon growth in DRG and SMNs, and increase the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT, which could be abolished by LY294002 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Fasudil can augment axon regeneration and remyelination, and functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. The translational potential of this article The translation potential of this article is that we report for the first time that Fasudil Hydrochloride has a remarkable efficacy at improving axon regeneration and remyelination following a transection injury of the right sciatic nerve in rats through the ROCK/PI3K/AKT pathway, which has a translational potential to be used clinically to treat peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of pharmacology, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xing Jing
- Fujian Key Laboratory of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, institute of clinical applied anatomy, the school of basic medical sciences, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, institute of clinical applied anatomy, the school of basic medical sciences, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Shuang Dou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, institute of clinical applied anatomy, the school of basic medical sciences, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Yuehong Zhuang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, institute of clinical applied anatomy, the school of basic medical sciences, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
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2
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Bolívar S, Sanz E, Ovelleiro D, Zochodne DW, Udina E. Neuron-specific RNA-sequencing reveals different responses in peripheral neurons after nerve injury. eLife 2024; 12:RP91316. [PMID: 38742628 PMCID: PMC11093584 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neurons are heterogeneous and functionally diverse, but all share the capability to switch to a pro-regenerative state after nerve injury. Despite the assumption that the injury response is similar among neuronal subtypes, functional recovery may differ. Understanding the distinct intrinsic regenerative properties between neurons may help to improve the quality of regeneration, prioritizing the growth of axon subpopulations to their targets. Here, we present a comparative analysis of regeneration across four key peripheral neuron populations: motoneurons, proprioceptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors. Using Cre/Ai9 mice that allow fluorescent labeling of neuronal subtypes, we found that nociceptors showed the greater regeneration after a sciatic crush, followed by motoneurons, mechanoreceptors, and, finally, proprioceptors. By breeding these Cre mice with Ribotag mice, we isolated specific translatomes and defined the regenerative response of these neuronal subtypes after axotomy. Only 20% of the regulated genes were common, revealing a diverse response to injury among neurons, which was also supported by the differential influence of neurotrophins among neuron subtypes. Among differentially regulated genes, we proposed MED12 as a specific regulator of the regeneration of proprioceptors. Altogether, we demonstrate that the intrinsic regenerative capacity differs between peripheral neuron subtypes, opening the door to selectively modulate these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bolívar
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
| | - David Ovelleiro
- Peripheral Nervous System, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital CampusBarcelonaSpain
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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3
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Berardo A, Bacaglio CR, Báez BB, Sambuelli R, Sheikh KA, Lopez PHH. Blockade of Rho-associated kinase prevents inhibition of axon regeneration of peripheral nerves induced by anti-ganglioside antibodies. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:895-899. [PMID: 37843226 PMCID: PMC10664126 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-ganglioside antibodies are associated with delayed/poor clinical recovery in Guillain-Barrè syndrome, mostly related to halted axon regeneration. Cross-linking of cell surface gangliosides by anti-ganglioside antibodies triggers inhibition of nerve repair in in vitro and in vivo paradigms of axon regeneration. These effects involve the activation of the small GTPase RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways, which negatively modulate growth cone cytoskeleton, similarly to well stablished inhibitors of axon regeneration described so far. The aim of this work was to perform a proof of concept study to demonstrate the effectiveness of Y-27632, a selective pharmacological inhibitor of ROCK, in a mouse model of axon regeneration of peripheral nerves, where the passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody targeting gangliosides GD1a and GT1b was previously reported to exert a potent inhibitory effect on regeneration of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Our results demonstrate a differential sensitivity of myelinated and unmyelinated axons to the pro-regenerative effect of Y-27632. Treatment with a total dosage of 9 mg/kg of Y-27632 resulted in a complete prevention of anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody-mediated inhibition of axon regeneration of unmyelinated fibers to skin and the functional recovery of mechanical cutaneous sensitivity. In contrast, the same dose showed toxic effects on the regeneration of myelinated fibers. Interestingly, scale down of the dosage of Y-27632 to 5 mg/kg resulted in a significant although not complete recovery of regenerated myelinated axons exposed to anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody in the absence of toxicity in animals exposed to only Y-27632. Overall, these findings confirm the in vivo participation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways in the molecular mechanisms associated with the inhibition of axon regeneration induced by anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody. Our findings open the possibility of therapeutic pharmacological intervention targeting RhoA/Rock pathway in immune neuropathies associated with the presence of anti-ganglioside antibodies and delayed or incomplete clinical recovery after injury in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Berardo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian R. Bacaglio
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bárbara B. Báez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rubén Sambuelli
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Kazim A. Sheikh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pablo H. H. Lopez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Benarroch E. What Is the Role of the Rho-ROCK Pathway in Neurologic Disorders? Neurology 2023; 101:536-543. [PMID: 37722862 PMCID: PMC10516277 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
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Liu J, Ma X, Hu X, Wen J, Zhang H, Xu J, He Y, Wang X, Guo J. Schwann cell‐specific
RhoA
knockout accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration via promoting Schwann cell dedifferentiation. Glia 2023; 71:1715-1728. [PMID: 36971019 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that RhoA knockdown or inhibition could alleviate the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of Schwann cells. However, the role of RhoA in Schwann cells during nerve injury and repair is still unknown. Herein, we developed two lines of Schwann cells conditional RhoA knockout (cKO) mice by breeding RhoAflox / flox mice with PlpCre -ERT2 or DhhCre mice. Our results indicate that RhoA cKO in Schwann cells accelerates axonal regrowth and remyelination after sciatic nerve injury, which enhances the recovery of nerve conduction and hindlimb gait, and alleviates the amyotrophy in gastrocnemius muscle. Mechanistic studies in both in vivo and in vitro models revealed that RhoA cKO could facilitate Schwann cell dedifferentiation via JNK pathway. Schwann cell dedifferentiation subsequently promotes Wallerian degeneration by enhancing phagocytosis and myelinophagy, as well as stimulating the production of neurotrophins (NT-3, NGF, BDNF, and GDNF). These findings shed light on the role of RhoA in Schwann cells during nerve injury and repair, indicating that cell type-specific RhoA targeting could serve as a promising molecular therapeutic strategy for peripheral nerve injury.
