1
|
Lee HJ, Kim HD, Ryu D. Practical Strategies to Reduce Ochratoxin A in Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:58. [PMID: 38276534 PMCID: PMC10819544 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent nephrotoxin, is one of the most deleterious mycotoxins, with its prevalence in agricultural crops and their processed foods around the world. OTA is a major concern to food safety, as OTA exposure through dietary intake may lead to a significant level of accumulation in the body as a result of its long half-life (about 35 days). Its potent renal toxicity and high risk of exposure as well as the difficulty in controlling environmental factors OTA production has prompted the need for timely information on practical strategies for the food industry to effectively manage OTA contamination during food processing. The effects of various food processes, including both nonthermal and thermal methods, on the reduction in OTA were summarized in this review, with emphasis on the toxicity of residual OTA as well as its known and unknown degradation products. Since complete removal of OTA from foodstuffs is not feasible, additional strategies that may facilitate the reduction in OTA in food, such as adding baking soda and sugars, was also discussed, so that the industry may understand and apply practical measures to ensure the safety of its products destined for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Hae Dun Kim
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Dojin Ryu
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun R, Li Y, Du T, Qi Y. Recent advances in integrated dual-mode optical sensors for food safety detection. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
|
3
|
Jung Lee H, Dun Kim H, Ryu D. Protective Effect of alpha-Tocopherol against Ochratoxin A in Kidney Cell Line HK-2. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100082. [PMID: 36997025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a top priority for the protection of infants and young children. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is an emerging concern due to its high toxicity and occurrence in a wide range of agricultural crops and their derived food products including those foods and snacks destined for infants and young children. OTA is considered as a possible human carcinogen and its main target organ is the kidney. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of α-tocopherol against oxidative stress induced by OTA using human proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2). OTA showed dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity (IC50 = 161 nM, p<0.05) at 48 h, while treatment up to 2 mM α-tocopherol did not change cell viability. Levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) were decreased with α-tocopherol treatment, although the ratio of the oxidative form (GSSG) to GSH remained the same. Among several genes associated with oxidative stress, expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were significantly up-regulated by OTA treatment. CAT and GSR showed decreased expression at 0.5 - 2 mM α-tocopherol and OTA at IC50 value, KIM-1 was decreased at 0.5 mM α-tocopherol and OTA at IC50 value, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was decreased at 0.5 - 1 mM α-tocopherol and OTA at IC50 value. In addition, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased significantly by OTA while significantly decreased by α-tocopherol. The results show that α-tocopherol may alleviate potential OTA-induced renal damage and oxidative stress through reducing cytotoxicity and enhancing the antioxidant defense systems.
Collapse
|
4
|
Urugo MM, Teka TA, Berihune RA, Teferi SL, Garbaba CA, Adebo JA, Woldemariam HW, Astatkie T. Novel non-thermal food processing techniques and their mechanism of action in mycotoxins decontamination of foods. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
|
5
|
Abdelrahman RE, Khalaf AAA, Elhady MA, Ibrahim MA, Hassanen EI, Noshy PA. Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of quercetin against ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in broiler chickens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:103982. [PMID: 36179809 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is produced by the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium. The flavonoid quercetin (QUE) is distinguished by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. This study was designed to determine whether QUE can protect broiler chickens against OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Forty broiler chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups: control, OTA, QUE, and OTA + QUE. For 6 weeks, OTA (0.5 mg/kg) and/or QUE (0.5 g/kg) were added to the diet of chickens. The results demonstrated that OTA exposure increased serum levels of creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen. OTA exposure also increased renal malondialdehyde content but decreased renal antioxidants. OTA-exposed chickens exhibited multiple pathological kidney lesions. Moreover, OTA exposure induced apoptosis in renal tissue, which was manifested by the up-regulation of proapoptotic genes and down-regulation of antiapoptotic genes via the suppression of the PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coadministration of QUE and OTA mitigated most of these nephrotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehab E Abdelrahman
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdel Azeim A Khalaf
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Elhady
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman I Hassanen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Peter A Noshy
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering dual-mode aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 207:114164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
7
|
Sadeghian I, Heidari R, Raee MJ, Negahdaripour M. Cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins to manage the diseases involving oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1085-1116. [PMID: 35728949 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peptides and proteins represent great potential for modulating various cellular processes including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis and consequently the treatment of related diseases. However, their therapeutic effects are limited by their inability to cross cellular barriers. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which can transport cargoes into the cell, could resolve this issue, as would be discussed in this review. KEY FINDINGS CPPs have been successfully exploited in vitro and in vivo for peptide/protein delivery to treat a wide range of diseases involving oxidative stress, inflammatory processes and apoptosis. Their in vivo applications are still limited due to some fundamental issues of CPPs, including nonspecificity, proteolytic instability, potential toxicity and immunogenicity. SUMMARY Totally, CPPs could potentially help to manage the diseases involving oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis by delivering peptides/proteins that could selectively reach proper intracellular targets. More studies to overcome related CPP limitations and confirm the efficacy and safety of this strategy are needed before their clinical usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Issa Sadeghian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Biotechnology Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Raee
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Wang F, Zhang D, Li Z. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Hesperidin against the Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Rhinitis in Mice. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.1026.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
9
|
