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de Sá SVM, Faria MA, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC. In Vitro Digestion and Intestinal Absorption of Mycotoxins Due to Exposure from Breakfast Cereals: Implications for Children's Health. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:205. [PMID: 38787057 PMCID: PMC11126104 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Breakfast cereals play a crucial role in children's diets, providing essential nutrients that are vital for their growth and development. Children are known to be more susceptible than adults to the harmful effects of food contaminants, with mycotoxins being a common concern in cereals. This study specifically investigated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), enniatin B (ENNB), and sterigmatocystin (STG), three well-characterized mycotoxins found in cereals. The research aimed to address existing knowledge gaps by comprehensively evaluating the bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption of these three mycotoxins, both individually and in combination, when consumed with breakfast cereals and milk. The in vitro gastrointestinal method revealed patterns in the bioaccessibility of AFB1, ENNB, and STG. Overall, bioaccessibility increased as the food progressed from the stomach to the intestinal compartment, with the exception of ENNB, whose behavior differed depending on the type of milk. The ranking of overall bioaccessibility in different matrices was as follows: digested cereal > cereal with semi-skimmed milk > cereal with lactose-free milk > cereal with soy beverage. Bioaccessibility percentages varied considerably, ranging from 3.1% to 86.2% for AFB1, 1.5% to 59.3% for STG, and 0.6% to 98.2% for ENNB. Overall, the inclusion of milk in the ingested mixture had a greater impact on bioaccessibility compared to consuming the mycotoxins as a single compound or in combination. During intestinal transport, ENNB and STG exhibited the highest absorption rates when ingested together. This study highlights the importance of investigating the combined ingestion and transport of these mycotoxins to comprehensively assess their absorption and potential toxicity in humans, considering their frequent co-occurrence and the possibility of simultaneous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara C. Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (S.V.M.d.S.); (M.A.F.); (J.O.F.)
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Gropp J, Antonissen G, Rychen G, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Innocenti ML, Rovesti E, Petersen A. Risks for animal health related to the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08375. [PMID: 37942224 PMCID: PMC10628734 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2004, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) adopted a Scientific Opinion on the risks to animal health and transfer from feed to food of animal origin related to the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed. The European Commission requested EFSA to assess newly available scientific information and to update the 2004 Scientific Opinion. OTA is produced by several fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. In most animal species it is rapidly and extensively absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract, binds strongly to plasma albumins and is mainly detoxified to ochratoxin alpha (OTalpha) by ruminal microbiota. In pigs, OTA has been found mainly in liver and kidney. Transfer of OTA from feed to milk in ruminants and donkeys as well as to eggs from poultry is confirmed but low. Overall, OTA impairs function and structure of kidneys and liver, causes immunosuppression and affects the zootechnical performance (e.g. body weight gain, feed/gain ratio, etc.), with monogastric species being more susceptible than ruminants because of limited detoxification to OTalpha. The CONTAM Panel considered as reference point (RP) for adverse animal health effects: for pigs and rabbits 0.01 mg OTA/kg feed, for chickens for fattening and hens 0.03 mg OTA/kg feed. A total of 9,184 analytical results on OTA in feed, expressed in dry matter, were available. Dietary exposure was assessed using different scenarios based on either model diets or compound feed (complete feed or complementary feed plus forage). Risk characterisation was made for the animals for which an RP could be identified. The CONTAM Panel considers that the risk related to OTA in feed for adverse health effects for pigs, chickens for fattening, hens and rabbits is low.
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3
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Prasad S, Streit B, Gruber C, Gonaus C. Enzymatic degradation of ochratoxin A in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad171. [PMID: 37220904 PMCID: PMC10290503 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal feeds are often contaminated with ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent natural mycotoxin hazardous to animal and human health that accumulates in blood and tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the in vivo application of an enzyme (OTA amidohydrolase; OAH) that degrades OTA into the nontoxic molecules phenylalanine and ochratoxin α (OTα) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Piglets were fed six experimental diets over 14 days, varying in OTA contamination level (50 or 500 μg/kg; OTA50 and OTA500) and presence of OAH; a negative control diet (no OTA added) and a diet containing OTα at 318 µg/kg (OTα318). The absorption of OTA and OTα into the systemic circulation (plasma and dried blood spots, DBS), their accumulation in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues, and excretion through feces and urine were assessed. The efficiency of OTA degradation in the digesta content of the GIT was also estimated. At the end of the trial, accumulation of OTA in blood was significantly higher in OTA groups (OTA50 and OTA500) in comparison to enzyme groups (OAH50 and OAH500, respectively). The supplementation of OAH explicitly reduced the absorption of OTA (P < 0.005) into plasma by 54% and 59% (from 40.53 ± 3.53 to 18.66 ± 2.28 ng/mL in piglets fed the 50 μg OTA/kg diets and from 413.50 ± 71.88 to 168.35 ± 41.02 ng/mL in piglets fed the 500 μg OTA/kg diets, respectively) and in DBS by 50% and 53% (from 22.79 ± 2.63 to 10.67 ± 1.93 ng/mL in piglets fed the 50 μg OTA/kg diets and from 232.85 ± 35.16 to 105.71 ± 24.18 ng/mL in piglets fed the 500 μg OTA/kg diets, respectively). The OTA concentrations in plasma were positively associated with the OTA levels detected in all tissues analyzed; adding OAH reduced OTA levels in the kidney, liver, and muscle (P < 0.005) by 52%, 67%, and 59%, respectively. The analysis of GIT digesta content showed that OAH supplementation led to OTA degradation in the proximal GIT where natural hydrolysis is inefficient. Overall, the data of present in vivo study demonstrated that supplementation of swine feeds with OAH successfully reduced OTA levels in blood (plasma and DBS) as well as in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues. Therefore, an approach to use enzymes as feed additives might be most promising to mitigate the harmful effects of OTA on the productivity and welfare of pigs and at the same time improving the safety of pig-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreenath Prasad
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Barbara Streit
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christina Gruber
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christoph Gonaus
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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4
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Detoxification of ochratoxin A and zearalenone by Pleurotus ostreatus during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem 2022; 384:132525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pereira C, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO. Mycotoxins of Concern in Children and Infant Cereal Food at European Level: Incidence and Bioaccessibility. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070488. [PMID: 35878226 PMCID: PMC9317499 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals are of utmost importance for the nutrition of infants and children, as they provide important nutrients for their growth and development and, in addition, they are easily digestible, being the best choice for the transition from breast milk/infant formula to solid foods. It is well known that children are more susceptible than adults to toxic food contaminants, such as mycotoxins, common contaminants in cereals. Many mycotoxins are already regulated and controlled according to strict quality control standards in Europe and around the world. There are, however, some mycotoxins about which the level of knowledge is lower: the so-called emerging mycotoxins, which are not yet regulated. The current review summarizes the recent information (since 2014) published in the scientific literature on the amounts of mycotoxins in infants’ and children’s cereal-based food in Europe, as well as their behaviour during digestion (bioaccessibility). Additionally, analytical methods used for mycotoxin determination and in vitro methods used to evaluate bioaccessibility are also reported. Some studies demonstrated the co-occurrence of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in cereal products used in children’s food, which highlights the need to adopt guidelines on the simultaneous presence of more than one mycotoxin. Although very little research has been done on the bioaccessibility of mycotoxins in these food products, very interesting results correlating the fiber and lipid contents of such products with a higher or lower bioaccessibility of mycotoxins were reported. LC-MS/MS is the method of choice for the detection and quantification of mycotoxins due to its high sensibility and accuracy. In vitro static digestion models are the preferred ones for bioaccessibility evaluation due to their simplicity and accuracy.
