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Capezza AJ, Bettelli M, Wei X, Jiménez-Rosado M, Guerrero A, Hedenqvist M. Biodegradable Fiber-Reinforced Gluten Biocomposites for Replacement of Fossil-Based Plastics. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1341-1351. [PMID: 38222641 PMCID: PMC10785611 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Biocomposites based on wheat gluten and reinforced with carbon fibers were produced in line with the strive to replace fossil-based plastics with microplastic-free alternatives with competing mechanical properties. The materials were first extruded/compounded and then successfully injection molded, making the setup adequate for the current industrial processing of composite plastics. Furthermore, the materials were manufactured at very low extrusion and injection temperatures (70 and 140 °C, respectively), saving energy compared to the compounding of commodity plastics. The sole addition of 10 vol % fibers increased yield strength and stiffness by a factor of 2-4 with good adhesion to the protein. The biocomposites were also shown to be biodegradable, lixiviating into innocuous molecules for nature, which is the next step in the development of sustainable bioplastics. The results show that an industrial protein coproduct reinforced with strong fibers can be processed using common plastic processing techniques. The enhanced mechanical performance of the reinforced protein-based matrix herein also contributes to research addressing the production of safe materials with properties matching those of traditional fossil-based plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Capezza
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mercedes Bettelli
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Xinfeng Wei
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | | | - Antonio Guerrero
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de
Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Mikael Hedenqvist
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
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2
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Cruz RMS, Albertos I, Romero J, Agriopoulou S, Varzakas T. Innovations in Food Packaging for a Sustainable and Circular Economy. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 108:135-177. [PMID: 38460998 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Packaging is fundamental to maintaining the quality of food, but its contribution with a negative footprint to the environment must be completely changed worldwide to reduce pollution and climate change. Innovative and sustainable packaging and new strategies of reutilization are necessary to reduce plastic waste accumulation, maintain food quality and safety, and reduce food losses and waste. The purpose of this chapter is to present innovations in food packaging for a sustainable and circular economy. First, to present the eco-design packaging approach as well as new strategies for recycled or recyclable materials in food packaging. Second, to show current trends in new packaging materials developed from the use of agro-industrial wastes as well as new methods of production, including 3D/4D printing, electrostatic spinning, and the use of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M S Cruz
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Universidade do Algarve, Campus da Penha, Faro, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Irene Albertos
- Nursing Department, Nursing Faculty, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Janira Romero
- Faculty of Sciences and Art, Universidad Católica de Ávila (UCAV), Calle Canteros s/n, Ávila, Spain
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
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3
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Sánchez-Torres EA, Abril B, Benedito J, Bon J, Toldrà M, Parés D, García-Pérez JV. Airborne ultrasonic application on hot air-drying of pork liver. Intensification of moisture transport and impact on protein solubility. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 86:106011. [PMID: 35483166 PMCID: PMC9171244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is increasing interest in developing strategies for the efficient and sustainable use of animal by-products, such as pork liver. In order to stabilize the product, a prior dehydration stage may be required due to its high perishability. The water removal process of pork liver is energy costly and time consuming, which justifies its intensification using novel technologies. In this sense, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of the airborne application of power ultrasound on the hot air-drying of pork liver. For that purpose, drying experiments were carried out at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C on pork liver cylinders at 2 m·s-1 with (US) and without ultrasonic application (AIR). The drying process was modeled from the diffusion theory and, in the dried pork liver, the protein solubility was analyzed in order to determine the effect of drying on the protein quality. The ultrasound application increased the drying rate, shortening the drying time by up to 40% at 30 °C. The effect of power ultrasound at high temperatures (60 and 70 °C) was of lesser magnitude. Drying at 70 °C involved a noticeable reduction in the protein solubility for dried liver, while the impact of ultrasound application on the solubility was not significant (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Sánchez-Torres
- UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València. Department of Food Technology. Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - B Abril
- UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València. Department of Food Technology. Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Benedito
- UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València. Department of Food Technology. Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Bon
- UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València. Department of Food Technology. Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Toldrà
- UdG, University of Girona, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), XIA (Catalonian Network on Food Innovation), Escola Politècnica Superior, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - D Parés