Wang ZW, Gao YN, Huang SN, Wang JQ, Zheng N. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Studies Revealed Underlying Mechanisms of Immature Intestinal Inflammatory Responses Caused by Aflatoxin M1 Together with Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030173. [PMID: 35324670 PMCID: PMC8953104 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which are occasionally detected in milk and commercial baby foods, could easily enter and reach the gastrointestinal tract, posing impairment to the first line of defense and causing dysfunction of the tissue. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory roles of individual and combined AFM1 and OTA on the immature intestine. Thus, we used ELISA assays to evaluate the generation of cytokines from ex vivo CD-1 fetal mouse jejunum induced by AFM1 and OTA and explored the related regulatory pathways and pivot genes using RNA-seq analysis. It was found that OTA exhibited much stronger ability in stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 from jejunum tissues than AFM1 (OTA of 4 μM versus AFM1 of 50 μM), whereas the combination of the two toxins seemed to exert antagonistic actions. In addition, transcriptomics also showed that most gene members in the enriched pathway ‘cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction’ were more highly expressed in OTA than the AFM1 group. By means of PPI network analysis, NFKB1 and RelB were regarded as hub genes in response to OTA but not AFM1. In the human FHs 74 Int cell line, both AFM1 and OTA enhanced the content of reactive oxygen species, and the oxidative response was more apparent in OTA-treated cells in comparison with AFM1. Furthermore, OTA and AFM1 + OTA raised the protein abundance of p50/RelB, and triggered the translocation of the dimer from cytosol to nucleus. Therefore, the experimental data ex vivo and in vitro showed that OTA-induced inflammation was thought to be bound up with the up-regulation and translocation of NF-κB, though AFM1 seemed to have no obvious impact. Since it was the first attempt to uncover the appearances and inner mechanisms regarding inflammation provoked by AFM1 and OTA on immature intestinal models, further efforts are needed to understand the detailed metabolic steps of the toxin in cells and to clarify their causal relationship with the signals proposed from current research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
García-Pérez E, Ryu D, Kim HY, Kim HD, Lee HJ. Human Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (HK-2) as a Sensitive In Vitro System for Ochratoxin A Induced Oxidative Stress. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:787. [PMID: 34822571 PMCID: PMC8618226 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is potentially carcinogenic to humans. Although its mechanism remains unclear, oxidative stress has been recognized as a plausible cause for the potent renal carcinogenicity observed in experimental animals. The effect of OTA on oxidative stress parameters in two cell lines of LLC-PK1 and HK-2 derived from the kidneys of pig and human, respectively, were investigated and compared. We found that the cytotoxicity of OTA on LLC-PK1 and HK-2 cells was dose- and time-dependent in both cell lines. Furthermore, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by OTA in both cell lines were observed in a time-dependent manner. Glutathione (GSH) was depleted by OTA at >48 h in HK-2 but not in LLC-PK1 cells. While the mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) in LLC-PK1 were down-regulated by 0.67- and 0.66-fold, respectively, those of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD) in HK-2 were up-regulated by 2.20-, 2.24-, and 2.75-fold, respectively, after 72 h exposure to OTA. Based on these results, we conclude that HK-2 cells are more sensitive to OTA-mediated toxicity than LLC-PK1, and OTA can cause a significant oxidative stress in HK-2 as indicated by changes in the parameter evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique García-Pérez
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646376, Pullman, Washington, DC 99164-6376, USA;
| | - Dojin Ryu
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2330, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA; (D.R.); (H.D.K.)
| | - Hwa-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415, Korea;
| | - Hae Dun Kim
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2330, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA; (D.R.); (H.D.K.)
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2330, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA; (D.R.); (H.D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Recent Achievements in Electrochemical and Surface Plasmon Resonance Aptasensors for Mycotoxins Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that contaminate agriculture products. Their release in the environment can cause severe damage to human health. Aptasensors are compact analytical devices that are intended for the fast and reliable detection of various species able to specifically interact with aptamers attached to the transducer surface. In this review, assembly of electrochemical and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) aptasensors are considered with emphasis on the mechanism of signal generation. Moreover, the properties of mycotoxins and the aptamers selected for their recognition are briefly considered. The analytical performance of biosensors developed within last three years makes it possible to determine mycotoxin residues in water and agriculture/food products on the levels below their maximal admissible concentrations. Requirements for the development of sample treatment and future trends in aptasensors are also discussed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shahba S, Mehrzad J, Malvandi AM. Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4. [PMID: 33932215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Substantial pieces of evidence support the potential of exogenous toxins in disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. It appears that mycotoxins are one of the noticeable sources of naturally occurring substances dysregulating the immune system, which involves the physiology of many organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS). The induction of inflammatory responses in microglial cells and astrocytes, the CNS resident cells with immunological characteristics, could interrupt the hemostasis upon even with low-level exposure to mycotoxins. The inevitable widespread occurrence of a low level of mycotoxins in foods and feed is likely increasing worldwide, predisposing individuals to potential neuroimmunological dysregulations. This paper reviews the current understanding of mycotoxins' neuro-immunotoxic features under low-dose exposure and the possible ways for detoxification and clearance as a perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shahba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Science and Technology Pole, IRCCS Multimedica, Via Gaudenzio Fantoli, 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ochratoxin A induces nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo via pyroptosis. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1489-1502. [PMID: 33543323 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a prevalent nephrotoxic mycotoxin contaminant in food and feedstuff, has been reported to induce renal injury. To disclose the nephrotoxicity of continuous administration of OTA and to investigate potential mechanisms related to pyroptosis, male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg B.W. OTA every other day for 14 days. At 2.0 mg/kg B.W. OTA administration significantly increased histological injury and renal fibrosis molecules (α-SMA, Vimentin, TGF-β) and activated the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and induced pyroptosis compared with control. In the in vitro tests, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells were exposed to 0-4.0 μg/ml OTA for 24 h in serum-free medium. Data showed that OTA dose-dependently affected cell viability and significantly up-regulated renal fibrosis genes (α-SMA, Vimentin, TGF-β). 2.0 μg/ml OTA significantly induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis, increasing the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and pyroptosis-related genes (GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18) in MDCK cells. These outcomes were significantly abrogated after inhibiting NLRP3 activation with inhibitor MCC950 and silencing NLRP3 with small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, knockdown of caspase-1 also ameliorated OTA-induced renal fibrosis via the inhibition of pyroptosis. Collectively, the chosen doses of OTA-triggered nephrotoxicity through NLRP3 inflammasome activation and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
14
|
Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effects of Single and Repeated Oral Doses of Ochratoxin A on the Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Mouse Kidneys. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110732. [PMID: 33266415 PMCID: PMC7700583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin-A (OTA) is a carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxin, which may cause health problems in humans and animals, and it is a contaminant in foods and feeds. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of oral OTA exposure on the antioxidant defense and lipid peroxidation in the kidney. In vivo administration of OTA in CD1, male mice (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight in a single oral dose for 24 h and repeated daily oral dose for 72 h or repeated daily oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight for 21 days) resulted in a significant elevation of OTA levels in blood plasma. Some histopathological alterations, transcriptional changes in the glutathione system, and oxidative stress response-related genes were also found. In the renal cortex, the activity of the glutathione-system-related enzymes and certain metabolites of the lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes, trienes, and thiobarbituric reactive substances) also changed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Boeira CZ, Silvello MADC, Remedi RD, Feltrin ACP, Santos LO, Garda-Buffon J. Mitigation of nivalenol using alcoholic fermentation and magnetic field application. Food Chem 2020; 340:127935. [PMID: 32891895 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating mitigation of nivalenol (NIV) in alcoholic fermentation with magnetic field application (MF). Mitigation was related to both the glutathione (GSH) redox molecule and the enzyme peroxidase (PO), which were synthesized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae US-05. Conditions under evaluation were NIV (0.2 µg mL-1), MF application (35 mT) and simultaneous use of mycotoxin and MF. The GSH content and the PO activity were increased when the culture contained NIV and the alcohol profile was altered after 48 h of fermentation. At the end of the alcoholic fermentation, NIV was mitigated by 56.5%. Therefore, this process is a promising method to reduce contamination by NIV, although the mycotoxin affects the chemical characteristics of the final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Zulian Boeira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Diaz Remedi
