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Pourmousavi L, Asadi RH, Zehsaz F, Jadidi RP. Potential therapeutic effects of crocin. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03131-6. [PMID: 38758225 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Crocin, a natural bioactive compound derived from saffron (Crocus sativus) and other Crocus genera, has gained significant attention recently due to its potential therapeutic properties. The multifaceted nature of crocin's biological effects has piqued the interest of researchers and health enthusiasts, prompting further investigations into its mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications. This review article comprehensively explores the emerging evidence supporting crocin's role as a promising ally in protecting against metabolic disorders. The review covers the molecular mechanisms underlying crocin's beneficial effects and highlights its potential applications in preventing and treating diverse pathological conditions. Understanding the mechanisms through which crocin exerts its protective effects could advance scientific knowledge and offer potential avenues for developing novel therapeutic interventions. As we uncover the potential of crocin as a valuable ally in the fight against disorders, it becomes evident that nature's palette holds remarkable solutions for enhancing our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Pourmousavi
- Department of Sport Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farzad Zehsaz
- Department of Sport Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Sanaie S, Nikanfar S, Kalekhane ZY, Azizi-Zeinalhajlou A, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Araj-Khodaei M, Ayati MH, Andalib S. Saffron as a promising therapy for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:137-162. [PMID: 35986812 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus is increasing with the societies' aging and has become an essential social concern worldwide. Accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau proteins in the brain are hallmarks of AD. Diabetes is an underlying risk factor for AD. Insulin resistance has been proposed to be involved in amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation in the brain. It seems that diabetic conditions can result in AD pathology by setting off a cascade of processes, including inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) synthesis. Due to the several side effects of chemical drugs and their high cost, using herbal medicine has recently attracted attention for the treatment of diabetes and AD. Saffron and its active ingredients have been used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-AD properties. Therefore, in the present review paper, we take account of the clinical, in vivo and in vitro evidence regarding the anti-diabetic and anti-AD effects of saffron and discuss the preventive or postponing properties of saffron or its components on AD development via its anti-diabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Nikanfar
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Yousefi Kalekhane
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Azizi-Zeinalhajlou
- Student Research Committee, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Araj-Khodaei
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ayati
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sasan Andalib
- Research Unit of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Qi XW, Liu YM, Hu YK, Yuan H, Ayeni EA, Liao X. Ligand fishing based on tubular microchannel modified with monoamine oxidase B for screening of the enzyme's inhibitors from Crocus sativus and Edgeworthia gardneri. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2394-2405. [PMID: 35461190 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy of performing ligand fishing with enzyme-modified open tubular microchannel was proposed for screening bioactive components present in medicinal plants. Monoamine oxidase B was immobilized onto the surface of the microchannel for the first time to specifically extract its ligands when the plant's extracts solution flows through the channel. The thermal and the storage stability of immobilized monoamine oxidase B were significantly enhanced after immobilization. Crocin I and Ⅱ were extracted from Crocus sativus, and tiliroside was extracted from Edgeworthia gardneri. All the three compounds were inhibitors of the enzyme with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 26.70 ± 0.91, 19.88 ± 2.78, and 15.65 ± 0.85 μM, respectively. The enzyme inhibition kinetics and molecular docking were investigated. This is the first report on the inhibitory effects of tiliroside and crocin Ⅱ. The novel ligand fishing method proposed in this work possesses advantages of rapidness, high efficiency, and tiny sample consumption compared to routine ligand fishing, with promising potential for screening active natural products in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Wei Qi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yi-Kao Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Emmanuel Ayodeji Ayeni
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
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An In Vitro Study of Saffron Carotenoids: The Effect of Crocin Extracts and Dimethylcrocetin on Cancer Cell Lines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061074. [PMID: 35739971 PMCID: PMC9220052 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. has various pharmacological properties, known for over 3600 years. These properties are attributed mainly to biologically active substances, which belong to the terpenoid group and include crocins, picrocrocin and safranal. The aim of the current work was to examine the effects of crocins (CRCs) and their methyl ester derivate dimethylcrocetin (DMCRT) on glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, in terms of cytotoxicity and gene expression, implicated in proapoptotic and cell survival pathways. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed with Alamar Blue fluorescence assay after treatment with saffron carotenoids for 24, 48 and 72 h and concentrations ranging from 22.85 to 0.18 mg/mL for CRCs and 11.43 to 0.09 mg/mL for DMCRT. In addition, BAX, BID, BCL2, MYCN, SOD1, and GSTM1 gene expression was studied by qRT-PCR analysis. Both compounds demonstrated cytotoxic effects against glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. They induced apoptosis, via BAX and BID upregulation, MYCN and BCL-2, SOD1, GSTM1 downregulation. The current research denotes the possible anticancer properties of saffron carotenoids, which are considered safe phytochemicals, already tested in clinical trials for their health promoting properties.
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Song R, Han S, Gao H, Jiang H, Li X. Crocin alleviates cognitive impairment associated with atherosclerosis via improving neuroinflammation in LDLR -/- mice fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1284-1296. [PMID: 35084779 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Crocin has been extensively investigated in treating neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effect on cognitive impairment associated with atherosclerosis remains unknown. The present study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of crocin on cognitive impairment in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. LDLR-/- mice fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet were administered variable-dose crocin for 56 days through gavage. Biochemical tests showed that serum triglycerides and circulating lipopolysaccharide decreased in mice treated with crocin. Behavioral tests indicated that crocin alleviated cognitive impairment by reducing latency to the platform and increasing the swimming distance in the target quadrant. This mechanism might be associated with crocin inhibiting Aβ deposition by decreasing Aβ1-42 and tau phosphorylation. Crocin improved neuroinflammation by inhibiting the increase in reactive microglia and astrocytes, weakening NLRP3 inflammasome activation accompanied by a reduction in Caspase-1 and IL-1β, and blocking TLR4 signaling accompanied by a decrease in NF-kB p65 and MyD88. In addition, crocin raised the protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin. These findings provide experimental support that crocin attenuates cognitive impairment associated with atherosclerosis by repressing neuroinflammation, which is attributed to its suppression on the activation of microglia and astrocytes, and the production of inflammatory cytokines via targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shufen Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Agarwal N, Kolba N, Jung Y, Cheng J, Tako E. Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) Flower Water Extract Disrupts the Cecal Microbiome, Brush Border Membrane Functionality, and Morphology In Vivo ( Gallus gallus). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14010220. [PMID: 35011095 PMCID: PMC8747550 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is known as the most expensive spice. C. sativus dried red stigmas, called threads, are used for culinary, cosmetic, and medicinal purposes. The rest of the flower is often discarded, but is now being used in teas, as coloring agents, and fodder. Previous studies have attributed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, and anticancer properties to C. sativus floral bio-residues. The aim of this study is to assess C. sativus flower water extract (CFWE) for its effects on hemoglobin, brush boarder membrane (BBM) functionality, morphology, intestinal gene expression, and cecal microbiome in vivo (Gallus gallus), a clinically validated model. For this, Gallus gallus eggs were divided into six treatment groups (non-injected, 18 Ω H2O, 1% CFWE, 2% CFWE, 5% CFWE, and 10% CFWE) with n~10 for each group. On day 17 of incubation, 1 mL of the extracts/control were administered in the amnion of the eggs. The amniotic fluid along with the administered extracts are orally consumed by the developing embryo over the course of the next few days. On day 21, the hatchlings were euthanized, the blood, duodenum, and cecum were harvested for assessment. The results showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in hemoglobin concentration, villus surface area, goblet cell number, and diameter. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in Paneth cell number and Mucin 2 (MUC2) gene expression proportional to the increase in CFWE concentration. Additionally, the cecum microbiome analysis revealed C. sativus flower water extract altered the bacterial populations. There was a significant dose-dependent reduction in Lactobacillus and Clostridium sp., suggesting an antibacterial effect of the extract on the gut in the given model. These results suggest that the dietary consumption of C. sativus flower may have negative effects on BBM functionality, morphology, mineral absorption, microbial populations, and iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elad Tako
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-607-255-0884
