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Huang K, Wang R, Hu G, Zhou W, Li W, Zou H, Wang G, Li M. Immune response of Rhinogobio ventralis to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection: Insights from histopathological and real-time gene expression analyses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109801. [PMID: 39096983 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a parasite that poses a considerable threat to aquaculture and the ornamental fish industry, but with limited effective treatment options available. This study employed RT-qPCR to detect and analyze the expression changes of partial toll-like receptor (TLR) genes (TLR1 and TLR21), adapter protein and signal transduction molecule genes (MyD88, TRIF, NF-κB, IRAK4, and IRF3), and cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, CXC-α and CXCR1), as well as complement C3, in the skin, gill, fin, liver, head kidney and spleen of Rhinogobio ventralis under different infection conditions. Additionally, tissue sections and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to observe the pathological changes in the gills and fins of R. ventralis after infection with I. multifiliis. The expression patterns of TLR-related DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in diseased wild fish were analyzed, revealing upregulation of TLR1, TLR21, MyD88, NF-κB, IRAK4, TRIF, IRF3, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, CXC-α, CXCR1, and C3 genes in various tissues, indicating that these genes may be involved in the immune response of R. ventralis to I. multifiliis infection. To further analyze the gene expression of sampled from the field, an artificial infection model of R. ventralis was established under laboratory conditions, with additional sampling from the skin and fins. These genes continued to show varying degrees of upregulation, but the results were not entirely consistent with those from Wudongde samples, which may be due to the more complex environment in the wild or differences in the degree of I. multifiliis infection in wild fish. The infection of I. multifiliis caused severe damage to the gills and fins of R. ventralis, characterized by extensive secretions on the gill and fin surfaces, with the presence of attached I. multifiliis trophonts, including damage and loss of gill filaments, swollen gill lamellae, and deformed gill plates, as well as cell proliferation and necrosis of gill epithelial cells. This study sheds light on the role of the TLR signaling pathway in resisting I. multifiliis infection and its associated histopathological changes in R. ventralis, providing valuable insights for the prevention and treatment of I. multifiliis infection in R. ventralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runqiu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Guangran Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weitian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guitang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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2
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Zhou X, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhu P, Chen Y, Yu C, Chen S, Xie Y. Impacts of Eimeria coinfection on growth performance, intestinal health and immune responses of broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2023; 322:110019. [PMID: 37666058 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria is one of the most severe chicken diseases and imposes huge economic losses to the poultry industry globally. Multi-Eimeria species coinfections are common with the most prevalent combination being mixtures of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella. Although detrimental impacts of either E. acervulina or E. tenella on chicken health are well recognized, no information is available regarding their coinfection effects so far. This study was designed to investigate the influence of coinfection with E. acervulina and E. tenella on broiler chickens. 144 one-day-old broiler chickens within each of trials (trial I or II) were divided into four groups, namely, control group (CG), E. acervulina infection group (EAIG), E. tenella infection group (ETIG) and dual (E. acervulina and E. tenella) infection group (DIG). Then, chickens were measured for weight loss, lesion scores, oocyst outputs, histological changes and expressions of pro-inflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8 and IL-18), regulatory (IL-10 and IL-22) cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLR; TLR2 and TLR4) as well as intestinal barrier (mucin 2 [MUC2] and fattey acid-bingding proteins 2 and 6 [FABP2 and FABP6])- and tight junction (TJ; zonula occluden-1 [ZO-1], occludin [OCLN], and claudins 1 and 5 [CLDN1 and CLDN5])-related proteins at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days post-infection, respectively. Our results consistently showed that although ETIG and DIG exhibited a higher level of weight loss and a more amount of oocyst excretion than EAIG, DIG had lighter lesions than EAIG in the early phase because of coinfection with E. tenella. A higher (P < 0.05) ratio of duodenal villous height to crypt depth was also observed in DIG than EAIG. Moreover, histological changes in the duodenum and cecum varied by single and dual Eimeria infections. Expressions of the intestinal barrier- and TJ-related genes of EAIG, ETIG and DIG were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated but their levels exhibited differential changes among infected chickens. Similarly, the infected chickens showed significant (P < 0.05) inflammatory responses and higher (P < 0.05) expressions of TLRs in the intestines in comparison to CG. These results presented a comprehensive physiological, pathological and immunological characterization of E. acervulina and E. tenella coinfection in broiler chickens and also shed insights into pathogenesis of multi-coccidia coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pengchen Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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3
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Ngai M, Hawkes MT, Erice C, Weckman AM, Wright J, Stefanova V, Opoka RO, Namasopo S, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Intestinal Injury in Ugandan Children Hospitalized With Malaria. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:2010-2020. [PMID: 35942812 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe malaria is associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which may involve the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS In a prospective cohort study in Uganda, we measured markers of intestinal injury (intestinal fatty-acid binding protein [I-FABP] and zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1]) and microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide binding protein [LBP] and soluble complement of differentiation 14 [sCD14]) among children admitted with malaria. We examined their association with biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial activation, clinical signs of hypoperfusion, organ injury, and mortality. RESULTS We enrolled 523 children (median age 1.5 years, 46% female, 7.5% mortality). Intestinal FABP was above the normal range (≥400 pg/mL) in 415 of 523 patients (79%). Intestinal FABP correlated with ZO-1 (ρ = 0.11, P = .014), sCD14 (ρ = 0.12, P = .0046) as well as markers of inflammation and endothelial activation. Higher I-FABP levels were associated with lower systolic blood pressure (ρ = -0.14, P = .0015), delayed capillary refill time (ρ = 0.17, P = .00011), higher lactate level (ρ = 0.40, P < .0001), increasing stage of acute kidney injury (ρ = 0.20, P = .0034), and coma (P < .0001). Admission I-FABP levels ≥5.6 ng/mL were associated with a 7.4-fold higher relative risk of in-hospital death (95% confidence interval, 1.4-11, P = .0016). CONCLUSIONS Intestinal injury occurs commonly in children hospitalized with malaria and is associated with microbial translocation, systemic inflammation, tissue hypoperfusion, MODS, and fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ngai
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Hawkes
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Clara Erice
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Wright
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veselina Stefanova