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Pickova D, Toman J, Mikyskova P, Ostry V, Malir F. Investigation of ochratoxin a in blood sausages in the Czech Republic: Comparison with data over Europe. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111473. [PMID: 35761704 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood sausages consisting of groats, pork, porcine offal, fat, blood, and spices are very popular in the Czech Republic. All these ingredients are potential sources of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA). OTA has a strong affinity to serum proteins in porcine blood. Thus, the contamination of blood sausages with OTA can be expected. This study aims to evaluate OTA in 200 samples of porcine blood sausages purchased at the Czech market during 2020-2021. The analytical method high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection with pre-treatment using immunoaffinity columns was employed to determine OTA. The limit of detection was 0.03 ng/g and the limit of quantification 0.10 ng/g. Recovery was 71.6 %. All samples were positive at contents ranging from 0.15 to 5.68 ng/g with a mean of 1.47 ng/g, and a median of 1.26 ng/g. A total of 66% of these samples contained OTA content exceeding the maximum limit of 1 ng/g set in Italy. This study demonstrates that the Czech population is exposed to OTA from blood sausages. The proposed preliminary action limit for OTA in blood sausages should be set at 1 ng/g. No regulatory limits for OTA in blood sausages have been established yet in the European Union legislation. To protect human health, further monitoring of OTA in these products is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Mikyskova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Simultaneous Removal of Mycotoxins by a New Feed Additive Containing a Tri-Octahedral Smectite Mixed with Lignocellulose. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060393. [PMID: 35737054 PMCID: PMC9229468 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous removal of mycotoxins has been poorly addressed, and a limited number of studies have reported the efficacy of feed additives in sequestering a large spectrum of mycotoxins. In this study, a new mycotoxin-adsorbing agent was obtained by properly mixing a tri-octahedral smectite with a lignocellulose-based material. At a dosage of 1 mg mL−1, these materials simultaneously adsorbed frequently occurring mycotoxins and did not exert a cytotoxic effect on intestinal cells. Chyme samples obtained by a simulated GI digestion did not affect the viability of Caco-2TC7 cells as measured by the MTT test. In addition, the chyme of the lignocellulose showed a high content of polyphenols (210 mg mL−1 catechin equivalent) and good antioxidant activity. The properties of the individual constituents were maintained in the final composite, and were unaffected by their combination. When tested with a pool of seven mycotoxins at 1 µg mL−1 each and pH 5, the composite (5 mg mL−1) simultaneously sequestered AFB1 (95%), FB1 (99%), ZEA (93%), OTA (80%), T-2 (63%), and DON (22%). HT-2 adsorption did not occur. Mycotoxin adsorption increased exponentially as dosage increased, and occurred at physiological pH values. AFB1, ZEA and T-2 adsorption was not affected by pH in the range 3–9, whereas OTA and FB1 were adsorbed at pH values of 3–5. The adsorbed amount of AFB1, ZEA and T-2 was not released when pH rose from 3 to 7. FB1 and OTA desorption was less than 38%. Langmuir adsorption isotherms revealed high capacity and affinity for adsorption of the target mycotoxins. Results of this study are promising and show the potential of the new composite to remove mycotoxins in practical scenarios where several mycotoxins can co-occur.
