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Arifuzzaman M, Kwon E, Kim DY. Structural insights into the regulation of protein-arginine kinase McsB by McsA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320312121. [PMID: 38625935 PMCID: PMC11046695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320312121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In gram-positive bacteria, phosphorylated arginine functions as a protein degradation signal in a similar manner as ubiquitin in eukaryotes. The protein-arginine phosphorylation is mediated by the McsAB complex, where McsB possesses kinase activity and McsA modulates McsB activity. Although mcsA and mcsB are regulated within the same operon, the role of McsA in kinase activity has not yet been clarified. In this study, we determined the molecular mechanism by which McsA regulates kinase activity. The crystal structure of the McsAB complex shows that McsA binds to the McsB kinase domain through a second zinc-coordination domain and the subsequent loop region. This binding activates McsB kinase activity by rearranging the catalytic site, preventing McsB self-assembly, and enhancing stoichiometric substrate binding. The first zinc-coordination and coiled-coil domains of McsA further activate McsB by reassembling the McsAB oligomer. These results demonstrate that McsA is the regulatory subunit for the reconstitution of the protein-arginine kinase holoenzyme. This study provides structural insight into how protein-arginine kinase directs the cellular protein degradation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arifuzzaman
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Kwon
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju52828, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan38541, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kim DS, Jang K, Kim WS, Ryu M, Park JH, Kim YJ. Crystal Structure of H227A Mutant of Arginine Kinase in Daphnia magna Suggests the Importance of Its Stability. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030884. [PMID: 35164149 PMCID: PMC8839106 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) plays a crucial role in the survival of Daphnia magna, a water flea and a common planktonic invertebrate sensitive to water pollution, owing to the production of bioenergy. AK from D. magna (DmAK) has four highly conserved histidine residues, namely, H90, H227, H284, and H315 in the amino acid sequence. In contrast to DmAK WT (wild type), the enzyme activity of the H227A mutant decreases by 18%. To identify the structure-function relationship of this H227A mutant enzyme, the crystal 3D X-ray structure has been determined and an unfolding assay using anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence has been undertaken. The results revealed that when compared to the DmAK WT, the hydrogen bonding between H227 and A135 was broken in the H227A crystal structure. This suggests that H227 residue, closed to the arginine binding site, plays an important role in maintaining the structural stability and maximizing the enzyme activity through hydrogen bonding with the backbone oxygen of A135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (D.S.K.); (W.S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Kiyoung Jang
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
| | - Wan Seo Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (D.S.K.); (W.S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Moonhee Ryu
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (D.S.K.); (W.S.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Jung Hee Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (D.S.K.); (W.S.K.); (M.R.)
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (Y.J.K.)
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Yano D, Suzuki T. Phosphagen kinases from five groups of eukaryotic protists (Choanomonada, Alveolate, Stramenopiles, Haptophyta, and Cryptophyta): Diverse enzyme activities and phylogenetic relationship with metazoan enzymes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 257:110663. [PMID: 34364990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among 28 groups of eukaryotes, apart from Metazoa, phosphagen kinase (PKs) is distributed in only a few protist groups, including the Choanomonada with the closest affinity to metazoans. To clarify the origin of metazoan PKs, we performed a database search and focused on 11 sequences of PK homologs from five groups of protists: the Choanomonada, Alveolata, Haptophyta, Stramenopiles, and Cryptophyta. The recombinant enzymes were prepared to determine their substrate specificity. Emiliania (Haptophyta), Anophryoides, Pseudocohnilembus, Vitrella and Chromera (Alveolata), and Monosiga (Choanomonada) all contained a gene for arginine kinase (AK). In contrast, Aphanomyces, Albugo and Ectocarpus (Stramenopiles), and Guillardia (Cryptophyta) possessed a gene for taurocyamine kinase (TK). The Guillardia TK enzyme exhibited rather strong substrate inhibition toward taurocyamine, which was analyzed using the most likely kinetic model. This was the first report of substrate inhibition in a TK. Together with the research results from other groups, the AK, TK, or creatine kinase (CK) activities have been observed sporadically in at least six groups of protists. However, it is not clear the three enzyme activities were emerged early in the evolution and divergence of protist groups, or some of enzyme activities were introduced to the protists by horizontal gene transfer. In addition, we found that seven protist enzymes examined in this study possess a myristoylation signaling sequence at the N-terminus. The amino-acid sequence around the guanidine-specificity region and the key residue at 89th position of the protist AK and CK were homologous to those of the metazoan enzymes, but those for protist TKs were different indicating that the latter evolved independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Yano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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4
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Zhang N, Jiang H, Meng X, Qian K, Liu Y, Song Q, Stanley D, Wu J, Park Y, Wang J. Broad-complex transcription factor mediates opposing hormonal regulation of two phylogenetically distant arginine kinase genes in Tribolium castaneum. Commun Biol 2020; 3:631. [PMID: 33127981 PMCID: PMC7603314 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoarginine-arginine kinase shuttle system plays a critical role in maintaining insect cellular energy homeostasis. Insect molting and metamorphosis are coordinated by fluctuations of the ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone. However, the hormonal regulation of insect arginine kinases remain largely elusive. In this report, we comparatively characterized two arginine kinase genes, TcAK1 and TcAK2, in Tribolium castaneum. Functional analysis using RNAi showed that TcAK1 and TcAK2 play similar roles in adult fertility and stress response. TcAK1 was detected in cytoplasm including mitochondria, whereas TcAK2 was detected in cytoplasm excluding mitochondria. Interestingly, TcAK1 expression was negatively regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone and positively by juvenile hormone, whereas TcAK2 was regulated by the opposite pattern. RNAi, dual-luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay further revealed that the opposite hormonal regulation of TcAK1 and TcAK2 was mediated by transcription factor Broad-Complex. Finally, relatively stable AK activities were observed during larval-pupal metamorphosis, which was generally consistent with the constant ATP levels. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the ATP homeostasis in insects by revealing opposite hormonal regulation of two phylogenetically distant arginine kinase genes. Zhang et al. characterize the functions of two distinct arginine kinase genes in flour beetles. Using RNA interference and electophoretic mobility shift assays, they identify Broad-Complex transcription factor as the mediator of opposing hormonal regulation in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Jincai Wu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China.
