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Das A, Biswas S, Satyaprakash K, Bhattacharya D, Nanda PK, Patra G, Moirangthem S, Nath S, Dhar P, Verma AK, Biswas O, Tardi NI, Bhunia AK, Das AK. Ratanjot ( Alkanna tinctoria L.) Root Extract, Rich in Antioxidants, Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activity against Foodborne Pathogens and Is a Potential Food Preservative. Foods 2024; 13:2254. [PMID: 39063340 PMCID: PMC11275321 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural and sustainable plant-based antioxidants and antimicrobials are highly desirable for improving food quality and safety. The present investigation assessed the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of active components from Alkanna tinctoria L. (herb) roots, also known as Ratanjot root. Two methods were used to extract active components: microwave-assisted hot water (MAHW) and ethanolic extraction. MAHW extract yielded 6.29%, while the ethanol extract yielded 18.27%, suggesting superior Ratanjot root extract powder (RRP) solubility in ethanol over water. The ethanol extract showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than the MAHW extract. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed three major phenolic compounds: butanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-; arnebin 7, and diisooctyl pthalate. The color attributes (L*, a*, b*, H°ab, C*ab) for the ethanolic and MAHW extracts revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all the above parameters for both types of extracts, except for yellowness (b*) and chroma (C*ab) values. The ethanol extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against 14 foodborne bacteria, with a significantly higher inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) than the Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were both 25 mg/mL for the Gram-negative bacteria, while the MIC and MBC concentrations varied for Gram-positive bacteria (0.049-0.098 mg/mL and 0.098-0.195 mg/mL) and the antimicrobial effect was bactericidal. The antimicrobial activities of RRP extract remained stable under broad temperature (37-100 °C) and pH (2-6) conditions, as well as during refrigerated storage for 30 days. Application of RRP at 1% (10 mg/g) and 2.5% (25 mg/g) levels in a cooked chicken meatball model system prevented lipid oxidation and improved sensory attributes and retarded microbial growth during refrigerated (4 °C) storage for 20 days. Furthermore, the RRP extract was non-toxic when tested with sheep erythrocytes and did not inhibit the growth of probiotics, Lacticaseibacillus casei, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. In conclusion, the study suggests that RRP possesses excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, thus making it suitable for food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annada Das
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India; (A.D.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Subhasish Biswas
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India; (A.D.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Kaushik Satyaprakash
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur 231001, India;
| | - Dipanwita Bhattacharya
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur 231001, India;
| | - Pramod Kumar Nanda
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, India; (P.K.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Gopal Patra
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India; (A.D.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Sushmita Moirangthem
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India; (A.D.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Santanu Nath
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, India; (P.K.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Pubali Dhar
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B, Judges Court Road, Alipore, Kolkata 700027, India;
| | - Arun K. Verma
- Goat Products Technology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura 281122, India;
| | - Olipriya Biswas
- Department of Fishery Engineering, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India;
| | - Nicole Irizarry Tardi
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Arun K. Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arun K. Das
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, India; (P.K.N.); (S.N.)