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Vázquez-Durán A, Nava-Ramírez MDJ, Téllez-Isaías G, Méndez-Albores A. Removal of Aflatoxins Using Agro-Waste-Based Materials and Current Characterization Techniques Used for Biosorption Assessment. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:897302. [PMID: 35651966 PMCID: PMC9149420 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are the most hazardous fungal-generated secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic Aspergillus species. These toxins are frequently detected in food and feed and impose either acute or chronic effects in humans and animals, causing great public concern. Because of the adverse effects of aflatoxins, many physical, chemical, and biological decontamination approaches have been developed. However, the most commonly used procedure is the addition of adsorbent materials into aflatoxin-contaminated diets to reduce toxin absorption and distribution to blood and target organs. In recent times, sorption technology with agro-waste-based materials has appeared as a promising alternative over conventional binding agents with the benefits of low cost, higher rentability, feasibility, and exceptional efficiencies. This review is mainly focused on discussing the most important agro-waste-based materials able to adsorb aflatoxins such as pomaces, seeds, stems, hulls, peels, leaves, berries, lignins, fibers, weeds, and various horticultural byproducts. Further data of the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico efficacy of these biomaterials to adsorb and then desorb aflatoxins are given. Besides, an overview of the main characterization techniques used to elucidate the most important physical and chemical mechanisms involved in the biosorption is presented. Finally, conclusions and future research necessities are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María de Jesús Nava-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Abraham Méndez-Albores
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Aguilar-Zuniga K, Laurie VF, Moore-Carrasco R, Ortiz-Villeda B, Carrasco-Sánchez V. Agro-industrial Waste Products as Mycotoxin Biosorbents: A Review of in Vitro and in Vivo Studies. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - V. Felipe Laurie
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moore-Carrasco
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Talca University, Talca, Chile
| | - Bryan Ortiz-Villeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Talca University, Talca, Chile
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Hooft JM, Bureau DP. Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action and its effects on various terrestrial and aquatic species. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112616. [PMID: 34662691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species of fungi, is a ubiquitious contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. Chronic, low dose consumption of feeds contaminated with DON is associated with a wide range of symptoms in terrestrial and aquatic species including decreased feed intake and feed refusal, reduced weight gain, and altered nutritional efficiency. Acute, high dose exposure to DON may be associated with more severe symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The toxicity of DON is partly related to its ability to disrupt eukaryotic protein synthesis via binding to the peptidyl transferase site of the ribosome. Moreover, DON exerts its effects at the cellular level by activating mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) through a process known as the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). The outcome of DON-associated MAPK activation is dose and duration dependent; acute low dose exposure results in immunostimulation characterized by the upregulation of cytokines, chemokines and other proinflammatory-related proteins, whereas longer term exposure to higher doses generally results in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and immunosuppression. The order of decreasing sensitivity to DON is considered to be: swine > rats > mice > poultry ≈ ruminants. However, studies conducted within the past 10 years have demonstrated that some species of fish, such as rainbow trout, are highly sensitive to DON. The aims of this review are to explore the effects of DON on terrestrial and aquatic species as well as its mechanisms of action, metabolism, and interaction with other Fusarium mycotoxins. Notably, a considerable emphasis is placed on reviewing the effects of DON on different species of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Hooft
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada.
| | - Dominique P Bureau
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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11
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Tkaczyk A, Jedziniak P. Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs-Current State of Knowledge and Analytics. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:586. [PMID: 34437457 PMCID: PMC8402396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig' exposure to mycotoxins. The most popular tool is feed analysis, which has some disadvantages, e.g., it does not include individual exposure. In recent years, the determination of biomarkers as a method to assess the exposure to mycotoxins by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices is becoming more and more popular. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reported in vivo mycotoxin absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic studies on pigs. Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone are described to select the most promising compound for analysis of porcine plasma, urine and faeces. Biomarkers occur in biological matrices at trace levels, so a very sensitive technique-tandem mass spectrometry-is commonly used for multiple biomarkers quantification. However, the sample preparation for multi-mycotoxin methods remains a challenge. Therefore, a summary of different biological samples preparation strategies is included in that paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tkaczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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12
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Fumagalli F, Ottoboni M, Pinotti L, Cheli F. Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:572. [PMID: 34437443 PMCID: PMC8402322 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide concern as their occurrence is unavoidable and varies among geographical regions. Mycotoxins can affect the performance and quality of livestock production and act as carriers putting human health at risk. Feed can be contaminated by various fungal species, and mycotoxins co-occurrence, and modified and emerging mycotoxins are at the centre of modern mycotoxin research. Preventing mould and mycotoxin contamination is almost impossible; it is necessary for producers to implement a comprehensive mycotoxin management program to moderate these risks along the animal feed supply chain in an HACCP perspective. The objective of this paper is to suggest an innovative integrated system for handling mycotoxins in the feed chain, with an emphasis on novel strategies for mycotoxin control. Specific and selected technologies, such as nanotechnologies, and management protocols are reported as promising and sustainable options for implementing mycotoxins control, prevention, and management. Further research should be concentrated on methods to determine multi-contaminated samples, and emerging and modified mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, “Carlo Cantoni” University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy; (M.O.); (L.P.); (F.C.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
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13
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Ying Z, Zhao D, Li H, Liu X, Zhang J. Efficient Adsorption of Deoxynivalenol by Porous Carbon Prepared from Soybean Dreg. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:500. [PMID: 34357972 PMCID: PMC8310275 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel porous carbon adsorbent for the removal of deoxynivalenol was prepared from soybean dreg (SD). The new material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, N2 adsorption/desorption measurement techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The specific surface area of the SDB-6-KOH was found to be 3655.95 m2 g-1, the pore volume was 1.936 cm3 g-1 and the average pore size was 2.125 nm. The high specific surface area and effective functional groups of the carbon material promoted the adsorption of deoxynivalenol. By comparing the adsorption effect of SDB-6-X prepared with different activators (X: KOH, K2CO3, KHCO3), SDB-6-KOH had the highest adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacity of SDB-6-KOH to deoxynivalenol was 52.9877 µg mg-1, and the removal efficiency reached 88.31% at 318 K. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm data were suitable for pseudo-second-order and Langmuir equations, and the results of this study show that the novel carbon material has excellent adsorptive ability and, thus, offers effective practical application potential for the removal of deoxynivalenol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - He Li
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; (Z.Y.); (D.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xinqi Liu
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; (Z.Y.); (D.Z.); (J.Z.)