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Rayner MLD, Kellaway SC, Kingston I, Guillemot-Legris O, Gregory H, Healy J, Phillips JB. Exploring the Nerve Regenerative Capacity of Compounds with Differing Affinity for PPARγ In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010042. [PMID: 36611836 PMCID: PMC9818498 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to peripheral nerves can cause debilitating consequences for patients such as lifelong pain and disability. At present, no drug treatments are routinely given in the clinic following a peripheral nerve injury (PNI) to improve regeneration and remyelination of damaged nerves. Appropriately targeted therapeutic agents have the potential to be used at different stages following nerve damage, e.g., to maintain Schwann cell viability, induce and sustain a repair phenotype to support axonal growth, or promote remyelination. The development of therapies to promote nerve regeneration is currently of high interest to researchers, however, translation to the clinic of drug therapies for PNI is still lacking. Studying the effect of PPARγ agonists for treatment of peripheral nerve injures has demonstrated significant benefits. Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has reproducibly demonstrated benefits in vitro and in vivo, suggested to be due to its agonist action on PPARγ. Other NSAIDs have demonstrated differing levels of PPARγ activation based upon their affinity. Therefore, it was of interest to determine whether affinity for PPARγ of selected drugs corresponded to an increase in regeneration. A 3D co-culture in vitro model identified some correlation between these two properties. However, when the drug treatments were screened in vivo, in a crush injury model in a rat sciatic nerve, the same correlation was not apparent. Further differences were observed between capacity to increase axon number and improvement in functional recovery. Despite there not being a clear correlation between affinity and size of effect on regeneration, all selected PPARγ agonists improved regeneration, providing a panel of compounds that could be explored for use in the treatment of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. D. Rayner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Simon C. Kellaway
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - Isabel Kingston
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - Holly Gregory
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - Jess Healy
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - James B. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
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7
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Poitras T, Zochodne DW. Unleashing Intrinsic Growth Pathways in Regenerating Peripheral Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13566. [PMID: 36362354 PMCID: PMC9654452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Common mechanisms of peripheral axon regeneration are recruited following diverse forms of damage to peripheral nerve axons. Whether the injury is traumatic or disease related neuropathy, reconnection of axons to their targets is required to restore function. Supporting peripheral axon regrowth, while not yet available in clinics, might be accomplished from several directions focusing on one or more of the complex stages of regrowth. Direct axon support, with follow on participation of supporting Schwann cells is one approach, emphasized in this review. However alternative approaches might include direct support of Schwann cells that instruct axons to regrow, manipulation of the inflammatory milieu to prevent ongoing bystander axon damage, or use of inflammatory cytokines as growth factors. Axons may be supported by a growing list of growth factors, extending well beyond the classical neurotrophin family. The understanding of growth factor roles continues to expand but their impact experimentally and in humans has faced serious limitations. The downstream signaling pathways that impact neuron growth have been exploited less frequently in regeneration models and rarely in human work, despite their promise and potency. Here we review the major regenerative signaling cascades that are known to influence adult peripheral axon regeneration. Within these pathways there are major checkpoints or roadblocks that normally check unwanted growth, but are an impediment to robust growth after injury. Several molecular roadblocks, overlapping with tumour suppressor systems in oncology, operate at the level of the perikarya. They have impacts on overall neuron plasticity and growth. A second approach targets proteins that largely operate at growth cones. Addressing both sites might offer synergistic benefits to regrowing neurons. This review emphasizes intrinsic aspects of adult peripheral axon regeneration, emphasizing several molecular barriers to regrowth that have been studied in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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8
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Xu J, Wen J, Fu L, Liao L, Zou Y, Zhang J, Deng J, Zhang H, Liu J, Wang X, Zuo D, Guo J. Macrophage-specific RhoA knockout delays Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:234. [PMID: 34654444 PMCID: PMC8520251 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plenty of macrophages are recruited to the injured nerve to play key roles in the immunoreaction and engulf the debris of degenerated axons and myelin during Wallerian degeneration, thus creating a conducive microenvironment for nerve regeneration. Recently, drugs targeting the RhoA pathway have been widely used to promote peripheral axonal regeneration. However, the role of RhoA in macrophage during Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury is still unknown. Herein, we come up with the hypothesis that RhoA might influence Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration by affecting the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages after peripheral nerve injury. Methods Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, H&E staining, and electrophysiology were performed to access the Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve transection and crush injury in the LyzCre+/−; RhoAflox/flox (cKO) mice or Lyz2Cre+/− (Cre) mice, regardless of sex. Macrophages’ migration and phagocytosis were detected in the injured nerves and the cultured macrophages. Moreover, the expression and potential roles of ROCK and MLCK were also evaluated in the cultured macrophages. Results 1. RhoA was specifically knocked out in macrophages of the cKO mice; 2. The segmentation of axons and myelin, the axonal regeneration, and nerve conduction in the injured nerve were significantly impeded while the myoatrophy was more severe in the cKO mice compared with those in Cre mice; 3. RhoA knockout attenuated the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages in vivo and in vitro; 4. ROCK and MLCK were downregulated in the cKO macrophages while inhibition of ROCK and MLCK could weaken the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages. Conclusions Our findings suggest that RhoA depletion in macrophages exerts a detrimental effect on Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration, which is most likely due to the impaired migration and phagocytosis of macrophages resulted from disrupted RhoA/ROCK/MLCK pathway. Since previous research has proved RhoA inhibition in neurons was favoring for axonal regeneration, the present study reminds us of that the cellular specificity of RhoA-targeted drugs is needed to be considered in the future application for treating peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jinkun Wen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Neurology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Lanya Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liqiang Liao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junyao Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510700, China. .,Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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9
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Poitras TM, Munchrath E, Zochodne DW. Neurobiological Opportunities in Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2303-2323. [PMID: 34935118 PMCID: PMC8804062 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights a selection of potential translational directions for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) currently irreversible and without approved interventions beyond pain management. The list does not include all diabetic targets that have been generated over several decades of research but focuses on newer work. The emphasis is firstly on approaches that support the viability and growth of peripheral neurons and their ability to withstand a barrage of diabetic alterations. We include a section describing Schwann cell targets and finally how mitochondrial damage has been a common element in discussing neuropathic damage. Most of the molecules and pathways described here have not yet reached clinical trials, but many trials have been negative to date. Nonetheless, these failures clear the pathway for new thoughts over reversing DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Poitras
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Easton Munchrath
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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10
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Repurposing Small Molecules to Target PPAR-γ as New Therapies for Peripheral Nerve Injuries. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091301. [PMID: 34572514 PMCID: PMC8465622 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow rate of neuronal regeneration that follows peripheral nerve repair results in poor recovery, particularly where reinnervation of muscles is delayed, leading to atrophy and permanent loss of function. There is a clear clinical need to develop drug treatments that can accelerate nerve regeneration safely, restoring connections before the target tissues deteriorate irreversibly. The identification that the Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway acts to limit neuronal growth rate is a promising advancement towards the development of drugs. Targeting Rho or ROCK directly can act to suppress the activity of this pathway; however, the pathway can also be modulated through the activation of upstream receptors; one of particular interest being peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). The connection between the PPAR-γ receptor and the Rho/ROCK pathway is the suppression of the conversion of inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-Rho to active guanosine triphosphate GTP-Rho, resulting in the suppression of Rho/ROCK activity. PPAR-γ is known for its role in cellular metabolism that leads to cell growth and differentiation. However, more recently there has been a growing interest in targeting PPAR-γ in peripheral nerve injury (PNI). The localisation and expression of PPAR-γ in neural cells following a PNI has been reported and further in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that delivering PPAR-γ agonists following injury promotes nerve regeneration, leading to improvements in functional recovery. This review explores the potential of repurposing PPAR-γ agonists to treat PNI and their prospective translation to the clinic.