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Piper P, Begres B, Snider M, Fraga D. Two cryptosporidia species encode active creatine kinases that are not seen in other apicomplexa species. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 246-247:110459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Gu X, Gu J, Ren Y, Zheng Y, Yang G, Zhou X, Xie Y. Evaluation of an Indirect ELISA Using Recombinant Arginine Kinase for Serodiagnosis of Psoroptes ovis var. cuniculi Infestation in Rabbits. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:411. [PMID: 31824969 PMCID: PMC6879429 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoroptes ovis var. cuniculi is a common ectoparasite of the wild and domestic rabbits worldwide, which causes significant economic losses in commercial rabbit breeding. In China, the diagnosis of rabbits infested with P. ovis var. cuniculi currently relies on detection of clinical signs and Psoroptes mites in skin scrapings by microscopy examination. However, this method is not very efficient in detection of the low mite loads and/or sub-clinical infections. In the present study, we cloned and expressed an arginine kinase homolog gene from P. ovis var. cuniculi (Poc-AK) and used its recombinant protein rPoc-AK to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) method for diagnosis of P. ovis var. cuniculi infestation in rabbits. The results showed that the rPoc-AK protein was ~61 kDa and had no signal peptide. The rPoc-AK-based iELISA achieved a 94.4% sensitivity and a 88.2% specificity, and was able to detect P. ovis var. cuniculi infection as early as the 1st week post-infection, prior to the appearance of clinical signs. Further field study showed 24.94% (66.33/266) clinically normal rabbits were seropositive with the highest and lowest seropositive rates for California (35.71%) and Belgian (15.14%), respectively. These results suggested that the rPoc-AK has potential as a diagnostic antigen for early P. ovis var. cuniculi infestation in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Youle Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Petkowski JJ, Bains W, Seager S. Natural Products Containing 'Rare' Organophosphorus Functional Groups. Molecules 2019; 24:E866. [PMID: 30823503 PMCID: PMC6429109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorous-containing molecules are essential constituents of all living cells. While the phosphate functional group is very common in small molecule natural products, nucleic acids, and as chemical modification in protein and peptides, phosphorous can form P⁻N (phosphoramidate), P⁻S (phosphorothioate), and P⁻C (e.g., phosphonate and phosphinate) linkages. While rare, these moieties play critical roles in many processes and in all forms of life. In this review we thoroughly categorize P⁻N, P⁻S, and P⁻C natural organophosphorus compounds. Information on biological source, biological activity, and biosynthesis is included, if known. This review also summarizes the role of phosphorylation on unusual amino acids in proteins (N- and S-phosphorylation) and reviews the natural phosphorothioate (P⁻S) and phosphoramidate (P⁻N) modifications of DNA and nucleotides with an emphasis on their role in the metabolism of the cell. We challenge the commonly held notion that nonphosphate organophosphorus functional groups are an oddity of biochemistry, with no central role in the metabolism of the cell. We postulate that the extent of utilization of some phosphorus groups by life, especially those containing P⁻N bonds, is likely severely underestimated and has been largely overlooked, mainly due to the technological limitations in their detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz J Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William Bains
- Rufus Scientific, 37 The Moor, Melbourn, Royston, Herts SG8 6ED, UK.
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Positive selection adaptation of two-domain arginine kinase (AK) from cold seep Vesicomyidae clams. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1527-1532. [PMID: 29982891 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) is an important member of Phosphagen kinases which engage in energy metabolism process, and AKs from cold seep clams may develop an effective mechanism to adapt a special habitat (e.g. low temperature). Three Vesicomyidae clams and seven Veneridae clams (belong to the same Order Veneroida) were chosen to analyze the evolution of two-domain AKs. In the present study, ten two-domain AKs were identified and Neighbor-joining tree showed that AKs were divided into two groups. Branch-site model indicated that two-domain AKs were subjected to strong positive selection (ω2a = 17.5058). 16 positively selective sites were detected and five of them showed posterior probabilities of 0.95 or more. Comparative analysis found that domain 2 might be suffered from more evolutionary selection pressure than domain 1, as most positively sites were located at domain 2. Residue Pro (positively selective site) (587P in ApAK) in domain 2 from all Vesicomyidae AKs might participate in change of the synergism and in the function of its cold-adapted characteristics. In conclusion, our studies provide evidence of positive Darwinian selection in the two-domain AKs family of Vesicomyidae clams, and may contribute to a better understanding of its adaptation mechanisms to cold seep habitats.
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Mutation of the conserved G66 residue in GS region decreased structural stability and activity of arginine kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:247-254. [PMID: 29325742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of arginine by ATP, yielding the phosphoarginine. Amino acid residues in the guanidine specificity (GS) region play important roles in the guanidine-recognition. However, little is known about roles of amino acid residue G66 in the GS region in proteins folding, activity and structural stability. In this study, a series of G66 mutations were constructed to investigate its roles in AK's structural stability and activity. Our studies revealed that mutations in this conserved site could cause pronounced loss of activity, conformational changes and structural stability. Spectroscopic experiments indicate that G66 mutations influences AK transition from the molten globule intermediate to the native state in folding process. These results provided herein may suggest that amino acid residue G66 may play a relatively important role in AK's activity and structural stability.
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Matsuo T, Yano D, Uda K, Iwasaki N, Suzuki T. Arginine Kinases from the Precious Corals Corallium rubrum and Paracorallium japonicum: Presence of Two Distinct Arginine Kinase Gene Lineages in Cnidarians. Protein J 2017; 36:502-512. [PMID: 29022133 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA sequence of arginine kinase (AK) from the precious coral Corallium rubrum was assembled from transcriptome sequence data, and the deduced amino acid sequence of 364 residues was shown to conserve the structural features characteristic of AK. Based on the amino acid sequence, the DNA coding C. rubrum AK was synthesized by overlap extension PCR to prepare the recombinant enzyme. The following kinetic parameters were determined for the C. rubrum enzyme: K aArg (0.10 mM), K iaArg (0.79 mM), K aATP (0.23 mM), K iaATP (2.16 mM), and k cat (74.3 s-1). These are comparable with the kinetic parameters of other AKs. However, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the C. rubrum AK sequence has a distinct origin from that of other known cnidarian AKs with unusual two-domain structure. Using oligomers designed from the sequence of C. rubrum AK, the coding region of genomic DNA of another coral Paracorallium japonicum AK was successfully amplified. Although the nucleotide sequences differed between the two AKs at 14 positions in the coding region, all involved synonymous substitutions, giving the identical amino acid sequence. The P. japonicum AK gene contained one intron at a unique position compared with other cnidarian AK genes. Together with the observations from phylogenetic analysis, the comparison of exon/intron organization supports the idea that two distinct AK gene lineages are present in cnidarians. The difference in the nucleotide sequence between the coding regions of C. rubrum and P. japonicum AKs was 1.28%, which is twice that (0.54%) of mitochondrial DNA, is consistent with the general observation that the mitochondrial genome evolves slower than the nuclear one in cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Matsuo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Daichi Yano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Kouji Uda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwasaki
- Faculty of Geo-Environment Science, Rissho University, Magechi 1700, Kumagaya, 360-0194, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan.
