1
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Mitroshina EV, Marasanova EA, Vedunova MV. Functional Dimerization of Serotonin Receptors: Role in Health and Depressive Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16416. [PMID: 38003611 PMCID: PMC10671093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of depressive disorder constitutes a pressing challenge in the fields of psychiatry and neurobiology. Depression represents one of the most prevalent forms of mental and behavioral disorders globally. Alterations in dimerization capacity can influence the functional characteristics of serotonin receptors and may constitute a contributing factor to the onset of depressive disorders. The objective of this review is to consolidate the current understanding of interactions within the 5-HT receptor family and between 5-HT receptors and members of other receptor families. Furthermore, it aims to elucidate the role of such complexes in depressive disorders and delineate the mechanisms through which antidepressants exert their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Mitroshina
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.A.M.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Marasanova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.A.M.)
| | - Maria V. Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.A.M.)
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, St. Profsoyuznaya, 33, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Spencer NJ, Keating DJ. Role of 5-HT in the enteric nervous system and enteroendocrine cells. Br J Pharmacol 2022. [PMID: 35861711 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1950s, considerable circumstantial evidence had been presented that endogenous 5-HT (serotonin) synthesized from within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract played an important role in GI motility and transit. However, identifying the precise functional role of gut-derived 5-HT has been difficult to ascertain, for a number of reasons. Over the past decade, as recording techniques have advanced significantly and access to new genetically modified animals improved, there have been major new insights and major changes in our understanding of the functional role of endogenous 5-HT in the GI tract. Data from many different laboratories have shown that major patterns of GI motility and transit still occur with minor or no, change when all endogenous 5-HT is pharmacologically or genetically ablated from the gut. Furthermore, antagonists of 5-HT3 receptors are equally, or more potent at inhibiting GI motility in segments of intestine that are completely depleted of endogenous 5-HT. Here, the most recent findings are discussed with regard to the functional role of endogenous 5-HT in enterochromaffin cells and enteric neurons in gut motility and more broadly in some major homeostatic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Suchankova A, Harris M, Ladds G. Measuring the rapid kinetics of receptor-ligand interactions in live cells using NanoBRET. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:1-14. [PMID: 34752328 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The importance of receptor-ligand binding kinetics has often been overlooked during drug development, however, over the past decade it has become increasingly clear that a better understanding of the kinetic parameters is crucial for fully evaluating pharmacological effects of a drug. One technique enabling us to measure the real-time kinetics of receptor-ligand interactions in live cells is NanoBRET, which is a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assay that uses Nano luciferase. The assay described here allows the measurement of kinetic parameters of a fluorescent ligand and an unlabeled ligand binding to the same place at the receptor, as well as monitoring the effects of another compound like an allosteric modulator on the ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Suchankova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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4
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Zhou Y, Meng J, Xu C, Liu J. Multiple GPCR Functional Assays Based on Resonance Energy Transfer Sensors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611443. [PMID: 34041234 PMCID: PMC8141573 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest membrane protein families that participate in various physiological and pathological activities. Accumulating structural evidences have revealed how GPCR activation induces conformational changes to accommodate the downstream G protein or β-arrestin. Multiple GPCR functional assays have been developed based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) sensors to monitor the conformational changes in GPCRs, GPCR/G proteins, or GPCR/β-arrestin, especially over the past two decades. Here, we will summarize how these sensors have been optimized to increase the sensitivity and compatibility for application in different GPCR classes using various labeling strategies, meanwhile provide multiple solutions in functional assays for high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhou
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyong Meng
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chanjuan Xu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Sonnenberg SB, Rauer J, Göhr C, Gorinski N, Schade SK, Abdel Galil D, Naumenko V, Zeug A, Bischoff SC, Ponimaskin E, Guseva D. The 5-HT 4 receptor interacts with adhesion molecule L1 to modulate morphogenic signaling in neurons. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.249193. [PMID: 33536244 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological remodeling of dendritic spines is critically involved in memory formation and depends on adhesion molecules. Serotonin receptors are also implicated in this remodeling, though the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Here, we uncovered a signaling pathway involving the adhesion molecule L1CAM (L1) and serotonin receptor 5-HT4 (5-HT4R, encoded by HTR4). Using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging, we demonstrated a physical interaction between 5-HT4R and L1, and found that 5-HT4R-L1 heterodimerization facilitates mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in a Gs-dependent manner. We also found that 5-HT4R-L1-mediated signaling is involved in G13-dependent modulation of cofilin-1 activity. In hippocampal neurons in vitro, the 5-HT4R-L1 pathway triggers maturation of dendritic spines. Thus, the 5-HT4R-L1 signaling module represents a previously unknown molecular pathway regulating synaptic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonah Rauer
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Christoph Göhr
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nataliya Gorinski