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Ebirim RI, Long W. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Preservative Effects of Cinnamaldehyde and Clove Oil in Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) Fillets Stored at 4 °C. Foods 2024; 13:1445. [PMID: 38790745 PMCID: PMC11119078 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate cinnamaldehyde (CN) and clove oil (CO) effectiveness in inhibiting growth and killing spoilage and total aerobic bacteria when overlaid with catfish fillet stored at 4 °C. A 1.00 mL concentration of CO inhibited growth by 2.90, 1.96, and 1.96 cm, respectively, for S. baltica, A. hydrophilia, and total bacteria. Similarly, treatment with 1.00 mL of CN resulted in ZIB of 2.17, 2.10, and 1.10 cm, respectively, for S. baltica, A. hydrophilia, and total bacteria from catfish exudates. Total bacteria from catfish exudates treated with 0.50 mL CN for 40 min, resulted in a 6.84 log decrease, and treatment with 1.00 mL resulted in a 5.66 log decrease at 40 min. Total bacteria exudates treated with 0.50 mL CO resulted in a 9.69 log reduction at 40 min. Total bacteria treated with 1.00 mL CO resulted in a 7.69 log decrease at 7 days, while untreated pads overlaid with catfish resulted in ≥9.00 CFU/mL. However, treated absorbent pads with catfish at 7 days, using 0.50 mL and 1.00 mL CN, had a bacterial recovery of 5.53 and 1.88 log CFU/mL, respectively. Furthermore, CO at 0.50 mL and 1.00 mL reduced the bacteria count to 5.21 and 1.53 log CFU/mL, respectively, at day 7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilbert Long
- Department of Human Ecology, Delaware State University, 1200 North Dupont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, eugenyl methyl ether, CAS Registry Number 93-15-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 183 Suppl 1:114209. [PMID: 38035987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - H Chon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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Gooderham NJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Kelly SE, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Sage oil, Orris Root Extract and Tagetes Oil and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113940. [PMID: 37487858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) has conducted a program to re-evaluate the safety of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, twelfth in the series, details the re-evaluation of NFCs whose constituent profiles are characterized by alicyclic or linear ketones. In its re-evaluation, the Expert Panel applies a scientific constituent-based procedure for the safety evaluation of NFCs in commerce using a congeneric group approach. Estimated intakes of each congeneric group of the NFC are evaluated using the well-established and conservative Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. In addition, studies on the toxicity and genotoxicity of members of the congeneric groups and the NFCs under evaluation are reviewed. The scope of the safety evaluation of the NFCs contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Thirteen (13) NFCs derived from the Boronia, Cinnamomum, Thuja, Ruta, Salvia, Tagetes, Hyssopus, Iris, Perilla and Artemisia genera are affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under conditions of their intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University f Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Tadashi Inagami Professor of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Wallin Professor of Cancer Prevention, Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Shannen E Kelly
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA.
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5
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Schlatter J, Westendorf J, Dirven Y, Manini P, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of essential oils derived from the flower buds or the leaves of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (clove bud oil and clove leaf oils) for all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J 2023; 21:e08183. [PMID: 37522096 PMCID: PMC10375362 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of essential oils from the flower buds or the leaves of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry: clove bud oil, clove leaf oil and a β-caryophyllene-rich fraction of clove leaf oil (CCL oil), when used as sensory additives in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. Clove oils contain methyleugenol (up to 0.13%). The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the use of clove oils was of low concern for long-living and reproductive animals and of no concern for target species for fattening at the following concentrations in complete feed: 25-50 mg/kg for clove bud oil, 28-100 mg/kg for clove leaf oil and 20 mg/kg for CCL oil. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use in water for drinking alone or in conjunction with use in feed should not exceed the daily amount that is considered of low or no concern when consumed via feed alone. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of clove oils up to the highest safe level in feed. The additives under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract and as skin sensitisers. When handling the essential oils, exposure of unprotected users to methyleugenol may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The use of clove oils at the proposed use level in feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since clove bud oil and clove leaf oil are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
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Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Shah YA, Altoubi HWK, Kotta S, Sharma P, Anwer MK, Kaithavalappil DS, Koca E, Aydemir LY. Fabrication, Characterization, and Antioxidant Potential of Sodium Alginate/Acacia Gum Hydrogel-Based Films Loaded with Cinnamon Essential Oil. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040337. [PMID: 37102949 PMCID: PMC10137728 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported the advantages of incorporating essential oils in hydrogel-based films for improving their physiochemical and antioxidant attributes. Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has great potential in industrial and medicinal applications as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent. The present study aimed to develop sodium alginate (SA) and acacia gum (AG) hydrogel-based films loaded with CEO. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and texture analysis (TA) were performed to analyze the structural, crystalline, chemical, thermal, and mechanical behaviour of the edible films that were loaded with CEO. Moreover, the transparency, thickness, barrier, thermal, and color parameters of the prepared hydrogel-based films loaded with CEO were also assessed. The study revealed that as the concentration of oil in the films was raised, the thickness and elongation at break (EAB) increased, while transparency, tensile strength (TS), water vapor permeability (WVP), and moisture content (MC) decreased. As the concentration of CEO increased, the hydrogel-based films demonstrated a significant improvement in their antioxidant properties. Incorporating CEO into the SA-AG composite edible films presents a promising strategy for producing hydrogel-based films with the potential to serve as food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | | | - Sabna Kotta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Center for Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Esra Koca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana 01250, Turkey