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Aslani MR, Amani M, Masrori N, Boskabady MH, Ebrahimi HA, Chodari L. Crocin attenuates inflammation of lung tissue in ovalbumin-sensitized mice by altering the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. Biofactors 2022; 48:204-215. [PMID: 34856021 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of asthma. The present study aimed to investigate the reducing or suppressing effects of crocin in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice on ER stress markers. Mice were divided into six groups (n = 5 per group) including control, OVA-sensitized (OVA), OVA-treated crocin (OVA-Cr25, OVA-Cr50, and OVA-Cr100 mg/kg), and OVA-treated dexamethasone (1 mg/kg), (OVA-Dexa) groups. Animals 5 later groups were sensitized to OVA and the treatment groups received intraperitoneally crocin/dexamethasone in the last 5 days of the model. At the end of the study, lung tissue was evaluated for airway inflammation, caspase 12 and CHOP protein levels, and expression of ER stress markers using real-time-PCR. Sensitization with OVA significantly caused airway inflammation and induction of ER stress in mice compared to the control group based on the elevated inflammatory cells and ER stress markers in the lung tissue. Treatment with crocin and dexamethasone reduced airway inflammation and suppressed ER stress markers. Interestingly, in the OVA-Cr100 group, the suppressive effects on ER stress apoptotic markers were comparable to the OVA-Dexa group. The results suggest that crocin mediates maladaptive ER stress conditions possibly by creating adaptive ER stress status and driving protein folding correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Aslani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Amani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Neghin Masrori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Butnariu M, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sharifi-Rad J, Singh L, Aborehab NM, Bouyahya A, Venditti A, Sen S, Acharya K, Bashiry M, Ezzat SM, Setzer WN, Martorell M, Mileski KS, Bagiu IC, Docea AO, Calina D, Cho WC. The Pharmacological Activities of Crocus sativus L.: A Review Based on the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities of its Phytoconstituents. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8214821. [PMID: 35198096 PMCID: PMC8860555 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8214821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crocus species are mainly distributed in North Africa, Southern and Central Europe, and Western Asia, used in gardens and parks as ornamental plants, while Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is the only species that is cultivated for edible purpose. The use of saffron is very ancient; besides the use as a spice, saffron has long been known also for its medical and coloring qualities. Due to its distinctive flavor and color, it is used as a spice, which imparts food preservative activity owing to its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. This updated review discusses the biological properties of Crocus sativus L. and its phytoconstituents, their pharmacological activities, signaling pathways, and molecular targets, therefore highlighting it as a potential herbal medicine. Clinical studies regarding its pharmacologic potential in clinical therapeutics and toxicity studies were also reviewed. For this updated review, a search was performed in the PubMed, Science, and Google Scholar databases using keywords related to Crocus sativus L. and the biological properties of its phytoconstituents. From this search, only the relevant works were selected. The phytochemistry of the most important bioactive compounds in Crocus sativus L. such as crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal and also dozens of other compounds was studied and identified by various physicochemical methods. Isolated compounds and various extracts have proven their pharmacological efficacy at the molecular level and signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, toxicity studies and clinical trials were analyzed. The research results highlighted the various pharmacological potentials such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidepressant, hypolipidemic, and antihyperglycemic properties and protector of retinal lesions. Due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, saffron has proven effective as a natural food preservative. Starting from the traditional uses for the treatment of several diseases, the bioactive compounds of Crocus sativus L. have proven their effectiveness in modern pharmacological research. However, pharmacological studies are needed in the future to identify new mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic studies, new pharmaceutical formulations for target transport, and possible interaction with allopathic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Butnariu
- 1Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Quispe
- 2Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- 3Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
- 4Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | | | - Laxman Singh
- 6G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nora M. Aborehab
- 7Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October 12566, Egypt
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- 8Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Alessandro Venditti
- 9Dipartimento di Chimica, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Surjit Sen
- 10Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
- 11Department of Botany, Fakir Chand College, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal 743331, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- 10Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Moein Bashiry
- 12Department of Food Science and Technology, Nutrition and Food Sciences Faculty, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- 13Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- 14Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October 12566, Egypt
| | - William N. Setzer
- 15Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Miquel Martorell
- 16Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Ksenija S. Mileski
- 17Department of Morphology and Systematic of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- 18Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara Discipline of Microbiology, Timișoara, Romania
- 19Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- 20Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- 21Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - William C. Cho
- 22Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Bozorgi H, Ghahremanfard F, Motaghi E, Zamaemifard M, Zamani M, Izadi A. Effectiveness of crocin of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) against chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114511. [PMID: 34390797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the complications vexes patients treated with anti-cancer agents. Saffron has been demonstrated to attenuate symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in animal models. Also, there is a published clinical trial that investigated the pain relieving effect of saffron following nationally accepted rules and concluded that saffron was successful in alleviating pain symptoms in patients suffering from fibromyalgia. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to determine the efficacy of crocin as a constituent of saffron in CIPN as the first report. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and seventy-seven enrolled eligible patients (between December 2018 and March 2020) for study entry were cases demonstrating mild to severe symptomatic CIPN for at least a month. These cases were randomly assigned to two main groups including 15 mg crocin tablet, bid (30 mg total daily target dose) and placebo tablet for 8 weeks. A crossover study was performed with a 2-week washout period. Patient outcomes were measured once a week for 8 consecutive weeks. RESULTS Grade of sensory, motor and neuropathic pain decreased considerably and significantly in the crocin group compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Observed toxicities were mild and adverse effects had no significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Crocin considerably seems to be effective for relieving symptoms of CIPN in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy agents. However, further studies are needed about crocin with its beneficial neuropharmacological effects and lower adverse effects than the chemical agents such as antidepressants, lamotrigine, and gabapentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Bozorgi
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Farahnaz Ghahremanfard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motaghi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Amin Izadi
- School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Elfiky AM, Mahmoud AA, Elreedy HA, Ibrahim KS, Ghazy MA. Quercetin stimulates the non-amyloidogenic pathway via activation of ADAM10 and ADAM17 gene expression in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model. Life Sci 2021; 285:119964. [PMID: 34537230 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by declined cognitive functions in the elderly. Quercetin (Q) is a potent flavonol that has neuroprotective effects on AD derangements. The present study aimed to evaluate the α-secretase stimulatory function of Q through activation of ADAM10 and ADAM17 gene expression in the aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced AD rat model. MAIN METHODS After induction of AD in rats by oral administration of AlCl3 (50 mg/kg) for 28 days, the Q doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) were orally administered for 28 days. Rats performed the behavioral assessments during the last week of the treatment period. Hippocampi were harvested for assessments of the neurochemical and histopathological examinations and gene expression analysis. KEY FINDINGS Administration of Q to AlCl3-induced AD rat model attenuated behavioral deficits, improved cholinergic and dopaminergic dysfunctions, and diminished insoluble amyloid β (Aβ) plaques aggregation in the hippocampus. These ameliorative effects of Q were associated with down-regulation of APP, BACE1, APH1, and PSEN1 and up-regulation of ADAM10 and ADAM17 gene expression levels in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE The present study suggests that Q might attenuate neurotransmission impairment, Aβ aggregation in the hippocampus, and behavioral deficits in the AlCl3-induce AD rat model via up-regulating ADAM 10 and ADAM 17 (α-secretase) gene expression, leading to the inhibition of the amyloidogenic pathway. In support of the present finding, we suggest that ADAM10 and ADAM17 activation might be potential drug targets for AD to counteract the Aβ aggregation and cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Elfiky
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Mahmoud
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hala A Elreedy
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khadiga S Ibrahim
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ghazy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Biotechnology Program, Basic and applied Science Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt
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11
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Liang N, Yao MD, Wang Y, Liu J, Feng L, Wang ZM, Li XY, Xiao WH, Yuan YJ. CsCCD2 Access Tunnel Design for a Broader Substrate Profile in Crocetin Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11626-11636. [PMID: 34554747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crocetin, a high-value apocarotenoid in saffron, is widely applied to the fields of food and medicine. However, the existing method of obtaining crocetin through large-scale cultivation is far from meeting the market demand. Microbial synthesis of crocetin is a potential alternative to traditional resources, and it is found that carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) is the critical enzyme to synthesize crocetin. So, in this study, we used "hybrid-tunnel" engineering to obtain variants of Crocus sativus-derived CsCCD2, essential for zeaxanthin conversion into crocetin, with a broader substrate specificity and higher catalytic efficiency. Variants including S323A, with a lower charge bias and a larger tunnel size than the wild-type, showed a 5-fold higher crocetin titer in yeast-based fermentations. S323A could also convert the β-carotene substrate to crocetin dialdehyde and exhibited a 12.83-fold greater catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward zeaxanthin than the wild-type in vitro. This strategy enabled the production of 107 mg/L crocetin in 5 L fed-batch fermentation, higher than that previously reported. Our findings demonstrate that engineering access tunnels to expand the substrate profile by in silico protein design represents a viable strategy to refine the catalytic properties of enzymes across a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ming-Dong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - Xiang-Yu Li