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Physical and Chemical Methods for Reduction in Aflatoxin Content of Feed and Food. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030204. [PMID: 33808964 PMCID: PMC7999035 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are among the most harmful fungal secondary metabolites imposing serious health risks on both household animals and humans. The more frequent occurrence of aflatoxins in the feed and food chain is clearly foreseeable as a consequence of the extreme weather conditions recorded most recently worldwide. Furthermore, production parameters, such as unadjusted variety use and improper cultural practices, can also increase the incidence of contamination. In current aflatoxin control measures, emphasis is put on prevention including a plethora of pre-harvest methods, introduced to control Aspergillus infestations and to avoid the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on public health. Nevertheless, the continuous evaluation and improvement of post-harvest methods to combat these hazardous secondary metabolites are also required. Already in-use and emerging physical methods, such as pulsed electric fields and other nonthermal treatments as well as interventions with chemical agents such as acids, enzymes, gases, and absorbents in animal husbandry have been demonstrated as effective in reducing mycotoxins in feed and food. Although most of them have no disadvantageous effect either on nutritional properties or food safety, further research is needed to ensure the expected efficacy. Nevertheless, we can envisage the rapid spread of these easy-to-use, cost-effective, and safe post-harvest tools during storage and food processing.
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Limay-Rios V, Schaafsma AW. Relationship between Mycotoxin Content in Winter Wheat Grain and Aspirated Dust Collected during Harvest and after Storage. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1857-1871. [PMID: 33521426 PMCID: PMC7841775 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 323 paired grain and grain dust samples (particle size <1650 μm) were collected from combines at harvest (56%), on-farm bins (28%), and experimental minibins seeded with an ochratoxin A (OTA)/Penicillium verrucosum hot spots (15%) of which >98% were soft red winter wheat. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to detect 21 mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and its plant-conjugated form, deoxynivalenol 3-β-d-glucoside (DON 3-Glc). Except for DON 3-Glc, all mycotoxin concentrations found in grain dust were higher than in grain (p < 0.0030). Pearson correlation coefficients and two-variable regression show a significant (p < 0.0001) linear relationship between the mycotoxin content in grain and that in grain dust with 19 toxins. In only five mycotoxins (DON, OTA, ochratoxin B, citrinin, and enniatin A1), more than 82% of the variation in the data is explained by the two-variable regression model. Because of its higher mean concentration and detection frequency, only DON produced a strong relationship (p < 0.0001, r 2 = 0.949) with low root-mean-square error (RMSE) (293.41 ng/g). The results suggest that modeling levels in grain based upon levels in grain dust can be used to estimate DON in grain bulk.
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Peivasteh-Roudsari L, Pirhadi M, Shahbazi R, Eghbaljoo-Gharehgheshlaghi H, Sepahi M, Mirza Alizadeh A, Tajdar-oranj B, Jazaeri S. Mycotoxins: Impact on Health and Strategies for Prevention and Detoxification in the Food Chain. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1858858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peivasteh-Roudsari
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Pirhadi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Shahbazi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Eghbaljoo-Gharehgheshlaghi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Sepahi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilam , Ilam, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-oranj
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Ochratoxin A: Carryover from animal feed into livestock and the mitigation strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 7:56-63. [PMID: 33997332 PMCID: PMC8110858 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) in the feed of meat-producing animals. The accumulation of OTA in feed and its distribution in various farm animals were compared and evaluated. Primarily, the oral administration of OTA-contaminated feed and the predisposition in an animal's vital organ were critically examined in this work. The collated reports show that OTA directly associated with endemic nephropathy and its high concentration leads to degeneration of liver cells, and necrosis of intestinal and lymphoid tissues. At present, limited reports are available in the recent literature on the problems and consequences of OTA in feed. Therefore, this review focused on the OTA carryover from feed to farm animals and the interaction of its secondary metabolites on their biochemical parameters. Hence, this report provides greater insights into animal health related to OTA residues in meat and meat products. This article also explores mitigation strategies that can be used to prevent the carryover effects of OTA in livestock feeds and the effects in the food chain.
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Meerpoel C, Vidal A, Tangni EK, Huybrechts B, Couck L, De Rycke R, De Bels L, De Saeger S, Van den Broeck W, Devreese M, Croubels S. A Study of Carry-Over and Histopathological Effects after Chronic Dietary Intake of Citrinin in Pigs, Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E719. [PMID: 33207646 PMCID: PMC7697729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide mycotoxin occurring in a variety of food and feedstuff, among which cereal grains are the most important contaminated source. Pigs and poultry are important livestock animals frequently exposed to mycotoxins, including CIT. Concerns are rising related to the toxic, and especially the potential nephrotoxic, properties of CIT. The purpose of this study was to clarify the histopathological effects on kidneys, liver, jejunum and duodenum of pigs, broiler chickens and laying hens receiving CIT contaminated feed. During 3 weeks, pigs (n = 16) were exposed to feed containing 1 mg CIT/kg feed or to control feed (n = 4), while 2 groups of broiler chickens and laying hens (n = 8 per group) received 0.1 mg CIT/kg feed (lower dose group) and 3 or 3.5 mg CIT/kg feed (higher dose group), respectively, or control feed (n = 4). CIT concentrations were quantified in plasma, kidneys, liver, muscle and eggs using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. Kidneys, liver, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated histologically using light microscopy, while the kidneys were further examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histopathology did not reveal major abnormalities at the given contamination levels. However, a significant increase of swollen and degenerated mitochondria in renal cortical cells from all test groups were observed (p < 0.05). These observations could be related to oxidative stress, which is the major mechanism of CIT toxicity. Residues of CIT were detected in all collected tissues, except for muscle and egg white from layers in the lowest dose group, and egg white from layers in the highest dose group. CIT concentrations in plasma ranged between 0.1 (laying hens in lower dose group) and 20.8 ng/mL (pigs). In tissues, CIT concentrations ranged from 0.6 (muscle) to 20.3 µg/kg (liver) in pigs, while concentrations in chickens ranged from 0.1 (muscle) to 70.2 µg/kg (liver). Carry-over ratios from feed to edible tissues were between 0.1 and 2% in pigs, and between 0.1 and 6.9% in chickens, suggesting a low contribution of pig and poultry tissue-derived products towards the total dietary CIT intake for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Emmanuel K. Tangni
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; (E.K.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; (E.K.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Liesbeth Couck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, VIB BioImaging Core, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lobke De Bels
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.M.); (A.V.); (S.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.C.); (L.D.B.); (W.V.d.B.)