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Sophie Kristin Schade
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Dalia Abdel Galil
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Vladimir Naumenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - André Zeug
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany .,Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Daria Guseva
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany .,Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
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6
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Spencer NJ, Costa M, Hibberd TJ, Wood JD. Advances in colonic motor complexes in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G12-G29. [PMID: 33085903 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00317.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The primary functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are to absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes that are essential for life. This is accompanied by the capability of the GI tract to mix ingested content to maximize absorption and effectively excrete waste material. There have been major advances in understanding intrinsic neural mechanisms involved in GI motility. This review highlights major advances over the past few decades in our understanding of colonic motor complexes (CMCs), the major intrinsic neural patterns that control GI motility. CMCs are generated by rhythmic coordinated firing of large populations of myenteric neurons. Initially, it was thought that serotonin release from the mucosa was required for CMC generation. However, careful experiments have now shown that neither the mucosa nor endogenous serotonin are required, although, evidence suggests enteroendocrine (EC) cells modulate CMCs. The frequency and extent of propagation of CMCs are highly dependent on mechanical stimuli (circumferential stretch). In summary, the isolated mouse colon emerges as a good model to investigate intrinsic mechanisms underlying colonic motility and provides an excellent preparation to explore potential therapeutic agents on colonic motility, in a highly controlled in vitro environment. In addition, during CMCs, the mouse colon facilitates investigations into the emergence of dynamic assemblies of extensive neural networks, applicable to the nervous system of different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Spencer
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Costa
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - T J Hibberd
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - J D Wood
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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7
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Del Colle A, Israelyan N, Gross Margolis K. Novel aspects of enteric serotonergic signaling in health and brain-gut disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G130-G143. [PMID: 31682158 PMCID: PMC6985840 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00173.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) comorbidities are common in individuals with mood and behavioral dysfunction. Similarly, patients with GI problems more commonly suffer from co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses. Although the central and enteric nervous systems (CNS and ENS, respectively) have largely been studied separately, there is emerging interest in factors that may contribute to disease states involving both systems. There is strong evidence to suggest that serotonin may be an important contributor to these brain-gut conditions. Serotonin has long been recognized for its critical functions in CNS development and function. The majority of the body's serotonin, however, is produced in the GI tract, where it plays key roles in ENS development and function. Further understanding of the specific impact that enteric serotonin has on brain-gut disease may lay the foundation for the creation of novel therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the current data focusing on the important roles that serotonin plays in ENS development and motility, with a focus on novel aspects of serotonergic signaling in medical conditions in which CNS and ENS co-morbidities are common, including autism spectrum disorders and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Del Colle
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Narek Israelyan
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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8
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Agrawal L, Vimal SK, Shiga T. Role of serotonin 4 receptor in the growth of hippocampal neurons during the embryonic development in mice. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107712. [PMID: 31325432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) homeostasis is critical for the brain development which influences neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and circuit formation. Distinctive distribution patterns of serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) in the brain govern various physiological activities. Amongst the 5-HTRs, serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT4R) is widely expressed in embryonic forebrain and affects neuronal development, synaptogenesis, and behavior, but its specific role in brain development is still not completely understood. Therefore, in the present study, we addressed the roles of 5-HT4R in the growth of hippocampal neurons during the development of mice brain. We cultured hippocampal neurons of the mouse at embryonic day 18 and then treatment of 5-HT4R agonist RS67333 was employed. We found RS67333 significantly increased the axonal length, diameter and branching along with total dendritic length, number of primary dendrites and their branching. In addition, these effects were neutralized by the concomitant treatment of 5-HT4R antagonist GR125487, which confirmed the specific role of the 5-HT4R in the growth of axon and dendrites. Further, the treatment of RS67333 upregulated the mRNA expression of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2) and non-phosphorylated CRMP2 (npCRMP2) together with neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NT-3, NGF) and TRK-A. Additionally, the current research findings reveal that the knockdown of CRMP2 inhibited RS67333-induced growth of the axons and dendrites, which indicates that CRMP2 is required for the 5-HT4R-mediated growth of the axons and dendrites. Overall, the findings of the present in vitro study enrich the understanding and provide insight roles of 5-HT4R in embryonic brain development by promoting the growth of hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Sunil Kumar Vimal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan; Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan.