- CABIO Biotech (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan 436070, China
| | - Wen-Hai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Tangxing Road 133, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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12
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Eteghadi MR, Nasehi M, Vaseghi S, Hesami-Tackallou S. The effect of Crocin on TFAM and PGC-1α expression and Catalase and Superoxide dismutase activities following cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the striatum of male Wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1791-1801. [PMID: 34019207 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bile secretion is a physiological function that is disrupted following Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) and induces cholestasis. Cholestasis is a bile flow reduction that induces apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and alters the expression of genes. Evidence shows the relationship between cholestasis and neuroinflammation. Cholestasis via attenuating mitochondrial biogenesis and anti-oxidant activity can induce neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, and TFAM, PGC-1α, Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) have a role in upregulating antioxidant pathways. On the other hand, many studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of Crocin, the water-soluble carotenoid of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Crocin on the level of TFAM, PGC-1α, CAT, and SOD following cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the rat's striatum. Cholestasis was induced by BDL surgery and administration of Crocin was intraperitoneal, at the dose of 30 mg/kg every day, 24 h after BDL surgery up to thirty days. The results showed that TFAM, PGC-1α, and SOD were decreased following cholestasis; while, CAT was increased. In addition, Crocin restored the effects of cholestasis on the level of TFAM, PGC-1α, and SOD. In conclusion, Crocin may have improvement effects on cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the rat's striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Eteghadi
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Hesami-Tackallou
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Heidari S, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. The genus Glycyrrhiza (Fabaceae family) and its active constituents as protective agents against natural or chemical toxicities. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6552-6571. [PMID: 34414608 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Licorice is the dried roots and rhizomes of various species of the genus Glycyrrhiza (Fabaceae) that have been used in folk medicine from ancient times. Many important research projects have established several beneficial effects for this medicinal herb, including antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective. Licorice contains important bioactive components, such as glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic, glycyrrhizinic acid), liquiritigenin, liquiritin, and glycyrrhetinic acid. The protective effects of licorice and its main chemical components against toxins and toxicants in several organs including the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and lung have been shown. In this comprehensive review article, the protective effects of these constituents against natural, industrial, environmental, and chemical toxicities with attention on the cellular and molecular mechanism are introduced. Also, it has been revealed that this plant and its main compounds can inhibit the toxicity of different toxins by the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties as well as the modulation of Inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK), Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. More high-quality investigations in both experimental and clinical studies need to firmly establish the efficacy of licorice and its main constituents against toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.,Toxicology and Addiction Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Song YN, Wang Y, Zheng YH, Liu TL, Zhang C. Crocins: A comprehensive review of structural characteristics, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104969. [PMID: 34147548 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Crocins, as a kind of water-soluble carotenoid pigment, are a series of ester compounds formed from crocetin and gentibiose or glucose, and mainly distributed among Crocus sativus L. (CSL), Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. (GJE). Crocins exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects on neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, depression, liver disease, arthritis, tumor, diabetes, etc. This review systematically discussed the pharmacologic study of crocins in the aspect of structural characteristic and pharmacokinetics, and summarized the mechanism of treating disease. It summarized the abundant research of crocins from 1984 to 2020 based on the above aspects, which provide a reference for the deeply development and application of crocins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying-Hao Zheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | | | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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15
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Pitsikas N. Crocus sativus L. Extracts and Its Constituents Crocins and Safranal; Potential Candidates for Schizophrenia Treatment? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051237. [PMID: 33669124 PMCID: PMC7956290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental devastating disease. Current therapy suffers from various limitations including low efficacy and serious side effects. Thus, there is an urgent necessity to develop new antipsychotics with higher efficacy and safety. The dried stigma of the plant Crocus sativus L., (CS) commonly known as saffron, are used in traditional medicine for various purposes. It has been demonstrated that saffron and its bioactive components crocins and safranal exert a beneficial action in different pathologies of the central nervous system such as anxiety, depression, epilepsy and memory problems. Recently, their role as potential antipsychotic agents is under investigation. In the present review, I intended to critically assess advances in research of these molecules for the treatment of schizophrenia, comment on their advantages over currently used neuroleptics as well-remaining challenges. Up to our days, few preclinical studies have been conducted to this end. In spite of it, results are encouraging and strongly corroborate that additional research is mandatory aiming to definitively establish a role for saffron and its bioactive components for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pitsikas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Panepistimiou 3, 415-00 Larissa, Greece
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16
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Molecular mechanisms of aluminum neurotoxicity: Update on adverse effects and therapeutic strategies. ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2021; 5:1-34. [PMID: 34263089 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Saeedi M, Rashidy-Pour A. Association between chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease: Therapeutic effects of Saffron. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110995. [PMID: 33232931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress and high levels of glucocorticoids produce functional and structural changes in brain and especially in the hippocampus, an important limbic system structure that plays a key role in cognitive functions including learning and memory. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time. Indeed, cognitive dysfunction, neuronal atrophy, and synaptic loss are associated with both AD and chronic stress. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have highlighted a possible link between chronic stress, cognitive decline and the development of AD. It is suggested that Tau protein is an essential mediator of the neurodegenerative effects of stress and glucocorticoids towards the development of AD pathology. Recent findings from animal and humans studies demonstrated that saffron and its main constitutive crocin are effective against chronic stress-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress and slowed cognitive decline in AD. The inhibitory actions on acetylcholinesterase activity, aggregation of beta-amyloid protein into amyloid plaques and tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles, and also the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and the promotion of synaptic plasticity effects are among the possible mechanisms to explain the neuroprotective effects of saffron. New evidences demonstrate that saffron and its main component crocin might be a promising target for cognition improvement in AD and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saeedi
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Wong KH, Xie Y, Huang X, Kadota K, Yao XS, Yu Y, Chen X, Lu A, Yang Z. Delivering Crocetin across the Blood-Brain Barrier by Using γ-Cyclodextrin to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3654. [PMID: 32107408 PMCID: PMC7046745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocetin (CRT) has shown various neuroprotective effects such as antioxidant activities and the inhibition of amyloid β fibril formation, and thus is a potential therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, poor water solubility and bioavailability are the major obstacles in formulation development and pharmaceutical applications of CRT. In this study, a novel water-soluble CRT-γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex suitable for intravenous injection was developed. The inclusion complex was nontoxic to normal neuroblastoma cells (N2a cells and SH-SY5Y cells) and AD model cells (7PA2 cells). Furthermore, it showed stronger ability to downregulate the expression of C-terminus fragments and level of amyloid β in 7PA2 cell line as compared to the CRT free drug. Both inclusion complex and CRT were able to prevent SH-SY5Y cell death from H2O2-induced toxicity. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies showed that CRT-γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex significantly increased the bioavailability of CRT and facilitated CRT crossing the blood-brain barrier to enter the brain. This data shows a water-soluble γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex helped to deliver CRT across the blood-brain barrier. This success should fuel further pharmaceutical research on CRT in the treatment for AD, and it should engender research on γ-cyclodextrin with other drugs that have so far not been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hong Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuning Xie
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Changshu Research Institute, Hong Kong Baptist University, Changshu Economic and Technological Development (CETD) Zone, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Changshu Research Institute, Hong Kong Baptist University, Changshu Economic and Technological Development (CETD) Zone, Changshu, 215500, China.