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Mertsch S, Neumann I, Rose C, Schargus M, Geerling G, Schrader S. The effect of Rho Kinase inhibition on corneal nerve regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Ocul Surf 2021; 22:213-223. [PMID: 34419637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impairment of corneal nerves can lead to neurotrophic keratopathy accompanied with severe ocular surface damage, which due to limited treatment options, can result in severe visual deterioration. This study evaluates a possible new treatment by enhancing the corneal nerve regeneration using a Rho Kinase inhibitor (Y27632). ROCK is known to play an important role in regulating cell morphology, adhesion and motility but little is known about its role in corneal nerve regeneration. METHODS Effects of ROCK inhibition on murine peripheral nerves was assessed in single cell- and wound healing assays as well as a 3D in vitro model. Furthermore, Sholl analysis evaluating neuronal branching and life-death assays evaluating toxicity of the inhibitor were performed. An in vivo mouse model was established, with monitoring weekly corneal nerve regrowth using confocal microscopy. Additionally, corneal nerve fiber length was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Underlying pathways were examined by qrtPCR. RESULTS ROCK inhibition leads to a significant enhancement of fiber growth in vitro. Sholl analysis revealed a higher degree of branching of treated fibers. Cytotoxicity assay showed no influence of Y27632 on cellular survival. In vivo measurement revealed significant enhanced regeneration after injury in the treated group. QrtPCR of trigeminal ganglia confirmed ROCK knock-down as well as altered pathways. CONCLUSION The inhibition of ROCK after corneal nerve injury resulted in an enhanced regrowth of fibers in vitro and in vivo. This might be a step towards a new therapeutic concept for the treatment of impaired corneal nerves in diseases such as neurotrophic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Mertsch
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Pius-Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Inga Neumann
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Cosima Rose
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Marc Schargus
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Asklepios Hospital Nord-Heidberg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Geerling
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Pius-Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
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Koizumi Y, Mizutari K, Kawauchi S, Sato S, Shiotani A, Kakehata S. Y-27632, a ROCK inhibitor, improved laser-induced shock wave (LISW)-induced cochlear synaptopathy in mice. Mol Brain 2021; 14:105. [PMID: 34217338 PMCID: PMC8254252 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a pathological condition called cochlear synaptopathy has been clarified, and as a disorder of the auditory nerve synapses that occurs prior to failure of hair cells, it has been recognized as a major cause of sensorineural hearing loss. However, cochlear synaptopathy is untreatable. Inhibition of rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK), a serine-threonine protein kinase, has been reported to have neuroprotective and regenerative effects on synaptic pathways in the nervous system, including those in the inner ear. We previously demonstrated the regenerative effect of the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, on an excitotoxic cochlear nerve damage model in vitro. In this study, we aimed to validate the effect of ROCK inhibition on mice with cochlear synaptopathy induced by laser-induced shock wave (LISW) in vivo. After the elevation of ROCK1/2 expression in the damaged cochlea was confirmed, we administered Y-27632 locally via the middle ear. The amplitude of wave I in the auditory brainstem response and the number of synapses in the Y-27632-treated cochlea increased significantly. These results clearly demonstrate that ROCK inhibition has a promising clinical application in the treatment of cochlear synaptopathy, which is the major pathology of sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koizumi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kunio Mizutari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Satoko Kawauchi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiotani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Seiji Kakehata
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
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Leo M, Schmitt LI, Kutritz A, Kleinschnitz C, Hagenacker T. Cisplatin-induced activation and functional modulation of satellite glial cells lead to cytokine-mediated modulation of sensory neuron excitability. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113695. [PMID: 33727094 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin plays an essential role in the treatment of various cancers. Cisplatin exhibits high efficacy, but it often leads to severe neurotoxic side effects, such as chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy (CIPN). The pathophysiology of CIPN is not fully understood. There is increasing evidence for damage to satellite glial cells (SGC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We investigated the influence of cisplatin on the function of SGCs and the direct influence on DRGs. Satellite glial cells were isolated from DRG and exposed to 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μM cisplatin for 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h. Using immunocytochemical staining and Western blot analysis, the expression of the glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inward rectifier potassium channel 4.1 (Kir4.1) was determined. An increase in the immune reactivity (IR) and protein levels of GFAP and ROS was measured, and a reduction of IR and protein level of Kir4.1 was detected. A decrease in these channels' current density was observed using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) release of SGCs increased after cisplatin exposure as measured using ELISA, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) decreased. The SGC-secreted factors in the supernatant after cisplatin treatment led to a modulation of cultured DRG neurons' excitability. Taken together, the modulation and function of different SGC proteins could be linked to a direct impact of cisplatin. Further, SGC-secreted factors influenced the excitability of sensory neurons. Overall, SGCs could be a potential target in preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Leo
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Linda-Isabell Schmitt
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kutritz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tim Hagenacker
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Koizumi Y, Ito T, Mizutari K, Kakehata S. Regenerative Effect of a ROCK Inhibitor, Y-27632, on Excitotoxic Trauma in an Organotypic Culture of the Cochlea. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:572434. [PMID: 33328888 PMCID: PMC7717995 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.572434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, most inner ear diseases were thought to start with the impairment of the sensory epithelium of the cochlea before subsequently progressing to secondary neural degeneration. However, recent studies show that loss of primary synapses accompanied by excitotoxic degeneration of peripheral axons is likely to be the underlying pathology in sensorineural hearing loss. Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibition has been reported to have neuroprotective and regenerative effects on synaptic pathways. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of ROCK inhibition using Y-27632 in a model of peripheral axonal damage in the spiral ganglion neurons created using the glutamate agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid, to induce excitotoxic trauma in the explanted cochlea. The number of axons projecting to hair cells in the cochlea treated with Y-27632 was significantly greater than those in the cochlea treated only with NMDA + kainic acid. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in synapses between the spiral ganglion and the inner hair cells in the cochlea treated with Y-27632. The findings of this study suggest that ROCK inhibition could be a potential strategy for the regeneration of peripheral axons in the spiral ganglion and synapse formation in the inner hair cells of a cochlea that has sustained excitotoxic injury, which is one of the primary etiologies of inner ear disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koizumi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kunio Mizutari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seiji Kakehata