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9
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What is the role of endogenous gut serotonin in the control of gastrointestinal motility? Pharmacol Res 2019; 140:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Maroteaux L, Béchade C, Roumier A. Dimers of serotonin receptors: Impact on ligand affinity and signaling. Biochimie 2019; 161:23-33. [PMID: 30685449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane receptors often form complexes with other membrane proteins that directly interact with different effectors of the signal transduction machinery. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were for long time considered as single pharmacological entities. However, evidence for oligomerization appeared for various classes and subtypes of GPCRs. This review focuses on metabotropic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors, which belong to the rhodopsin-like class A of GPCRs, and will summarize the convergent evidence that homo- and hetero-dimers containing 5-HT receptors exist in transfected cells and in-vivo. We will show that complexes involving 5-HT receptors may acquire new signal transduction pathways and new physiological roles. In some cases, these complexes participate in disease-specific deregulations, that can be differentially affected by various drugs. Hence, selecting receptor complex-specific responses of these heterodimers may constitute an emerging strategy likely to improve beneficial therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Catherine Béchade
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Anne Roumier
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
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11
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Kasai RS, Ito SV, Awane RM, Fujiwara TK, Kusumi A. The Class-A GPCR Dopamine D2 Receptor Forms Transient Dimers Stabilized by Agonists: Detection by Single-Molecule Tracking. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 76:29-37. [PMID: 29116599 PMCID: PMC5913388 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-017-0829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Whether class-A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) exist and work as monomers or dimers has drawn extensive attention. A class-A GPCR dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is involved in many physiological and pathological processes and diseases, indicating its critical role in proper functioning of neuronal circuits. In particular, D2R homodimers might play key roles in schizophrenia development and amphetamine-induced psychosis. Here, using single-molecule imaging, we directly tracked single D2R molecules in the plasma membrane at a physiological temperature of 37 °C, and unequivocally determined that D2R forms transient dimers with a lifetime of 68 ms in its resting state. Agonist addition prolonged the dimer lifetime by a factor of ~1.5, suggesting the possibility that transient dimers might be involved in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinshi S Kasai
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichi V Ito
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryo M Awane
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro K Fujiwara
- Center for Meso-Bio Single-Molecule Imaging (CeMI), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kusumi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Center for Meso-Bio Single-Molecule Imaging (CeMI), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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12
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Spencer NJ, Keating DJ. Is There a Role for Endogenous 5-HT in Gastrointestinal Motility? How Recent Studies Have Changed Our Understanding. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 891:113-22. [PMID: 27379639 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27592-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there have been dramatic changes in our understanding of the role of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the generation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility patterns in the small and large intestine. The idea that endogenous 5-HT played a major role in the generation of peristalsis in the small intestine was first proposed in the mid 1950s, after it was discovered that endogenous 5-HT could be released from the mucosa at a similar time that peristalsis occurred; and that exogenous 5-HT could potently stimulate peristalsis. The fact that exogenous 5-HT stimulated peristalsis and that there was a similarity in timing between the release of 5-HT from the mucosa and the onset of peristalsis led investigators to propose that release of endogenous 5-HT from the mucosa was causally related to the generation of peristalsis. In further support of this, other studies showed that selective 5-HT antagonists could inhibit or block peristalsis, and other motor patterns, such as the migrating motor complex. Taken together, based on these findings, some laboratories believed that endogenous 5-HT (synthesized in the gut wall) was an important mediator, or initiator, of different propulsive motor patterns in the lower GI tract. This notion changed dramatically in the past few years, however, after it was discovered that removal of the mucosa abolished all cyclical release of endogenous 5-HT, but did not block peristalsis, nor the cyclical migrating complex. Furthermore, other laboratories revealed that genetic deletion of the gene tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH-1) (that synthesizes endogenous 5-HT in the mucosa) actually had no inhibitory effect on transit of intestinal contents in live animals. Then, perhaps one of the most startling of all observations was the discovery that selective 5-HT receptor antagonists actually have the same inhibitory effects on peristalsis and the migrating complex in segments of intestine that had been depleted of all endogenous 5-HT. Taken together, these recent findings have led to a major revision in our understanding of the functional role of endogenous 5-HT in the generation of propulsive motor patterns in the lower GI tract. This review will focus on how our understanding of endogenous 5-HT in the GI tract has changed substantially in recent times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Damien J Keating
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting millions of patients worldwide which can only be treated with symptomatic drugs. Among the numbers of biological targets which are today explored in order to prevent or limit the progression of AD, the modulation of 5-HT6R and 5-HT4R appeared to be promising. This modulation has been proved to enhance the cognition in AD through modulation of the neurotransmitter system but could also be beneficial in order to limit the amyloid pathology. This review will describe recent advances in the understanding of this modulation as well as the medicinal chemistry of 5-HT6R or 5-HT4R ligands from synthesis to ongoing clinical trials.