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert O Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Paediatrics, Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja, Uganda.,Department of Paediatrics, Kabale District Hospital, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Ryan White Center for Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Köllisch G, Solis FV, Obermann HL, Eckert J, Müller T, Vierbuchen T, Rickmeyer T, Muche S, Przyborski JM, Heine H, Kaufmann A, Baumeister S, Lingelbach K, Bauer S. TLR8 is activated by 5'-methylthioinosine, a Plasmodium falciparum-derived intermediate of the purine salvage pathway. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110691. [PMID: 35417716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune recognition of the malaria-causing pathogen Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) is not fully explored. Here, we identify the nucleoside 5'-methylthioinosine (MTI), a Plasmodium-specific intermediate of the purine salvage pathway, as a pathogen-derived Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist. Co-incubation of MTI with the TLR8 enhancer poly(dT) as well as synthetic or P. falciparum-derived RNA strongly increase its stimulatory activity. Of note, MTI generated from methylthioadenosine (MTA) by P. falciparum lysates activates TLR8 when MTI metabolism is inhibited by immucillin targeting the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PfPNP). Importantly, P. falciparum-infected red blood cells incubated with MTI or cultivated with MTA and immucillin lead to TLR8-dependent interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in human monocytes. Our data demonstrate that the nucleoside MTI is a natural human TLR8 ligand with possible in vivo relevance for innate sensing of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Köllisch
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Hannah-Lena Obermann
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeannine Eckert
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology und Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Vierbuchen
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Rickmeyer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Muche
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Heine
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaufmann
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumeister
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Lingelbach
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Rojas-Pirela M, Medina L, Rojas MV, Liempi AI, Castillo C, Pérez-Pérez E, Guerrero-Muñoz J, Araneda S, Kemmerling U. Congenital Transmission of Apicomplexan Parasites: A Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:751648. [PMID: 34659187 PMCID: PMC8519608 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.751648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a group of pathogenic protists that cause various diseases in humans and animals that cause economic losses worldwide. These unicellular eukaryotes are characterized by having a complex life cycle and the ability to evade the immune system of their host organism. Infections caused by some of these parasites affect millions of pregnant women worldwide, leading to various adverse maternal and fetal/placental effects. Unfortunately, the exact pathogenesis of congenital apicomplexan diseases is far from being understood, including the mechanisms of how they cross the placental barrier. In this review, we highlight important aspects of the diseases caused by species of Plasmodium, Babesia, Toxoplasma, and Neospora, their infection during pregnancy, emphasizing the possible role played by the placenta in the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Verónica Rojas
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ana Isabel Liempi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Araneda
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Djokic V, Rocha SC, Parveen N. Lessons Learned for Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Disease of Erythrocytic Parasites: Plasmodium and Babesia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685239. [PMID: 34414129 PMCID: PMC8369351 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes affects large human populations, while Ixodes ticks transmit Babesia species and cause babesiosis. Babesiosis in animals has been known as an economic drain, and human disease has also emerged as a serious healthcare problem in the last 20–30 years. There is limited literature available regarding pathogenesis, immunity, and disease caused by Babesia spp. with their genomes sequenced only in the last decade. Therefore, using previous studies on Plasmodium as the foundation, we have compared similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of Babesia and host immune responses. Sexual life cycles of these two hemoparasites in their respective vectors are quite similar. An adult Anopheles female can take blood meal several times in its life such that it can both acquire and transmit Plasmodia to hosts. Since each tick stage takes blood meal only once, transstadial horizontal transmission from larva to nymph or nymph to adult is essential for the release of Babesia into the host. The initiation of the asexual cycle of these parasites is different because Plasmodium sporozoites need to infect hepatocytes before egressed merozoites can infect erythrocytes, while Babesia sporozoites are known to enter the erythrocytic cycle directly. Plasmodium metabolism, as determined by its two- to threefold larger genome than different Babesia, is more complex. Plasmodium replication occurs in parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the host cells, and a relatively large number of merozoites are released from each infected RBC after schizogony. The Babesia erythrocytic cycle lacks both PV and schizogony. Cytoadherence that allows the sequestration of Plasmodia, primarily P. falciparum in different organs facilitated by prominent adhesins, has not been documented for Babesia yet. Inflammatory immune responses contribute to the severity of malaria and babesiosis. Antibodies appear to play only a minor role in the resolution of these diseases; however, cellular and innate immunity are critical for the clearance of both pathogens. Inflammatory immune responses affect the severity of both diseases. Macrophages facilitate the resolution of both infections and also offer cross-protection against related protozoa. Although the immunosuppression of adaptive immune responses by these parasites does not seem to affect their own clearance, it significantly exacerbates diseases caused by coinfecting bacteria during coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitomir Djokic
- Department for Bacterial Zoonozes, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, UPEC, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra C Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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7
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Muñoz-Caro T, Gibson AJ, Conejeros I, Werling D, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. The Role of TLR2 and TLR4 in Recognition and Uptake of the Apicomplexan Parasite Eimeria bovis and Their Effects on NET Formation. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020118. [PMID: 33498871 PMCID: PMC7912269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) constitutively express the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2 and TLR4 and have been shown to generate Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) upon exposure to Eimeria bovis. The present work investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in the recognition and uptake of E. bovis sporozoites, IL-8 production and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. METHODS TLR expression was performed by flow cytometric analysis on PMN exposed to live carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-stained sporozoites. Supernatants of PMN exposed to different E. bovis sporozoite preparations and antigens in the absence or presence of TLR antibodies were assessed for IL-8 secretion. Cells were exposed to sporozoite preparations and assessed for the activation of transcription factor NF-κB using a luciferase reporter assay. Immunofluorescence analysis was done to investigate TLR2 and TLR4 surface expression and NET formation on bovine PMN exposed to vital sporozoites. RESULTS we observed significantly increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression with a mean increase in expression that was greater for TLR2 than TLR4. This upregulation neither inhibited nor promoted sporozoite phagocytosis by bovine PMN. Live sporozoites together with anti-TLR2 mAb resulted in a significant enhancement of IL-8 production. NF-κB activation was more strongly induced in TLR2-HEK cells than in TLR4/MD2-HEK cells exposed to heat-killed sporozoites and antigens. Immunofluorescence analysis showed TLR-positive signals on the surface of PMN and concomitant NET formation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on E. bovis-induced concomitant TLR2 and TLR4 expression during bovine PMN-derived NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Amanda J. Gibson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (A.J.G.); (D.W.)
- Centre of Excellence in Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Wales SY23 3FD, UK
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (A.J.G.); (D.W.)