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Wang W, Zhai S, Xia Y, Wang H, Ruan D, Zhou T, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Zhang M, Ye H, Ren W, Yang L. Ochratoxin A induces liver inflammation: involvement of intestinal microbiota. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:151. [PMID: 31779704 PMCID: PMC6883682 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin and induces liver inflammation to human and various species of animals. The intestinal microbiota has critical importance in liver inflammation; however, it remains to know whether intestinal microbiota mediates the liver inflammation induced by OTA. Here, we treated ducklings with oral gavage of OTA (235 μg/kg body weight) for 2 weeks. Then, the microbiota in the cecum and liver were analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing, and the inflammation in the liver was analyzed. To explore the role of intestinal microbiota in OTA-induced liver inflammation, intestinal microbiota was cleared with antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation was conducted. RESULTS Here, we find that OTA treatment in ducks altered the intestinal microbiota composition and structure [e.g., increasing the relative abundance of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-producing Bacteroides], and induced the accumulation of LPS and inflammation in the liver. Intriguingly, in antibiotic-treated ducks, OTA failed to induce these alterations in the liver. Notably, with the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) program, in which ducks were colonized with intestinal microbiota from control or OTA-treated ducks, we elucidated the involvement of intestinal microbiota, especially Bacteroides, in liver inflammation induced by OTA. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the role of gut microbiota in OTA-induced liver inflammation and open a new window for novel preventative or therapeutic intervention for mycotoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dong Ruan
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Minhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Čolović R, Puvača N, Cheli F, Avantaggiato G, Greco D, Đuragić O, Kos J, Pinotti L. Decontamination of Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E617. [PMID: 31731462 PMCID: PMC6891401 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are known worldwide as fungus-produced toxins that adulterate a wide heterogeneity of raw feed ingredients and final products. Consumption of mycotoxins-contaminated feed causes a plethora of harmful responses from acute toxicity to many persistent health disorders with lethal outcomes; such as mycotoxicosis when ingested by animals. Therefore, the main task for feed producers is to minimize the concentration of mycotoxin by applying different strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of mycotoxin effects on animals and human health. Once mycotoxins enter the production chain it is hard to eliminate or inactivate them. This paper examines the most recent findings on different processes and strategies for the reduction of toxicity of mycotoxins in animals. The review gives detailed information about the decontamination approaches to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of feedstuffs and compound feed, which could be implemented in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmilo Čolović
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Nikola Puvača
- Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Cvećarska, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste, 20134 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Avantaggiato
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Donato Greco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Olivera Đuragić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Đ.); (J.K.)
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste, 20134 Milan, Italy;
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In vitro adsorption of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone by micronized grape stems and olive pomace in buffer solutions. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:243-252. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Greco D, D'Ascanio V, Santovito E, Logrieco AF, Avantaggiato G. Comparative efficacy of agricultural by-products in sequestering mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1623-1634. [PMID: 30187492 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biosorption using agricultural by-products has been proven as a low-cost and safe way to sequester mycotoxins. Few agricultural by-products have been studied for their efficacy in adsorbing simultaneously a large range of mycotoxins. The present work compared the ability of 51 agricultural by-products to adsorb mycotoxins from liquid mediums simulating physiological pH values, and it studied the mechanism for mycotoxin adsorption by isotherm adsorption experiments. RESULTS Grape pomaces, artichoke wastes, and almond hulls were selected as promising biosorbents for mycotoxins, being quite effective towards aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), zearalenone (ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA). Their adsorption was not affected by medium pH, and the adsorbed fraction was not released when pH rose from acid to neutral values. Fumonisin B1 (FB1 ) was adsorbed to a lesser extent, and deoxynivalenol adsorption was not recorded. For the selected biosorbents, maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the best fitting model (Freundlich, Langmuir, or Sips equation) ranged from 1.2 to 2.9 µg mg-1 for AFB1 , 1.3 to 2.7 µg mg-1 for ZEA, 0.03 from 2.9 µg mg-1 for OTA, and 0.01-1.1 µg mg-1 for FB1 . CONCLUSION This study confirms that some agricultural by-products can find technological applications as feed/food additives for mycotoxin reduction. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Greco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Vito D'Ascanio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Elisa Santovito
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Avantaggiato
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
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A review of the mycotoxin adsorbing agents, with an emphasis on their multi-binding capacity, for animal feed decontamination. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:246-259. [PMID: 29476792 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins still occurs very often, despite great efforts in preventing it. Animal feeds are contaminated, at low levels, with several mycotoxins, particularly with those produced by Aspergillus and Fusarium genera (Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisina B1). In animal feed, to date, only Aflatoxin B1 is limited through EU regulation. Consequently, mycotoxins cause serious disorders and diseases in farm animals. In 2009, the European Union (386/2009/EC) approved the use of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents, as feed additives, to prevent mycotoxicoses in farm animals. The present review gives an overview of the problem of multi-mycotoxin contamination of feed, and aims to classify mycotoxin adsorbing agents (minerals, organic, and synthetic) for feed decontamination, focusing on adsorbents with the ability to bind to multiple mycotoxins, which should have a more effective application in farms but they are still little studied in scientific literature.