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Yano D, Suzuki T, Hirokawa S, Fuke K, Suzuki T. Characterization of four arginine kinases in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia : Investigation on the substrate inhibition mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:653-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wickramasinghe S, Yatawara L, Nagataki M, Agatsuma T. Arginine kinase in Toxocara canis: Exon-intron organization, functional analysis of site-directed mutants and evaluation of putative enzyme inhibitors. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:995-1001. [PMID: 27794395 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine exon/intron organization of the Toxocara canis (T. canis) AK (TCAK) and to test green and black tea and several other chemicals against the activity of recombinant TCAK in the guanidino-specific region by site-directed mutants. METHODS Amplification of genomic DNA fragments containing introns was carried out by PCRs. The open-reading frame (1200 bp) of TCAK (wild type) was cloned into the BamH1/SalI site of pMAL-c2X. The maltose-binding protein-TCAK fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli TB1 cells. The purity of the expressed enzyme was verified by SDS-PAGE. Mutations were introduced into the guanidino-specific region and other areas of pMAL/TCAK by PCR. Enzyme activity was measured with an NADH-linked assay at 25 °C for the forward reaction (phosphagen synthesis). RESULTS Arginine kinase in T. canis has a seven-exon/six-intron gene structure. The lengths of the introns ranged from 542 bp to 2 500 bp. All introns begin with gt and end with ag. Furthermore, we measured the enzyme activity of site-directed mutants of the recombinant TCAK. The Km value of the mutant (Alanine to Serine) decreased indicating a higher affinity for substrate arginine than the wild-type. The Km value of the mutant (Serine to Glycine) increased to 0.19 mM. The Km value (0.19 mM) of the double mutant (Alanine-Serine to Serine-Glycine) was slightly greater than in the wild-type (0.12 mM). In addition, several other chemicals were tested; including plant extract Azadiracta indica (A. indica), an aminoglycoside antibiotic (aminosidine), a citrus flavonoid glycoside (rutin) and a commercially available catechin mixture against TCAK. Green and black tea (1:10 dilution) produced 15% and 25% inhibition of TCAK, respectively. The extract of A. indica produced 5% inhibition of TCAK. Moreover, green and black tea produced a non-competitive type of inhibition and A. indica produced a mixed-type of inhibition on TCAK. CONCLUSIONS Arginine kinase in T. canis has a seven-exon/six-intron gene structure. However, further studies are needed to identify a specific compound within the extract causing the inhibitory effect and also to determine the molecular mechanisms behind inhibition of arginine kinase in T. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susiji Wickramasinghe
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - Lalani Yatawara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Mitsuru Nagataki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Oko, Nankoku City, Kochi Ken 783-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Agatsuma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Oko, Nankoku City, Kochi Ken 783-8505, Japan
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13
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Yano D, Mimura S, Uda K, Suzuki T. Arginine kinase from Myzostoma cirriferum, a basal member of annelids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 198:73-8. [PMID: 27095694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We assembled a phosphagen kinase gene from the Expressed Sequence Tags database of Myzostoma cirriferum, a basal member of annelids. The assembled gene sequence was synthesized using an overlap extension polymerase chain reaction method and was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme (355 residues) exhibited monomeric behavior on a gel filtration column and showed strong activity only for l-arginine. Thus, the enzyme was identified as arginine kinase (AK). The two-substrate kinetic parameters were obtained and compared with other AKs. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of phosphagen kinases indicated that the Myzostoma AK gene lineage differed from that of the polychaete Sabellastarte spectabilis AK, which is a dimer of creatine kinase (CK) origin. It is likely that the Myzostoma AK gene lineage was lost at an early stage of annelid evolution and that Sabellastarte AK evolved secondarily from the CK gene. This work contributes to our understanding of the evolution of phosphagen kinases of annelids with marked diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Yano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Sayo Mimura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Kouji Uda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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14
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Lopez-Zavala AA, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Hernandez-Flores JM, Lugo-Sanchez ME, Sugich-Miranda R, Garcia-Orozco KD. Arginine kinase shows nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like activity toward deoxythymidine diphosphate. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:301-8. [PMID: 27072556 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) (ATP: L-arginine phosphotransferase, E.C. 2.7.3.3) catalyzes the reversible transfer of ATP γ-phosphate group to L-arginine to synthetize phospho-arginine as a high-energy storage. Previous studies suggest additional roles for AK in cellular processes. Since AK is found only in invertebrates and it is homologous to creatine kinase from vertebrates, the objective of this work was to demonstrate nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like activity for shrimp AK. For this, AK from marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (LvAK) was purified and its activity was assayed for phosphorylation of TDP using ATP as phosphate donor. Moreover, by using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) the phosphate transfer reaction was followed. Also, LvAK tryptophan fluorescence emission changes were detected by dTDP titration, suggesting that the hydrophobic environment of Trp 221, which is located in the top of the active site, is perturbed upon dTDP binding. The kinetic constants for both substrates Arg and dTDP were calculated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Besides, docking calculations suggested that dTDP could bind LvAK in the same cavity where ATP bind, and LvAK basic residues (Arg124, 126 and 309) stabilize the dTDP phosphate groups and the pyrimidine base interact with His284 and Ser122. These results suggest that LvAK bind and phosphorylate dTDP being ATP the phosphate donor, thus describing a novel alternate nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like activity for this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso A Lopez-Zavala
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México
| | - Rogerio R Sotelo-Mundo
- Biomolecular Structure Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Jose M Hernandez-Flores
- Biomolecular Structure Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Maria E Lugo-Sanchez
- Biomolecular Structure Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Rocio Sugich-Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México
| | - Karina D Garcia-Orozco
- Biomolecular Structure Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México.
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15
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Okazaki N, Motomura S, Okazoe N, Yano D, Suzuki T. Cooperativity and evolution of Tetrahymena two-domain arginine kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:696-703. [PMID: 26049117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahymena pyriformis contains two arginine kinases, a 40-kDa enzyme (AK1) with a myristoylation signal sequence at the N-terminus and a two-domain 80-kDa enzyme (AK2). The former is localized mainly in cilia and the latter is in the cytoplasm. AK1 was successfully synthesized using an insect cell-free protein synthesis system and subjected to peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) analysis. The masses corresponding to unmodified N-terminal tryptic peptide or N-terminal myristoylated peptide were not observed, suggesting that N-terminal peptides were not ionized in this analysis. We performed PMF analyses for two other phosphagen kinases (PKs) with myristoylation signals, an AK from Nematostella vectensis and a PK from Ectocarpus siliculosus. In both cases, the myristoylated, N-terminal peptides were clearly identified. The differences between the experimental and theoretical masses were within 0.0165-0.0583 Da, supporting the accuracy of the identification. Domains 1 and 2 of Tetrahymena two-domain AK2 were expressed separately in Escherichia coli and the extent of cooperativity was estimated on the basis of their kinetic constants. The results suggested that each of the domains functions independently, namely no cooperativity is displayed between the two domains. This is in sharp contrast to the two-domain AK from Anthopleura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Okazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520 Japan
| | - Shou Motomura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520 Japan
| | - Nanaka Okazoe
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520 Japan
| | - Daichi Yano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520 Japan.
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16
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Fraga D, Aryal M, Hall JE, Rae E, Snider M. Characterization of the arginine kinase isoforms in Caenorhabditis elegans. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 187:85-101. [PMID: 25981702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphagen kinases (PKs) are well-studied enzymes involved in energy homeostasis in a wide range of animal, protozoan, and even some bacterial species. Recent genome efforts have allowed comparative work on the PKs to extend beyond the biochemistry of individual proteins to the comparative cellular physiology and examining of the role of all PK family members in an organism. The sequencing of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome and availability of sophisticated genetic tools within that system affords the opportunity to conduct a detailed physiological analysis of the PKs from a well known invertebrate for comparison with the extensive work conducted on vertebrate systems. As a first step in this effort we have carried out a detailed molecular genetic and biochemical characterization of the PKs in C. elegans. Our results reveal that C. elegans has five PK genes encoding arginine kinases that range in catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM(Arg)) from (3.1±0.6)×10(4) to (9±4)×10(5) M(-1) s(-1). This range is generally within the range seen for arginine kinases from a variety of species. Our molecular genetic and phylogenetic analysis reveals that the gene family has undergone extensive intron loss and gain within the suborder Rhabditina. In addition, within C. elegans we find evidence of gene duplication and loss. The analysis described here for the C. elegans AKs represents one of the most complete biochemical and molecular genetic analysis of a PK family within a genetically tractable invertebrate system and opens up the possibility of conducting detailed physiological comparisons with vertebrate systems using the sophisticated tools available with this model invertebrate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Fraga
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States.