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Penteado Feltrin
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil
| | - Lucielen Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Luteolin alleviates ochratoxin A induced oxidative stress by regulating Nrf2 and HIF-1α pathways in NRK-52E rat kidney cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
18
|
tBHQ Induces a Hormetic Response That Protects L6 Myoblasts against the Toxic Effect of Palmitate. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3123268. [PMID: 32509140 PMCID: PMC7246405 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3123268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional status, in particular overweight and obesity, as well as sedentarism and high-fat diet consumption, are important risk factors to develop chronic diseases, which have a higher impact on the elderly's health. Therefore, these nutritional problems have become a concern to human healthspan and longevity. The fatty acids obtained thru the diet or due to fatty acid synthesis during obesity accumulate within the body generating toxicity and cell death. Fat is not only stored in adipose tissue, but it can also be stored in skeletal muscle. Palmitic acid (PA) has been reported as one of the most important saturated free fatty acids; it is associated to chronic oxidative stress and increased mitochondrial ROS production causing cell death by apoptosis. In skeletal muscle, palmitate has been associated with various pathophysiological consequences, which lead to muscle deterioration during aging and obesity. Since molecules that modify redox state have been proven to prevent cellular damage by inducing a hormetic response, the aim of this study was to evaluate if tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) could activate an antioxidant hormetic response that would be able to protect L6 myoblasts from palmitate toxic effect. Our results provide evidence that tBHQ is able to protect L6 myoblasts against the toxicity induced by sodium palmitate due to a synergistic activation of different signaling pathways such as Nrf2 and NF-κB.
Collapse
|
19
|
Schrenk D, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Dall'Asta C, Mally A, Metzler M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Steinkellner H, Bignami M. Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06113. [PMID: 37649524 PMCID: PMC10464718 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update their 2006 opinion on ochratoxin A (OTA) in food. OTA is produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium and found as a contaminant in various foods. OTA causes kidney toxicity in different animal species and kidney tumours in rodents. OTA is genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms of genotoxicity are unclear. Direct and indirect genotoxic and non-genotoxic modes of action might each contribute to tumour formation. Since recent studies have raised uncertainty regarding the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity, it is inappropriate to establish a health-based guidance value (HBGV) and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. For the characterisation of non-neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 4.73 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day was calculated from kidney lesions observed in pigs. For characterisation of neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 14.5 μg/kg bw per day was calculated from kidney tumours seen in rats. The estimation of chronic dietary exposure resulted in mean and 95th percentile levels ranging from 0.6 to 17.8 and from 2.4 to 51.7 ng/kg bw per day, respectively. Median OTA exposures in breastfed infants ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/kg bw per day, 95th percentile exposures from 5.6 to 8.5 ng/kg bw per day in average/high breast milk consuming infants, respectively. Comparison of exposures with the BMDL 10 based on the non-neoplastic endpoint resulted in MOEs of more than 200 in most consumer groups, indicating a low health concern with the exception of MOEs for high consumers in the younger age groups, indicating a possible health concern. When compared with the BMDL 10 based on the neoplastic endpoint, MOEs were lower than 10,000 for almost all exposure scenarios, including breastfed infants. This would indicate a possible health concern if genotoxicity is direct. Uncertainty in this assessment is high and risk may be overestimated.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tong C, Li P, Yu LH, Li L, Li K, Chen Y, Yang SH, Long M. Selenium-rich yeast attenuates ochratoxin A-induced small intestinal injury in broiler chickens by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NF-KB activation. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
21
|
Selenium Yeast Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways in the Kidneys of Chickens. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4048706. [PMID: 32148649 PMCID: PMC7053478 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4048706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of yeast selenium (Se-Y) on ochratoxin- (OTA-) induced nephrotoxicity of chickens. A total of 80 one-day-old healthy chickens were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control, OTA (50 μg/kg OTA), Se-Y (0.4 mg/kg Se-Y), and OTA+Se-Y (50 μg/kg OTA+0.4 mg/kg Se-Y). In the OTA chickens, differences in body weight, kidney coefficient, biochemical histological analysis, antioxidant capability, and the expression levels of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway-related genes were observed. The levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (T-GSH) significantly decreased, but the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the kidneys significantly increased in the OTA treatment group. More importantly, treatment with Se-Y improved the antioxidant enzyme activities within the kidneys of chickens exposed to OTA. In addition, administration of OTA resulted in apoptosis and was associated with decreased expression of AKT, PI3K, and Bcl-2, which in turn enhanced expression of Caspase3, Bax, and P53. However, Se-Y improved the antioxidant defense system through activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Gene expression of Nrf2 and its target genes (HO-1, GSH-px, GLRX2, MnSOD, and CAT) was downregulated following OTA exposure. Conversely, Se-Y treatment resulted in a significant upregulation of the same genes. Besides, significant downregulations of protein expression of HO-1, CAT, MnSOD, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 and a significant upregulation of Caspase3 and Bax levels were observed after contaminated with OTA. Notably, OTA-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in the kidney of chickens were reverted back to normal level in the OTA+Se-Y group. Taken together, the data suggest that Se-Y alleviates OTA-induced nephrotoxicity in chickens, possibly through the activation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
22
|