- UdG, University of Girona, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), XIA (Catalonian Network on Food Innovation), Escola Politècnica Superior, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - J V García-Pérez
- UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València. Department of Food Technology. Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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4
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Effect of metakaolin content on mechanical and water barrier properties of cassava starch films. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Diken ME, Doğan S, Doğan M, Turhan Y. Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylic acid)/nanohydroxyapatite nanocomposite hydrogels and evaluation of its antibacterial, bio- and hemo-compatibility characteristics. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1981320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Diken
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center, Balikesir University, Çağış-Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Serap Doğan
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Balikesir University, Cagis-Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Doğan
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Chemistry, Balikesir University, Cagis-Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Turhan
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Chemistry, Balikesir University, Cagis-Balikesir, Turkey
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Khodaei D, Álvarez C, Mullen AM. Biodegradable Packaging Materials from Animal Processing Co-Products and Wastes: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2561. [PMID: 34372163 PMCID: PMC8348897 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers are non-toxic, environmentally friendly biopolymers with considerable mechanical and barrier properties that can be degraded in industrial or home composting conditions. These biopolymers can be generated from sustainable natural sources or from the agricultural and animal processing co-products and wastes. Animals processing co-products are low value, underutilized, non-meat components that are generally generated from meat processing or slaughterhouse such as hide, blood, some offal etc. These are often converted into low-value products such as animal feed or in some cases disposed of as waste. Collagen, gelatin, keratin, myofibrillar proteins, and chitosan are the major value-added biopolymers obtained from the processing of animal's products. While these have many applications in food and pharmaceutical industries, a significant amount is underutilized and therefore hold potential for use in the generation of bioplastics. This review summarizes the research progress on the utilization of meat processing co-products to fabricate biodegradable polymers with the main focus on food industry applications. In addition, the factors affecting the application of biodegradable polymers in the packaging sector, their current industrial status, and regulations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Maria Mullen
- Department of Food Quality and Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland; (D.K.); (C.Á.)
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Freeze-Drying versus Heat-Drying: Effect on Protein-Based Superabsorbent Material. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine plasma protein is a by-product of the meat industry, which has already been applied in the manufacture of superabsorbent materials. The effects of plasticizer content (0%, 25%, 50%), together with those of the drying method (freeze-drying, thermal drying at 50 °C), during the processing of superabsorbent porcine plasma matrices were studied in this manuscript. Although the presence of glycerol accelerated the water absorption kinetics, the highest water absorption (~550%) was achieved by samples not containing any plasticizer. Viscoelasticity decreased at higher glycerol contents and especially after water absorption. When swollen samples were dried through freeze-drying, porous structures with a sponge-like appearance were obtained. Oppositely, thermally dried samples suffered an evident shrinkage that reduced porosity, displaying a more uniform surface. The effect of the drying method was observed since only freeze-dried samples can be rehydrated, displaying a superabsorbent ability (absorption higher than 1000%), which could be used in several applications (food, agriculture, personal care).
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8
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Álvarez-Castillo E, Aguilar JM, Bengoechea C, López-Castejón ML, Guerrero A. Rheology and Water Absorption Properties of Alginate-Soy Protein Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1807. [PMID: 34072653 PMCID: PMC8197920 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite materials based on proteins and carbohydrates normally offer improved water solubility, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, which make them attractive for a wide range of applications. Soy protein isolate (SPI) has shown superabsorbent properties that are useful in fields such as agriculture. Alginate salts (ALG) are linear anionic polysaccharides obtained at a low cost from brown algae, displaying a good enough biocompatibility to be considered for medical applications. As alginates are quite hydrophilic, the exchange of ions from guluronic acid present in its molecular structure with divalent cations, particularly Ca2+, may induce its gelation, which would inhibit its solubilization in water. Both biopolymers SPI and ALG were used to produce composites through injection moulding using glycerol (Gly) as a plasticizer. Different biopolymer/plasticizer ratios were employed, and the SPI/ALG ratio within the biopolymer fraction was also varied. Furthermore, composites were immersed in different CaCl2 solutions to inhibit the amount of soluble matter loss and to enhance the mechanical properties of the resulting porous matrices. The main goal of the present work was the development and characterization of green porous matrices with inhibited solubility thanks to the gelation of alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Álvarez-Castillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Virgen de África, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain; (J.M.A.); (C.B.); (M.L.L.-C.); (A.G.)