| | - Levent Yurdaer Aydemir
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana 01250, Turkey
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Ibrahim SS, Sahu U, Karthik P, Vendan SE. Eugenol nanoemulsion as bio-fumigant: enhanced insecticidal activity against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae adults. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:1435-1445. [PMID: 36936125 PMCID: PMC10020412 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsion is a promising delivery system for delivering the plant bioactive molecules against insect pests. In this study, we aimed to prepare eugenol based nanoemulsions (EL-NE) by ultrasonication method to investigate its fumigant toxicity against Sitophilus oryzae adults and to analyse the residual characteristics of eugenol bioactive on the treated grains and beetles. In EL-NE preparations, 1:1 ratio of eugenol: Tween 80 combination with 5 min of ultrasonication at frequency of 10 kHz and 12 W power output was determined as optimal. In the optimized nanoemulsions, 19.21 to 42.82 d.nm range of mean droplet size, 0.50 to 0.77 range of polydispersity index and -21.80 to -29.83 mV range of zeta potential values were observed with respect to 2.5 to 10.0% of eugenol concentrations. After 72 h of fumigation, enhanced fumigant toxicities (3.5-11.2 fold) were observed against S. oryzae adults for the optimized EL-NEs compared to eugenol alone. Fumigant toxicity results revealed 14.40 µl/L air of least LC50 value for the 10.0% EL-NE. Persistence of eugenol was more (12.46%) in EL-NE treated wheat grains compared to eugenol alone treatments based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis, which indicates the improved fumigation. This study results suggests EL-NEs as promising nano-biofumigant against the S. oryzae adults for eco-friendly Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Sayed Ibrahim
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
- Present Address: Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Urvashi Sahu
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 India
| | - Pothiyappan Karthik
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641 021 India
| | - Subramanian Ezhil Vendan
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 India
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8
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FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Allspice, anise, fennel-derived and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113643. [PMID: 36739890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The FEMA Expert Panel program to re-evaluate the safety of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients in food has resulted in the publication of an updated constituent-based procedure as well as publications on the safety evaluation of many botanical-derived NFCs. This publication, ninth in the series and related to the ninth publication, describes the affirmation of the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for NFCs with propenylhydroxybenzene and allylalkoxybenzene constituents under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients added to food. The Panel's procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology for the NFCs themselves and their respective constituent congeneric groups. For NFCs containing allylalkoxybenzene constituent(s) with suspected genotoxic potential, the estimated intake of the individual constituent is compared to the TTC for compounds with structural alerts for genotoxicity and if exceeded, a margin of exposure is calculated using BMDL10 values derived from benchmark dose analyses using Bayesian model averaging, as presented in the tenth article of the series. Safety evaluations for NFCs derived from allspice, anise seed, star anise, sweet fennel seed and pimento leaves were conducted and their GRAS status was affirmed for use as flavoring ingredients. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food.
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Rosol TJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Kelly S, Ramanan D, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Lemongrass oil, chamomile oils, citronella oil and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113697. [PMID: 36870670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, eleventh in the series, evaluates the safety of NFCs characterized by primary alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, ester and lactone constituents derived from terpenoid biosynthetic pathways and/or lipid metabolism. The Expert Panel uses the scientific-based evaluation procedure published in 2005 and updated in 2018 that relies on a complete constituent characterization of the NFC intended for commerce and organization of the constituents of each NFC into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of the NFCs is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on estimated intake, metabolism and toxicology of members of the congeneric groups and for the NFC under evaluation. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Twenty-three NFCs, derived from the Hibiscus, Melissa, Ricinus, Anthemis, Matricaria, Cymbopogon, Saussurea, Spartium, Pelargonium, Levisticum, Rosa, Santalum, Viola, Cryptocarya and Litsea genera were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Tadashi Inagami Professor of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Wallin Professor of Cancer Prevention, Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Professor of Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Shannen Kelly
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Danarubini Ramanan
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA.