Dragicevic B, Suvakov S, Jerotic D, Reljic Z, Djukanovic L, Zelen I, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Savic-Radojevic A, Simic T, Dragicevic D, Matic M. Association of SOD2 (rs4880) and GPX1 (rs1050450) Gene Polymorphisms with Risk of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and its Related Tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080435. [PMID: 31382611 PMCID: PMC6723896 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Experimental data show that superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is involved in ochratoxin (OTA)-induced nephrotoxicity, whereas clinical data indicate the role of SOD2 rs4880 or glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) rs1050450 polymorphisms in end-stage renal disease and urothelial carcinoma risk, known to be the major complications of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). Therefore, we hypothesized that SOD2 and GPX1 gene polymorphisms would influence the risk of BEN and its associated tumors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 207 BEN patients and 86 controls from endemic areas. Results: Individuals with both copies of variant SOD2 allele, known for lower mitochondrial antioxidant protection, are at a significantly higher BEN risk (OR = 2.6, p = 0.021). No association was observed between GPX1 gene polymorphism and BEN risk. Combining SOD2 and GPX1 genotypes did not alter the risk of BEN development. Regarding the risk of urothelial tumors in BEN patients, none of the polymorphisms studied was significantly associated with the risk of these tumors. Conclusions: Polymorphism in SOD2 rs4880 gene affects the risk of BEN development. Hence, SOD2 genotyping could, together with a panel of other enzymes, be used as a biomarker of susceptibility in BEN areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Dragicevic
- Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Suvakov
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdja Jerotic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Reljic
- Medical laboratory "PAN LAB", 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia
| | | | - Ivanka Zelen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Dragicevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- Clinic of Urology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Resavska 51, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marija Matic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Raghubeer S, Nagiah S, Chuturgoon A. Ochratoxin A upregulates biomarkers associated with hypoxia and transformation in human kidney cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:211-216. [PMID: 30876885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular adaptation to hypoxia is controlled by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), a transcription factor activated in response to oxygen tension, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Overexpression of HIF1α and HSP90 has been associated with cancer induction. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin contaminant of food and beverages, has been linked to renal tumours and progressive nephropathies, inflammation and pro-oxidation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of OTA on hypoxic and transformative regulators in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We evaluated the protein expression of HIF1α, HSP90 and PDK1 (western blotting), mRNA expression of HIF1α, VEGF, EPO and TGFβ (qPCR), and ATP levels (luminometry) in HEK293 cells exposed to a range of OTA concentrations (0.125 μM-0.5 μM) over two time periods (24 h and 48 h). After 24 h, OTA increased HIF1α protein (p < 0.005) and EPO gene expression (p < 0.05), while VEGF and TGFβ was significantly increased at 48 h. We also observed a correlation between PDK1 expression and ATP levels. In conclusion, OTA disrupts hypoxia regulation, modulates metabolic activity, and alters growth signalling (VEGF, TGFβ), which may lead to tumourigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Raghubeer
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Domijan AM, Marjanović Čermak AM, Vulić A, Tartaro Bujak I, Pavičić I, Pleadin J, Markov K, Mihaljević B. Cytotoxicity of gamma irradiated aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:155-162. [PMID: 30614388 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1536578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of gamma irradiated mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was investigated in vitro. AFB1 and OTA stock solutions (50 mM, in methanol) were gamma irradiated (5 and 10 kGy) and non-irradiated and irradiated mycotoxins solutions were tested for cytotoxicity on Pk15, HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines (MTT assay, 1-500 μM concentration range; 24 h exposure). Degradation of mycotoxin molecules was examined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). AFB1 and OTA radiolytic products were less toxic than the parent mycotoxins to all of the tested cell lines. Gamma irradiation even at 5 kGy had effect on AFB1 and OTA molecules however, this effect was dependent on chemical structure of mycotoxin. Since gamma irradiation at low dose reduced initial level of both mycotoxins, and gamma irradiated mycotoxins had lower toxicity in comparison to non-irradiated mycotoxins, it can be concluded that gamma irradiation could be used as decontamination method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Domijan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Ana Vulić
- c Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Pavičić
- b Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Ksenija Markov
- e Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jiang ZY, Lu MC, You QD. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Inhibition: An Emerging Strategy in Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2018; 62:3840-3856. [PMID: 30444366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a pleiotropic transcription factor, especially for its complex and dual effects in cancer. With the continuous growing research, new regulatory modes and new functions of Nrf2 and tumor-promoting effects of Nrf2 in malignant transformed tumors have become increasingly clear. Accumulating evidence has established that Nrf2 contributes to the whole process of pathogenesis, progression, metastasis, and prognosis of cancer, and Nrf2 could be a promising target in cancer therapy. However, the development of Nrf2 inhibitor is still limited. In this perspective, we will briefly describe the biological function and modulating network of Nrf2, stress its oncogenic role, and point out possible ways to inhibit Nrf2, as well as summarize the reported Nrf2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Meng-Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Limonciel A, Ates G, Carta G, Wilmes A, Watzele M, Shepard PJ, VanSteenhouse HC, Seligmann B, Yeakley JM, van de Water B, Vinken M, Jennings P. Comparison of base-line and chemical-induced transcriptomic responses in HepaRG and RPTEC/TERT1 cells using TempO-Seq. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2517-2531. [PMID: 30008028 PMCID: PMC6063331 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The utilisation of genome-wide transcriptomics has played a pivotal role in advancing the field of toxicology, allowing the mapping of transcriptional signatures to chemical exposures. These activities have uncovered several transcriptionally regulated pathways that can be utilised for assessing the perturbation impact of a chemical and also the identification of toxic mode of action. However, current transcriptomic platforms are not very amenable to high-throughput workflows due to, high cost, complexities in sample preparation and relatively complex bioinformatic analysis. Thus, transcriptomic investigations are usually limited in dose and time dimensions and are, therefore, not optimal for implementation in risk assessment workflows. In this study, we investigated a new cost-effective, transcriptomic assay, TempO-Seq, which alleviates the aforementioned limitations. This technique was evaluated in a 6-compound screen, utilising differentiated kidney (RPTEC/TERT1) and liver (HepaRG) cells and compared to non-transcriptomic label-free sensitive endpoints of chemical-induced disturbances, namely phase contrast morphology, xCELLigence and glycolysis. Non-proliferating cell monolayers were exposed to six sub-lethal concentrations of each compound for 24 h. The results show that utilising a 2839 gene panel, it is possible to discriminate basal tissue-specific signatures, generate dose-response relationships and to discriminate compound-specific and cell type-specific responses. This study also reiterates previous findings that chemical-induced transcriptomic alterations occur prior to cytotoxicity and that transcriptomics provides in depth mechanistic information of the effects of chemicals on cellular transcriptional responses. TempO-Seq is a robust transcriptomic platform that is well suited for in vitro toxicity experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Limonciel
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gamze Ates
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Watzele
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Peter J Shepard
- BioSpyder Technologies, Inc., 5922 Farnsworth Ct Ste 102, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | | | - Bruce Seligmann
- BioSpyder Technologies, Inc., 5922 Farnsworth Ct Ste 102, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | - Joanne M Yeakley