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.M.-C.); (I.C.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Keswani T, Delcroix-Genete D, Herbert F, Leleu I, Lambert C, Draheim M, Salome-Desnoulez S, Saliou JM, Cazenave PA, Silvie O, Roland J, Pied S. Plasmodium yoelii Uses a TLR3-Dependent Pathway to Achieve Mammalian Host Parasitism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3071-3082. [PMID: 33148715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is associated with complicated immunopathogenesis. In this study, we provide evidence for an unexpected role of TLR3 in promoting the establishment of Plasmodium yoelii infection through delayed clearance of parasitemia in wild type C57BL/6jRj (B6) compared with TLR3 knockout mice. In this study, we confirmed an increased expression of Tlr3, Trif, Tbk1, and Irf7/Irf3 in the liver 42 h postinfection and the initiation of an early burst of proinflammatory response such as Ifng, NF-kB, and Tnfa in B6 mice that may promote parasite fitness. Interestingly, in the absence of TLR3, we showed the involvement of high IFN-γ and lower type I IFN response in the early clearance of parasitemia. In parallel, we observed an increase in splenic NK and NKT cells expressing TLR3 in infected B6 mice, suggesting a role for TLR sensing in the innate immune response. Finally, we find evidence that the increase in the frequency of CD19+TLR3+ B cells along with reduced levels of total IgG in B6 mice possibly suggests the initiation of TLR3-dependent pathway early during P. yoelii infection. Our results thus reveal a new mechanism in which a parasite-activated TLR3 pathway promotes blood stage infection along with quantitative and qualitative differences in Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Keswani
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Delcroix-Genete
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabien Herbert
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ines Leleu
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Lambert
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marion Draheim
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Jean Michel Saliou
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Roland
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
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9
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Bucşan AN, Williamson KC. Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites. Virulence 2020; 11:88-103. [PMID: 31900030 PMCID: PMC6961725 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals growing up in malaria endemic areas gradually develop protection against clinical malaria and passive transfer experiments in humans have demonstrated that this protection is mediated in part by protective antibodies. However, neither the target antigens, specific effector mechanisms, nor the role of continual parasite exposure have been elucidated, which complicates vaccine development. Progress has been made in defining the innate signaling pathways activated by parasite components, including DNA, RNA, hemozoin, and phospholipids, which initiate the immune response and will be the focus of this review. The challenge that remains within the field is to understand the role of these early responses in the development of protective adaptive responses that clear iRBC and block merozoite invasion so that optimal vaccines and therapeutics may be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim C. Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Pritam M, Singh G, Swaroop S, Singh AK, Pandey B, Singh SP. A cutting-edge immunoinformatics approach for design of multi-epitope oral vaccine against dreadful human malaria. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:159-179. [PMID: 32360460 PMCID: PMC7189201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human malaria is a pathogenic disease mainly caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which was responsible for about 405,000 deaths globally in the year 2018. To date, several vaccine candidates have been evaluated for prevention, which failed to produce optimal output at various preclinical/clinical stages. This study is based on designing of polypeptide vaccines (PVs) against human malaria that cover almost all stages of life-cycle of Plasmodium and for the same 5 genome derived predicted antigenic proteins (GDPAP) have been used. For the development of a multi-immune inducer, 15 PVs were initially designed using T-cell epitope ensemble, which covered >99% human population as well as linear B-cell epitopes with or without adjuvants. The immune simulation of PVs showed higher levels of T-cell and B-cell activities compared to positive and negative vaccine controls. Furthermore, in silico cloning of PVs and codon optimization followed by enhanced expression within Lactococcus lactis host system was also explored. Although, the study has sound theoretical and in silico findings, the in vitro/in vivo evaluation seems imperative to warrant the immunogenicity and safety of PVs towards management of P. falciparum infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pritam
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Garima Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Suchit Swaroop
- Experimental & Public Health Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar 845401, India
| | - Brijesh Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar 845401, India
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11
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Kuriakose S, Onyilagha C, Singh R, Olayinka-Adefemi F, Jia P, Uzonna JE. TLR-2 and MyD88-Dependent Activation of MAPK and STAT Proteins Regulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Immunity to Experimental Trypanosoma congolense Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2673. [PMID: 31824484 PMCID: PMC6883972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that Trypanosoma congolense infection in mice is associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and monocytes. However, the intracellular signaling pathways leading to the production of these cytokines still remain unknown. In this paper, we have investigated the innate receptors and intracellular signaling pathways that are associated with T. congolense-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. We show that the production of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α by macrophages in vitro and in vivo following interaction with T. congolense is dependent on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) including ERK, p38, JNK, and signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) proteins. Specific inhibition of MAPKs and STATs signaling pathways significantly inhibited T. congolense-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. We further show that T. congolense-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages is mediated via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and involves the adaptor molecule, MyD88. Deficiency of MyD88 and TLR2 leads to impaired cytokine production by macrophages in vitro and acute death of T. congolense-infected relatively resistant mice. Collectively, our results provide insight into T. congolense-induced activation of the immune system that leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and resistance to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiby Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rani Singh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Folayemi Olayinka-Adefemi
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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12
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Figarella K, Wolburg H, Garaschuk O, Duszenko M. Microglia in neuropathology caused by protozoan parasites. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:333-349. [PMID: 31682077 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is the most severe consequence of some parasitic infections. Protozoal infections comprise a group of diseases that together affect billions of people worldwide and, according to the World Health Organization, are responsible for more than 500000 deaths annually. They include African and American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and amoebiasis. Mechanisms underlying invasion of the brain parenchyma by protozoa are not well understood and may depend on parasite nature: a vascular invasion route is most common. Immunosuppression favors parasite invasion into the CNS and therefore the host immune response plays a pivotal role in the development of a neuropathology in these infectious diseases. In the brain, microglia are the resident immune cells active in defense against pathogens that target the CNS. Beside their direct role in innate immunity, they also play a principal role in coordinating the trafficking and recruitment of other immune cells from the periphery to the CNS. Despite their evident involvement in the neuropathology of protozoan infections, little attention has given to microglia-parasite interactions. This review describes the most prominent features of microglial cells and protozoan parasites and summarizes the most recent information regarding the reaction of microglial cells to parasitic infections. We highlight the involvement of the periphery-brain axis and emphasize possible scenarios for microglia-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Plasmodium-Salmonella Coinfection Induces Intense Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Damage: A Mice Model Study for Therapeutic Strategy. Shock 2019; 50:741-749. [PMID: 29394238 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of host immune response in malaria favors bacteremia caused by typhoidal or nontyphoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica. Ofloxacin and Artesunate are the drugs that are clinically proven for treating typhoid and malaria, respectively. The study evaluates the host responses upon treatment with antibiotic (Ofloxacin) and antimalarial (Artesunate) in a standardized mice model harboring coinfection. BALB/c mice (18-22 g) were simultaneously coinfected with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (Pyn) and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) and then treated with Ofloxacin or/and Artesunate from day 4 to day 7. The bacterial burden, liver function enzymes, oxidative stress, m-RNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR-2 and TLR-4), Th1/Th2 cytokines, hemeoxygenase-1, and NFкB were assessed. Ofloxacin treatment failed to counter the bacterial proliferation in Pyn-STm coinfected mice. However, upon controlling parasitemia with antimalarial, the efficacy of Ofloxacin could be regained. Elevated bacterial burden with malaria induces the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 triggering intense inflammatory response (NFκB, Th1/Th2 cytokines) in coinfected mice. This results in critical liver damage (ALT, AST, and ALP), oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, total GSH, catalase, and super oxide dismutase), and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). The study concludes that malaria infection aggravates the secondary infection of Salmonella serovars and the control of septicemia is critical in recovery of the coinfected subject.