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Verma S, Sharma S, Ranawat P, Nehru B. Modulatory Effects of Ginkgo biloba Against Amyloid Aggregation Through Induction of Heat Shock Proteins in Aluminium Induced Neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:465-490. [PMID: 31894463 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, as well as formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the signature hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. To prevent this, molecular chaperones come into play as they facilitate the refolding of the misfolded proteins and cell protection under stress. Here, we have evaluated the possible effects of Ginkgo biloba (GBE) against aggregation of the Aβ through activation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the Aluminium (Al) induced AD based model. GBE (100 mg/kg body weight) was administered per oral to the female SD rats in conjunction with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Al lactate (10 mg/kg body weight) for six weeks. Pretreated animals were administered GBE for additional two weeks prior to any exposure of Al. GBE administration resulted in decrease in Aβ aggregation, ubiquitin deposition, accompanying a significant decline in APP & Tau protein hyperphosphorylation which can be attributed to activation of Heat shock factor (HSF-1) and upregulation in the protein expression of HSPs. Histopathological investigation studies have also shown the decrease in aggregation of Aβ peptide by GBE administration. Additionally, the decrease in ROS levels and Aβ aggregation by GBE administration prohibited the decline in the neurotransmitter levels and monoamine oxidase levels in hippocampus and cortex. This further caused improvement in learning and memory of the animals. In conclusion, our results indicate that GBE prevents the symptoms of Al induced AD like pathophysiology by upregulating the HSPs levels and decreasing the aggregation load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Verma
- Department of Biophysics, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Pavitra Ranawat
- Department of Biophysics, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Bimla Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Effect of rutin on anxiety-like behavior and activity of acetylcholinesterase isoforms in specific brain regions of pentylenetetrazol-treated mice. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106632. [PMID: 31747631 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of rutin administration (100 mg/kg/day) to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-treated Balb-c mice (60 mg/kg/day), with respect to anxiety-like behavior using both open-field and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in salt-soluble (SS) fraction and detergent-soluble (DS) fraction of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, midbrain, and diencephalon. Our results demonstrated that the administration of PTZ in 3 doses and the induction of seizures increased significantly anxiety behavior of mice and reduced significantly DS-AChE activity in all brain regions examined, while the reduction in the SS fraction was brain region-specific. Rutin administration to normal mice did not affect their behavior, while it induced a brain region-specific reduction in SS-AChE and a significant decrease in DS-AChE in all brain regions. We demonstrated for the first time that pretreatment of PTZ-mice with rutin (PTZ + Rutin group) prevented the manifestation of anxiety and induced interestingly a further significant reduction on the SS- and DS-AChE activities only in the cerebral cortex and striatum, in comparison with PTZ group. Our results show that rutin exhibits an important anxiolytic effect and an anticholinesterase activity in specific brain areas in the seizure model of PTZ.
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Rajabian A, Hosseini A, Hosseini M, Sadeghnia HR. A Review of Potential Efficacy of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) in Cognitive Dysfunction and Seizures. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:363-372. [PMID: 31915630 PMCID: PMC6941716 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.4.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus (saffron) is traditionally used to relieve several ailments. Experimental researches have also investigated applications of saffron and its active constituents for the treatment of a wide spectrum of disorders. This review discusses pharmacological/therapeutic properties of saffron and its main components on memory function, learning ability and seizures, to highlight their merit for alleviating these disorders. An extensive literature review was carried out using various databases including ISI Web of Knowledge, Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, Biological Abstracts, and Chemical Abstracts. The growing body of evidence showed the value of saffron and its' components, alone, or in combination with the other pharmaceuticals, for improving learning and memory abilities and controlling seizures. These findings may provide pharmacological basis for the use of saffron in cognitive disturbance and epilepsy. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rajabian
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177944553, Iran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177944553, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177944553, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177944553, Iran
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Fernández MJF, Valero-Cases E, Rincon-Frutos L. Food Components with the Potential to be Used in the Therapeutic Approach of Mental Diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:100-113. [PMID: 30255749 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180925120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders represent a high influence in our society throughout the world. Although the symptoms arising from those diseases are well known, the causes and mechanisms are complex and depending on multiple factors. Some food components consumed as part of our diet have been studied regarding their incidence in different common neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease, major depression, Parkinson disease, autism and schizophrenia among others. OBJECTIVE In this review, information has been gathered on the main evidences arising from studies on the most promising food components, related to their therapeutic potential, as part of dietary supplements or through the diet, as an alternative or a complement of the traditional drug treatments. Those food components include vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, carotenoids, polyphenols, bioactive peptides, probiotics, creatine and saponins. RESULTS Many in vitro and in vivo animal studies, randomized and placebo control trials, and systematic reviews on the scientific results published in the literature, have been discussed, highlighting the more recent advances, also with the aim to explore the main research needs. Particular attention has been paid to the mechanisms of action of the compounds regarding their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative properties and neuronal protection. CONCLUSION More research is needed to prove the therapeutic potential of the food components based on scientific evidence, also on intervention studies to demonstrate the improvement of neuronal and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J F Fernández
- Agro-food Technology Department, High Polytechnic School, Miguel Hernandez University, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Estefanía Valero-Cases
- Agro-food Technology Department, High Polytechnic School, Miguel Hernandez University, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Rincon-Frutos
- Ocular Neurobiology Group, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante UMH-CSIC, San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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Moratalla-López N, Bagur MJ, Lorenzo C, Salinas MEMNR, Alonso GL. Bioactivity and Bioavailability of the Major Metabolites of Crocus sativus L. Flower. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152827. [PMID: 31382514 PMCID: PMC6696252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. has been cultivated throughout history to obtain its flowers, whose dried stigmas give rise to the spice known as saffron. Crocetin esters, picrocrocin, and safranal are the main metabolites of this spice, which possess a great bioactivity, although the mechanisms of action and its bioavailability are still to be solved. The rest of the flower is composed by style, tepals, and stamens that have other compounds, such as kaempferol and delphinidin, which have an important antioxidant capacity, and these can be applied in foods, phytopharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The aim of this work was to provide an updated and critical review of the research on the main compounds of Crocus sativus L. flower, including the adequate analytical methods for their identification and quantification, with a focus on their bioactivity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Moratalla-López
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - María José Bagur
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Cándida Lorenzo
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Gonzalo L Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