- BioSpyder Technologies, Inc., 5922 Farnsworth Ct Ste 102, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang X, Wang Y, Velkov T, Tang S, Dai C. T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma-2a cells involves the generation of reactive oxygen, mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:88-97. [PMID: 29432840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of T-2 mycotoxin induced neurotoxicity remains enigmatic. In the present study we show that T-2 toxin induced neurotoxicity in mouse neuroblastoma2a (N2a) cells is both dose- and time-dependent and is associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. T-2 toxin treatment of N2a cells at 10, 20, 40 and 80 ng/mL for 24 h significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of p53, Bax, and caspase-8 and down-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA and protein expression. Activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3 was also evident in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of the cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine markedly suppressed T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity and caspase activation. Conversely, pre-treatment of the cells with the Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol or the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX, enhanced T-2 toxin induced neurotoxicity and increased the activation of caspase-9 and -3. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity in N2a cells involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via the inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 and activation of p53 pathway. The present study highlights the potential of developing much needed pharmacological interventions to prevent T-2 toxin neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Food Safety Control of Processing and Circulation, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tao Y, Xie S, Xu F, Liu A, Wang Y, Chen D, Pan Y, Huang L, Peng D, Wang X, Yuan Z. Ochratoxin A: Toxicity, oxidative stress and metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:320-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
29
|
Wang H, Chen Y, Zhai N, Chen X, Gan F, Li H, Huang K. Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis of IPEC-J2 Cells through ROS-Mediated Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10630-10637. [PMID: 29136370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the purpose to explore the mechanisms associated with the intestinal toxicity of Ochratoxin A (OTA), an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was applied in this study as in vitro models for intestinal epithelium. The results confirmed that OTA induced IPEC-J2 cell toxicity by MTT assay and apoptosis by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometer analysis. We also observed that OTA induced the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening by confocal microscopy. Western blot showed that OTA induced cytochrome c (cyt-c) release and caspase-3 activation, which could be suppressed by inhibition of mPTP opening with cyclosporin A. Treatment with Mito-TEMPO, the mitochondria-targeted ROS scavenger, blocked OTA-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and mPTP opening and prevented cyt-c release, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and ‡Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and ‡Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Nianhui Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and ‡Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and ‡Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and ‡Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and ‡Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and ‡Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sharath Babu GR, Anand T, Ilaiyaraja N, Khanum F, Gopalan N. Pelargonidin Modulates Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway Gene Expression and Ameliorates Citrinin-Induced Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 29230174 PMCID: PMC5711834 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelargonidin chloride (PC) is one of the major anthocyanin found in berries, radish and other natural foods. Many natural chemopreventive compounds have been shown to be potent inducers of phase II detoxification genes and its up-regulation is important for oxidative stress related disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PC in ameliorating citrinin (CTN) induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The cytotoxicity of CTN was evaluated by treating HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells with CTN (0–150 μM) in a dose dependent manner for 24 h, and the IC50 was determined to be 96.16 μM. CTN increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage (59%), elevated reactive oxygen species (2.5-fold), depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential as confirmed by JC-1 monomers and arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase. Further, apoptotic and necrotic analysis revealed significant changes followed by DNA damage. To overcome these toxicological effects, PC was pretreated for 2 h followed by CTN exposure for 24 h. Pretreatment with PC resulted in significant increase in cell viability (84.5%), restored membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species level were maintained and cell cycle phases were normal. PC significantly up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzymes: heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and quinone reductase. Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus was also observed by immunocytochemistry analysis. These data demonstrate the protective effect of PC against CTN-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzyme levels through Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Sharath Babu
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - Tamatam Anand
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - N Ilaiyaraja
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - N Gopalan
- Food Biotechnology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Acute Ochratoxin A exposure induces inflammation and apoptosis in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Toxicon 2017; 137:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
32
|
Loboda A, Stachurska A, Sobczak M, Podkalicka P, Mucha O, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Nrf2 deficiency exacerbates ochratoxin A-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicology 2017; 389:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
33
|
Marouani N, Hallegue D, Sakly M, Benkhalifa M, Ben Rhouma K, Tebourbi O. p,p'-DDT induces testicular oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in adult rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:40. [PMID: 28549437 PMCID: PMC5446748 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) is a known persistent organic pollutant and male reproductive toxicant. The present study is designed to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress mediates p,p'-DDT-induced apoptosis in testis. METHODS Male Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of the pesticide at doses of 50 and 100mg/kg for 10 consecutive days. The oxidative stress was evaluated by biomarkers such lipid peroxidation (LPO) and metallothioneins (MTs) levels. Antioxidant enzymes activities was assessed by determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. In addition, glutathione-dependent enzymes and reducing power in testis was evaluated by glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH - GSSG) levels. Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Germinal cells apoptosis and the apoptotic index was assessed through the TUNEL assay. RESULTS After 10 days of treatment, an increase in LPO level and H2O2 production occurred, while MTs level, SOD and CAT activities were decreased. Also, the Gpx, GR, GST, and GSH activities were decreased, whereas GSSG activity was increased. Testicular tissues of treated rats showed pronounced degradation of the DNA into oligonucleotides as seen in the typical electrophoretic DNA ladder pattern. Intense apoptosis was observed in germinal cells of DDT-exposed rats. In addition, the apoptotic index was significantly increased in testis of DDT-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly suggest that DDT sub-acute treatment causes oxidative stress in rat testis leading to apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neila Marouani
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Dorsaf Hallegue
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Moncef Benkhalifa
- 0000 0001 0789 1385grid.11162.35Reproductive Medicine and Medical Cytogenetics Department, Regional University Hospital and School of Medicine, Picardie University Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Khémais Ben Rhouma
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Olfa Tebourbi
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Effect of heme oxygenase-1 on ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 84:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
35
|