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14
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Metabolic Labeling and Structural Analysis of Glycosylphosphatidylinositols from Parasitic Protozoa. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31256378 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9055-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a complex glycolipid structure that acts as a membrane anchor for many cell-surface proteins of eukaryotes. GPI-anchored proteins are particularly abundant in protozoa and represent the major carbohydrate modification of many cell-surface parasite proteins. A minimal GPI-anchor precursor consists of core glycan (ethanolamine-PO4-Manα1-2Manα1-6Manα1-4GlcNH2) linked to the 6-position of the D-myo-inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol. Although the GPI core glycan is conserved in all organisms, many differences in additional modifications to GPI structures and biosynthetic pathways have been reported. The preassembled GPI-anchor precursor is post-translationally transferred to a variety of membrane proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum in a transamidase-like reaction during which a C-terminal GPI attachment signal is released. Increasing evidence shows that a significant proportion of the synthesized GPIs are not used for protein anchoring, particularly in protozoa in which a large amount of free GPIs are being displayed at the cell surface. The characteristics of GPI biosynthesis are currently being explored for the development of parasite-specific inhibitors. Especially this pathway, at least for Trypanosoma brucei, has been validated as a drug target. Furthermore, thanks to an increase of new innovative strategies to produce pure synthetic carbohydrates, a novel era in the use of GPIs in diagnostic, anti-GPI antibody production, as well as parasitic protozoa GPI-based vaccine approach is developing fast.
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15
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Mukherjee S, Huda S, Sinha Babu SP. Toll-like receptor polymorphism in host immune response to infectious diseases: A review. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12771. [PMID: 31054156 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunopolymorphism is considered as an important aspect behind the resistance or susceptibility of the host to an infectious disease. Over the years, researchers have explored many genetic factors for their role in immune surveillance against infectious diseases. Polymorphic characters in the gene encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play profound roles in inducing differential immune responses by the host against parasitic infections. Protein(s) encoded by TLR gene(s) are immensely important due to their ability of recognizing different types of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study reviews the polymorphic residues present in the nucleotide or in the amino acid sequence of TLRs and their influence on alteration of inflammatory signalling pathways promoting either susceptibility or resistance to major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria and filariasis. Population-based studies exploring TLR polymorphisms in humans are primarily emphasized to discuss the association of the polymorphic residues with the occurrence and epidemiology of the mentioned infectious diseases. Principal polymorphic residues in TLRs influencing immunity to infection are mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). I602S (TLR1), R677W (TLR2), P554S (TLR3), D299G (TLR4), F616L (TLR5), S249P (TLR6), Q11L (TLR7), M1V (TLR8), G1174A (TLR9) and G1031T (TLR10) are presented as the major influential SNPs in shaping immunity to pathogenic infections. The contribution of these SNPs in the structure-function relationship of TLRs is yet not clear. Therefore, molecular studies on such polymorphisms can improve our understanding on the genetic basis of the immune response and pave the way for therapeutic intervention in a more feasible way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahel Huda
- Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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16
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Yin F, Liu J, Gao S, Liu A, Zhao S, Li S, Wang J, Li Y, Luo J, Guan G, Yin H. Exploring the TLR and NLR signaling pathway relevant molecules induced by the Theileria annulata infection in calves. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3269-3276. [PMID: 30084033 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is the pathogen of bovine tropical theileriosis. It is extremely harmful to the cattle industry, with huge economic losses. The toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathways are crucial for resistance to infection of the protozoa, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi. However, the role of these immune-related pathways is unclear during T. annulata infection. In the present study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum were separated from blood samples of calves infected with homogenized tick supernatants carrying T. annulata sporozoites at 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, 144 h and 168 h postinoculation. The Custom RT2 Profiler PCR Array was used to explore the mRNA levels of 42 TLR and NLR signaling pathway relevant genes. The TLR1, TLR6, TLR10, NLRP1, and MyD88 genes and their downstream signaling molecules significantly differed after the T. annulata infection in comparison with that of preinfection from 72 h to 168 h postinoculation. The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα were significantly increased at 96 h and 168 h postinfection. These findings provided novel information to help determine the mechanisms of TLR and NLR signaling pathway involvement in protection against T. annulata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Li L, Li X, Gong P, Zhang X, Yang Z, Yang J, Li J. Trichomonas vaginalis Induces Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Mouse Macrophages Through Activation of MAPK and NF-κB Pathways Partially Mediated by TLR2. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:712. [PMID: 29692771 PMCID: PMC5902545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis infection, is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in female and male globally. However, the mechanisms by innate immunity against T. vaginalis infection have not been fully elucidated. Toll-like receptor2 (TLR2) has been shown to be involved in pathogen recognition, innate immunity activation, and inflammatory response to the pathogens. Nonetheless, the function of TLR2 against T. vaginalis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of TLR2 in mouse macrophages against T. vaginalis. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that T. vaginalis stimulation increased the gene expression of TLR2 in wild-type (WT) mouse macrophages. T. vaginalis also induced the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in WT mouse macrophages, and the expression of these cytokines significantly decreased in TLR2-/- mouse macrophages and in WT mouse macrophages pretreated with MAPK inhibitors SB203580 (p38) and PD98059 (ERK). Western blot analysis demonstrated that T. vaginalis stimulation induced the activation of p38, ERK, and p65 NF-κB signal pathways in WT mouse macrophages, and the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and p65 NF-κB significantly decreased in TLR2-/- mouse macrophages. Taken together, our data suggested that T. vaginalis may regulates proinflammatory cytokines production by activation of p38, ERK, and NF-κB p65 signal pathways via TLR2 in mouse macrophages. TLR2 might be involved in the defense and elimination of T. vaginalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are activated by pathogens to initiate and shape immune responses. We found that the activation of DCs by Plasmodium falciparum, the main causative agent of human malaria, induces a highly unusual phenotype by which DCs up-regulate costimulatory molecules and secretion of chemokines, but not of cytokines typical of inflammatory responses (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF). Similar results were obtained with DCs obtained from malaria-naïve US donors and malaria-experienced donors from Mali. Contact-dependent cross-talk between the main DC subsets, plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs (mDCs) was necessary for increased chemokine and IFN-α secretion in response to the parasite. Despite the absence of inflammatory cytokine secretion, mDCs incubated with P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes activated antigen-specific naïve CD4+ T cells to proliferate and secrete Th1-like cytokines. This unexpected response of human mDCs to P. falciparum exhibited a transcriptional program distinct from a classical LPS response, pointing to unique P. falciparum-induced activation pathways that may explain the uncharacteristic immune response to malaria.