| | - Manish Aryal
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Joseph E Hall
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Evan Rae
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Mark Snider
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
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17
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Chouno K, Yano D, Uda K, Fujita T, Iwasaki N, Suzuki T. Arginine kinases from the marine feather star Tropiometra afra macrodiscus: The first finding of a prenylation signal sequence in metazoan phosphagen kinases. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 187:55-61. [PMID: 25964010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two arginine kinase cDNAs (AK1 and AK2) were isolated from the marine feather star Tropiometra afra macrodiscus, and the gene structure (exon/intron organization) of AK1 was determined. The cDNA-derived amino acid sequences and the exon/intron organization of the Tropiometra AK1 gene were homologous to those of a human creatine kinase (CK) as well as the AK of the sea cucumber Stichopus. Phylogenetic analysis also supports the close relationship between human CKs and echinoderm AKs, indicating that the latter AKs evolved from an ancestral CK gene. We observed that the Tropiometra AK1 gene has a novel C-terminal extension (approximately 50 amino acid residues) encoded by a unique exon. Moreover, a typical prenylation signal sequence (CSLL) was found at the C-terminal end of this extension, suggesting that AK1 is anchored to a membrane. AK2 had no such C-terminal extension. This is the first finding of a prenylation signal in metazoan phosphagen kinases. Recombinant Tropiometra AK1 and AK2 enzymes were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, and their kinetic constants were determined. Both enzymes showed activity comparable to that of typical invertebrate AKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaai Chouno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Daichi Yano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Kouji Uda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujita
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwasaki
- Faculty of Geo-environment Science, Rissho University, Magechi 1700, Kumagaya 360-0194, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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The effect of Cu2+ on arginine kinase from Euphausia superba: A computational simulation integrating unfolding and aggregation studies. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Chen X, Yao P, Chu X, Hao L, Guo X, Xu B. Isolation of arginine kinase from Apis cerana cerana and its possible involvement in response to adverse stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:169-83. [PMID: 25135575 PMCID: PMC4255252 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine kinases (AK) in invertebrates play the same role as creatine kinases in vertebrates. Both proteins are important for energy metabolism, and previous studies on AK focused on this attribute. In this study, the arginine kinase gene was isolated from Apis cerana cerana and was named AccAK. A 5'-flanking region was also cloned and shown to contain abundant putative binding sites for transcription factors related to development and response to adverse stress. We imitated several abiotic and biotic stresses suffered by A. cerana cerana during their life, including heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, heat, cold, oxidants, antioxidants, ecdysone, and Ascosphaera apis and then studied the expression patterns of AccAK after these treatments. AccAK was upregulated under all conditions, and, in some conditions, this response was very pronounced. Western blot and AccAK enzyme activity assays confirmed the results. In addition, a disc diffusion assay showed that overexpression of AccAK reduced the resistance of Escherichia coli cells to multiple adverse stresses. Taken together, our results indicated that AccAK may be involved of great significance in response to adverse abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Chen
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Yao
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Chu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Hao
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baohua Xu
- />College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Si YX, Song JJ, Fang NY, Wang W, Wang ZJ, Yang JM, Qian GY, Yin SJ, Park YD. Purification, characterization, and unfolding studies of arginine kinase from Antarctic krill. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:426-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Suzuki T, Kanou Y. Two distinct arginine kinases in Neocaridina denticulate: Psychrophilic and mesophilic enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:433-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Phosphagen kinase in Schistosoma japonicum: II. Determination of amino acid residues essential for substrate catalysis using site-directed mutagenesis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 194:56-63. [PMID: 24815317 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphagen kinases (PKs) play major roles in the regulation of energy metabolism in animals. Creatine kinase (CK) is the sole PK in vertebrates, whereas several PKs are present in invertebrates. We previously identified a contiguous dimer taurocyamine kinase (TK) from the trematode Schistosoma japonicum (Sj), a causative agent of schistosomiasis. SjTK contiguous dimer is comprised of domain 1 (D1) and domain 2 (D2). In this study, we used SjTK contiguous dimer (SjTKD1D2) or truncated single-domain constructs (SjTKD1 or SjTKD2) and employed site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the enzymatic properties of TK mutants. Mutation in SjTKD1 or SjTKD2 (D1E222G or D2E225G) caused complete loss of activity for the substrate taurocyamine. Likewise, a double mutant (D1E222GD2E225G) in the contiguous dimer (D1D2) exhibited complete loss of activity for the substrate taurocyamine. However, catalytic activity in the contiguous dimer remained in both of D1 inactive mutant (D1D2D1E222G) and D2 inactive mutant (D1D2D2E225G), suggesting that efficient catalysis of SjTKD1D2 is dependent on the activity of D1 and D2. The catalytic efficiency of the mixture of both single domains (WTD1+WTD2) showed same enzymatic properties (Km(Tauro)=0.68;Vmax/Km(Tauro)=137.04) to WTD1D2 (Km(Tauro)=0.47; Vmax/Km(Tauro)=144.30). This result suggests that the contiguous dimeric structure is not essential for the catalytic efficiencies of both domains of SjTK. Vmax/Km(Tauro) of the mixture of wild-type and inactivated domains (78.02 in WTD1+D2E225G and 128.24 in D1E222G+WTD2) were higher than the corresponding mutants (47.25 in D1D2D1E222G and 46.77 in D1D2D2E225G). To identify amino acid residues that are critical for taurocyamine binding, we performed alanine scanning mutagenesis at positions 57-63 on the guanidino specificity (GS) region of the SjTKD1, which is considered to be involved in guanidino-substrate recognition. R63A and R63Y mutants lost activity for taurocyamine, suggesting that these residues are associated with taurocyamine binding. In addition, we investigated the role of Tyr84 in D1 and found an association with substrate alignment. The Y84 residue was replaced with R, H, K, I, A, and G. Although the activities of each mutant were decreased (Vmax=2.36-67.50μmolPi/min/mgprotein), Y84 mutants possess binding affinity for taurocyamine (Km(Tauro)=3.19-10.04mM). The D1Y84R, D1Y84H, D1Y84K, and D1Y84A mutants exhibited low activity for taurocyamine, whereas the D1Y84I and D1Y84G mutants exhibited slightly decreased activity compared with the other Y84 mutants. The D1Y84K mutant lost substrate synergy between taurocyamine and ATP, suggesting that this mutation moves the position of the GS loop, similar to that of lombricine kinase (LK), and interferes with taurocyamine binding. This is the first comprehensive investigation of essential amino acid residues for substrate catalysis in trematode TK.