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Schwann Cell Role in Selectivity of Nerve Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092131. [PMID: 32962230 PMCID: PMC7563640 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries result in the loss of the motor, sensory and autonomic functions of the denervated segments of the body. Neurons can regenerate after peripheral axotomy, but inaccuracy in reinnervation causes a permanent loss of function that impairs complete recovery. Thus, understanding how regenerating axons respond to their environment and direct their growth is essential to improve the functional outcome of patients with nerve lesions. Schwann cells (SCs) play a crucial role in the regeneration process, but little is known about their contribution to specific reinnervation. Here, we review the mechanisms by which SCs can differentially influence the regeneration of motor and sensory axons. Mature SCs express modality-specific phenotypes that have been associated with the promotion of selective regeneration. These include molecular markers, such as L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate, which is differentially expressed in motor and sensory SCs, or the neurotrophic profile after denervation, which differs remarkably between SC modalities. Other important factors include several molecules implicated in axon-SC interaction. This cell–cell communication through adhesion (e.g., polysialic acid) and inhibitory molecules (e.g., MAG) contributes to guiding growing axons to their targets. As many of these factors can be modulated, further research will allow the design of new strategies to improve functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries.
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Tallon C, Marshall KL, Kennedy ME, Hyde LA, Farah MH. Pharmacological BACE Inhibition Improves Axonal Regeneration in Nerve Injury and Disease Models. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:973-988. [PMID: 32236823 PMCID: PMC7609814 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the peripheral nervous system is able to repair itself following injury and disease, recovery is often slow and incomplete, with no available treatments to enhance the effectiveness of regeneration. Using knock-out and transgenic overexpressor mice, we previously reported that BACE1, an aspartyl protease, as reported by Hemming et al. (PLoS One 4:12, 2009), negatively regulates peripheral nerve regeneration. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of BACE may enhance peripheral nerve repair following traumatic nerve injury or neurodegenerative disease. BACE inhibitor-treated mice had increased numbers of regenerating axons and enhanced functional recovery after a sciatic nerve crush while inhibition increased axonal sprouting following a partial nerve injury. In the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model, BACE inhibition increased axonal regeneration with improved muscle re-innervation. CHL1, a BACE1 substrate, was elevated in treated mice and may mediate enhanced regeneration. Our data demonstrates that pharmacological BACE inhibition accelerates peripheral axon regeneration after varied nerve injuries and could be used as a potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos Sr. Building, Room 239, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Katherine L Marshall
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos Sr. Building, Room 239, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Mohamed H Farah
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The John G. Rangos Sr. Building, Room 239, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Schmitt LI, Leo M, Kutritz A, Kleinschnitz C, Hagenacker T. Activation and functional modulation of satellite glial cells by oxaliplatin lead to hyperexcitability of sensory neurons in vitro. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103499. [PMID: 32389805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapeutics still play an important role in cancer therapy, however, severe side effects, such as painful neuropathy, occur frequently. The pathophysiologic mechanisms depend on the applied chemotherapeutic agent and are still controversial. In addition to neuronal damage, disturbance of glial cell activity may contribute to neurotoxicity. Here, we focused on the effect of oxaliplatin on satellite glial cell (SGC) function and on the activity of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. SGCs were isolated as high-purity cultures and treated with 1 and 10 μM oxaliplatin for 2, 4 and 24 h. Subsequently, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), Connexin-43 (Cx-43), and inward rectifier potassium channel 4.1 (Kir4.1) expression was determined by immunocytochemical staining (ICC) and Western blot analyses. Immunochemical staining and Western blot analysis showed an increase in the immune reactivity (IR) and protein levels of ROS, GFAP, and Cx-43. Furthermore, reduction of the IR and protein levels and current density were demonstrated using patch-clamp measurements, of Kir4.1 channels after oxaliplatin exposure. Cytokine release in SGCs was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) after oxaliplatin exposure and indicated an increased release of IL-6 and TNFα, while IL-1β was decreased. The direct influence of SGC-secreted factors in the supernatant after oxaliplatin treatment led to the hyperexcitability of cultured DRG neurons. In summary, oxaliplatin has a direct impact on the modulation and function of different SGC proteins. Furthermore, SGC-released factors influence the excitability of sensory neurons, qualifying SGCs as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of oxaliplatin-induced polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Leo
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kutritz
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | | | - Tim Hagenacker
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Essen, Germany.
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Zhou X, Zhao B, Poonit K, Weng W, Yao C, Sun C, Yan H. An aligned nanofiber nerve conduit that inhibits painful traumatic neuroma formation through regulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:837-846. [PMID: 30717043 DOI: 10.3171/2018.9.jns18360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic neuromas represent a prevalent source of neuropathic pain. As of yet, there has been no single treatment method that can guarantee permanent relief of symptoms. Although nerve-capping techniques have shown promise, their exact mechanisms remain elusive. The authors' aim was to examine the role of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in the prevention of neuroma formation after neurectomy utilizing a nerve-capping technique. METHODS An aligned nanofiber tube was fabricated to cap the sciatic nerve in Sprague Dawley rats. The rats (n = 60) were randomly divided into the aligned SF/P (LLA-CL) capping group (capping group, n = 20), the capping and Y-27632 (ROCK pathway inhibitor) intervention group (intervention group, n = 20), and the no-capping group (control group, n = 20). The authors undertook a comprehensive assessment of the capping group, examining the animals' behavior, the extent of neuroma development, histology, gene and protein expression, and ultrastructural changes associated with the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. These findings were compared with those in the intervention and control groups. RESULTS The inciting injury resulted in the expression of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, as well as its further upregulation in peripheral neurons. Axon outgrowth was significantly increased when RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was suppressed. The average autotomy score in the capping group was observed to be much lower than that of the intervention and control groups. At 30 days postneurectomy, the capping group displayed no obvious neuroma formation, while a bulbous neuroma was found in the nerve stumps of both the control and intervention groups. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and the Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein was substantially upregulated in the capping group; in contrast, the expression of NF-200 was significantly downregulated. The expression of myosin light chain was notably lower in the intervention group, but there was no significant difference when compared with the control group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway has emerged as a critical player in the process of traumatic neuroma formation after neurectomy. It is possible that the nerve-capping technique could generate a "regenerative brake" based on the regulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in this event. These findings may provide concrete evidence that could help develop new strategies for the management of painful neuromas.