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14
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Sokolina K, Kittanakom S, Snider J, Kotlyar M, Maurice P, Gandía J, Benleulmi-Chaachoua A, Tadagaki K, Oishi A, Wong V, Malty RH, Deineko V, Aoki H, Amin S, Yao Z, Morató X, Otasek D, Kobayashi H, Menendez J, Auerbach D, Angers S, Pržulj N, Bouvier M, Babu M, Ciruela F, Jockers R, Jurisica I, Stagljar I. Systematic protein-protein interaction mapping for clinically relevant human GPCRs. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:918. [PMID: 28298427 PMCID: PMC5371730 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of integral membrane receptors with key roles in regulating signaling pathways targeted by therapeutics, but are difficult to study using existing proteomics technologies due to their complex biochemical features. To obtain a global view of GPCR‐mediated signaling and to identify novel components of their pathways, we used a modified membrane yeast two‐hybrid (MYTH) approach and identified interacting partners for 48 selected full‐length human ligand‐unoccupied GPCRs in their native membrane environment. The resulting GPCR interactome connects 686 proteins by 987 unique interactions, including 299 membrane proteins involved in a diverse range of cellular functions. To demonstrate the biological relevance of the GPCR interactome, we validated novel interactions of the GPR37, serotonin 5‐HT4d, and adenosine ADORA2A receptors. Our data represent the first large‐scale interactome mapping for human GPCRs and provide a valuable resource for the analysis of signaling pathways involving this druggable family of integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Sokolina
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jamie Snider
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pascal Maurice
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Jorge Gandía
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abla Benleulmi-Chaachoua
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Kenjiro Tadagaki
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Atsuro Oishi
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Wong
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ramy H Malty
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Viktor Deineko
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Shahreen Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Zhong Yao
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xavier Morató
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Otasek
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology & Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Stephane Angers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasa Pržulj
- Department of Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology & Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Moutkine I, Quentin E, Guiard BP, Maroteaux L, Doly S. Heterodimers of serotonin receptor subtypes 2 are driven by 5-HT 2C protomers. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6352-6368. [PMID: 28258217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin receptor subtypes 2 comprise 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C, which are Gαq-coupled receptors and display distinct pharmacological properties. Although co-expressed in some brain regions and involved in various neurological disorders, their functional interactions have not yet been studied. We report that 5-HT2 receptors can form homo- and heterodimers when expressed alone or co-expressed in transfected cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer studies confirmed that 5-HT2C receptors interact with either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B receptors. Although heterodimerization with 5-HT2C receptors does not alter 5-HT2C Gαq-dependent inositol phosphate signaling, 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B receptor-mediated signaling was totally blunted. This feature can be explained by a dominance of 5-HT2C on 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptor binding; in 5-HT2C-containing heterodimers, ligands bind and activate the 5-HT2C protomer exclusively. This dominant effect on the associated protomer was also observed in neurons, supporting the physiological relevance of 5-HT2 receptor heterodimerization in vivo Accordingly, exogenous expression of an inactive form of the 5-HT2C receptor in the locus ceruleus is associated with decreased 5-HT2A-dependent noradrenergic transmission. These data demonstrate that 5-HT2 receptors can form functionally asymmetric heterodimers in vitro and in vivo that must be considered when analyzing the physiological or pathophysiological roles of serotonin in tissues where 5-HT2 receptors are co-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Moutkine
- From the INSERM UMR-S839, Paris 75005.,the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005.,the Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005
| | - Emily Quentin
- From the INSERM UMR-S839, Paris 75005.,the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005.,the Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- the Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5169 CNRS, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- From the INSERM UMR-S839, Paris 75005, .,the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005.,the Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005
| | - Stephane Doly
- the Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris 75014, .,the Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014.,the Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, NEURO-DOL, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, and
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16
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Castriconi F, Paolino M, Donati A, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Mennuni L, Sabatini C, Lanza M, Caselli G, Makovec F, Sbraccia M, Molinari P, Costa T, Cappelli A. Multivalent ligands for the serotonin 5-HT 4 receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:647-651. [PMID: 30108781 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00458j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
5-HT4 receptors are known to form constitutive dimers in membranes. To explore whether multivalency can enhance ligand interactions and/or efficacy in 5-HT4 receptors, the structure of the partial agonist ML10302 was modified with oligo(ethylene glycol) chains, thus generating, by a gradual approach, short and long tethered bivalent or tetravalent ligands and the corresponding spanner-linked monovalent controls. Both bivalent and tetravalent ligands displayed a 10-20-fold increase in binding affinity compared to appropriate controls, but no multivalent ligand showed greater binding energy than ML10302 itself. Furthermore, the direct assessment of receptor-Gs interaction and studies of cAMP signalling indicated that multivalency does not enhance the efficacy of ML10302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Castriconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Alessandro Donati