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24
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Michibata J, Okazaki N, Motomura S, Uda K, Fujiwara S, Suzuki T. Two arginine kinases of Tetrahymena pyriformis: characterization and localization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 171:34-41. [PMID: 24726623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two cDNAs, one coding a typical 40-kDa arginine kinase (AK1) and the other coding a two-domain 80-kDa enzyme (AK2), were isolated from ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, and their recombinant enzymes were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. Both enzymes had an activity comparable to those of typical invertebrate AKs. Interestingly, the amino acid sequence of T. pyriformis AK1, but not AK2, had a distinct myristoylation signal sequence at the N-terminus, suggesting that 40-kDa AK1 targets the membrane. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that the AK1 is mainly localized in the ciliary fraction. Based on these results, we discuss the phosphoarginine shuttle, which enables a continuous energy flow to dynein for ciliary movement in T. pyriformis, and the role of AK1 in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Michibata
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Noriko Okazaki
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Shou Motomura
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Kouji Uda
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Shigeki Fujiwara
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Suzuki
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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25
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Xiao JY, Lee JY, Tokuhiro S, Nagataki M, Jarilla BR, Nomura H, Kim TI, Hong SJ, Agatsuma T. Molecular cloning and characterization of taurocyamine kinase from Clonorchis sinensis: a candidate chemotherapeutic target. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2548. [PMID: 24278491 PMCID: PMC3836730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult Clonorchis sinensis lives in the bile duct and causes endemic clonorchiasis in East Asian countries. Phosphagen kinases (PK) constitute a highly conserved family of enzymes, which play a role in ATP buffering in cells, and are potential targets for chemotherapeutic agents, since variants of PK are found only in invertebrate animals, including helminthic parasites. This work is conducted to characterize a PK from C. sinensis and to address further investigation for future drug development. Methology/Principal findings A cDNA clone encoding a putative polypeptide of 717 amino acids was retrieved from a C. sinensis transcriptome. This polypeptide was homologous to taurocyamine kinase (TK) of the invertebrate animals and consisted of two contiguous domains. C. sinensis TK (CsTK) gene was reported and found consist of 13 exons intercalated with 12 introns. This suggested an evolutionary pathway originating from an arginine kinase gene group, and distinguished annelid TK from the general CK phylogenetic group. CsTK was found not to have a homologous counterpart in sequences analysis of its mammalian hosts from public databases. Individual domains of CsTK, as well as the whole two-domain enzyme, showed enzymatic activity and specificity toward taurocyamine substrate. Of the CsTK residues, R58, I60 and Y84 of domain 1, and H60, I63 and Y87 of domain 2 were found to participate in binding taurocyamine. CsTK expression was distributed in locomotive and reproductive organs of adult C. sinensis. Developmentally, CsTK was stably expressed in both the adult and metacercariae stages. Recombinant CsTK protein was found to have low sensitivity and specificity toward C. sinensis and platyhelminth-infected human sera on ELISA. Conclusion CsTK is a promising anti-C. sinensis drug target since the enzyme is found only in the C. sinensis and has a substrate specificity for taurocyamine, which is different from its mammalian counterpart, creatine. The food-borne clonorchiasis imposes public health problems on inhabitants in endemic areas. Praziquantel has been employed as an efficacious anthelminthic in large-scale campaigns as well as for individual treatment of Clonorchis sinensis human infections. Although praziquantel continues to have good efficacy, new drug development for this parasite has been recognized as a crucial issue to be investigated intensively. Clonorchis sinensis adults generate energy through glycolysis, actively utilizing exogenous glucose, and produce a large amount of eggs each day. Taurocyamine kinase (CsTK) is distributed abundantly in the locomotive and reproductive organs, and is an important enzyme in energy generation and homeostasis in adult C. sinensis. Enzymes of the glycolytic pathway are also expressed abundantly in these organs and in tegument, implying these organs play central roles which are essential for survival and reproduction of C. sinensis. The TK enzymes, including CsTK, are found only among invertebrate organisms and have substrate specificity for taurocyamine, which are significantly different from phosphagen kinases of vertebrate animals. With these molecular biological, enzymatic, and evolutionary characteristics, we propose here that CsTK could be a target for development of chemotherapeutic agents against C. sinensis and be a biomolecular model for other human-infecting trematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ying Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan ; Department of Parasitology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
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26
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Jarilla BR, Tokuhiro S, Nagataki M, Uda K, Suzuki T, Acosta LP, Agatsuma T. The role of Y84 on domain 1 and Y87 on domain 2 of Paragonimus westermani taurocyamine kinase: Insights on the substrate binding mechanism of a trematode phosphagen kinase. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:695-700. [PMID: 24184078 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The two-domain taurocyamine kinase (TK) from Paragonimus westermani was suggested to have a unique substrate binding mechanism. We performed site-directed mutagenesis on each domain of this TK and compared the kinetic parameters Km(Tc) and Vmax with that of the wild-type to determine putative amino acids involved in substrate recognition and binding. Replacement of Y84 on domain 1 and Y87 on domain 2 with R resulted in the loss of activity for the substrate taurocyamine. Y84E mutant has a dramatic decrease in affinity and activity for taurocyamine while Y87E has completely lost catalytic activity. Substituting H and I on the said positions also resulted in significant changes in activity. Mutation of the residues A59 on the GS region of domain 1 also caused significant decrease in affinity and activity while mutation on the equivalent position on domain 2 resulted in complete loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca R Jarilla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; Department of Immunology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
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27
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Wu QY, Guo HY, Geng HL, Ru BM, Cao J, Chen C, Zeng LY, Wang XY, Li F, Xu KL. T273 plays an important role in the activity and structural stability of arginine kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 63:21-8. [PMID: 24157705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) is a key enzyme for cellular energy metabolism, catalyzing the reversible phosphoryl transfer from phosphoarginine to ADP in invertebrates. The amino acid residue C271 is involved in keeping AK's activity and constraining the orientation of the substrate arginine. However, the roles of the C271 interaction amino acid residues in AK's substrate synergism, activity and structural stability are still unclear. The crystal structure of AK implied that the amino acid residue T273 interacted with the residue C271 and might play vital roles in keeping AK's activity, substrate synergism and structural stability. The mutations T273G and T273A led to significantly loss of activity, obviously decreased of substrate synergism and structural stability. Furthermore, spectroscopic experiments indicated that mutations T273G and T273A impaired the structure of AK and led them to a partially unfolded state. The inability to fold to the functional state made the mutations prone to aggregate under environmental stresses. Moreover, the mutations T273S and T273D almost had no effects on AK's activity and structural stability. This study herein indicated that the residue T273 played key roles in AK's activity, substrate synergism and structural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Wu
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Transplantation and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Yan Guo
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li Geng
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian-Mei Ru
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Zeng
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Transplantation and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 221002 Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai-Lin Xu
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China.
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Suzuki T, Soga S, Inoue M, Uda K. Characterization and origin of bacterial arginine kinases. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 57:273-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Phosphagen kinase in Schistosoma japonicum: characterization of its enzymatic properties and determination of its gene structure. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 188:91-8. [PMID: 23603791 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphagen kinases (PKs) play a major role in the regulation of energy metabolism in animals. Creatine kinase (CK) is the sole PK in vertebrates, whereas several PKs are present in invertebrates. Here, we report the enzymatic properties and gene structure of PK in the trematode Schistosoma japonicum (Sj). SjPK has a unique contiguous dimeric structure comprising domain 1 (D1) and domain 2 (D2). The three states of the recombinant SjPK (D1, D2, and D1D2) show a specific activity for the substrate taurocyamine. The comparison of the two domains of SjPK revealed that D1 had a high turnover rate (kcat=52.91) and D2 exhibited a high affinity for taurocyamine (Km(Tauro) =0.53±0.06). The full-length protein exhibited higher affinity for taurocyamine (Km(Tauro) =0.47±0.03) than the truncated domains (D1=1.30±0.10, D2=0.53±0.06). D1D2 also exhibited higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km(Tauro) =82.98) than D1 (40.70) and D2 (29.04). These results demonstrated that both domains of SjTKD1D2 interacted efficiently and remained functional. The three-dimensional structure of SjPKD1 was constructed by the homology modeling based on the transition state analog complex state of Limulus AK. This protein model of SjPKD1 suggests that the overall structure is almost conserve between SjPKD1 and Limulus AK except for the flexible loops, that is, particularly guanidino-specificity (GS) region, which is associated with the recognition of the corresponding guanidino substrate. The constructed NJ tree and the comparison of exon/intron organization suggest that SjTK has evolved from an arginine kinase (AK) gene. SjTK has potential as a novel antihelminthic drug target as it is absent in mammals and its strong activity may imply a significant role for this protein in the energy metabolism of the parasite.