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RhoA-GTPase Modulates Neurite Outgrowth by Regulating the Expression of Spastin and p60-Katanin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010230. [PMID: 31963385 PMCID: PMC7016723 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoA-GTPase (RhoA) is widely regarded as a key molecular switch to inhibit neurite outgrowth by rigidifying the actin cytoskeleton. However, during neurite outgrowth, whether and how microtubule dynamics are regulated by RhoA remains to be elucidated. Herein, CT04 and Y27632 were used to inactivate RhoA and its downstream effector Rho-associated coiled coil-forming kinase (ROCK), while the RhoAQ63L lentiviral vector was utilized to overexpress the constitutively activated RhoA in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons or neuronal differentiated PC12 cells. The current data illustrate that the RhoA signaling pathway negatively modulates neurite outgrowth and elevates the expression of Glu-tubulin (a marker for a stabilized microtubule). Meanwhile, the microtubule-severing proteins spastin and p60-katanin were downregulated by the RhoA signaling pathway. When spastin and p60-katanin were knocked down, the effects of RhoA inhibition on neurite outgrowth were significantly reversed. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the RhoA pathway-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth is not only related to the modulation of microfilament dynamics but is also attributable to the regulation of the expression of spastin and p60-katanin and thus influences microtubule dynamics.
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Jahromi M, Razavi S, Bakhtiari A. The advances in nerve tissue engineering: From fabrication of nerve conduit to in vivo nerve regeneration assays. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:2077-2100. [PMID: 31350868 DOI: 10.1002/term.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage is a common clinical complication of traumatic injury occurring after accident, tumorous outgrowth, or surgical side effects. Although the new methods and biomaterials have been improved recently, regeneration of peripheral nerve gaps is still a challenge. These injuries affect the quality of life of the patients negatively. In the recent years, many efforts have been made to develop innovative nerve tissue engineering approaches aiming to improve peripheral nerve treatment following nerve injuries. Herein, we will not only outline what we know about the peripheral nerve regeneration but also offer our insight regarding the types of nerve conduits, their fabrication process, and factors associated with conduits as well as types of animal and nerve models for evaluating conduit function. Finally, nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve injury model by nerve conduits has been considered, and the main aspects that may affect the preclinical outcome have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Jahromi
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Bakhtiari
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Enhanced regeneration and reinnervation following timed GDNF gene therapy in a cervical ventral root avulsion. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113037. [PMID: 31425689 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Avulsion of spinal nerve roots is a severe proximal peripheral nerve lesion. Despite neurosurgical repair, recovery of function in human patients is disappointing, because spinal motor neurons degenerate progressively, axons grow slowly and the distal Schwann cells which are instrumental to supporting axon extension lose their pro-regenerative properties. We have recently shown that timed GDNF gene therapy (dox-i-GDNF) in a lumbar plexus injury model promotes axon regeneration and improves electrophysiological recovery but fails to stimulate voluntary hind paw function. Here we report that dox-i-GDNF treatment following avulsion and re-implantation of cervical ventral roots leads to sustained motoneuron survival and recovery of voluntary function. These improvements were associated with a twofold increase in motor axon regeneration and enhanced reinnervation of the hand musculature. In this cervical model the distal hand muscles are located 6,5 cm from the reimplantation site, whereas following a lumber lesion this distance is twice as long. Since the first signs of muscle reinnervation are observed 6 weeks after the lesion, this suggests that regenerating axons reached the hand musculature before a critical state of chronic denervation has developed. These results demonstrate that the beneficial effects of timed GDNF-gene therapy are more robust following spinal nerve avulsion lesions that allow reinnervation of target muscles within a relatively short time window after the lesion. This study is an important step in demonstrating the potential of timed GDNF-gene therapy to enhance axon regeneration after neurosurgical repair of a severe proximal nerve lesion.
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Rho GTPases in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Peripheral Sensory Neurons. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060591. [PMID: 31208035 PMCID: PMC6627758 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous experimental studies demonstrate that the Ras homolog family of guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (Rho GTPases) Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) are important regulators in somatosensory neurons, where they elicit changes in the cellular cytoskeleton and are involved in diverse biological processes during development, differentiation, survival and regeneration. This review summarizes the status of research regarding the expression and the role of the Rho GTPases in peripheral sensory neurons and how these small proteins are involved in development and outgrowth of sensory neurons, as well as in neuronal regeneration after injury, inflammation and pain perception. In sensory neurons, Rho GTPases are activated by various extracellular signals through membrane receptors and elicit their action through a wide range of downstream effectors, such as Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or mixed-lineage kinase (MLK). While RhoA is implicated in the assembly of stress fibres and focal adhesions and inhibits neuronal outgrowth through growth cone collapse, Rac1 and Cdc42 promote neuronal development, differentiation and neuroregeneration. The functions of Rho GTPases are critically important in the peripheral somatosensory system; however, their signalling interconnections and partially antagonistic actions are not yet fully understood.