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Laura Mennuni
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l. , Via Valosa di Sopra 3 , 20900 Monza , Italy
| | - Chiara Sabatini
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l. , Via Valosa di Sopra 3 , 20900 Monza , Italy
| | - Marco Lanza
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l. , Via Valosa di Sopra 3 , 20900 Monza , Italy
| | | | - Francesco Makovec
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l. , Via Valosa di Sopra 3 , 20900 Monza , Italy
| | - Maria Sbraccia
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Paola Molinari
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Tommaso Costa
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
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17
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Spencer NJ, Sia TC, Brookes SJ, Costa M, Keating DJ. CrossTalk opposing view: 5-HT is not necessary for peristalsis. J Physiol 2016; 593:3229-31. [PMID: 26228548 DOI: 10.1113/jp270183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tiong Cheng Sia
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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18
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Franco R, Martínez-Pinilla E, Lanciego JL, Navarro G. Basic Pharmacological and Structural Evidence for Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Heteromerization. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:76. [PMID: 27065866 PMCID: PMC4815248 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane receptors rarely work on isolation, often they form oligomeric complexes with other receptor molecules and they may directly interact with different proteins of the signal transduction machinery. For a variety of reasons, rhodopsin-like class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) seem an exception to the general rule of receptor-receptor direct interaction. In fact, controversy surrounds their potential to form homo- hetero-dimers/oligomers with other class A GPCRs; in a sense, the field is going backward instead of forward. This review focuses on the convergent, complementary and telling evidence showing that homo- and heteromers of class A GPCRs exist in transfected cells and, more importantly, in natural sources. It is time to decide between questioning the occurrence of heteromers or, alternatively, facing the vast scientific and technical challenges that class A receptor-dimer/oligomer existence pose to Pharmacology and to Drug Discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de OviedoAsturias, Spain; Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - José L Lanciego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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19
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Spencer NJ. Constitutively Active 5-HT Receptors: An Explanation of How 5-HT Antagonists Inhibit Gut Motility in Species Where 5-HT is Not an Enteric Neurotransmitter? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:487. [PMID: 26732863 PMCID: PMC4683187 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors are well known to inhibit gastrointestinal (GI)-motility and transit in a variety of mammals, including humans. Originally, these observations had been interpreted by many investigators (including us) as evidence that endogenous 5-HT plays a major role in GI motility. This seemed a logical assumption. However, the story changed dramatically after recent studies revealed that 5-HT antagonists still blocked major GI motility patterns (peristalsis and colonic migrating motor complexes) in segments of intestine depleted of all 5-HT. Then, these results were further supported by Dr. Gershons' laboratory, which showed that genetic deletion of all genes that synthesizes 5-HT had minor, or no inhibitory effects on GI transit in vivo. If 5-HT was essential for GI motility patterns and transit, then one would expect major disruptions in motility and transit when 5-HT synthesis was genetically ablated. This does not occur. The inhibitory effects of 5-HT antagonists on GI motility clearly occur independently of any 5-HT in the gut. Evidence now suggests that 5-HT antagonists act on 5-HT receptors in the gut which are constitutively active, and don't require 5-HT for their activation. This would explain a long-standing mystery of how 5-HT antagonists inhibit gut motility in species like mice, rats, and humans where 5-HT is not an enteric neurotransmitter. Studies are now increasingly demonstrating that the presence of a neurochemical in enteric neurons does not mean they function as neurotransmitters. Caution should be exercised when interpreting any inhibitory effects of 5-HT antagonists on GI motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia
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20
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Kepka M, Szwejser E, Pijanowski L, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. A role for melatonin in maintaining the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance by influencing leukocyte migration and apoptosis in carp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:179-190. [PMID: 26188098 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is responsible for the synchronization of many physiological processes, including the immune response. Here we focus on the expression of melatonin MT1 receptors in/on leukocytes, and on the effects of melatonin administration on the inflammatory processes of carp. For the first time, we showed that fish leukocytes express MT1 receptors, implicating direct responsiveness to melatonin stimulation. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo, melatonin modulated the immune response. The most potent effects of melatonin concerned the regulation of leukocyte migration. Melatonin reduced chemotaxis of leukocytes towards CXC chemokines in vitro. In vivo, during zymosan induced peritonitis, i.p. administration of melatonin reduced the number of neutrophils. This correlated with a melatonin-induced decrease of gene expression of the CXCa chemokine. Moreover, melatonin induced a decrease of the respiratory burst in inflammatory leukocytes. Although these data do suggest a potent anti-inflammatory function for this hormone, melatonin-induced inhibition of leukocyte apoptosis clearly indicates towards a dual function. These results show that also in carp, melatonin performs a pleiotropic and extra-pineal function that is important in maintaining the delicate pro- and anti-inflammatory balance during infection. They furthermore demonstrate that neuroendocrine-immune interaction via melatonin is evolutionary conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kepka