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Begas E, Bounitsi M, Kilindris T, Kouvaras E, Makaritsis K, Kouretas D, Asprodini EK. Effects of short-term saffron (Crocus sativus L.) intake on the in vivo activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in healthy volunteers. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:32-43. [PMID: 31082462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Crocus sativus L., a perennial plant grown mainly around the Mediterranean and Iran, has many medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive and cancer preventing properties. Aqueous herbal extracts may affect the activity of Phase I and II enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. The present study was designed to determine whether C. sativus infusion alters the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, XO and NAT2 enzymes in humans. Thirty-four healthy volunteers consumed infusion prepared from C. sativus stigmata for six days. Enzyme phenotyping was assessed in saliva and urine using caffeine metabolite ratios as follows: CYP1A2: 17X/137Χ (saliva) and CYP1A2: (AFMU+1U+1X)/17U, CYP2A6: 17U/(17U + 17X), XO: 1U/(1U+1X) and NAT2: AFMU/(AFMU+1U+1X) (urine). Following C. sativus intake, CYP1A2 index was reduced by ∼13.7% in saliva (before: 0.51 ± 0.22, after: 0.44 ± 0.14; p = 0.002) and ∼6.0% in urine (before: 3.81 ± 1.20, after: 3.58 ± 0.92; p = 0.054). CYP1A2 index was significantly reduced only in males (saliva, before: 0.65 ± 0.22, after: 0.51 ± 0.16; p = 0.0001; urine, before: 4.53 ± 1.19, after: 4.03 ± 0.87; p = 0.017) suggesting sexual dimorphism in CYP1A2 inhibition. There was no effect of C. sativus intake on CYP2A6, XO or NAT2 indices. Short-term consumption of C. sativus infusion is unlikely to result in significant herb-drug interactions involving the enzymes studied, with the exception of potential herb-CYP1A2 substrate interaction in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Begas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Maria Bounitsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Thomas Kilindris
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Kouvaras
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Makaritsis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology - Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Eftihia K Asprodini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
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25
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Tirumanyam M, Nadella R, Kondammagari S, Borelli DPR, Nannepaga JS. Bacopa phospholipid complex retrieves aluminum maltolate complex-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic alterations in the brain regions of albino rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12071-12079. [PMID: 30827024 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly bioavailable plant phospholipid complex that can reverse aluminum maltolate (AlM)-induced toxicity is not yet reported. Hence, the present study was planned to investigate the impact of oxidative stress and apoptotic changes provoked by Al and ameliorative role of Bacopa phospholipid complex (BPC) in albino rats. The levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBA-RS) were measured and immunohistochemistry analysis of apoptotic markers, Bax and Bcl-2, was done from the four brain regions such as the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The levels of antioxidant enzymes and apoptotic markers that were decreased on AlM induction showed a significant increase in their levels, almost as observed in the control, when treated with BPC and Bm. Our results indicate that both BPC and Bm showed a therapeutic effect against AlM toxicity; however, it was found that the therapeutic potential of BPC was more pronounced than Bm against AlM-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Tirumanyam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517 502, India
| | - Rasajna Nadella
- Department of Biological Sciences, IIIT-Srikakulam, Etcherla, 532 410, India
| | - Saritha Kondammagari
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517 502, India
| | | | - John Sushma Nannepaga
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517 502, India.
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26
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Acute aluminum chloride toxicity revisited: Study on DNA damage and histopathological, biochemical and neurochemical alterations in rat brain. Life Sci 2018; 217:202-211. [PMID: 30528774 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Due to rapid increase in industrialization in the last few years, use of aluminum (Al) and its alloys have been increased in different industrial fields. Ample evidence supports the neurotoxic effects of chronic aluminum chloride (AlCl3) administration in rats but acute Al toxicity has been less described so the present study was aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of acute AlCl3. MAIN METHODS To investigate such effects 12 male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and test rats. AlCl3 at a dose of 150 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected to test rats for 7 days. Rats were subjected to behavioral assessments 24 h after last dose and after behavioral assessment rats were sacrificed to collect brain samples for further neurochemical, biochemical and histopathological examinations. KEY FINDINGS In the present study acute administration of AlCl3 resulted in noticeable behavioral deficits. Cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric disturbances were evident in AlCl3 injected rats. Test rats also exhibited marked antioxidant enzymes, cholinergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic dysfunctions and DNA fragmentation. Histopathological alterations were observed in hippocampus and cortex of rats injected with AlCl3. SIGNIFICANCE The observed effects may be due to pro-oxidant nature of Al and its participation in free radical mediated cellular injury. Al by promoting oxidative stress, impairing antioxidant defense system and altering brain neurochemistry may act as a potent neurotoxic agent as evident from observed histopathological alterations in brain of test rats. This investigation may further confirm and shed some more light on deleterious effects of acute Al intoxication on brain.
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Nootropic and Anti-Alzheimer's Actions of Medicinal Plants: Molecular Insight into Therapeutic Potential to Alleviate Alzheimer's Neuropathology. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4925-4944. [PMID: 30414087 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are the backbone of modern medicine. In recent times, there is a great urge to discover nootropic medicinal plants to reverse cognitive dysfunction owing to their less adverse effects. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the inevitable loss of cognitive function, memory and language impairment, and behavioral disturbances, which turn into gradually more severe. Alzheimer's has no current cure, but symptomatic treatments are available and research continues. The number of patients suffering from AD continues to rise and today, there is a worldwide effort under study to find better ways to alleviate Alzheimer's pathogenesis. In this review, the nootropic and anti-Alzheimer's potentials of 6 medicinal plants (i.e., Centella asiatica, Clitoria ternatea, Crocus sativus, Terminalia chebula, Withania somnifera, and Asparagus racemosus) were explored through literature review. This appraisal focused on available information about neuroprotective and anti-Alzheimer's use of these plants and their respective bioactive compounds/metabolites and associated effects in animal models and consequences of its use in human as well as proposed molecular mechanisms. This review progresses our existing knowledge to reveal the promising linkage of traditional medicine to halt AD pathogenesis. This analysis also avowed a new insight to search the promising anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
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Patel SS, Raghuwanshi R, Masood M, Acharya A, Jain SK. Medicinal plants with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:491-529. [PMID: 29303784 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is characterised by hypofunction of acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter in the distinct region of brain. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that metabolises the ACh at synaptic cleft resulting in Alzheimer's disease. Medicinal plants have been used to treat numerous ailments and improve human health from ancient time. A traditional system of medicine is long recognised for its effective management of neurological disorders. The present review confers the scope of some common medicinal plants with a special focus on AChE-mediated central nervous system complications especially Alzheimer's disease. Literature suggests that medicinal plants reduce neuronal dysfunctions by reducing AChE activity in different brain regions. In some instances, activation of AChE activity by medicinal plants also showed therapeutic potential. In conclusion, medicinal plants have a wide scope and possess therapeutic potential to efficiently manage neurological disorders associated with AChE dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Sharan Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy, Bhopal 462041, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramsaneh Raghuwanshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy, Bhopal 462041, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Misha Masood
- Department of Pharmacology, Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy, Bhopal 462041, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology, Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy, Bhopal 462041, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy, Bhopal 462041, Madhya Pradesh, India
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29
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Cognitive-Enhancing Effect of a Hydroethanolic Extract of Crinum macowanii against Memory Impairment Induced by Aluminum Chloride in BALB/c Mice. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:2057219. [PMID: 30402167 PMCID: PMC6193330 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2057219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Crinum macowanii is a bulbous plant indigenous to many parts of Southern Africa. Extracts of C. macowanii have gained interest since the discovery of various alkaloids, few of which possess acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of a crude hydroethanolic extract of C. macowanii against aluminum chloride-induced memory impairment in mice using the Morris water maze and the novel object recognition task. C. macowanii (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg p.o) was administered daily for five weeks, while donepezil (3 mg/kg p.o) was used as the positive control. C. macowanii at a dosage of 40 mg/kg showed a significantly lower escape latency than the negative control (P < 0.0001) and was found to be comparable to donepezil 3 mg/kg in the Morris water maze test. C. macowanii at 40 mg/kg exhibited a significantly higher discrimination index than aluminum chloride-treated mice in the novel object recognition task. The results may support the usefulness of C. macowanii in the management of dementia and related illnesses.