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Kalinski AL, Kar AN, Craver J, Tosolini AP, Sleigh JN, Lee SJ, Hawthorne A, Brito-Vargas P, Miller-Randolph S, Passino R, Shi L, Wong VSC, Picci C, Smith DS, Willis DE, Havton LA, Schiavo G, Giger RJ, Langley B, Twiss JL. Deacetylation of Miro1 by HDAC6 blocks mitochondrial transport and mediates axon growth inhibition. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1871-1890. [PMID: 31068376 PMCID: PMC6548128 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) was shown to support axon growth on the nonpermissive substrates myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Though HDAC6 deacetylates α-tubulin, we find that another HDAC6 substrate contributes to this axon growth failure. HDAC6 is known to impact transport of mitochondria, and we show that mitochondria accumulate in distal axons after HDAC6 inhibition. Miro and Milton proteins link mitochondria to motor proteins for axon transport. Exposing neurons to MAG and CSPGs decreases acetylation of Miro1 on Lysine 105 (K105) and decreases axonal mitochondrial transport. HDAC6 inhibition increases acetylated Miro1 in axons, and acetyl-mimetic Miro1 K105Q prevents CSPG-dependent decreases in mitochondrial transport and axon growth. MAG- and CSPG-dependent deacetylation of Miro1 requires RhoA/ROCK activation and downstream intracellular Ca2+ increase, and Miro1 K105Q prevents the decrease in axonal mitochondria seen with activated RhoA and elevated Ca2+ These data point to HDAC6-dependent deacetylation of Miro1 as a mediator of axon growth inhibition through decreased mitochondrial transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - John Craver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Andrew P Tosolini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - James N Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Paul Brito-Vargas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Ryan Passino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | | | - Deanna S Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Leif A Havton
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, University College London Campus, London, UK
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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24
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Duraikannu A, Krishnan A, Chandrasekhar A, Zochodne DW. Beyond Trophic Factors: Exploiting the Intrinsic Regenerative Properties of Adult Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:128. [PMID: 31024258 PMCID: PMC6460947 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are common but frequently irreversible. It is often but mistakenly assumed that peripheral neuron regeneration is robust without a need to be improved or supported. However, axonal lesions, especially those involving proximal nerves rarely recover fully and injuries generally are complicated by slow and incomplete regeneration. Strategies to enhance the intrinsic growth properties of reluctant adult neurons offer an alternative approach to consider during regeneration. Since axons rarely regrow without an intimately partnered Schwann cell (SC), approaches to enhance SC plasticity carry along benefits to their axon partners. Direct targeting of molecules that inhibit growth cone plasticity can inform important regenerative strategies. A newer approach, a focus of our laboratory, exploits tumor suppressor molecules that normally dampen unconstrained growth. However several are also prominently expressed in stable adult neurons. During regeneration their ongoing expression “brakes” growth, whereas their inhibition and knockdown may enhance regrowth. Examples have included phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), a tumor suppressor that inhibits PI3K/pAkt signaling, Rb1, the protein involved in retinoblastoma development, and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor that inhibits β-Catenin transcriptional signaling and its translocation to the nucleus. The identification of several new targets to manipulate the plasticity of regenerating adult peripheral neurons is exciting. How they fit with canonical regeneration strategies and their feasibility require additional work. Newer forms of nonviral siRNA delivery may be approaches for molecular manipulation to improve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Duraikannu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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25
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Joshi AR, Muke I, Bobylev I, Lehmann HC. ROCK inhibition improves axonal regeneration in a preclinical model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2334-2340. [PMID: 30861116 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of the RhoA/ROCK (Rho kinase) pathway has been shown to be neuroprotective in SOD1G93A mice, the most commonly used animal model of ALS. Since previous studies indicate that, apart from neuroprotection, ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 can also accelerate regeneration of motor axons, we here assessed the regenerative capability of axons in SOD1G93A mice with and without treatment with Y-27632. Regeneration of axons was examined after sciatic nerve crush in pre- and symptomatic SOD1G93A mice. Proregenerative effects of Y-27632 were studied during the disease course in the SOD1G93A mouse model. In symptomatic SOD1G93A mice, axonal regeneration was markedly reduced compared to presymptomatic SOD1G93A mice and wild types. Treatment with Y-27632 improved functional and morphological measures of motor axons after sciatic crush in all tested conditions. Y-27632 treatment did not increase the lifespan of symptomatic SOD1G93A mice, but did improve axonal (re)innervation of neuromuscular junctions. Our study provides proof of concept that axonal regeneration of motor neurons harboring SOD1G93A is impaired, but amenable for pharmacological interventions aiming to accelerate axonal regeneration. Given the lack of treatments for ALS, approaches to improve axonal regeneration, including by inhibiting ROCK, should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet R Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ines Muke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilja Bobylev
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
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26
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Tan D, Wen J, Li L, Wang X, Qian C, Pan M, Lai M, Deng J, Hu X, Zhang H, Guo J. Inhibition of RhoA-Subfamily GTPases Suppresses Schwann Cell Proliferation Through Regulating AKT Pathway Rather Than ROCK Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:437. [PMID: 30515082 PMCID: PMC6255816 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting RhoA-subfamily GTPases by C3 transferase is widely recognized as a prospective strategy to enhance axonal regeneration. When C3 transferase is administered for treating the injured peripheral nerves, Schwann cells (SCs, important glial cells in peripheral nerve) are inevitably impacted and therefore SC bioeffects on nerve regeneration might be influenced. However, the potential role of C3 transferase on SCs remains elusive. Assessed by cell counting, EdU and water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assays as well as western blotting with PCNA antibody, herein we first found that CT04 (a cell permeable C3 transferase) treatment could significantly suppress SC proliferation. Unexpectedly, using Y27632 to inhibit ROCK (the well-accepted downstream signal molecule of RhoA subfamily) did not impact SC proliferation. Further studies indicated that CT04 could inactivate AKT pathway by altering the expression levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), PI3K and PTEN, while activating AKT pathway by IGF-1 or SC79 could reverse the inhibitory effect of CT04 on SC proliferation. Based on present data, we concluded that inhibition of RhoA-subfamily GTPases could suppress SC proliferation, and this effect is independent of conventional ROCK pathway but involves inactivation of AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinkun Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhui Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Theis T, Yoo M, Park CS, Chen J, Kügler S, Gibbs KM, Schachner M. Lentiviral Delivery of miR-133b Improves Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:4659-4671. [PMID: 27412702 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the observation that microRNA (miRNA) 133b enhances regeneration after spinal cord injury in the adult zebrafish, we investigated whether this miRNA would be beneficial in a mammalian system in vitro and in vivo. We found that infection of cultured neurons with miR-133b promotes neurite outgrowth in vitro on an inhibitory substrate consisting of mixed chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, when compared to infection with green fluorescent protein (GFP) for control. In vivo, viral infection of the injured adult mouse spinal cord at the time of injury at and in the vicinity of the lesion site enhanced expression of miR-133b. Measurements of locomotor recovery by Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) showed improvement of recovery starting at 4 weeks after injury and virus injection. This improvement was associated with downregulation of the expression levels of Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and microglia/macrophage marker in the spinal cord as assayed 6 weeks after injury. Potential inhibitory molecules carrying consensus sequences for binding of miR-133b were identified in silico and verified in a reporter assay in vitro showing reductions in expression of RhoA, xylosyltransferase 1 (Xylt1), ephrin receptor A7 (Epha7), and purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 4 (P2RX4). These results encourage targeting miR-133 for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Theis
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08554, USA
| | - Myung Yoo
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08554, USA
| | - Christopher S Park
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08554, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08554, USA
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain, University Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kurt M Gibbs
- Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, 40351, USA
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08554, USA.