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Vidya MK, Kumar VG, Sejian V, Bagath M, Krishnan G, Bhatta R. Toll-like receptors: Significance, ligands, signaling pathways, and functions in mammals. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:20-36. [PMID: 29028369 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review attempts to cover the implication of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in controlling immune functions with emphasis on their significance, function, regulation and expression patterns. The tripartite TLRs are type I integral transmembrane receptors that are involved in recognition and conveying of pathogens to the immune system. These paralogs are located on cell surfaces or within endosomes. The TLRs are found to be functionally involved in the recognition of self and non-self-antigens, maturation of DCs and initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune responses as they bridge the innate and adaptive immunity. Interestingly, they also have a significant role in immunotherapy and vaccination. Signals generated by TLRs are transduced through NFκB signaling and MAP kinases pathway to recruit pro-inflammatory cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, which promote inflammatory responses. The excess production of these cytokines leads to grave systemic disorders like tumor growth and autoimmune disorders. Hence, regulation of the TLR signaling pathway is necessary to keep the host system safe. Many molecules like LPS, SOCS1, IRAK1, NFκB, and TRAF3 are involved in modulating the TLR pathways to induce appropriate response. Though quantification of these TLRs helps in correlating the magnitude of immune response exhibited by the animal, there are several internal, external, genetic and animal factors that affect their expression patterns. So it can be concluded that any identification based on those expression profiles may lead to improper diagnosis during certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallenahally Kusha Vidya
- a Department of Veterinary Biochemistry , Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Hebbal, Bangalore , Karnataka , India.,b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - V Girish Kumar
- a Department of Veterinary Biochemistry , Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Hebbal, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Madiajagan Bagath
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Govindan Krishnan
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Raghavendra Bhatta
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
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20
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Dunst J, Kamena F, Matuschewski K. Cytokines and Chemokines in Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:324. [PMID: 28775960 PMCID: PMC5517394 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is among the major causes of malaria-associated mortality and effective adjunctive therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. Central pathophysiological processes involved in the development of cerebral malaria include an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to Plasmodium infection, endothelial cell activation, and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, the sequence of events, which initiates these pathophysiological processes as well as the contribution of their complex interplay to the development of cerebral malaria remain incompletely understood. Several cytokines and chemokines have repeatedly been associated with cerebral malaria severity. Increased levels of these inflammatory mediators could account for the sequestration of leukocytes in the cerebral microvasculature present during cerebral malaria, thereby contributing to an amplification of local inflammation and promoting cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Herein, we highlight the current knowledge on the contribution of cytokines and chemokines to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria with particular emphasis on their roles in endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment, as well as their implication in the progression to blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, in both human cerebral malaria and in the murine experimental cerebral malaria model. A better molecular understanding of these processes could provide the basis for evidence-based development of adjunct therapies and the definition of diagnostic markers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany
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Dunst J, Azzouz N, Liu X, Tsukita S, Seeberger PH, Kamena F. Interaction between Plasmodium Glycosylphosphatidylinositol and the Host Protein Moesin Has No Implication in Malaria Pathology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:183. [PMID: 28560184 PMCID: PMC5432536 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of Plasmodium falciparum origin is considered an important toxin leading to severe malaria pathology through stimulation of pro-inflammatory responses from innate immune cells. Even though the GPI-induced immune response is widely described to be mediated by pattern recognition receptors such as TLR2 and TLR4, previous studies have revealed that these two receptors are dispensable for the development of severe malaria pathology. Therefore, this study aimed at the identification of potential alternative Plasmodium GPI receptors. Herein, we have identified the host protein moesin as an interaction partner of Plasmodium GPI in vitro. Given previous reports indicating the relevance of moesin especially in the LPS-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory responses, we have conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments to address the physiological relevance of the moesin-Plasmodium GPI interaction in the context of malaria pathology. We report here that although moesin and Plasmodium GPI interact in vitro, moesin is not critically involved in processes leading to Plasmodium-induced pro-inflammatory immune responses or malaria-associated cerebral pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany
| | - Nahid Azzouz
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam, Germany
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany
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22
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Soni R, Sharma D, Rai P, Sharma B, Bhatt TK. Signaling Strategies of Malaria Parasite for Its Survival, Proliferation, and Infection during Erythrocytic Stage. Front Immunol 2017; 8:349. [PMID: 28400771 PMCID: PMC5368685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of various efforts, malaria persist the most debilitating effect in terms of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the existing drugs are also vulnerable to the emergence of drug resistance. To explore the potential targets for designing the most effective antimalarial therapies, it is required to focus on the facts of biochemical mechanism underlying the process of parasite survival and disease pathogenesis. This review is intended to bring out the existing knowledge about the functions and components of the major signaling pathways such as kinase signaling, calcium signaling, and cyclic nucleotide-based signaling, serving the various aspects of the parasitic asexual stage and highlighted the Toll-like receptors, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling, and molecular events in cytoadhesion, which elicit the host immune response. This discussion will facilitate a look over essential components for parasite survival and disease progression to be implemented in discovery of novel antimalarial drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Drista Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Praveen Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Tarun K Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
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23
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Starkl Renar K, Iskra J, Križaj I. Understanding malarial toxins. Toxicon 2016; 119:319-29. [PMID: 27353131 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recognized since antiquity, malaria is one of the most infamous and widespread infectious diseases in humans and, although the death rate during the last century has been diminishing, it still accounts for more than a half million deaths annually. It is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and typical symptoms include fever, shivering, headache, diaphoresis and nausea, all resulting from an excessive inflammatory response induced by malarial toxins released into the victim's bloodstream. These toxins are hemozoin and glycosylphosphatidylinositols. The former is the final product of the parasite's detoxification of haeme, a by-product of haemoglobin catabolism, while the latter anchor proteins to the Plasmodium cell surface or occur as free molecules. Currently, only two groups of antimalarial toxin drugs exist on the market, quinolines and artemisinins. As we describe, they both target biosynthesis of hemozoin. Other substances, currently in various phases of clinical trials, are directed towards biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol, formation of hemozoin, or attenuation of the inflammatory response of the patient. Among the innovative approaches to alleviating the effects of malarial toxins, is the development of antimalarial toxin vaccines. In this review the most important lessons learned from the use of treatments directed against the action of malarial toxins in antimalarial therapy are emphasized and the most relevant and promising directions for future research in obtaining novel antimalarial agents acting on malarial toxins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Starkl Renar
- Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jernej Iskra
- Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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24
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Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Alomar S, Abdel-Baki AAS, Delic D, Wunderlich F, Araúzo-Bravo MJ. Blood-stage malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi induces differential Tlr expression in the liver of susceptible and vaccination-protected Balb/c mice. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1835-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Hahn WO, Harju-Baker S, Erdman LK, Krudsood S, Kain KC, Wurfel MM, Liles WC. A common TLR1 polymorphism is associated with higher parasitaemia in a Southeast Asian population with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2016; 15:12. [PMID: 26738805 PMCID: PMC4704253 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The factors leading to poor outcomes in malaria infection are incompletely understood. Common genetic variation exists in the human genes for Toll like receptors (TLRs) that alter host responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Genetic variation in TLR1 and TLR6 could alter the risk of development of complicated malaria and ability of the host to control the parasite burden during acute Plasmodium falciparum infection. Methods
Five single nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR1 and TLR6 in 432 patients with clinical P. falciparum monoinfection acquired on the Thai-Myanmar border were genotyped. Using logistic regression, associations with the development of complicated malaria and the percentage of infected erythrocytes (parasitaemia) on the day of presentation to clinical care (day zero) were tested. Results Genotypes carrying the T (major) allele of TLR1 rs5743551—an allele associated with improved outcomes in sepsis—were associated with higher parasitaemia measured on day zero (p = 0.03). Discussion Since malaria exerts strong genetic pressure on the human genome, protection from parasitaemia associated with TLR1 rs5743551 may account for the maintenance of an allele associated with poor outcomes in Caucasians with sepsis. Conclusion These data suggest that genetic variation in TLR1 has effects on the host response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Asian populations. Genotypes from TLR6 showed no evidence of association with either complicated malaria or parasite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O Hahn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Box 359640, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Susanna Harju-Baker
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Laura K Erdman
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Srivicha Krudsood
- Clinical Malaria Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mark M Wurfel
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Box 359640, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Wayne C Liles
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Box 359640, Seattle, WA, USA.