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Szwejser
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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21
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Kamal M, Gbahou F, Guillaume JL, Daulat AM, Benleulmi-Chaachoua A, Luka M, Chen P, Kalbasi Anaraki D, Baroncini M, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, Prevot V, Delagrange P, Jockers R. Convergence of melatonin and serotonin (5-HT) signaling at MT2/5-HT2C receptor heteromers. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11537-46. [PMID: 25770211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inasmuch as the neurohormone melatonin is synthetically derived from serotonin (5-HT), a close interrelationship between both has long been suspected. The present study reveals a hitherto unrecognized cross-talk mediated via physical association of melatonin MT2 and 5-HT2C receptors into functional heteromers. This is of particular interest in light of the "synergistic" melatonin agonist/5-HT2C antagonist profile of the novel antidepressant agomelatine. A suite of co-immunoprecipitation, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, and pharmacological techniques was exploited to demonstrate formation of functional MT2 and 5-HT2C receptor heteromers both in transfected cells and in human cortex and hippocampus. MT2/5-HT2C heteromers amplified the 5-HT-mediated Gq/phospholipase C response and triggered melatonin-induced unidirectional transactivation of the 5-HT2C protomer of MT2/5-HT2C heteromers. Pharmacological studies revealed distinct functional properties for agomelatine, which shows "biased signaling." These observations demonstrate the existence of functionally unique MT2/5-HT2C heteromers and suggest that the antidepressant agomelatine has a distinctive profile at these sites potentially involved in its therapeutic effects on major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Finally, MT2/5-HT2C heteromers provide a new strategy for the discovery of novel agents for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Kamal
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Florence Gbahou
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guillaume
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Avais M Daulat
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Abla Benleulmi-Chaachoua
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marine Luka
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Patty Chen
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Dina Kalbasi Anaraki
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marc Baroncini
- INSERM, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U837, 59045 Lille, France, and
| | | | - Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy/Seine, France
| | - Vincent Prevot
- INSERM, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U837, 59045 Lille, France, and
| | | | - Ralf Jockers
- From the INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France,
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22
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Sia TC, Whiting M, Kyloh M, Nicholas SJ, Oliver J, Brookes SJ, Dinning PG, Wattchow DA, Spencer NJ. 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 antagonists inhibit peristaltic contractions in guinea-pig distal colon by mechanisms independent of endogenous 5-HT. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:136. [PMID: 23935564 PMCID: PMC3732893 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that endogenous serotonin is not required for colonic peristalsis in vitro, nor gastrointestinal (GI) transit in vivo. However, antagonists of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors can inhibit peristalsis and GI-transit in mammals, including humans. This raises the question of how these antagonists inhibit GI-motility and transit, if depletion of endogenous 5-HT does not cause any significant inhibitory changes to either GI-motility or transit? We investigated the mechanism by which 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 antagonists inhibit distension-evoked peristaltic contractions in guinea-pig distal colon. In control animals, repetitive peristaltic contractions of the circular muscle were evoked in response to fixed fecal pellet distension. Distension-evoked peristaltic contractions were unaffected in animals with mucosa and submucosal plexus removed, that were also treated with reserpine (to deplete neuronal 5-HT). In control animals, peristaltic contractions were blocked temporarily by ondansetron (1–10 μM) and SDZ-205–557 (1–10 μM) in many animals. Interestingly, after this temporary blockade, and whilst in the continued presence of these antagonists, peristaltic contractions recovered, with characteristics no different from controls. Surprisingly, similar effects were seen in mucosa-free preparations, which had no detectable 5-HT, as detected by mass spectrometry. In summary, distension-evoked peristaltic reflex contractions of the circular muscle layer of the guinea-pig colon can be inhibited temporarily, or permanently, in the same preparation by selective 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 antagonists, depending on the concentration of the antagonists applied. These effects also occur in preparations that lack any detectable 5-HT. We suggest caution should be exercised when interpreting the effects of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 antagonists; and the role of endogenous 5-HT, in the generation of distension-evoked colonic peristalsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiong C Sia
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
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23
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Functional significance of serotonin receptor dimerization. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:375-86. [PMID: 23811735 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The original model of G-protein activation by a single G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is giving way to a new model, wherein two protomers of a GPCR dimer interact with a single G-protein. This article will review the evidence suggesting that 5-HT receptors form dimers/oligomers and will compare the findings with the results obtained from the studies with other biogenic amine receptors. Topics to be covered include the origin or biogenesis of dimer formation, potential dimer interface(s), and oligomer size (dimer vs. tetramer or higher order). The functional significance will be discussed in terms of G-protein activation following ligand binding to one or two protomers in a dimeric structure, the formation of heterodimers, and the development of bivalent ligands.