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9
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Álvarez-Castillo E, Felix M, Bengoechea C, Guerrero A. Proteins from Agri-Food Industrial Biowastes or Co-Products and Their Applications as Green Materials. Foods 2021; 10:981. [PMID: 33947093 PMCID: PMC8145534 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A great amount of biowastes, comprising byproducts and biomass wastes, is originated yearly from the agri-food industry. These biowastes are commonly rich in proteins and polysaccharides and are mainly discarded or used for animal feeding. As regulations aim to shift from a fossil-based to a bio-based circular economy model, biowastes are also being employed for producing bio-based materials. This may involve their use in high-value applications and therefore a remarkable revalorization of those resources. The present review summarizes the main sources of protein from biowastes and co-products of the agri-food industry (i.e., wheat gluten, potato, zein, soy, rapeseed, sunflower, protein, casein, whey, blood, gelatin, collagen, keratin, and algae protein concentrates), assessing the bioplastic application (i.e., food packaging and coating, controlled release of active agents, absorbent and superabsorbent materials, agriculture, and scaffolds) for which they have been more extensively produced. The most common wet and dry processes to produce protein-based materials are also described (i.e., compression molding, injection molding, extrusion, 3D-printing, casting, and electrospinning), as well as the main characterization techniques (i.e., mechanical and rheological properties, tensile strength tests, rheological tests, thermal characterization, and optical properties). In this sense, the strategy of producing materials from biowastes to be used in agricultural applications, which converge with the zero-waste approach, seems to be remarkably attractive from a sustainability prospect (including environmental, economic, and social angles). This approach allows envisioning a reduction of some of the impacts along the product life cycle, contributing to tackling the transition toward a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Bengoechea
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, 41011 Sevilla, Spain; (E.Á.-C.); (M.F.); (A.G.)
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10
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Kaolin-Enhanced Superabsorbent Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Swelling Behaviors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081204. [PMID: 33917806 PMCID: PMC8068199 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One type of low-cost and eco-friendly organic‒inorganic superabsorbent composite (SAPC) was synthesized by free radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA), starch (ST), sodium alginate (SA) and kaolin (KL) in aqueous solution. The structure and morphology of the SAPC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The influence of different reaction conditions on water absorption of SAPC, i.e., SA and KL contents, AA neutralization degree (ND), potassium persulfate (KPS) and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) loading were systematically studied. Under the optimal synthesis conditions, very high water absorption of 1200 g/g was achieved. The swelling kinetic mechanism of SAPC was studied by pseudo-second order swelling kinetics model and Ritger‒Peppas model. The performances of SAPC under different environments were tested and results revealed that this new SAPC had excellent swelling capacity, high water retention, good salt tolerance in monovalent salt solution (NaCl solution) and good pH tolerance between 4 and 10.
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11
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Álvarez-Castillo E, Bengoechea C, Guerrero A. Strengthening of Porcine Plasma Protein Superabsorbent Materials through a Solubilization-Freeze-Drying Process. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:772. [PMID: 33802290 PMCID: PMC7959129 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The replacement of common acrylic derivatives by biodegradable materials in the formulation of superabsorbent materials would lessen the associated environmental impact. Moreover, the use of by-products or biowastes from the food industry that are usually discarded would promote a desired circular economy. The present study deals with the development of superabsorbent materials based on a by-product from the meat industry, namely plasma protein, focusing on the effects of a freeze-drying stage before blending with glycerol and eventual injection molding. More specifically, this freeze-drying stage is carried out either directly on the protein flour or after its solubilization in deionized water (10% w/w). Superabsorbent materials obtained after this solubilization-freeze-drying process display higher Young's modulus and tensile strength values, without affecting their water uptake capacity. As greater water uptake is commonly related to poorer mechanical properties, the proposed solubilization-freeze-drying process is a useful strategy for producing strengthened hydrophilic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Álvarez-Castillo
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Seville, Calle Virgen de África, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain; (C.B.); (A.G.)