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Bočarov-Stančić A, Lopičić Z, Bodroža-Solarov M, Stanković S, Janković S, Milojković J, Krulj J. In vitro removing of mycotoxins by using different inorganic adsorbents and organic waste materials from Serbia. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr1802087b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Pietruszka K, Piątkowska M, Jedziniak P. Occurrence of Ochratoxin a in Animal Tissues and Feeds in Poland in 2014-2016. J Vet Res 2017; 61:483-487. [PMID: 29978113 PMCID: PMC5937348 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic metabolite mainly produced by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillum spp. fungi. Research on the contamination of cereals, complete feeds, and tissues with this mycotoxin has indicated that it can be a toxicological problem impacting animal health and food safety in temperate climes. OTA contamination mainly besets the global pig industry, necessitating the monitoring of feeds and animal tissues. The aim of the study was to present the results of the official monitoring of OTA in animal tissues and feeds in Poland in 2014–2016 and determine the possible correlation between the presence of OTA in different types of samples. Material and Methods The presence of ochratoxin A was determined using accepted procedures based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Determination of OTA was afforded in the range of 0.3 µg/kg to 300 µg/kg in complete feeds and from 0.2 µg/kg to 150 µg/kg in the kidneys, liver, and muscles. Results Over the three year span, about 23.5% of the animal tissues samples were contaminated by ochratoxin A. In the 2014 survey, 10% of the sample tissues contained 5–10 µg/kg (only one sample above 10 μg/kg), and in 2015 and 2016, 24% of samples showed levels above the limit of quantification 0.2 μg/kg, while none of the samples exceeded the established provisional action level of 5 μg/kg for animal tissues. The animal feed analysis showed that 9% was contaminated with ochratoxin A above the limit of quantification of 0.3μg/kg. In 2% of feed samples the OTA concentration was greater than 50 μg/kg. Conclusion The results confirm the appropriacy of OTA contamination monitoring and help to increase food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pietruszka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marta Piątkowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Altafini A, Armorini S, Zaghini A, Sardi L, Roncada P. Tissue distribution of ochratoxin A in pigs after administration of two-levels contaminated diets. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in pigs experimentally exposed to this mycotoxin and to evaluate if bile may be used to assess exposure to OTA. Twelve hybrid pigs were divided into 3 equal groups, a control group D0, and 2 experimental groups, D1 fed with 50 µg OTA/kg diet, and D2 fed with 500 µg OTA/kg diet for 15 days. At the end of the test, the animals were euthanized and samples of different tissues and biological fluids were analysed by HPLC-fluorescence detection for the presence of OTA. Samples of unconventional edible tissues such as lung and heart were also taken for analysis because they are used in typical Italian regional dishes. The Italian guidance value for OTA of 1 µg/kg established for pork meat and derived products has been exceeded in all the matrices from both the experimental groups. The comparison between OTA levels detected in D1 and D2 groups showed clearly a linear dose-response relationship. Based on the mean values measured, OTA distribution follows the order blood plasma > lung > kidney (in D1 group), heart (in D2 group) > heart (in D1 group), kidney (in D2 group) > bile > liver > fat > muscle. Analysis of bile can be useful for the detection of OTA in pigs. However, since blood can easily be taken from pigs, and given the correlation between the mycotoxin concentration detected in this matrix and the concentrations detected in the others, OTA level in blood is a more viable approach to assessing the presence of OTA in edible tissues. As lung and heart may contain high concentrations of OTA, the analytical controls should also include these matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Altafini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - S. Armorini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - A. Zaghini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - L. Sardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - P. Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
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Gambacorta L, Pinton P, Avantaggiato G, Oswald IP, Solfrizzo M. Grape Pomace, an Agricultural Byproduct Reducing Mycotoxin Absorption: In Vivo Assessment in Pig Using Urinary Biomarkers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6762-6771. [PMID: 27509142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of four agricultural byproducts (ABPs) and two commercial binders (CBs) to reduce the gastrointestinal absorption of a mixture of mycotoxins was tested in piglets using urinary mycotoxin biomarkers as indicator of the absorbed mycotoxins. Twenty-eight piglets were administered a bolus contaminated with the mycotoxin mixture containing or not ABP or CB. Twenty-four hour urine was collected and analyzed for mycotoxin biomarkers by using a multiantibody immunoaffinity-based LC-MS/MS method. Each bolus contained 769 μg of fumonisin B1 (FB1), 275 μg of deoxynivalenol (DON), 29 μg of zearalenone (ZEN), 6.5 μg of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 6.6 μg of ochratoxin A (OTA) corresponding to 2.2, 0.8, 0.08, 0.02, and 0.02 μg/g in the daily diet, respectively. The percentage of ABP in each bolus was 50%, whereas for the two CBs the percentages were 5.2 and 17%, corresponding to 2.8, 0.3, and 0.9% in the daily diet, respectively. The reduction of mycotoxin absorption was up to 69 and 54% for ABPs and CBs, respectively. White grape pomace of Malvasia was the most effective material as it reduced significantly (p < 0.05) urinary mycotoxin biomarker of AFB1 (67%) and ZEN (69%), whereas reductions statistically not significant were observed for FB1 (57%), DON (40%), and OTA (27%). This study demonstrates that grape pomace reduces the gastrointestinal absorption of mycotoxins. This agricultural byproduct can be considered an alternative to commercial products and used in the feed industries as an effective, cheap, and natural binder for multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Philippe Pinton
- INRA, ENVT, INP-PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse , 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Giuseppina Avantaggiato
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, ENVT, INP-PURPAN, UPS, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse , 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Michele Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Wielogórska E, MacDonald S, Elliott C. A review of the efficacy of mycotoxin detoxifying agents used in feed in light of changing global environment and legislation. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, mycotoxins have undoubtedly gained a keen interest of the scientific community studying food safety. The main reason is their profound impact on both human and animal health. International surveys reveal a low percentage of feed samples being contaminated above permitted/guideline levels, developed to protect consumers of animal derived products. However, the deleterious impact of feed co-contaminated at low levels with numerous both known and regulated as well as novel mycotoxins on producing animals has been described. Associated effects on agro-economics world-wide include substantial pecuniary losses which are borne by the society as a whole. Even though good agronomic practice is thought to be the most effective way of preventing animal feed contamination, the EC have recognised the need to introduce an additional means of management of feed already contaminated with low-levels of mycotoxins to alleviate detrimental effects on agricultural production efficiency. This review discusses types of feed detoxifying agents described in scientific literature, their reported efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo systems, and comparison with available commercial formulations in the light of increasing knowledge regarding mycotoxin prevalence in the changing global environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Wielogórska
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - S. MacDonald
- Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - C.T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
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29