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10
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Davidsen JM, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Harman CL, Ramanan D, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Asafetida oil, garlic oil and onion oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113580. [PMID: 36610475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) applies its procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) to re-evaluate the safety of Asafetida Oil (Ferula assa-foetida L.) FEMA 2108, Garlic Oil (Allium sativum L.) FEMA 2503 and Onion Oil (Allium cepa L.) FEMA 2817 for use as flavoring in food. This safety evaluation is part of a series of evaluations of NFCs for use as flavoring ingredients conducted by the Expert Panel that applies a scientific procedure published in 2005 and updated in 2018. Using a group approach that relies on a complete chemical characterization of the NFC intended for commerce, the constituents of each NFC are organized into well-defined congeneric groups and the estimated intake of each constituent congeneric group is evaluated using the conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept. Data on the metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology for each constituent congeneric group are reviewed as well as studies on each NFC. Based on the safety evaluation, Asafetida Oil (Ferula assa-foetida L.), Garlic Oil (Allium sativum L.) and Onion Oil (Allium cepa L.) were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRASa) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St., S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Danarubini Ramanan
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
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11
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Davidsen JM, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Harman CL, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of derivatives of basil, nutmeg, parsley, tarragon and related allylalkoxybenzene-containing natural flavor complexes. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113646. [PMID: 36804339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients in food. In this publication, tenth in the series, NFCs containing a high percentage of at least one naturally occurring allylalkoxybenzene constituent with a suspected concern for genotoxicity and/or carcinogenicity are evaluated. In a related paper, ninth in the series, NFCs containing anethole and/or eugenol and relatively low percentages of these allylalkoxybenzenes are evaluated. The Panel applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant toxicology data on the NFCs and their respective constituent congeneric groups. For NFCs containing allylalkoxybenzene constituent(s), the estimated intake of the constituent is compared to the TTC for compounds with structural alerts for genotoxicity and when exceeded, a margin of exposure (MOE) is calculated. BMDL10 values are derived from benchmark dose analyses using Bayesian model averaging for safrole, estragole and methyl eugenol using EPA's BMDS software version 3.2. BMDL10 values for myristicin, elemicin and parsley apiole were estimated by read-across using relative potency factors. Margins of safety for each constituent congeneric group and MOEs for each allylalkoxybenzene constituent for each NFC were determined that indicate no safety concern. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Ten NFCs, derived from basil, estragon (tarragon), mace, nutmeg, parsley and Canadian snakeroot were determined or affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St, S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C, 20036, USA.
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12
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Xue Q, Xiang Z, Wang S, Cong Z, Gao P, Liu X. Recent advances in nutritional composition, phytochemistry, bioactive, and potential applications of Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae). Front Nutr 2022; 9:1002147. [PMID: 36313111 PMCID: PMC9614275 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Syzygium aromaticum is an aromatic plant native to Indonesia, and introduced to tropical regions worldwide. As an ingredient in perfumes, lotions, and food preservation, it is widely used in the food and cosmetic industries. Also, it is used to treat toothache, ulcers, type 2 diabetes, etc. A variety of nutrients such as amino acids, proteins, fatty acids, and vitamins are found in S. aromaticum. In addition to eugenol, isoeugenol, eugenol acetate, β-caryophyllene and α-humulene are the main chemical constituents. The chemical constituents of S. aromaticum exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antitumor, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, analgesic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiulcer, etc. This review aims to comprehend the information on its taxonomy and botany, nutritional composition, chemical composition, bioactivities and their mechanisms, toxicity, and potential applications. This review will be a comprehensive scientific resource for those interested in pursuing further research to explore its value in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zedong Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengguang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhufeng Cong
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatmen, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China,Peng Gao,
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Institute, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Xiaonan Liu,
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13