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30
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Abstract
India has traditionally been known to all over the world for spices and medicinal plants. Spices exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. In contemporary, Indian spices are used to rustle up delicious delicacies. However, the Indian spices are more than just adjuvant which adds aroma and fragrance to foods. A few spices are very widely used and grown commercially in many countries, contain many important chemical constituents in the form of essential oil, oleoresin, oleogum, and resins, which impart flavor, pungency, and color to the prepared dishes, simultaneously exerts diverse therapeutic benefits. Ayurveda, the traditional systems of medicine in India has many evidences for the utilization of spices to cure various diseases. Some of the activities have been scientifically proven. Among various indications central nervous system disorders are of prime importance and it has been evident in traditional books and published reports that spices in fact protect and cure neuronal ailments. Likewise there are many spices found in India used for culinary purpose and have been found to have reported specific activities against brain disorders. About 400 B.C., Hippocrates rightly said "Let food be thy medicine and medicine thy food." This review focuses on the importance of spices in therapeutics and the till date scientific findings of Indian spices in CNS pharmacology and explores the potential of Indian spices to cure CNS disorders.
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31
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Bharate S, Kumar V, Singh G, Singh A, Gupta M, Singh D, Kumar A, Vishwakarma RA, Bharate SB. Preclinical Development of Crocus sativus-Based Botanical Lead IIIM-141 for Alzheimer's Disease: Chemical Standardization, Efficacy, Formulation Development, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety Pharmacology. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9572-9585. [PMID: 31459089 PMCID: PMC6644748 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. (family: Iridaceae) has been documented in traditional medicine with numerous medicinal properties. Recently, we have shown that C. sativus extract (IIIM-141) displays promising efficacy in a genetic mice (5XFAD) model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2017, 16, 1756). To translate the available traditional knowledge and the scientifically validated results into modern medicine, herein we aimed to carry out its preclinical development. IIIM-141 is primarily a mixture of crocins containing trans-4-GG-crocin (36 % w/w) as the principal component. The in vitro studies show that IIIM-141 has protective as well as therapeutic properties in assays related to AD. It induces the expression of P-gp, thereby enhancing the amyloid-β clearance from an AD brain. It also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome and protects SH-SY5Y cells against amyloid-β- and glutamate-induced neurotoxicities. In behavioral models, it decreased the streptozotocin-induced memory impairment in rats and recovered the scopolamine-induced memory deficit in Swiss albino mice at 100 mg/kg dose. The acute oral toxicity study shows that IIIM-141 is safe up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg, with no effect on the body weight and on the biochemical/hematological parameters of the rats. The repeated oral administration of IIIM-141 for 28 days at 100 mg/kg dose did not cause any preterminal deaths and abnormalities in Wistar rats. The pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that after oral administration of IIIM-141, the majority of crocin gets hydrolyzed to its aglycone crocetin. The sustained release (SR) capsule formulation was developed, which showed an improved in vitro dissolution profile and a significantly enhanced plasma exposure in the pharmacokinetic study. The SR formulation resulted in 3.3-fold enhancement in the area under the curve of crocetin and doubling of the crocetin/crocin ratio in plasma compared with the extract. The data presented herein will serve as the benchmark for further research on this botanical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali
S. Bharate
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gurdarshan Singh
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Amarinder Singh
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Mehak Gupta
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
- E-mail: . Phone: +91 191 2569111. Fax: +91 191 2569333 (R.A.V.)
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- Preformulaion
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Academy of Scientific
& Innovative Research, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, QC-QA Division, and Medicinal Chemistry
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative
Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
- E-mail: . Phone: +91 191 2569006. Fax: +91 191 2569333 (S.B.B.)
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Ghorani-Azam A, Sepahi S, Khodaverdi E, Mohajeri SA. Herbal medicine as a promising therapeutic approach for the management of vascular dementia: A systematic literature review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1720-1728. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ghorani-Azam
- Medical Toxicology Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Samaneh Sepahi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center; Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Student Research Committee; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Elham Khodaverdi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center; Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center; Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Department of pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Wang X, Cheng D, Jiang W, Ma Y. Mechanisms Underlying Aluminum Neurotoxicity Related to 14-3-3ζ Protein. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:45-56. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dai Cheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Hygiene, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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34
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Bukhari SI, Manzoor M, Dhar MK. A comprehensive review of the pharmacological potential of Crocus sativus and its bioactive apocarotenoids. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:733-745. [PMID: 29306211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus is an herbaceous plant that belongs to family Iridaceae. It is commonly known as saffron and has been used for medicinal purposes since many centuries in India and other parts of the world. Saffron of commercial importance comprises of dried stigmas of the plant and is rich in flavonoids, vitamins, and carotenoids. Carotenoids represent the main components of saffron and their cleavage results in the formation of apocarotenoids such as crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal. Studies conducted during the past two decades have revealed the immense therapeutic potential of saffron. Most of the therapeutic properties are due to the presence of unique apocarotenoids having strong free radical scavenging activity. The mode of action of these apocarotenoids could be: modulatory effects on detoxifying enzymes involved in combating oxidative stress, decreasing telomerase activity, increased the proapoptotic effect, inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, and by a strong binding capacity of crocetin with tRNA. The present review focuses on the therapeutic role of saffron and its bio oxidative cleavage products and also highlights the possible molecular mechanism of action. The findings reported in this review describes the wide range of applications of saffron and attributes its free radical scavenging nature the main property which makes this spice a potent chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahreen Manzoor
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - M K Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
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José Bagur M, Alonso Salinas GL, Jiménez-Monreal AM, Chaouqi S, Llorens S, Martínez-Tomé M, Alonso GL. Saffron: An Old Medicinal Plant and a Potential Novel Functional Food. Molecules 2017; 23:E30. [PMID: 29295497 PMCID: PMC5943931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spice saffron is made from the dried stigmas of the plant Crocus sativus L. The main use of saffron is in cooking, due to its ability to impart colour, flavour and aroma to foods and beverages. However, from time immemorial it has also been considered a medicinal plant because it possesses therapeutic properties, as illustrated in paintings found on the island of Santorini, dated 1627 BC. It is included in Catalogues of Medicinal Plants and in the European Pharmacopoeias, being part of a great number of compounded formulas from the 16th to the 20th centuries. The medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of this plant largely disappeared with the advent of synthetic chemistry-produced drugs. However, in recent years there has been growing interest in demonstrating saffron's already known bioactivity, which is attributed to the main components-crocetin and its glycosidic esters, called crocins, and safranal-and to the synergy between the compounds present in the spice. The objective of this work was to provide an updated and critical review of the research on the therapeutic properties of saffron, including activity on the nervous and cardiovascular systems, in the liver, its antidepressant, anxiolytic and antineoplastic properties, as well as its potential use as a functional food or nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Bagur
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.J.B.); (S.C.)