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
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28
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Differential regenerative ability of sensory and motor neurons. Neurosci Lett 2016; 652:35-40. [PMID: 27818349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
After injury, the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) lacks long-distance axon regeneration. This review discusses the similarities and differences of sensory and motor neurons, seeking to understand how to achieve functional sensory and motor regeneration. As these two types of neurons respond differently to axotomy, growth environment and treatment, the future challenge will be on how to achieve full recovery in a way that allows regeneration of both types of fibres simultaneously.
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29
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Combined application of Rho-ROCKII and GSK-3β inhibitors exerts an improved protective effect on axonal regeneration in rats with spinal cord injury. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5180-5188. [PMID: 27840930 PMCID: PMC5355718 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCKII) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK)-3β signaling pathways are involved in axonal regeneration. The present study investigated the effects of the combined application of Y27632 (a ROCKII inhibitor) and 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8; a GSK-3β inhibitor) on neurite outgrowth and functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). A total of 90 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into six groups, and the SCI rats received daily administration of 1.6 mg/kg Y27632 for 2 weeks and/or 1 mg/kg TDZD-8 for 3 weeks via a catheter. Cellular apoptosis in the injured spinal cords was measured at each time point using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. The expression levels of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were determined by immunohistochemical staining. In addition, an anterograde tracer was used to analyze axonal regeneration, the Basso Beattie Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB) was analyzed, and the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) test was conducted. The results demonstrated that SCI upregulated the number of apoptotic cells, increased GAP-43 expression and enhanced the latent periods of SEP, as compared with in mice that underwent a sham operation. Furthermore, SCI decreased the BBB scores and the SEP amplitudes. These injuries in the spinal cord were reduced following treatment with Y27632, TDZD-8, or their combined application, as detected by decreased apoptosis, the induction of axonal regeneration, and the promotion of functional recovery of the lower limbs. Although the BBB scores, and SEP amplitudes and latent periods were not significantly different among the three drug treatment groups, the combined application of Y27632 and TDZD-8 resulted in stronger axonal regenerative potency and a greater protective effect on secondary SCI. These results indicated that the combined application of Y27632 and TDZD-8 may more effectively protect against secondary SCI by inhibiting cellular apoptosis, enhancing GAP-43 expression and promoting neurite outgrowth in SCI rats, compared with Y27632 or TDZD-8 alone.
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30
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Joshi AR, Holtmann L, Bobylev I, Schneider C, Ritter C, Weis J, Lehmann HC. Loss of Schwann cell plasticity in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:255. [PMID: 27677703 PMCID: PMC5039906 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is often associated with chronic disability, which can be accounted to incomplete regeneration of injured axons. We hypothesized that Schwann cell support for regenerating axons may be altered in CIDP, which may account for the poor clinical recovery seen in many patients. Methods We exposed human and rodent Schwann cells to sera from CIDP patients and controls. In a model of chronic nerve denervation, we transplanted these conditioned Schwann cells intraneurally and assessed their capacity to support axonal regeneration by electrophysiology and morphometry. Results CIDP-conditioned Schwann cells were less growth supportive for regenerating axons as compared to Schwann cells exposed to control sera. The loss of Schwann cell support was associated with lower levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in CIDP sera and correlated with altered expression of c-Jun and p57kip2 in Schwann cells. The inactivation of these regulatory factors resulted in an altered expression of neurotrophins including BDNF, GDNF, and NGF in CIDP-conditioned Schwann cells in vitro. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that pro-regenerative functions of Schwann cells are affected in CIDP. It thereby offers a possible explanation for the clinical observation that in many CIDP patients recovery is incomplete despite sufficient immunosuppressive treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0711-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet R Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Holtmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ilja Bobylev
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christian Ritter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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31
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Advances and Future Applications of Augmented Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091494. [PMID: 27618010 PMCID: PMC5037771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries remain a significant source of long lasting morbidity, disability, and economic costs. Much research continues to be performed in areas related to improving the surgical outcomes of peripheral nerve repair. In this review, the physiology of peripheral nerve regeneration and the multitude of efforts to improve surgical outcomes are discussed. Improvements in tissue engineering that have allowed for the use of synthetic conduits seeded with neurotrophic factors are highlighted. Selected pre-clinical and available clinical data using cell based methods such as Schwann cell, undifferentiated, and differentiated stem cell transplantation to guide and enhance peripheral nerve regeneration are presented. The limitations that still exist in the utility of neurotrophic factors and cell-based therapies are outlined. Strategies that are most promising for translation into the clinical arena are suggested.
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32
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Caspase-3 dependent nitrergic neuronal apoptosis following cavernous nerve injury is mediated via RhoA and ROCK activation in major pelvic ganglion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29416. [PMID: 27388816 PMCID: PMC4937405 DOI: 10.1038/srep29416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal injury due to prostatectomy leads to Wallerian degeneration of the cavernous nerve (CN) and erectile dysfunction (ED). Return of potency is dependent on axonal regeneration and reinnervation of the penis. Following CN injury (CNI), RhoA and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) increase in penile endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Previous studies indicate that nerve regeneration is hampered by activation of RhoA/ROCK pathway. We evaluated the role of RhoA/ROCK pathway in CN regulation following CNI using a validated rat model. CNI upregulated gene and protein expression of RhoA/ROCK and caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). ROCK inhibitor (ROCK-I) prevented upregulation of RhoA/ROCK pathway as well as activation of caspase-3 in the MPG. Following CNI, there was decrease in the dimer to monomer ratio of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein and lowered NOS activity in the MPG, which were prevented by ROCK-I. CNI lowered intracavernous pressure and impaired non-adrenergic non-cholinergic-mediated relaxation in the penis, consistent with ED. ROCK-I maintained the intracavernous pressure and non-adrenergic non-cholinergic-mediated relaxation in the penis following CNI. These results suggest that activation of RhoA/ROCK pathway mediates caspase-3 dependent apoptosis of nitrergic neurons in the MPG following CNI and that ROCK-I can prevent post-prostatectomy ED.