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Suzuki T, Yamamoto K, Tada H, Uda K. Cold-adapted features of arginine kinase from the deep-sea clam Calyptogena kaikoi. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:294-303. [PMID: 22016076 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The heterodont clam Calyptogena kaikoi, which inhabits depths exceeding 3,500 m where low ambient temperatures prevail, has an unusual two-domain arginine kinase (AK) with molecular mass of 80 kDa, twice that of typical AKs. The purpose of this work is to investigate the nature of the adaptations of this AK for functioning at low temperatures. Recombinant C. kaikoi AK constructs were expressed, and their two-substrate kinetic constants (k(cat), K(a), and K(ia)) were determined at 10°C and 25°C, respectively. When measured at 25°C, the K(ia) values were tenfold larger than those for corresponding K(a) values, while at 10°C, the K(ia) values decreased remarkably, but the K (a) values were almost unchanged. The Calyptogena two-domain enzyme has threefold higher catalytic efficiency, calculated by k (cat)/(K(a)(ARG)·K(ia)(ATP) ), at 10°C, than that at 25°C, reflecting adaptation for function at reduced ambient temperatures. The activation energy (E(a)) and thermodynamic parameters were determined for Calyptogena two-domain enzyme and compared with those of two-domain enzymes from mesophilic Corbicula and Anthopleura. The value for E(a) of Calyptogena enzyme were about half of those for mesophilic enzymes, and a larger decrease in entropy was observed in Calyptogena AK reaction. Although large decrease in entropy increases the ΔG(o‡) value and consequently lowers the k(cat) value, this is compensated with its lower E(a) value thereby minimizing the reduction in its k(cat) value. These thermodynamic properties, together with the kinetic ones, are also present in the separated domain 2 of the Calyptogena two-domain enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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31
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Shi X, Wang L, Zhou Z, Yang C, Gao Y, Wang L, Song L. The arginine kinase in Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri is involved in immunomodulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:270-278. [PMID: 22480717 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of l-arginine to form phosphoarginine, and plays a critical role in energy metabolism in invertebrates. In the present study, a scallop AK gene was identified from Chlamys farreri with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1101bp encoding for a protein of 366 amino acids (designed as CfAK). An ATP-gua PtransN domain which was described as a guanidine substrate specificity domain (GS domain) and an ATP-gua Ptrans domian which was responsible for binding ATP, were both identified in CfAK. The mRNA transcripts of CfAK were detectable in haemocytes, hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, mantle, gill, kidney and gonad, with the highest expression level in the muscle and the lowest level in the hemocytes. The expression level of CfAK mRNA increased from fertilized eggs to eyebot, and reached the highest in the trochophore stage. The relative expression level of CfAK mRNA in muscle was up-regulated significantly after LPS (0.5mg/mL) stimulation, and reached the peak at 6h (5.2-fold, P<0.05). The activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the supernatant of muscle homogenate increased significantly from 3.2U/mg at 0 h to 9.7 U/mg at 12h after LPS stimulation, while the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the supernatant of muscle homogenate began to increase at 3h (21.55 μmol/L), and reached the top concentration at 24h (42.27 μmol/L), then recovered to the normal level after 48 h. The recombinant protein of CfAK (rCfAK) expressed in Escherichia coli displayed Arginine kinase activity, and its apparent K(m) was 0.82 ± 0.11 and 1.24 ± 0.13 mM for L-arginine and ATP-Na, respectively. The results indicated that the CfAK was involved in energy production and utilization during the whole life process, and might refer to the immunomodulation process via altering the NO concentration and iNOS activity in scallop Chlamys farreri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Uda K, Ellington WR, Suzuki T. A diverse array of creatine kinase and arginine kinase isoform genes is present in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, a cnidarian model system for studying developmental evolution. Gene 2012; 497:214-27. [PMID: 22305986 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphagen (guanidino) kinases (PK) constitute a family of homologous phosphotransferases catalyzing the reversible transfer of the high-energy phosphoryl group of ATP to naturally occurring guanidine compounds. Prior work has shown that PKs can be phylogenetically separated into two distinct groups- an arginine kinase (AK) subfamily and a creatine kinase (CK) subfamily. The latter includes three CK isoforms- cytoplasmic CK (CyCK), mitochondrial CK (MiCK) and three-domain flagellar CK (fCK). In the present study we identified six unique PK genes from the draft genome sequence of the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, a well-known model organism for understanding metazoan developmental evolution. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) methods, full length cDNAs were amplified for all of these PKs. These cDNAs were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as 6x His-tagged fusion proteins. The six PKs were identified as the three typical CK isoforms (CyCK, MiCK and fCK), two unusual AKs (a two-domain AK (2DAK) and a three-domain AK (3DAK)) and a PK which phosphorylated arginine. The latter enzyme had a very low AK activity (its apparent V(max) value being less than 0.2% that of 3DAK), lacks several key residues necessary for AK enzyme activity, and was tentatively designated as AK1. As far as we know, this constitutes the first report of an AK with the three fused AK domains. The Bayesian tree suggested that the third domain of 3DAK likely evolved from the gene for domain 2 of typical two-domain AK found widely in cnidarians. Construction of phylogenetic trees and comparison of exon-intron organizations of their respective genes indicated that the N. vectensis three-domain fCK and 3DAK evolved independently, and both enzymes are likely to be targeted to cell membranes since they have a myristoylation signal at their respective N-termini. These results complement prior work on other basal invertebrates showing that multiple CK and AK isoform genes were present at the dawn of the radiation of metazoans. The presence of isoform diversity in an organism lacking in structural complexity reflects an early imperative for targeting of PKs to particular cellular contexts such as muscle fibers, neurons, ciliated/flagellated epithelia and spermatozoa.
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Impact of intra-subunit interactions on the dimeric arginine kinase activity and structural stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:822-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Liu N, Wang JS, Wang WD, Pan JC. The interaction between residues 62 and 193 play a key role in activity and structural stability of arginine kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Molecular and catalytic properties of an arginine kinase from the nematode Ascaris suum. J Helminthol 2011; 86:276-86. [PMID: 21781373 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x11000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We amplified the cDNA coding for arginine kinase (AK) from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum, cloned it in pMAL plasmid and expressed the enzyme as a fusion protein with the maltose-binding protein. The whole cDNA was 1260 bp, encoding 400 amino acids, and the recombinant protein had a molecular mass of 45,341 Da. Ascaris suum recombinant AK showed significant activity and strong affinity ( K(m)(Arg) = 0.126 mM) for the substrate L-arginine. It also exhibited high catalytic efficiency ( k(ca)/K(m)(Arg) = 352) comparable with AKs from other organisms. Sequence analysis revealed high amino acid sequence identity between A. suum AK and other nematode AKs, all of which cluster in a phylogenetic tree. However, comparison of gene structures showed that A. suum AK gene intron/exon organization is quite distinct from that of other nematode AKs. Phosphagen kinases (PKs) from certain parasites have been shown to be potential novel drug targets or tools for detection of infection. The characterization of A. suum AK will be useful in the development of strategies for control not only of A. suum but also of related species infecting humans.