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Hu ZJ, Yang JW, Chen ZH, Chang C, Ma YP, Li N, Deng M, Mao GL, Bao Q, Deng SZ, Liu H. Exploration of Clove Bud ( Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil as a Novel Attractant against Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Its Safety Evaluation. INSECTS 2022; 13:918. [PMID: 36292866 PMCID: PMC9603929 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a destructive polyphagous species that targets many economically important fruits and vegetables. The primary control of B. dorsalis relies mainly on the use of synthetic chemicals, and excessive use of these chemicals has adverse effects on both the environment and human health. Environmentally friendly management of pests involving plant essential oils is useful for controlling the populations of pests responsible for decreasing the yields and quality of crops. In the present study, we demonstrate that clove bud essential oil (CBEO) is strongly attractive to sexually mature males. Mature males responded to the CBEO differently throughout the day; the strongest response was elicited during the day and decreased at dusk. Virgin and mated mature males did not respond differently to CBEO. No obvious response behaviour to the CBEO was observed in two species of beneficial natural predator ladybirds. In addition, a cytotoxicity assessment demonstrated that CBEO is nontoxic to normal human and mouse cells. Based on our laboratory experiments, CBEO may serve as a promising, sustainable, and environmentally friendly attractant for B. dorsalis males; however, field experiments are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jie Hu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jing-Wei Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zi-Han Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yu-Pei Ma
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Nan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Meng Deng
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Gen-Lin Mao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiang Bao
- Hunan Provincial Tea Research Institute, Hunan Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Deng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
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14
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Irahal IN, Guenaou I, Lahlou FA, Hmimid F, Bourhim N. Syzygium aromaticum bud (clove) essential oil is a novel and safe aldose reductase inhibitor: in silico, in vitro, and in vivo evidence. Hormones (Athens) 2022; 21:229-240. [PMID: 35212917 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-021-00347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of clove essential oil (CEO) and to elucidate its mode of action, using selected biochemical targets, relevant to diabetes, and, specifically, its inhibitory effect on the polyol pathway. METHODS In the current study, CEO was examined for its inhibitory effects on aldose reductase in silico, in vitro, and in vivo, as well as its antioxidative activity. RESULTS In silico docking studies showed that all the selected major compounds of CEO have an energy change ranging between - 5.5 and - 8.8 kcal/mol and an inhibition constant ranging between 357.08 nM and 93.12 µM. CEO significantly inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 value of 58.55 ± 5.84 µg/mL in a noncompetitive manner. The supplementation of CEO at 20 mg/kg BW decreases retinal sorbitol dehydrogenase activity via decreased aldose reductase activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats. Moreover, diabetic rats injected with CEO have exhibited improved levels of glycemia. The IC50 values for ABTS, hydroxyl, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of CEO were found to be 34.42, 277.4, and 39.99 µg/mL, respectively. Reducing power assay and phosphomolybdate assay exhibited a reduction force with the A0.5 values of 50.25 and 140.16 µg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION CEO potentially exerts a beneficial effect on diabetes-related complications due to its antioxidant and inhibitory effect on aldose reductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Nait Irahal
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP5366 Maarif, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ismail Guenaou
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP5366 Maarif, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima Azzahra Lahlou
- Laboratoire National De Référence, Université Mohammed VI Des Sciences De La Santé Faculté De Médecine, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Hmimid
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP5366 Maarif, Casablanca, Morocco
- Biotechnologie, Environnement Et Santé, Faculté Des Sciences El Jadida, Université Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Bourhim
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP5366 Maarif, Casablanca, Morocco.
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15
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Takada M, Sakamoto M, Yamada H, Kishikawa N, Mutoh J, Shiraishi Y, Kuroda N, Wada M. HPLC Fluorescence Method for Eugenols in Basil Products Derivatized with DIBI. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:37-42. [PMID: 34980731 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eugenols (Eugs) such as eugenol (Eug), methyleugenol (MeEug), and linalool (Lin) in basil product are the main bioactive components of basil products and have a terminal double-bond. A sensitive HPLC-fluorescence method for Eugs derivatized with 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)iodobenzene (DIBI) was developed. Good separation of DIB-Eugs was achieved within 20 min on an Atlantis T3 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3 µm) with a mobile phase of methanol-water. The calibration curves obtained with Eug standards showed good linearities in the range of 0.1-50 µM (r ≥ 0.999). The limits of detection at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3 for Eug, MeEug, and Lin were 1.0, 6.0, and 4.8 nM, respectively. The limits of quantitation (S/N = 10) of the Eugs were lower than 19.9 nM. The accuracies for the Eugs were within 96.8-104.6%. The intra- and inter-day precisions as relative standard deviations for the Eugs were less than 1.2 and 9.6% (n = 3). The recoveries of Eug, MeEug, and Lin were 99.0 ± 0.1, 98.0 ± 0.2, and 96.0 ± 0.4% (n = 3), respectively. The DIB-Eugs were confirmed to be stable for 2 h (>90%) at room temperature and 24 h (>95%) at 4 °C. These parameters of the proposed method were useful for the simultaneous determination of Eugs in basil products. Therefore, the developed method may be a powerful tool for the quality evaluation of dried commercially available basil products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University
| | | | | | | | - Junpei Mutoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University