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33
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Kourdougli N, Varpula S, Chazal G, Rivera C. Detrimental effect of post Status Epilepticus treatment with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 in a pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:413. [PMID: 26557054 PMCID: PMC4615811 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of epilepsy in adults where 20-30% of the patients are refractory to currently available anti-epileptic drugs. The RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling pathway activation has been involved in inflammatory responses, neurite outgrowth and neuronal death under pathological conditions such as epileptic insults. Acute preventive administration of ROCK inhibitor has been reported to have beneficial outcomes in Status Epilepticus (SE) epilepsy. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of chronic post SE treatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 in a rat pilocarpine model of TLE. We used chronic i.p. injections of Y-27632 for 5 days in 6 week old control rats or rats subjected to pilocarpine treatment as a model of TLE. Surprisingly, our findings demonstrate that a systemic administration of Y-27632 in pilocarpine-treated rats increases neuronal death in the CA3 region and ectopic recurrent mossy fiber sprouting (rMFS) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Interestingly, we found that chronic treatment with Y-27632 exacerbates the down-regulation and pathological distribution of the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2, thus providing a putative mechanism for post SE induced neuronal death. The involvement of astrogliosis in this mechanism appears to be intricate as ROCK inhibition reduces reactive astrogliosis in pilocarpine rats. Conversely, in control rats, chronic Y-27632 treatment increases astrogliosis. Together, our findings suggest that Y-27632 has a detrimental effect when chronically used post SE in a rat pilocarpine model of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Kourdougli
- INSERM Unité 901, INMEDMarseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901Marseille, France
| | - Saara Varpula
- INSERM Unité 901, INMEDMarseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901Marseille, France
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Genevieve Chazal
- INSERM Unité 901, INMEDMarseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901Marseille, France
| | - Claudio Rivera
- INSERM Unité 901, INMEDMarseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901Marseille, France
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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34
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Sakuma M, Gorski G, Sheu SH, Lee S, Barrett LB, Singh B, Omura T, Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Lack of motor recovery after prolonged denervation of the neuromuscular junction is not due to regenerative failure. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:451-62. [PMID: 26332731 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor axons in peripheral nerves have the capacity to regenerate after injury. However, full functional motor recovery rarely occurs clinically, and this depends on the nature and location of the injury. Recent preclinical findings suggest that there may be a time after nerve injury where, while regrowth to the muscle successfully occurs, there is nevertheless a failure to re-establish motor function, suggesting a possible critical period for synapse reformation. We have now examined the temporal and anatomical determinants for the re-establishment of motor function after prolonged neuromuscular junction (NMJ) denervation in rats and mice. Using both sciatic transection-resuture and multiple nerve crush models in rats and mice to produce prolonged delays in reinnervation, we show that regenerating fibres reach motor endplates and anatomically fully reform the NMJ even after extended periods of denervation. However, in spite of this remarkably successful anatomical regeneration, after 1 month of denervation there is a consistent failure to re-establish functional recovery, as assessed by behavioural and electrophysiological assays. We conclude that this represents a failure in re-establishment of synaptic function, and the possible mechanisms responsible are discussed, as are their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Sakuma
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Grzegorz Gorski
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shu-Hsien Sheu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology and Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stella Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lee B Barrett
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bhagat Singh
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Takao Omura
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Hynds DL. Subcellular localization of Rho GTPases: implications for axon regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1032-3. [PMID: 26330813 PMCID: PMC4541221 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- DiAnna L Hynds
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
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36
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Nadeau-Vallée M, Quiniou C, Palacios J, Hou X, Erfani A, Madaan A, Sanchez M, Leimert K, Boudreault A, Duhamel F, Rivera JC, Zhu T, Noueihed B, Robertson SA, Ni X, Olson DM, Lubell W, Girard S, Chemtob S. Novel Noncompetitive IL-1 Receptor-Biased Ligand Prevents Infection- and Inflammation-Induced Preterm Birth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3402-15. [PMID: 26304990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is firmly linked to inflammation regardless of the presence of infection. Proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, are produced in gestational tissues and can locally upregulate uterine activation proteins. Premature activation of the uterus by inflammation may lead to PTB, and IL-1 has been identified as a key inducer of this condition. However, all currently available IL-1 inhibitors are large molecules that exhibit competitive antagonism properties by inhibiting all IL-1R signaling, including transcription factor NF-κB, which conveys important physiological roles. We hereby demonstrate the efficacy of a small noncompetitive (all-d peptide) IL-1R-biased ligand, termed rytvela (labeled 101.10) in delaying IL-1β-, TLR2-, and TLR4-induced PTB in mice. The 101.10 acts without significant inhibition of NF-κB, and instead selectively inhibits IL-1R downstream stress-associated protein kinases/transcription factor c-jun and Rho GTPase/Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase signaling pathways. The 101.10 is effective at decreasing proinflammatory and/or prolabor genes in myometrium tissue and circulating leukocytes in all PTB models independently of NF-κB, undermining NF-κB role in preterm labor. In this work, biased signaling modulation of IL-1R by 101.10 uncovers a novel strategy to prevent PTB without inhibiting NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nadeau-Vallée
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christiane Quiniou
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Julia Palacios
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Xin Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Atefeh Erfani
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mélanie Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kelycia Leimert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada
| | - Amarilys Boudreault
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - François Duhamel
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Tang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Baraa Noueihed
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada
| | - William Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sylvie Girard
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; and Department of Physiology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada;
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Wood MD, Mackinnon SE. Pathways regulating modality-specific axonal regeneration in peripheral nerve. Exp Neurol 2015; 265:171-5. [PMID: 25681572 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, the distal nerve is primed for regenerating axons by generating a permissive environment replete with glial cells, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors to encourage axonal growth. However, increasing evidence demonstrates that regenerating axons within peripheral nerves still encounter axonal-growth inhibitors, such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Given the generally poor clinical outcomes following peripheral nerve injury and reconstruction, the use of pharmacological therapies to augment axonal regeneration and overcome inhibitory signals has gained considerable interest. Joshi et al. (2014) have provided evidence for preferential or modality-specific (motor versus sensory) axonal growth and regeneration due to inhibitory signaling from Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway regulation. By providing inhibition to the ROCK signaling pathway through Y-27632, they demonstrate that motor neurons regenerating their axons are impacted to a greater extent compared to sensory neurons. In light of this evidence, we briefly review the literature regarding modality-specific axonal regeneration to provide context to their findings. We also describe potential and novel barriers, such as senescent Schwann cells, which provide additional axonal-growth inhibitory factors for future consideration following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8238, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Susan E Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8238, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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