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26
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Manning L, Cutts J, Stanisic DI, Laman M, Carmagnac A, Allen S, O'Donnell A, Karunajeewa H, Rosanas-Urgell A, Siba P, Davis TME, Michon P, Schofield L, Rockett K, Kwiatkowski D, Mueller I. A Toll-like receptor-1 variant and its characteristic cellular phenotype is associated with severe malaria in Papua New Guinean children. Genes Immun 2015; 17:52-9. [PMID: 26633000 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors are likely to contribute to low severe malaria case fatality rates in Melanesian populations, but association studies can be underpowered and may not provide plausible mechanistic explanations if significant associations are detected. In preparation for a genome-wide association study, 29 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequencies >5% were examined in a case-control study of 504 Papua New Guinean children with severe malaria. In parallel, an immunological substudy was performed on convalescent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cases and controls. Following stimulation with a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 agonist, effector cytokines and chemokines were assayed. The only significant genetic association observed involved a nonsynonymous SNP (TLR1rs4833095) in the TLR1 gene. A recessive (TT) genotype was associated with reduced odds of severe malaria of 0.52 (95% confidence interval (0.29-0.90), P=0.006). Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor α were significantly higher in severe malaria cases compared with healthy controls, but lower in children with the protective recessive (TT) genotype. A genetic variant in TLR1 may contribute to the low severe malaria case fatality rates in this region through a reduced pro-inflammatory cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manning
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Bull Creek, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Cutts
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D I Stanisic
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Laman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Bull Creek, Western Australia, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - A Carmagnac
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Allen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - A O'Donnell
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Karunajeewa
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Rosanas-Urgell
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - T M E Davis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Michon
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Divine Word University, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - L Schofield
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Mueller
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Panigrahi S, Kar A, Tripathy S, Mohapatra MK, Dhangadamajhi G. Genetic predisposition of variants in TLR2 and its co-receptors to severe malaria in Odisha, India. Immunol Res 2015; 64:291-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Syncytiotrophoblast Functions and Fetal Growth Restriction during Placental Malaria: Updates and Implication for Future Interventions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:451735. [PMID: 26587536 PMCID: PMC4637467 DOI: 10.1155/2015/451735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Syncytiotrophoblast lines the intervillous space of the placenta and plays important roles in fetus growth throughout gestation. However, perturbations at the maternal-fetal interface during placental malaria may possibly alter the physiological functions of syncytiotrophoblast and therefore growth and development of the embryo in utero. An understanding of the influence of placental malaria on syncytiotrophoblast function is paramount in developing novel interventions for the control of placental pathology associated with placental malaria. In this review, we discuss how malaria changes syncytiotrophoblast function as evidenced from human, animal, and in vitro studies and, further, how dysregulation of syncytiotrophoblast function may impact fetal growth in utero. We also formulate a hypothesis, stemming from epidemiological observations, that nutrition may override pathogenesis of placental malaria-associated-fetal growth restriction. We therefore recommend studies on nutrition-based-interventional approaches for high placental malaria-risk women in endemic areas. More investigations on the role of nutrition on placental malaria pathogenesis are needed.
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29
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Tong C, Lin Y, Zhang C, Shi J, Qi H, Zhao K. Transcriptome-wide identification, molecular evolution and expression analysis of Toll-like receptor family in a Tibet fish, Gymnocypris przewalskii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:334-345. [PMID: 26102458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key components of innate immunity that play significant roles in immune defense against pathogens invasion. Recent frequent outbreaks of the "white spot disease" caused by parasitic infection in farmed Tibetan fishes had resulted in great economic losses. However, to our knowledge, the roles of TLRs in mediating immune response to parasitic infection in Tibetan fishes remain to be determined. Here, we performed data-mining on a widely-farmed Tibetan fish (Gymnocypris przewalskii or Gp) transcriptome to determine the genetic variation and expression pattern of TLRs. We totally obtained 14 GpTLRs and identified 5 with a complete coding sequence. Phylogenetic analysis verified their identities and supported the classification of TLRs into six families as in other vertebrates. The TLR family motifs, such as leucine rich repeat (LRR) and Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (TIR) domain, are conserved in GpTLR1-5. Selective pressure test demonstrated that all known GpTLRs are under purifying selection, except GpTLR4 underwent positive selection. Further, site model analysis suggested that 11 positively selected sites are found in LRR domain of GpTLR4. Three positively selected sites are located on outside surface of TLR4 3D structure, indicating that function of GpTLR4 may be affected. Tissue specific expression analysis showed all GpTLRs are present in gill, head-kidney and spleen but the relative abundance varied among tissues. In response to parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection, 5 GpTLR (GpTLR1, -2, -4, -9 and -20) expressions were induced. Intriguingly, GpTLR4 was significantly up-regulated in gills, while GpTLR19 and GpTLR21 unexpectedly showed no any change. In summary, these results revealed the first genomic resources of TLR family and several parasitic infection responsive TLRs in Tibetan fish. These findings provide key information for future studies aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response to pathogen invasion in Tibetan fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiu Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cunfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Jianquan Shi
- The Rescues Center of Qinghai-Lake Naked Carp, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Hongfang Qi
- The Rescues Center of Qinghai-Lake Naked Carp, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China.