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Wambacq E, Vanhoutte I, Audenaert K, De Gelder L, Haesaert G. Occurrence, prevention and remediation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in silage: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2284-2302. [PMID: 26676761 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants are considered to be less sensitive towards mycotoxins than monogastric animals because rumen microbiota have mycotoxin-detoxifying capacities. Therefore the effect of mycotoxins towards ruminants has been studied to a lesser extent compared with monogastric animals. Worldwide, a high proportion of the ruminant diet consists of silages made of forage crops (i.e. all parts of the crop above the stubble are harvested). In practice, silages are often contaminated with multiple mycotoxins. Exposure to a cocktail of mycotoxins can hamper animal production and have severe health consequences. In this article the different aspects associated with mycotoxin contamination of silage are reviewed 'from seed to feed'. An overview is given on the occurrence of toxigenic fungal species and their concomitant mycotoxins in forage crops before and after ensiling. The mycotoxin load of visually non-mouldy samples and mouldy hot spots within the same silo is also compared. Subsequently, this review delves into different problem-solving strategies. A logical first step is prevention of mould growth and mycotoxin production in the field, during harvest and during ensiling. If prevention should fail, several remediation strategies are available. These are listed, mainly focusing on the possibilities of microbial degradation of mycotoxins in vivo in silage. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wambacq
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vanhoutte
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Mantle P, Kilic MA, Mor F, Ozmen O. Contribution of organ vasculature in rat renal analysis for ochratoxin a: relevance to toxicology of nephrotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1005-17. [PMID: 25811304 PMCID: PMC4417951 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Assumptions surrounding the kidney as a target for accumulation of ochratoxin A (OTA) are addressed because the contribution of the toxin in blood seems invariably to have been ignored. Adult rats were maintained for several weeks on toxin-contaminated feed. Using standard perfusion techniques, animals were anaesthetised, a blood sample was taken, one kidney was ligated, and the other kidney perfused with physiological saline in situ under normal blood pressure. Comparative analysis of OTA in pairs of kidneys showed marked reduction in the perfused organ in the range 37%-98% (mean 75%), demonstrating the general efficiency of perfusion supported also by histology, and implying a major role of blood in the total OTA content of kidney. Translation of OTA values in plasma to whole blood, and its predicted contribution as a 25% vascular compartment in kidney gave values similar to those in non-perfused kidneys. Thus, apparent 'accumulation' of OTA in kidney is due to binding to plasma proteins and long half-life in plasma. Attention should be re-focused on whole animal pharmacokinetics during chronic OTA exposure. Similar principles may be applied to DNA-OTA adducts which are now recognised as occurring in blood; application could also extend to other nephrotoxins such as aristolochic acid. Thus, at least, quantitative reassessment in urological tissues seems necessary in attributing adducts specifically as markers of potentially-tumourigenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mantle
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Mehmet A Kilic
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey.
| | - Firdevs Mor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Ozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, Turkey.
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31
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Bernardini C, Grilli E, Duvigneau JC, Zannoni A, Tugnoli B, Gentilini F, Bertuzzi T, Spinozzi S, Camborata C, Bacci ML, Piva A, Forni M. Cellular stress marker alteration and inflammatory response in pigs fed with an ochratoxin contaminated diet. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:244-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ochratoxin A in raw materials and cooked meat products made from OTA-treated pigs. Meat Sci 2014; 96:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pozzo L, Cavallarin L, Antoniazzi S, Guerre P, Biasibetti E, Capucchio MT, Schiavone A. Feeding a diet contaminated with ochratoxin A for broiler chickens at the maximum level recommended by the EU for poultry feeds (0.1 mg/kg). 2. Effects on meat quality, oxidative stress, residues and histological traits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 97 Suppl 1:23-31. [PMID: 23639014 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The European Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC indicates that the maximum tolerable level of ochratoxin A (OTA) in poultry feeds is 0.1 mg OTA/kg. Thirty-six 1-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into two groups, a control (basal diet) and an OTA (basal diet + 0.1 mg OTA/kg) group. The OTA concentration was quantified in serum, liver, kidney, breast and thigh samples. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content were evaluated in the liver, kidney, breast and thigh samples. The glutathione (GSH) content, and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in the liver and kidney samples. Histopathological traits were evaluated for the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and liver samples. Moreover, the chemical composition of the meat was analysed in breast and thigh samples. In the OTA diet-fed animals, a serum OTA concentration of 1.15 ± 0.35 ng/ml was found, and OTA was also detected in kidney and liver at 3.58 ± 0.85 ng OTA/g f.w. and 1.92 ± 0.21 ng OTA/g f.w., respectively. The TBARS content was higher in the kidney of the ochratoxin A group (1.53 ± 0.18 nmol/mg protein vs. 0.91 ± 0.25 nmol/mg protein). Feeding OTA at 0.1 mg OTA/kg also resulted in degenerative lesions in the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and liver. The maximum tolerable level of 0.1 mg OTA/kg, established for poultry feeds by the EU, represents a safe limit for the final consumer, because no OTA residues were found in breast and thigh meat. Even though no clinical signs were noticed in the birds fed the OTA-contaminated diet, moderate histological lesions were observed in the liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pozzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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34
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Metabolic fate of ochratoxin A as a coffee contaminant in a dynamic simulator of the human colon. Food Chem 2013; 141:3291-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Capraro J, Rossi F. The effects of ochratoxin A on liver metabolism. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-012-0101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Perši N, Pleadin J, Vulić A, Kmetić I, Šimić B. Determination of ochratoxin A in serum and urine of pigs. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine ochratoxin A (OTA) concentrations in serum and urine of pigs during 30-day OTA treatment. OTA was administered orally to the experimental group (n=5) at a dose of 0.78 mg per animal per day, whereas control animals (n=5) were left untreated. OTA concentrations were determined using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Method validation resulted in mean recoveries of 93-101% for serum and 98-106% for urine, with acceptable mean inter- and intraday relative standard deviations (<8% for urine and <7% for serum). The ELISA method can be effectively used as a simple screening method to determine OTA exposure in pigs during fattening. The maximum mean OTA concentration in serum was recorded on day 22 (8.75±2.93 ng/ml) and in urine on day 20 (43.56±35.76 ng/ml), indicating significant differences in OTA concentrations between these two matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Perši
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J. Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A. Vulić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I. Kmetić
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology,, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B. Šimić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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37