Ahmed Adam MA, Tabana YM, Musa KB, Sandai DA. Effects of different mycotoxins on humans, cell genome and their involvement in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1321-1336. [PMID: 28184933 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical nature of most of the mycotoxins makes them highly liposoluble compounds that can be absorbed from the site of exposure such as from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract to the blood stream where it can be dissimilated throughout the body and reach different organs such as the liver and kidneys. Mycotoxins have a strong tendency and ability to penetrate the human and animal cells and reach the cellular genome where it causes a major mutagenic change in the nucleotide sequence which leads to strong and permanent defects in the genome. This defect will eventually be transcribed, translated and lead to the development of cancer. In this review, the chemical and physical nature of mycotoxins, the action of mycotoxins on the cellular genome and its effect on humans, mycotoxins and their carcinogenicity and mycotoxins research gaps are discussed, and new research areas are suggested. The research review posed various questions. What are the different mycotoxins that can cause cancer, what is the role of mycotoxins in causing cancer and what types of cancers can be caused by mycotoxins? These questions have been selected due to the significant increase in the mycotoxin contamination and the cancer incidence rate in the contemporary world. By revealing and understanding the role of mycotoxins in developing cancer, measures to reduce the risks and incidents of cancer could be taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mowaffaq Adam Ahmed Adam
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yasser M Tabana
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khirun Binti Musa
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Doblin Anak Sandai
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao T, Shen XL, Chen W, Liao X, Yang J, Wang Y, Zou Y, Fang C. Advances in research of nephrotoxicity and toxic antagonism of ochratoxin A. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1243560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
37
|
Kupski L, Freitas M, Ribeiro D, Furlong EB, Fernandes E. Ochratoxin A activates neutrophils and kills these cells through necrosis, an effect eliminated through its conversion into ochratoxin α. Toxicology 2016; 368-369:91-102. [PMID: 27597255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi from the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera that frequently grow in improperly stored food products. OTA has carcinogenic, teratogenic and nephrotoxic potential and sustains a high half-life in human blood. Despite the recently efforts to decontaminate OTA through its conversion into its metabolite ochratoxin alpha (OTα), there are just a few reports in literature comparing the toxic effects of these toxins. Thus, herein we studied and compared the proinflammatory and toxicological effects of OTA and its metabolite OTα in human neutrophils in vitro. The effect of OTA and OTα on human neutrophils viability was evaluated by trypan blue, annexin-V and propidium iodide methods as well as by the analysis of cytomorphological alterations. The ATP levels were also evaluated using the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay. The alteration on mitochondrial potential was assessed by a mitoscreen flow cytometry mitochondrial membrane potential detection kit and the intracellular calcium levels through the probe FLUO-4/AM. To study the human neutrophils' oxidative burst, the fluorescent probe dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was used. OTA induced an increase on the intracellular calcium, human neutrophils' oxidative burst followed by depletion of ATP levels and alterations on mitochondrial potential leading to cell death by necrosis, while OTα did not induce significant toxic effects. Our results strongly suggest that the toxicity in human neutrophils induced by OTA started with the release of calcium from internal stores triggering several neutrophils' activities that culminate in cell death by necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larine Kupski
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Laboratório de Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marisa Freitas
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eliana Badiale Furlong
- Laboratório de Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
TGF-β1/Smads and miR-21 in Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8319283. [PMID: 27610006 PMCID: PMC5005604 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8319283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis, irrespective of its etiology, is a final common stage of almost all chronic kidney diseases. Increased apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and inflammatory cell infiltration characterize the injured kidney. On the molecular level, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-Smad3 signaling pathway plays a central role in fibrotic kidney disease. Recent findings indicate the prominent role of microRNAs, small noncoding RNA molecules that inhibit gene expression through the posttranscriptional repression of their target mRNAs, in different pathologic conditions, including renal pathophysiology. miR-21 was also shown to play a dynamic role in inflammatory responses and in accelerating injury responses to promote organ failure and fibrosis. Understanding the cellular and molecular bases of miR-21 involvement in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases, including inflammatory reaction, could be crucial for their early diagnosis. Moreover, the possibility of influencing miR-21 level by specific antagomirs may be considered as an approach for treatment of renal diseases.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lu MC, Ji JA, Jiang ZY, You QD. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway As a Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Target: An Update. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:924-63. [PMID: 27192495 DOI: 10.1002/med.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE ((Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1) nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2-antioxidant response element) pathway is one of the most important defense mechanisms against oxidative and/or electrophilic stresses, and it is closely associated with inflammatory diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and aging. In recent years, progress has been made in strategies aimed at modulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. The Nrf2 activator DMF (Dimethylfumarates) has been approved by the FDA as a new first-line oral drug to treat patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, while a phase 3 study of another promising candidate, CDDO-Me, was terminated for safety reasons. Directly inhibiting Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interactions as a novel Nrf2-modulating strategy has many advantages over using electrophilic Nrf2 activators. The development of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors has become a topic of intense research, and potent inhibitors of this target have been identified. In addition, inhibiting Nrf2 activity has attracted an increasing amount of attention because it may provide an alternative cancer therapy. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system. The main focus of this review is on recent progress in studies of agents that target the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway and the therapeutic applications of such agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian-Ai Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ochratoxin A: Molecular Interactions, Mechanisms of Toxicity and Prevention at the Molecular Level. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:111. [PMID: 27092524 PMCID: PMC4848637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widely-spread mycotoxin all over the world causing major health risks. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and cellular interactions of OTA. In order to get better insight into the mechanism of its toxicity and on the several attempts made for prevention or attenuation of its toxic action, a detailed description is given on chemistry and toxicokinetics of this mycotoxin. The mode of action of OTA is not clearly understood yet, and seems to be very complex. Inhibition of protein synthesis and energy production, induction of oxidative stress, DNA adduct formation, as well as apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle arrest are possibly involved in its toxic action. Since OTA binds very strongly to human and animal albumin, a major emphasis is done regarding OTA-albumin interaction. Displacement of OTA from albumin by drugs and by natural flavonoids are discussed in detail, hypothesizing their potentially beneficial effect in order to prevent or attenuate the OTA-induced toxic consequences.