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30
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Luckhart S, Pakpour N, Giulivi C. Host-pathogen interactions in malaria: cross-kingdom signaling and mitochondrial regulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26210301 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasite-host interactions are complex and have confounded available drugs and the development of vaccines. Further, we now appreciate that interventions for malaria elimination and eradication must include therapeutics with intrinsic transmission blocking activity to treat the patient and prevent disease spread. Studies over the past 15 years have revealed significant conservation in the response to infection in mosquito and human hosts. More recently, we have recognized that conserved cell signaling cascades in mosquitoes and humans dictate infection outcome through the regulation of mitochondrial function and biogenesis, which feed back to host immunity, basic intermediary metabolism, and stress responses. These responses - reflected clearly in the primeval insect host - provide fertile ground for innovative strategies for both treatment and transmission blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, United States.
| | - Nazzy Pakpour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, United States
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, United States
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31
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Skevaki C, Pararas M, Kostelidou K, Tsakris A, Routsias JG. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:165-77. [PMID: 25560985 PMCID: PMC4408151 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-studied family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), whose task is to rapidly recognize evolutionarily conserved structures on the invading microorganisms. Through binding to these patterns, TLRs trigger a number of proinflammatory and anti-microbial responses, playing a key role in the first line of defence against the pathogens also promoting adaptive immunity responses. Growing amounts of data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the various human TLR proteins are associated with altered susceptibility to infection. This review summarizes the role of TLRs in innate immunity, their ligands and signalling and focuses on the TLR SNPs which have been linked to infectious disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Skevaki
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of PediatricsAthens, Greece
| | - M Pararas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - K Kostelidou
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of PediatricsAthens, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the AegeanLemnos, Greece
| | - A Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - J G Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
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32
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Baccarella A, Huang BW, Fontana MF, Kim CC. Loss of Toll-like receptor 7 alters cytokine production and protects against experimental cerebral malaria. Malar J 2014; 13:354. [PMID: 25192715 PMCID: PMC4164820 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria, caused by Plasmodium sp. parasites, is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Cerebral malaria, characterized by neurological symptoms, is a life-threatening complication of malaria affecting over 500,000 young children in Africa every year. Because of the prevalence and severity of cerebral malaria, a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of its pathology is desirable and could inform future development of therapeutics. This study sought to clarify the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in promoting immunopathology associated with cerebral malaria, with a particular focus on the understudied TLR7. Methods Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria, C57BL/6 mice deficient in various TLRs were infected, and their resistance to cerebral malaria and immune activation through cytokine production were measured. Results Loss of TLR7 conferred partial protection against fatal experimental cerebral malaria. Additionally, loss of TLR signalling dysregulated the cytokine profile, resulting in a shift in the cytokine balance towards those with more anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion This work identifies signalling through TLR7 as a source of pathology in experimental cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles C Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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33
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Gun SY, Claser C, Tan KSW, Rénia L. Interferons and interferon regulatory factors in malaria. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:243713. [PMID: 25157202 PMCID: PMC4124246 DOI: 10.1155/2014/243713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases in humans and responsible for approximately 500 million clinical cases and 500 thousand deaths annually. Acquired adaptive immune responses control parasite replication and infection-induced pathologies. Most infections are clinically silent which reflects on the ability of adaptive immune mechanisms to prevent the disease. However, a minority of these can become severe and life-threatening, manifesting a range of overlapping syndromes of complex origins which could be induced by uncontrolled immune responses. Major players of the innate and adaptive responses are interferons. Here, we review their roles and the signaling pathways involved in their production and protection against infection and induced immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
| | - Kevin Shyong Wei Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138648
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
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Zhao F, Li YW, Pan HJ, Shi CB, Luo XC, Li AX, Wu SQ. TAK1-binding proteins (TAB1 and TAB2) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): identification, characterization, and expression analysis after infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:389-399. [PMID: 24747054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is a key regulatory molecule in toll-like receptor (TLR), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways. The activation of TAK1 is specifically regulated by two TAK1-binding proteins, TAB1 and TAB2. However, the roles of TAB1 and TAB2 in fish have not been reported to date. In the present study, TAB1 (CiTAB1) and TAB2 (CiTAB2) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were identified and characterized, and their expression profiles were analyzed after fish were infected with the pathogenic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The full-length CiTAB1 cDNA is 1949 bp long with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1497 bp that encodes a putative protein of 498 amino acids containing a typical PP2Cc domain. The full-length CiTAB2 cDNA is 2967 bp long and contains an ORF of 2178 bp encoding a putative protein of 725 amino acids. Protein structure analysis revealed that CiTAB2 consists of three main structural domains: an N-terminal CUE domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal ZnF domain. Multiple sequence alignment showed that CiTAB1 and CiTAB2 share high sequence identity with other known TAB1 and TAB2 proteins, and several conserved phosphorylation sites and an O-GlcNAc site were deduced in CiTAB1. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that CiTAB1 and CiTAB2 have the closest evolutionary relationship with TAB1 and TAB2 of Danio rerio, respectively. CiTAB1 and CiTAB2 were both widely expressed in all examined tissues with the highest levels in the heart and liver, respectively. After infection with I. multifiliis, the expressions of CiTAB1 and CiTAB2 were both significantly up-regulated in all tested tissues at most time points, which indicates that these proteins may be involved in the host immune response against I. multifiliis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Hou-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, PR China
| | - Cun-Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, PR China
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shu-Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, PR China.
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. Do you see what I see: Recognition of protozoan parasites by Toll-like receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:129-140. [PMID: 25383072 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131203225929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for recognizing a variety of pathogens, including protozoan parasites, and initiating innate immune responses against them. TLRs are localized on the cell surface as well as in the endosome, and are implicated in innate sensing of these parasites. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the identification of parasite-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns and the TLRs that bind them. The role of these TLRs in initiating the immune response against protozoan parasitic infections in vivo will be presented in the context of murine models of infection utilizing TLR-deficient mice. Additionally, we will explore evidence that TLRs and genetic variants of TLRs may impact the outcome of these parasitic infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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Durai P, Govindaraj RG, Choi S. Structure and dynamic behavior of Toll-like receptor 2 subfamily triggered by malarial glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium falciparum. FEBS J 2013; 280:6196-212. [PMID: 24090058 PMCID: PMC4163636 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory responses by Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) to malaria infection are considered to be a significant factor in suppressing pathogen growth and in disease control. The key protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria through glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs), which induce the host immune response mainly via TLR2 signalling. Experimental studies have suggested that malarial GPIs from P. falciparum are recognized by the TLR2 subfamily. However, the interaction site and their involvement in the activation mechanism are still unknown. A better understanding of the detailed structure of the TLR–GPI interaction is important for the design of more effective anti‐malarial therapeutics. We used a molecular docking method to predict the binding regions of malarial GPIs with the TLR2 subfamily members. We also employed molecular dynamics simulations and principal component analysis to understand ligand‐induced conformational changes of the TLR2 subfamily. We observed the expected structural changes upon ligand binding, and significant movements were found in loop regions located in the ligand‐binding site of the TLR2 subfamily. We further propose that the binding modes of malarial GPIs are similar to lipopeptides, and that the lipid portions of the ligands could play an essential role in selective dimerization of the TLR2 subfamily.