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Arockiaraj J, Vanaraja P, Easwvaran S, Singh A, Alinejaid T, Othman RY, Bhassu S. Gene profiling and characterization of arginine kinase-1 (MrAK-1) from freshwater giant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:81-89. [PMID: 21549198 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Arginine kinase-1 (MrAK-1) was sequenced from the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii using Illumina Solexa Genome Analyzer Technique. MrAK-1 consisted of 1068 bp nucleotide encoded 355 polypeptide with an estimated molecular mass of 40 kDa. MrAK-1 sequence contains a potential ATP:guanido phosphotransferases active domain site. The deduced amino acid sequence of MrAK-1 was compared with other 7 homologous arginine kinase (AK) and showed the highest identity (96%) with AK-1 from cherry shrimp Neocaridina denticulate. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed a broad expression of MrAK-1 with the highest expression in the muscle and the lowest in the eyestalk. The expression of MrAK-1 after challenge with the infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) was tested in muscle. In addition, MrAK-1 was expressed in Escherichia coli by prokaryotic expression plasmid pMAL-c2x. The optimum temperature (30 °C) and pH (8.5) was determined for the enzyme activity assay. MrAK-1 showed significant (P < 0.05) activity towards 10-50 mM ATP concentration. The enzyme activity was inhibited by α-ketoglutarate, glucose and ATP at the concentration of 10, 50 and 100 mM respectively. Conclusively, the findings of this study indicated that MrAK-1 might play an important role in the coupling of energy production and utilization and the immune response in shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Centre for Biotechnology in Agriculture Research, Division of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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37
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Wu QY, Li F, Wang XY, Chen ZJ. Impact of inter-subunit interactions on the dimeric arginine kinase activity and structural stability. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 512:61-8. [PMID: 21549684 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) is a key enzyme for cellular energy metabolism, catalyzing the reversible phosphoryl transfer from phosphoarginine to ADP in invertebrates. In this study, the inter-subunit hydrogen bonds between the Q53 and D200 and between D57 and D200 were disrupted to explore their roles in the activity and structural stability of Stichopus japonicus (S. japonicus) AK. Mutating Q53 and/or D57 to alanine (A) can cause pronounced loss of activity and substrate synergism, and cause distinct conformational changes. Spectroscopic experiments indicated that mutations destroying the inter-subunit hydrogen bonds impaired the structure of dimer AK, and resulted in a partially unfolded state. The inability to fold to the functional compact state made the mutants prone to be inactivated and aggregate under environmental stresses. Restoring hydrogen bonds in Q53E and D57E mutants could rescue the loss of activity and substrate synergism, and conformational changes. All those results suggested that the inter-subunit interactions played a key role in keeping the activity, substrate synergism and structural stability of dimer AK. The result herein may provide a clue in understanding the folding and self-assembly processes of oligomeric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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38
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Liu N, Wang JS, Wang WD, Pan JC. The role of Cys271 in conformational changes of arginine kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:98-102. [PMID: 21507330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK), a crucial enzyme in energy metabolism, buffers cellular ATP levels by catalyzing the reversible phosphoryl transfer between ATP and arginine. To better understand the role of Cys271 in conformational changes of AK from greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis), we replaced the residue with serine and alanine. A detailed comparison of the catalytic activity and conformation was made between wild-type AK and the mutants by means of activity analysis, ultraviolet (UV) difference, fluorescence spectrum and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The results indicated that the catalytic activity of the two mutants was gone. The substrates, arginine-ADP-Mg(2+) could induce conformational changes, and additional NO(3)(-) could induce further changes in both the native enzyme and the variants. We speculated that Cys271 might be located in the hinge region between the two domains of AK and cause enzyme conformational changes upon addition of substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, PR China
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39
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AGATSUMA T, FUKUNAGA S, JARILLA BR, NAGATAKI M, TOKUHIRO S, XIAO JY, DEVI KR, NOMURA H, SHIMADA M, UDA K, SUZUKI T. Molecular characterization of a cDNA-derived phosphagen kinase from Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7601/mez.62.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Uda K, Ishida M, Matsui T, Suzuki T. Arginine Kinase from the Tardigrade, Macrobiotus occidentalis: Molecular Cloning, Phylogenetic Analysis and Enzymatic Properties. Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:796-803. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Cooperativity in the two-domain arginine kinase from the sea anemone Anthopleura japonicus. II. Evidence from site-directed mutagenesis studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Doumen C. cDNA identification, comparison and phylogenetic aspects of lombricine kinase from two oligochaete species. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:137-43. [PMID: 20230902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Creatine kinase and arginine kinase are the typical representatives of an eight-member phosphagen kinase family, which play important roles in the cellular energy metabolism of animals. The phylum Annelida underwent a series of evolutionary processes that resulted in rapid divergence and radiation of these enzymes, producing the greatest diversity of the phosphagen kinases within this phylum. Lombricine kinase (EC 2.7.3.5) is one of such enzymes and sequence information is rather limited compared to other phosphagen kinases. This study presents data on the cDNA sequences of lombricine kinase from two oligochaete species, the California blackworm (Lumbriculus variegatus) and the sludge worm (Tubifex tubifex). The deduced amino acid sequences are analyzed and compared with other selected phosphagen kinases, including two additional lombricine kinase sequences extracted from DNA databases and provide further insights in the evolution and position of these enzymes within the phosphagen kinase family. The data confirms the presence of a deleted region within the flexible loop (the GS region) of all six examined lombricine kinases. A phylogenetic analysis of these six lombricine kinases clearly positions the enzymes together in a small subcluster within the larger creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Doumen
- Collin College, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Plano, TX 75074, USA.