Collapse
|
41
|
Petejova N, Martinek A. Renal cell carcinoma: Review of etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 160:183-94. [PMID: 26558360 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The global incidence of renal cell cancer is increasing annually and the causes are multifactorial. Early diagnosis and successful urological procedures with partial or total nephrectomy can be life-saving. However, only up to 10% of RCC patients present with characteristic clinical symptoms. Over 60% are detected incidentally in routine ultrasound examination. The question of screening and preventive measures greatly depends on the cause of the tumor development. For the latter reason, this review focuses on etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors for renal neoplasm. METHODS A literature search using the databases Medscape, Pubmed, UpToDate and EBSCO from 1945 to 2015. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Genetic predisposition/hereditary disorders, obesity, smoking, various nephrotoxic industrial chemicals, drugs and natural/manmade radioactivity all contribute and enviromental risks are a serious concern in terms of prevention and the need to screen populations at risk. Apropos treatment, current oncological research is directed to blocking cancer cell division and inhibiting angiogenesis based on a knowledge of molecular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Petejova
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Arnost Martinek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Selenium alleviates porcine nephrotoxicity of ochratoxin A by improving selenoenzyme expression in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119808. [PMID: 25803869 PMCID: PMC4372527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin, is a potent nephrotoxin in humans and animals. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals, and plays a key role in antioxidant defense. To date, little is known about the effect of Se on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study, the protective effects of selenomethionine against OTA-induced nephrotoxicity were investigated using the porcine kidney 15 (PK15) cells as a model. The results showed that OTA induced nephrotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Se at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 μM had significant protective effects against OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, selenomethionine enhanced the activity and mRNA and protein expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), mRNA expression of GPx4, and mRNA expression of thioredoxin reductase 1 in the presence and absence of OTA. Among them, promoting effect of selenomethionine on GPx1 was maximal. Knock-down of GPx1 by using a GPx1-specific siRNA eliminated the protective effects of selenomethionine against OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. The results suggest that selenomethionine alleviates OTA-induced nephrotoxicity by improving selenoenzyme expression in PK15 cells. Therefore, selenomethionine supplementation may be an attractive strategy for protecting humans and animals from the risk of kidney damage induced by OTA.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gan F, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Hesketh J, Xue H, Chen X, Hao S, Huang Y, Cole Ezea P, Parveen F, Huang K. Ochratoxin A promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 80:33-47. [PMID: 25542137 PMCID: PMC7126689 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a worldwide mycotoxin found in food and feeds, is a potent nephrotoxin in animals and humans. Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, is a worldwide swine disease. To date, little is known concerning the relationship between OTA and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the primary causative agent of PCVAD. The effects of OTA on PCV2 replication and their mechanisms were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results in vitro showed that low doses of OTA significantly increased PCV2 DNA copies and the number of infected cells. Maximum effects were observed at 0.05 μg/ml OTA. The results in vivo showed that PCV2 replication was significantly increased in serum and tissues of pigs fed 75 μg/kg OTA compared with the control group and pigs fed 150 μg/kg OTA. In addition, low doses of OTA significantly depleted reduced glutathione and mRNA expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase; increased reactive oxygen species, oxidants, and malondialdehyde; and induced p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PK15 cells. Adding N-acetyl-L-cysteine reversed the changes induced by OTA. Knockdown of p38 and ERK1/2 by their respective specific siRNAs or inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by their respective inhibitors (SB203580 and U0126) eliminated the increase in PCV2 replication induced by OTA. These data indicate that low doses of OTA promoted PCV2 replication in vitro and in vivo via the oxidative stress-mediated p38/ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. This suggests that low doses of OTA are potentially harmful to animals, as they enhance virus replication, and partly explains why the morbidity and severity of PCVAD vary significantly in different pig farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhihua Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - John Hesketh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Hongxia Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shu Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Patience Cole Ezea
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fahmida Parveen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Loboda A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Comment on “Role of microRNA-29b in the ochratoxin A-induced enhanced collagen formation in human kidney cells”. Toxicology 2015; 328:82-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
45
|
Forsythiaside Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in PC12 Cell. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:27-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
46
|
Che JH, Yun JW, Cho EY, Kim SH, Kim YS, Kim WH, Park JH, Son WC, Kim MK, Kang BC. Toxicologic assessment of Paecilomyces tenuipes in rats: renal toxicity and mutagenic potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:527-34. [PMID: 25223566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Paecilomyces tenuipes is entomogenous fungus that is called snow-flake Dongchunghacho in Korea. Although it is widely used in traditional medicines, its safety has not yet been comprehensively investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity of P. tenuipes. The acute oral LD50 of P. tenuipes extract in rats was estimated to be greater than 2000mg/kg of body weight. In the subchronic study, the oral treatment of rats with 500, 1000 or 2000mg/kg P. tenuipes extract daily for 13weeks did not induce any dose-related changes (body weight, food consumption, clinical observation, urinalysis, hematology, clinical chemistry and organ weight). In contrast, histopathological observation revealed that P. tenuipes extract induced karyomegaly in outer medulla of kidney in all treated rats. Importantly, P. tenuipes extract exerted the mutagenic potential in Ames assay. Since karyomegalic alterations have been known to be associated with carcinogenicity, our finding on the mutagenicity of P. tenuipes extract supports the possibility on the potential involvement of P. tenuipes in carcinogenicity at least partially. In conclusion, the subchronic oral exposure of P. tenuipes may induce kidney abnormality at the concentration higher than 500mg/kg body weight, although further studies using other animal models are needed to identify the toxicity of P. tenuipes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Biofood Network, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BiofoodCRO, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Qi X, Yu T, Zhu L, Gao J, He X, Huang K, Luo Y, Xu W. Ochratoxin A induces rat renal carcinogenicity with limited induction of oxidative stress responses. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:543-9. [PMID: 25218026 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) has displayed nephrotoxicity and renal carcinogenicity in mammals, however, no clear mechanisms have been identified detailing the relationship between oxidative stress and these toxicities. This study was performed to clarify the relationship between oxidative stress and the renal carcinogenicity induced by OTA. Rats were treated with 70 or 210 μg/kg b.w. OTA for 4 or 13 weeks. In the rats administrated with OTA for 13 weeks, the kidney was damaged seriously. Cytoplasmic vacuolization was observed in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Karyomegaly was prominent in the tubular epithelium. Kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) was detected in the outer stripe of the outer medulla in both low- and high-dose groups. OTA increased the mRNA levels of clusterin in rat kidneys. Interestingly, OTA did not significantly alter the oxidative stress level in rat liver and kidney. Yet, some indications related to proliferation and carcinogenicity were observed. A dose-related increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was observed at 4 weeks in both liver and kidney, but at 13 weeks, only in the kidney. OTA down-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and up-regulated vimentin and lipocalin 2 in rat kidney at 13 weeks. The p53 gene was decreased in both liver and kidney at 13 weeks. These results suggest that OTA caused apparent kidney damage within 13 weeks but exerted limited effect on oxidative stress parameters. It implies that cell proliferation is the proposed mode of action for OTA-induced renal carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Qi
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liye Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Reljic Z, Zlatovic M, Savic-Radojevic A, Pekmezovic T, Djukanovic L, Matic M, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Mimic-Oka J, Opsenica D, Simic T. Is increased susceptibility to Balkan endemic nephropathy in carriers of common GSTA1 (*A/*B) polymorphism linked with the catalytic role of GSTA1 in ochratoxin a biotransformation? Serbian case control study and in silico analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2348-62. [PMID: 25111321 PMCID: PMC4147586 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent data suggest aristolochic acid as a putative cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), evidence also exists in favor of ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure as risk factor for the disease. The potential role of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, such as the glutathione transferases (GSTs), in OTA biotransformation is based on OTA glutathione adducts (OTHQ-SG and OTB-SG) in blood and urine of BEN patients. We aimed to analyze the association between common GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and BEN susceptibility, and thereafter performed an in silico simulation of particular GST enzymes potentially involved in OTA transformations. GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes were determined in 207 BEN patients and 138 non-BEN healthy individuals from endemic regions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Molecular modeling in silico was performed for GSTA1 protein. Among the GST polymorphisms tested, only GSTA1 was significantly associated with a higher risk of BEN. Namely, carriers of the GSTA1*B gene variant, associated with lower transcriptional activation, were at a 1.6-fold higher BEN risk than those carrying the homozygous GSTA1*A/*A genotype (OR = 1.6; p = 0.037). In in silico modeling, we found four structures, two OTB-SG and two OTHQ-SG, bound in a GSTA1 monomer. We found that GSTA1 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of BEN, and suggested, according to the in silico simulation, that GSTA1-1 might be involved in catalyzing the formation of OTHQ-SG and OTB-SG conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Reljic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Mario Zlatovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Ljubica Djukanovic
- Clinic of Nephrology, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marija Matic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jasmina Mimic-Oka
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dejan Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang Y, Zhao W, Hao J, Xu W, Luo Y, Wu W, Yang Z, Liang Z, Huang K. Changes in biosynthesis and metabolism of glutathione upon ochratoxin A stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 79:10-18. [PMID: 24662377 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most toxic mycotoxins, which is toxic to plants and simulates oxidative stress. Glutathione is an important antioxidant in plants and is closely associated with detoxification in cells. We have previously shown that OTA exposure induces obvious expression differences in genes associated with glutathione metabolism. To characterize glutathione metabolism and understand its role in OTA phytotoxicity, we observed the accumulation of GSH in the detached leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana under OTA treatment. OTA stimulated a defense response through enhancing glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activities, and the transcript levels of these enzymes were increased to maintain the total glutathione content. Moreover, the level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was increased and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle fluctuated in response to OTA. The depletion of glutathione using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, inhibitor of glutamate-cysteine ligase) had no profound effect on OTA toxicity, as glutathione was regenerated through the ascorbate-glutathione cycle to maintain the total glutathione content. The ROS, MDA and GSH accumulation was significantly affected in the mutant gsh1, gr1 and gpx2 after treatment with OTA, which indicated that glutathione metabolism is directly involved in the oxidative stress response of Arabidopsis thaliana subjected to OTA. In conclusion, date demonstrate that glutathione-associated metabolism is closely related with OTA stress and glutathione play a role in resistance of Arabidopsis subjected to OTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Junran Hao
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Weihong Wu
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhuojun Yang
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Limonciel A, Jennings P. A review of the evidence that ochratoxin A is an Nrf2 inhibitor: implications for nephrotoxicity and renal carcinogenicity. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:371-9. [PMID: 24448208 PMCID: PMC3920267 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that ochratoxin A (OTA) inhibits the nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) oxidative stress response pathway. At the cellular level this would attenuate (i) glutathione synthesis; (ii) recycling of oxidised glutathione; (iii) activity of oxidoreductases; and (iv) phase II metabolism inducibility. The effects combined would render the cell and tissue more vulnerable to oxidative stress. Indeed, Nrf2 knock out animals exhibit increased susceptibility to various types of chemical-induced injury. Several studies have shown that OTA exposure can inhibit Nrf2 responses. Such an action would initially lead to increased susceptibility to both physiological and chemical-induced cell stress. However, chronic exposure to OTA may also act as a selective pressure for somatic mutations in Nrf2 or its inhibitor Keap-1, leading to constitutive Nrf2 activation. Nrf2 overexpression confers a survival advantage and is often associated with cancer cell survival. Here we review the evidence for OTA’s role as an Nrf2 inhibitor and discuss the implications of this mechanism in nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Limonciel
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A6020, Austria.
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A6020, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|