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12
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Alonso-González M, Felix M, Guerrero A, Romero A. Effects of Mould Temperature on Rice Bran-Based Bioplastics Obtained by Injection Moulding. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030398. [PMID: 33513774 PMCID: PMC7866207 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high production rate of conventional plastics and their low degradability result in severe environmental problems, such as plastic accumulation and some other related consequences. One alternative to these materials is the production of oil-free bioplastics, based on wastes from the agro-food industry, which are biodegradable. Not only is rice bran an abundant and non-expensive waste, but it is also attractive due to its high protein and starch content, which can be used as macromolecules for bioplastic production. The objective of this work was to develop rice-bran-based bioplastics by injection moulding. For this purpose, this raw material was mixed with a plasticizer (glycerol), analysing the effect of three mould temperatures (100, 130 and 150 °C) on the mechanical and microstructural properties and water absorption capacity of the final matrices. The obtained results show that rice bran is a suitable raw material for the development of bioplastics whose properties are strongly influenced by the processing conditions. Thus, higher temperatures produce stiffer and more resistant materials (Young's modulus improves from 12 ± 7 MPa to 23 ± 6 and 33 ± 6 MPa when the temperature increases from 100 to 130 and 150 °C, respectively); however, these materials are highly compact and, consequently, their water absorption capacity diminishes. On the other hand, although lower mould temperatures lead to materials with lower mechanical properties, they exhibit a less compact structure, resulting in enhanced water absorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alonso-González
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-635-313-411
| | - Manuel Felix
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain; (M.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain; (M.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Alberto Romero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
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13
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14
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Álvarez-Castillo E, Ramos M, Bengoechea C, Martínez I, Romero A. Effect of blend mixing and formulation on thermophysical properties of gluten-based plastics. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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López Rocha CJ, Álvarez-Castillo E, Estrada Yáñez MR, Bengoechea C, Guerrero A, Orta Ledesma MT. Development of bioplastics from a microalgae consortium from wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 263:110353. [PMID: 32883472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, as the world population is in need of creating alternative materials that can replace conventional plastics, microalgae biomass may be identified as a viable source for producing more environmentally friendly materials. Scenedesmus sp and Desmodesmus sp are the main components (~80%) of a microalgae consortium (MC) that first has been used to remove Nitrogen and Phosphorus from wastewater. The potential to develop bioplastic materials from MC considering its relatively high protein content (~48%) has been assessed in the present manuscript, using as a reference a commercial biomass rich an Arthrospira specie (AM) also present in the studied consortium. Bioplastics were obtained through injection moulding of blends obtained after mixing with different amounts of glycerol, and eventually characterized using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA), water immersion and tensile tests. All bioplastics displayed a glass transition temperature around 60 °C, showing a thermoplastic behavior which is less pronounced in the CM based bioplastics. This would imply a greater thermal resistance of bioplastics produced from the biomass harvested in wastewater. Moreover, these bioplastics showed a lower ability to absorb water when immersed, due to the lower deformability displayed in the tensile tests. The mechanical properties of all samples, independently of the nature of the biomass, were improved when the presence of the biomass was higher. Therefore, results here presented prove the potential of valorisation of microalgae consortia used in the effective treatment of wastewater through the development of bioplastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Javier López Rocha
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 70-472, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Estefanía Álvarez-Castillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Química, Calle Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mirna Rosa Estrada Yáñez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Deptartamento de Reología y Mecánica de Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 70-472, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Bengoechea
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Química, Calle Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Química, Calle Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Teresa Orta Ledesma
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 70-472, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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16
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Cellulose Nanocrystals Derived from Textile Waste through Acid Hydrolysis and Oxidation as Reinforcing Agent of Soy Protein Film. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040958. [PMID: 32326030 PMCID: PMC7240655 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 10 million tons of textile waste are disposed through landfill every year in North America. The disposal of textile waste via landfill or incineration causes environmental problems and represents a waste of useful resources. In this work, we explored the possibility to directly extract cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from untreated textile waste through two methods, namely sulfuric acid hydrolysis and three-step oxidization. CNCs with cellulose Iβ crystalline structure and rod-like shape were successfully obtained. The aspect ratios of CNCs prepared from acid hydrolysis and oxidization were 10.00 ± 3.39 and 17.10 ± 12.85, respectively. Their application as reinforcing agent of soybean protein isolate (SPI) film was evaluated. With the addition of 20% CNCs, the composite film maintained the high transparency, while their water vapor barrier property, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus were significantly improved. This research demonstrates a promising approach to recycle textile waste, and more value-added applications based on the derived CNCs could be expected.
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