- Department of Food Science, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence, Campus International de Excelencia Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, CIBERobn, ISCIII, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.J.-M.); (M.M.-T.)
| | | | - Antonia M. Jiménez-Monreal
- Department of Food Science, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence, Campus International de Excelencia Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, CIBERobn, ISCIII, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.J.-M.); (M.M.-T.)
| | - Soukaina Chaouqi
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.J.B.); (S.C.)
- Laboratory of Materials, Environment and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofaïl University, P.O. Box 242, 14000 Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Silvia Llorens
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain;
| | - Magdalena Martínez-Tomé
- Department of Food Science, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence, Campus International de Excelencia Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, CIBERobn, ISCIII, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.J.-M.); (M.M.-T.)
| | - Gonzalo L. Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.J.B.); (S.C.)
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Farhat SM, Mahboob A, Ahmed T. Cortex- and Amygdala-Dependent Learning and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Gene Expression is Severely Impaired in Mice Orally Treated with AlCl 3. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 179:91-101. [PMID: 28101715 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent industrialization has increased human exposure to bio-available aluminum (Al). If more Al enters the brain than leaves, Al concentration will rise in the brain leading to neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of the present study was to determine Al concentration, neurodegeneration, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) gene expression in the cortex and amygdala after oral ingestion of Al salt. The effect of Al on cortex- and amygdala-dependent learning and memory functions was also assessed. Mice were given AlCl3 (250 mg/kg) in drinking water for 42 days. nAChR gene expression was determined in the cortex and amygdala. The mice were subjected to behavior tests (fear conditioning, fear extinction, and open field), to assess memory deficits. The acquisition of fear memory in the fear conditioning test remained unaffected due to the Al administration. However, fear extinction (which is a new learning) was severely impaired. The behavioral analysis in the open field test showed greater anxiety and less adaptability to the new environment in Al-treated animals. High Al concentration and severe neurodegeneration in the cortex were observed following Al treatment while a slight, non-significant elevation in Al concentration was observed in the amygdala of Al-treated animals. The analysis of nAChR gene expression via RT-PCR showed a significant reduction in expression of α7, α4, and β2 nAChR genes in the cortex of Al-treated animals, while in the amygdala, the level of the α4 nAChR gene remained unaltered. Oral Al ingestion causes neuropathological changes and suppresses expression of nAChR genes that lead to deficits in learning and higher anxiety in Al-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Mehpara Farhat
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aamra Mahboob
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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Wang X, Fan X, Yuan S, Jiao W, Liu B, Cao J, Jiang W. Chlorogenic acid protects against aluminium-induced cytotoxicity through chelation and antioxidant actions in primary hippocampal neuronal cells. Food Funct 2017; 8:2924-2934. [PMID: 28745369 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00659d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a major polyphenolic component of many plants, displays antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate whether CGA may influence aluminium (Al) induced cytotoxicity, aluminium chloride (50 μM Al) was administered in primary hippocampal neuronal cells presupplemented with CGA (10, 50 and 100 μM). Our study shows that the exposure to Al caused cell death, Al3+ accumulation, reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial damage in cells. The administration of CGA (50 μM) increased cell viability by 37.5%, decreased the levels of Al3+ by 26.0%, together with significantly weakening the oxidative damage compared with Al treatment alone. CGA protected neurons against Al-induced oxidative stress by increasing the expression of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 and its target phase 2 enzymes. The administration of CGA remarkably promoted the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, creatine kinase and acetylcholinesterase and attenuated the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Our finding shows that CGA has neuroprotective effects against Al-induced cytotoxicity by chelation and antioxidant activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinguang Fan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuzhi Yuan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenxiao Jiao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bangdi Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiankang Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Linardaki ZI, Lamari FN, Margarity M. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Tea Intake Prevents Learning/Memory Defects and Neurobiochemical Alterations Induced by Aflatoxin B1 Exposure in Adult Mice. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2743-2754. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tian F, Yu L, Zhai Q, Xiao Y, Shi Y, Jiang J, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. The therapeutic protection of a living and dead Lactobacillus strain against aluminum-induced brain and liver injuries in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175398. [PMID: 28388664 PMCID: PMC5384776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study found that Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM639 had the ability to alleviate acute aluminum (Al) toxicity when the strain was introduced simultaneously with Al exposure. This research was designed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of living and dead L. plantarum CCFM639 against chronic Al toxicity and to gain insight into the protection modes of this strain. Animals were assigned into control, Al only, Al + living CCFM639, and Al + dead CCFM639 groups. The Al exposure model was established by drinking water for the first 4 weeks. The strain was given after Al exposure by oral gavage at 109 colony-forming units once per day for 12 weeks. The results show that the Al binding ability of dead CCFM639 was similar to that of living CCFM639 in vitro. The ingestion of living or dead CCFM639 has similar effects on levels of Al and trace element in tissues, but living strains led to more significant amelioration of oxidative stress and improvement of memory deficits in Al-exposed mice. In conclusion, in addition to intestinal Al sequestration, CCFM639 treatment offers direct protection against chronic Al toxicity by alleviation of oxidative stress. Therefore, L. plantarum CCFM639 has a potential as dietary supplement ingredient that provides protection against Al-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jinchi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Yu L, Zhai Q, Yin R, Li P, Tian F, Liu X, Zhao J, Gong J, Zhang H, Chen W. Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM639 Alleviate Trace Element Imbalance-Related Oxidative Stress in Liver and Kidney of Chronic Aluminum Exposure Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:342-349. [PMID: 27627960 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) has various adverse effects on health of humans and animals. The aim of present study was to demonstrate that Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM639 can alleviate the adverse effects on liver and kidney of mice caused by chronic Al exposure. Animals were assigned into control, CCFM639 only, Al only, Al plus CCFM639, and Al plus deferiprone groups. The strain was given by oral gavage for 14 weeks, and Al was introduced via drinking water for the first 8 weeks. Analyses of Al and trace elements levels in feces, blood, and tissues were performed. The biochemical markers (GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT, and MDA) of oxidative stress in livers and kidneys, as well as the levels of ALT, AST, BUN, and CRE in blood, were determined. Our results showed that L. plantarum CCFM639 can significantly reduce Al accumulation in tissues, regulate imbalance of trace elements, and thereby alleviate oxidative stress and pathological changes in hepatic and renal tissues. Therefore, L. plantarum CCFM639 could alleviate Al-induced hepatic and renal injuries, and the possible mechanisms may involve in regulating the imbalance of trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Ruijie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- UK-China Joint Centre on Probiotic Bacteria, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Huo F, Liu B, Liu J, Chen T, Li J, Zhu Z, Lv B. Crocin Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Pro-inflammatory Response of Microglial Cells Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy Through the Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:581-589. [PMID: 28238066 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus that is closely associated with the degeneration and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) caused by diabetic microangiopathy and subsequent oxidative stress and an inflammatory response. Microglial cells are classed as neurogliocytes and play a significant role in neurodegenerative diseases. Over-activated microglial cells may cause neurotoxicity and induce the death and apoptosis of RGCs. Crocin is one of the two most pharmacologically bioactive constituents in saffron. In the present study, we focused on the role of microglial cells in DR, suggesting that DR may cause the over-activation of microglial cells and induce oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Microglial cells BV-2 and N9 were cultured, and high-glucose (HG) and free fatty acid (FFA) were used to simulate diabetes. The results showed that HG-FFA co-treatment caused the up-regulated expression of CD11b and Iba-1, indicating that BV-2 and N9 cells were over-activated. Moreover, oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory factors were significantly enhanced by HG-FFA treatment. We found that crocin prevented the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response induced by HG-FFA co-treatment. Moreover, using the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, we revealed that PI3K/Akt signaling plays a significant role in blocking oxidative stress, suppressing the pro-inflammatory response, and maintaining the neuroprotective effects of crocin. In total, these results provide a new insight into DR and DR-induced oxidative stress and the inflammatory response, which provide a potential therapeutic target for neuronal damage, vision loss, and other DR-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguang Yang
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Guangren Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuquan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Guangren Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Guangren Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiao Zhu
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Guangren Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bochang Lv
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Guangren Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.