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24
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Hiller C, Kühhorn J, Gmeiner P. Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Dimers and Bivalent Ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6542-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kühhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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26
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Cotecchia S, Stanasila L, Diviani D. Protein-protein interactions at the adrenergic receptors. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:15-27. [PMID: 21777184 PMCID: PMC3290771 DOI: 10.2174/138945012798868489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adrenergic receptors are among the best characterized G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and knowledge on this receptor family has provided several important paradigms about GPCR function and regulation. One of the most recent paradigms initially supported by studies on adrenergic receptors is that both βarrestins and G protein-coupled receptors themselves can act as scaffolds binding a variety of proteins and this can result in growing complexity of the receptor-mediated cellular effects. In this review we will briefly summarize the main features of βarrestin binding to the adrenergic receptor subtypes and we will review more in detail the main proteins found to selectively interact with distinct AR subtype. At the end, we will review the main findings on oligomerization of the AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cotecchia
- Départment de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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27
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Chen A, Kelley LD, Janušonis S. Effects of prenatal stress and monoaminergic perturbations on the expression of serotonin 5-HT4 and adrenergic β2 receptors in the embryonic mouse telencephalon. Brain Res 2012; 1459:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Abstract
In almost 16 years since the word "dimer" was used in a publication to describe the organization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a large number of studies have since weighed in on this notion. Are native, functional GPCRs monomers, dimers or as some would suggest even higher order structures? Here, we review some of the latest evidence regarding the organization of these receptors in both homo- and hetero-oligomeric formats, with a particular focus on β-adrenergic receptors. This is particularly important for understanding the allosteric nature of receptor/receptor interactions. It is likely that, over the course of evolution, mechanisms have come into play using all of the possible variations in receptor/receptor stoichiometry, depending on the cell and the physiological context in question. Finally, we provide some data that suggests that higher order structures of GPCRs, as with dimers themselves are probably assembled in the ER.
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Janušonis S. Relationships among variables and their equilibrium values: caveats of time-less interpretation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:275-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Brouwers L, Iskar M, Zeller G, van Noort V, Bork P. Network neighbors of drug targets contribute to drug side-effect similarity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22187. [PMID: 21765950 PMCID: PMC3135612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In pharmacology, it is essential to identify the molecular mechanisms of drug action in order to understand adverse side effects. These adverse side effects have been used to infer whether two drugs share a target protein. However, side-effect similarity of drugs could also be caused by their target proteins being close in a molecular network, which as such could cause similar downstream effects. In this study, we investigated the proportion of side-effect similarities that is due to targets that are close in the network compared to shared drug targets. We found that only a minor fraction of side-effect similarities (5.8 %) are caused by drugs targeting proteins close in the network, compared to side-effect similarities caused by overlapping drug targets (64%). Moreover, these targets that cause similar side effects are more often in a linear part of the network, having two or less interactions, than drug targets in general. Based on the examples, we gained novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of side effects associated with several drug targets. Looking forward, such analyses will be extremely useful in the process of drug development to better understand adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Brouwers
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Murat Iskar
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Zeller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vera van Noort
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max-Delbruck-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pellissier LP, Barthet G, Gaven F, Cassier E, Trinquet E, Pin JP, Marin P, Dumuis A, Bockaert J, Banères JL, Claeysen S. G protein activation by serotonin type 4 receptor dimers: evidence that turning on two protomers is more efficient. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9985-97. [PMID: 21247891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.201939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) function as obligatory dimeric entities has generated major interest in GPCR oligomerization. Oligomerization now appears to be a common feature among all GPCR classes. However, the functional significance of this process remains unclear because, in vitro, some monomeric GPCRs, such as rhodopsin and β(2)-adrenergic receptors, activate G proteins. By using wild type and mutant serotonin type 4 receptors (5-HT(4)Rs) (including a 5-HT(4)-RASSL) expressed in COS-7 cells as models of class A GPCRs, we show that activation of one protomer in a dimer was sufficient to stimulate G proteins. However, coupling efficiency was 2 times higher when both protomers were activated. Expression of combinations of 5-HT(4), in which both protomers were able to bind to agonists but only one could couple to G proteins, suggested that upon agonist occupancy, protomers did not independently couple to G proteins but rather that only one G protein was activated. Coupling of a single heterotrimeric G(s) protein to a receptor dimer was further confirmed in vitro, using the purified recombinant WT RASSL 5-HT(4)R obligatory heterodimer. These results, together with previous findings, demonstrate that, differently from class C GPCR dimers, class A GPCR dimers have pleiotropic activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie P Pellissier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5203, F-34094 Montpellier, France