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43
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Val65 plays an important role in the substrate synergism, structural stability and activity of arginine kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 45:393-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Jarilla BR, Tokuhiro S, Nagataki M, Hong SJ, Uda K, Suzuki T, Agatsuma T. Molecular characterization and kinetic properties of a novel two-domain taurocyamine kinase from the lung flukeParagonimus westermani. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2218-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Wang JS, Zheng ZL, Lei J, Pan JC, Zou GL. Cloning, expression, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of arginine kinase from greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:268-74. [PMID: 19341812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) plays an important role in cellular energy metabolism in invertebrate. The encoding AK gene from Shrimp Metapenaeus ensis (M. ensis) was cloned in prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-28a, and it was then expressed in Escherichia coil in dissoluble form. The recombinant protein was purified by following three chromatography steps in turn: CM-Cellulose cation-exchange, Sephacryl S-100HR gel filtrate and DEAE-Sepharose anion-exchange. The purified AK's apparent K(m) was 2.33+/-0.1 and 1.59+/-0.2 mM for ATP and l-arginine, respectively, while its optimum pH and temperature was 8.5 and 30 degrees C in the process of forward reaction, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of cDNA-derived amino acid sequences for the AKs indicated a close affinity of M. ensis and another shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
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46
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Uda K, Kuwasaki A, Shima K, Matsumoto T, Suzuki T. The role of Arg-96 in Danio rerio creatine kinase in substrate recognition and active center configuration. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 44:413-8. [PMID: 19428475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In creatine kinases (CKs), the amino acid residue-96 is a strictly conserved arginine. This residue is not directly associated with substrate binding, but it is located close to the binding site of the substrate creatine. On the other hand, the residue-96 is known to be involved in expression in the substrate specificity of various other phosphagen (guanidino) kinases, since each enzyme has a specific residue at this position: arginine kinase (Tyr), glycocyamine kinase (Ile), taurocyamine kinase (His) and lombricine kinase (Lys). To gain a greater understanding of the role of residue-96 in CKs, we replaced this residue in zebra fish Danio rerio cytoplasmic CK with other 19 amino acids, and expressed these constructs in Escherichia coli. All the twenty recombinant enzymes, including the wild-type, were obtained as soluble form, and their activities were determined in the forward direction. Compared with the activity of wild-type, the R96K mutant showed significant activity (8.3% to the wild-type), but 10 mutants (R96Y, A, S, E, H, T, F, C, V and N) showed a weak activity (0.056-1.0%). In the remaining mutants (R96Q, G, M, P, L, W, D and I), the activity was less than 0.05%. Our mutagenesis studies indicated that Arg-96 in Danio CK can be substituted for partially by Lys, but other replacements caused remarkable loss of activity. From careful inspection of the crystal structures (transition state analog complex (TSAC) and open state) of Torpedo cytoplasmic CK, we found that the side chain of R96 forms hydrogen bonds with A339 and D340 only in the TSAC structure. Based on the assumption that CKs consist of four dynamic domains (domains 1-3, and fixed domain), the above hydrogen bonds act to link putative domains 1 and 3 in TSAC structure. We suggest that residue-96 in CK and equivalent residues in other phosphagen kinases, which are structurally similar, have dual roles: (1) one involves in distinguishing guanidino substrates, and (2) the other plays a key role in organizing the hydrogen-bond network around residue-96 which offers an appropriate active center for the high catalytic turnover. The mode of development of the network appears to be unique each phosphagen kinase, reflecting evolution of each enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Uda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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47
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Iwanami K, Iseno SI, Uda K, Suzuki T. A novel arginine kinase from the shrimp Neocaridina denticulata: the fourth arginine kinase gene lineage. Gene 2009; 437:80-7. [PMID: 19268694 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinases (AK) evolved independently at least three times: first at an early stage of phosphagen kinase evolution (typical AK), second from the cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK) gene later in metazoan evolution (Stichopus AK) and third from the mitochondrial CK gene in the course of annelid radiation (Sabellastarte AK). Here, we present a possible fourth AK lineage. We amplified cDNA encoding three AKs (AK1, AK2 and AK3) from the shrimp Neocaridina denticulata, and determined their amino acid sequences (355-356 residues). Each cDNA sequence was cloned in a pET plasmid and the corresponding recombinant kinase was expressed in E. coli. The AKs showed monomeric nature similar to typical AKs on an analytical gel filtration column. While the amino acid sequence of AK2 corresponded to that of typical AK, containing the conserved key residues established in Limulus AK for the substrate binding site, those of AK1 and AK3 lacked some of these key residues, indicating a similar evolution to Stichopus and Sabellastarte AKs. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of phosphagen kinases indicated that Neocaridina AK1 and AK3 diverged at the deepest branching point close to the root of the tree and formed a distinct cluster outside the typical AK cluster, which included Neocaridina AK2. Kinetic constants of Neocaridina AKs were similar to those of other AKs. However, activation energy (E(a)) for the transition state of AK1 and AK3 was about 1.5-fold larger than that of AK2. The DeltaH(o++) values for AK1 and AK3 were also about 1.5-fold larger than that for AK2, but all three DeltaG(o++) values were very similar (71-72 kJ/mol); this results in similar reaction velocities for the three AK reactions due to a lower decrease in entropy in the activated complexes of AK1 and AK3 reactions compared to that of AK2. These findings suggest that Neocaridina AK1 and AK3 are unique from the known three AK gene lineages and therefore comprises a fourth AK lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwanami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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Wu QY, Li F, Wang XY. Evidence that the amino acid residue P272 of arginine kinase is involved in its activity, structure and stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 43:367-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Suzuki T, Uda K, Adachi M, Sanada H, Tanaka K, Mizuta C, Ishida K, Ellington WR. Evolution of the diverse array of phosphagen systems present in annelids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 152:60-6. [PMID: 18852060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Annelids as a group express a variety of phosphagen kinases including creatine kinase (CK), glyocyamine kinase (GK), lombricine kinase (LK), taurocyamine kinase (TK) and a unique arginine kinase (AK) restricted to annelids. In prior work, we have determined and compared the intron/exon organization of the annelid genes for cytoplasmic GK, LK, AK, and mitochondrial TK and LK (MiTK and MiLK, respectively), and found that these annelid genes, irrespective of cytoplasmic or mitochondrial, have the same 8-intron/9-exon organization strikingly similar to mitochondrial CK (MiCK) genes. These results support the view that the MiCK gene is basal and ancestral to the phosphagen kinases unique to annelids. To gain a greater understanding of the evolutionary processes leading to the diversity of annelid phosphagen kinases, we determined for the first time the intron/exon organization of a cytoplasmic CK gene from a polychaete as well as that of another polychaete MiCK gene. These gene structures, coupled with a phylogenetic analyses of annelid enzymes and assessment of the fidelity of substrate specificity of some these phosphagen kinases, provide insight into the pattern of radiation of the annelid enzymes. Annelid phosphagen kinases appeared to have diverged in the following order (earliest first): (1) cytoplasmic AK, LK and TK, (2) GK, and (3) mitochondrial MiLK and MiTK. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses showed that the above phosphagen kinases appear to be basal to all CK isoforms (mitochondrial, cytoplasmic and flagellar CKs). This somewhat paradoxical placement of CKs most likely reflects a higher rate of evolution and radiation of the annelid-specific LK, TK and GK genes than the CK isoform genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520 Japan.
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Uda K, Yamamoto K, Iwasaki N, Iwai M, Fujikura K, Ellington WR, Suzuki T. Two-domain arginine kinase from the deep-sea clam Calyptogena kaikoi--evidence of two active domains. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:176-82. [PMID: 18639645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences for arginine kinase (AK) from the deep-sea clam Calyptogena kaikoi have been determined revealing an unusual two-domain (2D) structure with molecular mass of 80 kDa, twice that of normal AK. The amino acid sequences of both domains contain most of the residues thought to be required for substrate binding found in the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus AK, a well studied system for which several X-ray crystal structures exist. However, two highly conserved residues, D62 and R193, that form a salt bridge thereby stabilizing the substrate-bound structure have been replaced by G and N in domain 1, and G and P in domain 2, respectively. The present effort probes whether both domains of Calyptogena AK are catalytically competent. Recombinant constructs of the wild-type enzyme of both single domains, and of selected mutants of the Calyptogena AK have been expressed as fusion proteins with the maltose-binding protein. The wild-type two-domain enzyme (2D[WT]) had high AK activity (k(cat)=23 s(- 1), average value of the two domains), and the single domain 2 (D2[WT]) showed 1.5-times higher activity (k(cat)=38 s(- 1)) than the wild-type 2D[WT]. Interestingly, the single domain 1 (D1[WT]) showed only a very low activity (k(cat) approximately 0.016 s(- 1)). Introduction of a Y68A mutation in both domains virtually abolished catalytic activity. On the other hand, significant residual activity was observed (k(cat)=2.8 s(- 1)), when the Y68A mutation was introduced only into domain 2 of the two-domain enzyme. A similar mutation in domain 1 of the two-domain enzyme reduced activity to a much lower extent (k(cat)=11.1 s(- 1)). Although the domains of this "contiguous" dimeric AK each have catalytic capabilities, the presence of domain 2 strongly influences the stability and activity of domain 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Uda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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