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Mally A. Ochratoxin a and mitotic disruption: mode of action analysis of renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:315-30. [PMID: 22403158 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin and food contaminant ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in rodents, but its mode of action (MoA) is still poorly defined. In 2006, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that there is a "lack of evidence for the existence of OTA-DNA adducts" and thus insufficient evidence to establish DNA reactivity as a MoA for tumor formation by OTA. In reviewing the available database on OTA toxicity, a MoA for renal carcinogenicity of OTA is developed that involves a combination of genetic instability and increased proliferative drive as consequences of OTA-mediated disruption of mitosis, whereby the organ- and site-specificity of tumor formation by OTA is determined by selective renal uptake of OTA into the proximal tubule epithelium. The proposed MoA is critically assessed with respect to concordance of dose-response of the suggested key events and tumor formation, their temporal association, consistency, and biological plausibility. Uncertainties, data gaps and needs for further research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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38
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Kolosova A, Stroka J. Substances for reduction of the contamination of feed by mycotoxins: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The global occurrence of mycotoxins is considered to be a major risk factor for human and animal health. Contamination of different agricultural commodities with mycotoxins still occurs despite the most strenuous prevention efforts. As a result, mycotoxin contaminated feed can cause serious disorders and diseases in farm animals. A number of approaches, such as physical and chemical detoxification procedures, have been used to counteract mycotoxins. However, only a few of them have practical application. A recent and promising approach to protect animals against the harmful effects of mycotoxin contaminated feed is the use of substances for reduction of the contamination of feed by mycotoxins. These substances, so-called mycotoxin binders (MB), are added to the diet in order to reduce the absorption of mycotoxins from the gastrointestinal tract and their distribution to blood and target organs, thus preventing or reducing mycotoxicosis in livestock. Recently, the use of such substances as technological feed additives has been officially allowed in the European Union. The efficacy of MB appears to depend on the properties of both the binder and the mycotoxin. Depending on their mode of action, these feed additives may act either by binding mycotoxins to their surface (adsorption), or by degrading or transforming them into less toxic metabolites (biotransformation). Biotransformation can be achieved by mycotoxin-degrading enzymes or by microorganisms producing such enzymes. Various inorganic adsorbents, such as hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, zeolites, bentonites, clays, and activated carbons, have been tested and used as MB. An interesting alternative to inorganic adsorbents for the detoxification of mycotoxins is the use of organic binders, such as yeast cell wall components, synthetic polymers (cholestyramine, polyvinylpyrrolidone), humic substances and dietary fibres. This paper gives an overview of the current knowledge and situation in the field of MB. The most important types of MB, mechanism of their action, and their application as a part of general strategy to counteract mycotoxins are described in this review. Recent advances in the use and study of MB, as well as data of their in vitro and in vivo effectiveness are given. Problems, potential, current trends and perspectives associated with the use of MB are discussed as well in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kolosova
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Joint Research Center, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Joint Research Center, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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39
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Effects of ochratoxin a on livestock production. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1796-824. [PMID: 22069661 PMCID: PMC3153269 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination often causes large economic losses on livestock production. The intake of feed contaminated by OTA also represents a potential risk for animal health and a food safety issue due to the transfer of the toxin through the food chain to humans. The aim of this paper is to review the available literature on: (1) the frequency and degree of occurrence of OTA in different feedstuffs; (2) the toxicological effects of OTA intake on the performance of the main livestock (i.e., poultry, swine, cattle, goats and sheep); and (3) the transfer of OTA, or its metabolites, from animal feed into animal products such as milk, meat and eggs.
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40
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Varga J, Kocsubé S, Péteri Z, Vágvölgyi C, Tóth B. Chemical, physical and biological approaches to prevent ochratoxin induced toxicoses in humans and animals. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1718-50. [PMID: 22069658 PMCID: PMC3153271 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins are polyketide derived fungal secondary metabolites with nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, and carcinogenic properties. Ochratoxin-producing fungi may contaminate agricultural products in the field (preharvest spoilage), during storage (postharvest spoilage), or during processing. Ochratoxin contamination of foods and feeds poses a serious health hazard to animals and humans. Several strategies have been investigated for lowering the ochratoxin content in agricultural products. These strategies can be classified into three main categories: prevention of ochratoxin contamination, decontamination or detoxification of foods contaminated with ochratoxins, and inhibition of the absorption of consumed ochratoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. This paper gives an overview of the strategies that are promising with regard to lowering the ochratoxin burden of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (S.K.); (Z.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (S.K.); (Z.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Zsanett Péteri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (S.K.); (Z.P.); (C.V.)
- PannonPharma Company, Mária dűlő 36, H-7634 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (S.K.); (Z.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Beáta Tóth
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Limited Company, Alsókikötő sor 9, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.T.)
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Dorner J, Krska R, Lombaert G, Malone B, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Trucksess M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2008-2009. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2009.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2008 and mid-2009. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. Developments in mycotoxin analysis continue, with emphasis on novel immunological methods and further description of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, particularly as multimycotoxin applications for different ranges of mycotoxins. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J. Dorner
- USDA, ARS, National Peanut Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 509, 1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742, USA
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - G. Lombaert
- Health Canada, 510 Lagimodiere Blvd., Winnipeg, MB, R2J 3Y1, Canada
| | - B. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 111 West Fourth Street, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - M. Trucksess
- US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - H. van Egmond
- RIKILT, Cluster Natural Toxins & Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, P.O. Box 7625, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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42
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BOUDERGUE C, BUREL C, DRAGACCI S, FAVROT M, FREMY J, MASSIMI C, PRIGENT P, DEBONGNIE P, PUSSEMIER L, BOUDRA H, MORGAVI D, OSWALD I, PEREZ A, AVANTAGGIATO G. Review of mycotoxin‐detoxifying agents used as feed additives: mode of action, efficacy and feed/food safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2009.en-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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