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42
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Finley JW, Gao S. A Perspective on Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) Constituent Crocin: A Potent Water-Soluble Antioxidant and Potential Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1005-1020. [PMID: 28098452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. Several factors are thought to play roles in the development and course of AD. Existing medical therapies only modestly alleviate and delay cognitive symptoms. Current research has been focused on developing antibodies to remove the aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein. This approach has achieved removal of Aβ; however, no cognitive improvement in AD patients has been reported. The biological properties of saffron, the dry stigma of the plant Crocus sativus L., and particularly its main constituent crocin, have been studied extensively for many conditions including dementia and traumatic brain injury. Crocin is a unique antioxidant because it is a water-soluble carotenoid. Crocin has shown potential to improve learning and memory as well as protect brain cells. A search of the studies on saffron and crocin that have been published in recent years for their impact on AD as well as crocin's effects on Aβ and tau protein has been conducted. This review demonstrates that crocin exhibits multifunctional protective activities in the brain and could be a promising agent applied as a supplement or drug for prevention or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Finley
- Adjunct Professor, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, 111 Food Science Building, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- 14719 Secret Harbor Place, Bradenton, Florida 34202, United States
| | - Song Gao
- Quality Phytochemicals LLC , 13 Dexter Road, East Brunswick, New Jersey 08816, United States
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Mirmosayyeb O, Tanhaei A, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Tanhaei M, Najafi MA, Safaei A, Meamar R. Possible Role of Common Spices as a Preventive and Therapeutic Agent for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Prev Med 2017; 8:5. [PMID: 28250905 PMCID: PMC5320868 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.199640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, spices have been consumed as food additives or medicinal agents. However, there is increasing evidence indicating the plant-based foods in regular diet may lower the risk of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease. Spices, as one of the most commonly used plant-based food additives may provide more than just flavors, but as agents that may prevent or even halt neurodegenerative processes associated with aging. In this article, we review the role and application of five commonly used dietary spices including saffron turmeric, pepper family, zingiber, and cinnamon. Besides suppressing inflammatory pathways, these spices may act as antioxidant and inhibit acetyl cholinesterase and amyloid β aggregation. We summarized how spice-derived nutraceuticals mediate such different effects and what their molecular targets might be. Finally, some directions for future research are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Students Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirpouya Tanhaei
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Mana Tanhaei
- Department of Horticulture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Najafi
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Safaei
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rokhsareh Meamar
- Department of Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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44
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Trans -crocetin improves amyloid-β degradation in monocytes from Alzheimer's Disease patients. J Neurol Sci 2017; 372:408-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Taïr K, Kharoubi O, Taïr OA, Hellal N, Benyettou I, Aoues A. Aluminium-induced acute neurotoxicity in rats: Treatment with aqueous extract of Arthrophytum (Hammada scoparia). JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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46
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Boskabady MH, Farkhondeh T. Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Effects of Crocus sativus L. and its Main Constituents. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1072-94. [PMID: 27098287 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. (C. sativus), commonly known as saffron, is used as a food additive, preservative, and medicinal herb. Traditionally, it has been used as an alternative treatment for different diseases. C. sativus' medicinal effects are related to its major constituents like crocins, crocetin, and safranal. According to the literature, C. sativus and its constituents could be considered as an effective treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, coronary artery diseases, asthma, bronchitis, colds, fever, diabetes, and so on. Recently, numerous studies have reported such medicinal properties and found that the underlying mechanisms of action may be mediated by antioxidant, inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. C. sativus enhances the antioxidant capacity and acts as a free radical scavenger. As an antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory agent, it modulates inflammatory mediators, humoral immunity, and cell-mediated immunity responses. This review highlights in vitro and animal findings regarding antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of C. sativus and its constituents. Present review found that the C. sativus and its main constituents such as safranal, crocins, and crocetin could be effective against various diseases because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and immunomodulatory effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran
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Lv B, Huo F, Zhu Z, Xu Z, Dang X, Chen T, Zhang T, Yang X. Crocin Upregulates CX3CR1 Expression by Suppressing NF-κB/YY1 Signaling and Inhibiting Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Activation. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1949-57. [PMID: 27084772 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve fibers. Microglial activation has been shown to be deleterious to RGCs and may participate in the progression of glaucoma. Crocin, one of the major active ingredients in saffron, has been found to inhibit microglial activation. However, the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether crocin can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation and to clarify the mechanisms involved. The influence of crocin on primary RGCs and LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells survival was determined by the MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays, or by flow cytometry. BV2 cells were pretreated with various concentrations of crocin for 2 h followed by 1 μg/mL LPS stimulation. Microglial markers and pro-inflammatory mediators were assessed by real-time PCR, western blot and ELISA. Furthermore, CX3CR1 expression was detected and the underlying mechanism was examined. The concentrations of crocin ranged from 0.1 to 1 μM, and did not show any cytotoxicity in RGC and BV2 cells. After crocin pretreatment, the expression of microglial markers (CD11b and Iba-1) and pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) induced by LPS were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, CX3CR1 expression was remarkably increased by crocin via the suppression of NF-κB/Yin Yang 1 (YY1) signaling in BV2 cells. In conclusion, crocin effectively suppresses microglial activation and upregulates CX3CR1 expression by suppressing NF-κB/YY1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochang Lv
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuquan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiao Zhu
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Xu
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Dang
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinguang Yang
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Justin Thenmozhi A, William Raja TR, Manivasagam T, Janakiraman U, Essa MM. Hesperidin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis against aluminium chloride induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:360-368. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1144846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arokiasamy Justin Thenmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608 002, India
| | - Tharsius Raja William Raja
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608 002, India
| | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608 002, India
| | - Udaiyappan Janakiraman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608 002, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Extraction of phytochemicals from saffron by supercritical carbon dioxide with water and methanol as entrainer. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Saffron as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:31. [PMID: 25928729 PMCID: PMC4418072 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-015-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus) is an extensively used food additive for its color and taste. Since ancient times this plant has been introduced as a marvelous medicine throughout the world. The wide spectrum of saffron pharmacological activities is related to its major constituents including crocin, crocetin and safranal. Based on several studies, saffron and its active ingredients have been used as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antinociceptive, antidepressant, antitussive, anticonvulsant, memory enhancer, hypotensive and anticancer. According to the literatures, saffron has remarkable therapeutic effects. The protective effects of saffron and its main constituents in different tissues including brain, heart, liver, kidney and lung have been reported against some toxic materials either natural or chemical toxins in animal studies. In this review article, we have summarized different in vitro and animal studies in scientific databases which investigate the antidotal and protective effects of saffron and its major components against natural toxins and chemical-induced toxicities. Due to the lake of human studies, further investigations are required to ascertain the efficacy of saffron as an antidote or a protective agent in human intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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