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Zhao F, Li YW, Pan HJ, Shi CB, Luo XC, Li AX, Wu SQ. Expression profiles of toll-like receptors in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:993-997. [PMID: 23742868 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune system, but to date the roles of fish TLRs in response to parasitic infection are still poorly understood. In the present study, we used channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and the ciliate parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a model to investigate whether and which fish TLRs play important roles in the immune response against parasitic pathogens by detecting the expression profiles of a complete set of TLRs in catfish at different time points after infection with I. multifiliis. The expression profiles of TLR1 and TLR2 were similar, and both were significantly up-regulated in the skin and head kidney at most time points after infection. Furthermore, the expression of TLR2 was also up-regulated in the gill and spleen. TLR9 was induced in the skin and gill, whereas TLR21 was induced in the head kidney and spleen after infection. For TLR19, significant up-regulation was observed in the skin and gill, but significant down-regulation was detected in the head kidney and spleen. In contrast to TLR19, TLR25 was significantly up-regulated in the head kidney and spleen at some time points. No significant changes were observed for the rest of the TLRs at most time points. The results indicated that some TLRs may play essential roles in catfish defense against I. multifiliis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 1 Xingyu Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Li Z, Han Y, Sun Y, Wang Q, Liu B, Su Z. Role of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in control of cerebral malaria in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2907-18. [PMID: 23893352 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a neurological syndrome often occurring in severe malaria. Although CM is known as an immunopathology in brain tissue mediated by excessive proinflammatory cytokines, the immunoregulatory mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells in modulating CM development in a murine model of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. We observed that blood-stage P. berghei induced expansion of IL-10-producing Breg cells in C57BL/6 mice. Adoptive transfer of IL-10(+) Breg cells to P. berghei infected mice significantly reduced the accumulation of NK and CD8(+) T cells and hemorrhage in brain tissue, and improved the survival of the mice compared with control groups, although parasitemia levels were not altered. Treatment of Breg-cell recipient mice with anti-IL-10 receptor mAb blocked the protective effect of Breg cells. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells failed to prevent CM in infected mice. Spleen cells from Breg-cell recipient mice produced increased levels of IL-10 in vitro. Cell co-culture showed that purified IL-10(+) B cells, but not IL-10(-) B cells, promoted IL-10 production by CD4(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that IL-10-producing Breg cells may represent an important mechanism for controlling the immunopathology and prevention of CM associated with P. berghei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
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Rosanas-Urgell A, Martin-Jaular L, Ricarte-Filho J, Ferrer M, Kalko S, Kimura E, Del Portillo HA. Expression of non-TLR pattern recognition receptors in the spleen of BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:410-5. [PMID: 22510838 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays a crucial role in the development of immunity to malaria, but the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in splenic effector cells during malaria infection is poorly understood. In the present study, we analysed the expression of selected PRRs in splenic effector cells from BALB/c mice infected with the lethal and non-lethal Plasmodium yoelii strains 17XL and 17X, respectively, and the non-lethal Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS strain. The results of these experiments showed fewer significant changes in the expression of PRRs in AS-infected mice than in 17X and 17XL-infected mice. Mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2) expression increased with parasitemia, whereas Toll-like receptors and sialoadhesin (Sn) decreased in mice infected with P. chabaudi AS. In contrast, MRC type 1 (MRC1), MRC2 and EGF-like module containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like sequence 1 (F4/80) expression decreased with parasitemia in mice infected with 17X, whereas MRC1 an MRC2 increased and F4/80 decreased in mice infected with 17XL. Furthermore, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure and CD68 declined rapidly after initial parasitemia. SIGNR1 and Sn expression demonstrated minor variations in the spleens of mice infected with either strain. Notably, macrophage scavenger receptor (Msr1) and dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 2 expression increased at both the transcript and protein levels in 17XL-infected mice with 50% parasitemia. Furthermore, the increased lethality of 17X infection in Msr1 -/- mice demonstrated a protective role for Msr1. Our results suggest a dual role for these receptors in parasite clearance and protection in 17X infection and lethality in 17XL infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Kumar S, Gowda NM, Wu X, Gowda RN, Gowda DC. CD36 modulates proinflammatory cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols and merozoites by dendritic cells. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:372-82. [PMID: 22486596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) of Plasmodium falciparum activate macrophages mainly through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated signalling and to certain extent through TLR4-mediated signalling to induce proinflammatory cytokine production. However, the ability of parasite GPIs to activate dendritic cells (DCs) has not been reported. Here, we show that parasite GPIs efficiently activate DCs through TLR2-mediated signalling mechanism and induce the production of TNF-α and IL-12. We also studied the role of scavenger receptor CD36 in P. falciparum GPI- and merozoite-induced cytokine responses by DCs. The results indicate that CD36 modulates the cytokine-inducing activity of the parasite GPIs by collaborating with TLR2 in DCs. Furthermore, our data reveal that CD36 modulates the activity of P. falciparum merozoites, likely by the contribution of phagocytosis-coupled CD36-mediated signalling to the signalling induced by merozoites. Altogether, these results contribute towards understanding of signalling mechanisms in malaria parasite-induced activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Loures FV, Stroeder H, Almeida I, Calich VLG. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis lipids modulate macrophage activity via Toll-dependent or independent mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:58-70. [PMID: 22574780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The macrophages are the first host cells that interact with the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, but the main mechanisms that regulate this interaction are not well understood. Because the role played by P. brasiliensis lipids in macrophage activation was not previously investigated, we aimed to assess the influence of diverse lipid fractions from P. brasiliensis yeasts in this process. The possible participation of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling was also evaluated using TLR2- and TLR4-defective macrophages. Four lipid-rich fractions were studied as follows: F1, composed by membrane phospholipids and neutral lipids, F2 by glycolipids of short chain, F3a by membrane glycoproteins anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) groups, and F3b by glycolipids of long chain. All assayed lipid fractions were able to activate peritoneal macrophages and induce nitric oxide (NO) production. Importantly, the F1 and F3a fractions exerted opposite effects in the control of P. brasiliensis uptake and killing, but both fractions inhibited cytokines production. Furthermore, the increased NO production and expression of costimulatory molecules induced by F3a was shown to be TLR2 dependent although F1 used Toll-independent mechanisms. In conclusion, our work suggests that lipid components may play a role in the innate immunity against P. brasiliensis infection using Toll-dependent and independent mechanisms to control macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio V Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira-Nascimento L, Massari P, Wetzler LM. The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:79. [PMID: 22566960 PMCID: PMC3342043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which is the initial step in a cascade of events leading to significant innate immune responses, development of adaptive immunity to pathogens and protection from immune sequelae related to infection with these pathogens. This review will discuss the current status of TLR2 mediated immune responses by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on these organisms. We will emphasize both canonical and non-canonical responses to TLR2 ligands with emphasis on whether the inflammation induced by these responses contributes to the disease state or to protection from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira-Nascimento
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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Moore JM, Avery JW. Defibrotide: a Swiss Army knife intervention in the battle against cerebral malaria. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:541-4. [PMID: 22345588 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.242776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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