| | | | - Naotaka Kuroda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Mitsuhiro Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University
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16
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Sartori Tamburlin I, Roux E, Feuillée M, Labbé J, Aussaguès Y, El Fadle FE, Fraboul F, Bouvier G. Toxicological safety assessment of essential oils used as food supplements to establish safe oral recommended doses. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112603. [PMID: 34648935 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are increasingly consumed as food supplements. The few published recommended doses available generally lack details both on the methodology used and concentration limits for substances of concern, including genotoxic carcinogens. We propose a tiered approach based on the toxicological evaluation of maximized concentrations of each constituent present in the EO investigated. The genotoxic potential of each constituent is assessed using literature data or QSAR analyses. Genotoxic constituents are evaluated according to the methodology provided in the ICHM7 guideline. A Toxicological Reference Value (TRV) is associated to each non-genotoxic constituent, using one of the following methodologies (decision-tree successive steps): extraction from recognized databases or clinical studies, application of adequate safety factors to NOAELs established in animal studies, read-across analyses and when none was possible, TTC of Cramer classes. An EO recommended dose is considered safe when the safety margin (ratio between TRV and systemic exposure) for all constituents is all at least equal to 1. In conclusion, this methodology has proven to be robust to establish safe recommended doses for EOs used as food supplements, consistent with those publicly available, and avoiding unnecessary dedicated new animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elise Roux
- Toxicology and Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre, 31035, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Feuillée
- Toxicology and Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre, 31035, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Labbé
- Toxicology and Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre, 31035, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Aussaguès
- Toxicology and Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre, 31035, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Françoise Fraboul
- Toxicology and Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre, 31035, Toulouse, France
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Toxicology and Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre, 31035, Toulouse, France
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17
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Azizi-Lalabadi M, Rahimzadeh-Sani Z, Feng J, Hosseini H, Jafari SM. The impact of essential oils on the qualitative properties, release profile, and stimuli-responsiveness of active food packaging nanocomposites. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1822-1845. [PMID: 34486886 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1971154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food industries attempt to introduce a new food packaging by blending essential oils (EOs) into the polymeric matrix as an active packaging, which has great ability to preserve the quality of food and increase its shelf life by releasing active compounds within storage. The main point in designing the active packaging is controlled-release of active substances for their enhanced activity. Biopolymers are functional substances, which suggest structural integrity to sense external stimuli like temperature, pH, or ionic strength. The controlled release of EOs from active packaging and their stimuli-responsive properties can be very important for practical applications of these novel biocomposites. EOs can affect the uniformity of the polymeric matrix and physical and structural characteristics of the composites, such as moisture content, solubility in water, water vapor transmission rate, elongation at break, and tensile strength. To measure the ingredients of EOs and their migration from food packaging, chromatographic methods can be used. A head-space-solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technique is as a good process for evaluating the release of Eos. Therefore, the aims of this review were to evaluate the qualitative characteristics, release profile, and stimuli-responsiveness of active and smart food packaging nanocomposites loaded with essential oils and developing such multi-faceted packaging for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azizi-Lalabadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zeinab Rahimzadeh-Sani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jianguo Feng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hamed Hosseini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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18
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FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Lavender, Guaiac Coriander-derived and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111584. [PMID: 32682832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, fifth in the series, evaluates the safety of NFCs containing linalool and/or other characteristic mono- and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohols and esters using the safety evaluation procedure published by the FEMA Expert Panel in 2005 and updated in 2018. The procedure relies on a complete chemical characterization of the NFC intended for commerce and organization of the chemical constituents of each NFC into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of each NFC is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on absorption, metabolism and toxicology of both the constituent congeneric groups and the NFCs. Sixteen NFCs, derived from the Lavandula, Aniba, Elettaria, Daucus, Salvia, Coriandrum, Ribes, Guaiacum/Bulnesia, Citrus, Pogostemon, Melaleuca and Michelia genera, were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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