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Investigations on 5-HT4 Receptor Expression and Effects of Tegaserod on Human Platelet Aggregation In Vitro. Am J Ther 2010; 17:543-52. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181b63f21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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van Nassauw L, Timmermans JP. Detailed knowledge of cellular expression of G protein-coupled receptors in the human enteric nervous system is essential for understanding their diverse actions. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:959-64. [PMID: 20701687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large and diverse superfamily of transmembrane receptors that mediate the functions of an extraordinarily large number of extracellular ligands. They control many major physiological processes and are involved in diverse pathological processes, including gastrointestinal diseases. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the most targeted classes in pharmaceutical drug research. At present, much of our knowledge concerning the expression, distribution and function of GPCRs in the gut has been gleaned from studies performed in experimental models. Data obtained in the human digestive tract, especially in the enteric nervous system, are sparse and incomplete, although enteric neurons have a key position in almost all physiological and pathophysiological processes in the gut. Knowledge of cellular distribution of GPCRs, of regional differences in GPCR expression, and of altered GPCR expression during pathophysiological conditions in the human gut, will lead to a better understanding of GPCR activity, but will also contribute to the development of new drugs. In the current issue of the Journal, Harrington et al. describe the presence and cellular localization of muscarinic receptors in the human colon. Morphologically, orientated studies on the cellular expression of GPCRs in the human gut have to be encouraged, because these studies will yield data that are of therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Nassauw
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Melatonin receptors, heterodimerization, signal transduction and binding sites: what's new? Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1182-95. [PMID: 18493248 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that has been claimed to be involved in a wide range of physiological functions. Nevertheless, for most of its effects, the mechanism of action is not really known. In mammals, two melatonin receptors, MT1 and MT2, have been cloned. They belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. They share some specific short amino-acid sequences, which suggest that they represent a specific subfamily. Another receptor from the same subfamily, the melatonin-related receptor has been cloned in different species including humans. This orphan receptor also named GPR50 does not bind melatonin and its endogenous ligand is still unknown. Nevertheless, this receptor has been shown to behave as an antagonist of the MT1 receptor, which opens new pharmacological perspectives for GPR50 despite the lack of endogenous or synthetic ligands. Moreover, MT1 and MT2 interact together through the formation of heterodimers at least in cells transfected with the cDNA of these two receptors. Lastly, signalling complexes associated with MT1 and MT2 receptors are starting to be deciphered. A third melatonin-binding site has been purified and characterized as the enzyme quinone reductase 2 (QR2). Inhibition of QR2 by melatonin may explain melatonin's protective effect that has been reported in different animal models and that is generally associated with its well-documented antioxidant properties.
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Rivail L, Chipot C, Maigret B, Bestel I, Sicsic S, Tarek M. Large-scale molecular dynamics of a G protein-coupled receptor, the human 5-HT4 serotonin receptor, in a lipid bilayer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gehlert DR, Schober DA, Morin M, Berglund MM. Co-expression of neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y5 receptors results in heterodimerization and altered functional properties. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1652-64. [PMID: 17897631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces anxiolytic and orexigenic effects by interacting with Y1 and Y5 receptors that are colocalized in many brain regions. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that co-expression of Y1 and Y5 receptors results in heterodimerization, altered pharmacological properties and altered desensitization. To accomplish this, the carboxyl-termini of Y1 and Y5 receptors were fused with Renilla luciferase and green fluorescent protein and the proximity of the tagged receptors assessed using bioluminescent resonance energy transfer. Under basal conditions, cotransfection of tagged Y1 receptor and Y5 produced a substantial dimerization signal that was unaffected by the endogenous, nonselective agonists, NPY and peptide YY (PYY). Selective Y5 agonists produced an increase in the dimerization signal while Y5 antagonists also produced a slight but significant increase. In the absence of agonists, selective antagonists decreased dimerization. In functional studies, Y5 agonists produced a greater inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity in Y1/Y5 cells than cells expressing Y5 alone while NPY and PYY exhibited no difference. With PYY stimulation, the Y1 antagonist became inactive and the Y5 antagonist exhibited uncompetitive kinetics in the Y1/Y5 cell line. In confocal microscopy studies, Y1/Y5 co-expression resulted in increased Y5 signaling following PYY stimulation. Addition of both Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonists was required to significantly decrease PYY-induced internalization. Therefore, Y1/Y5 co-expression results in heterodimerization, altered agonist and antagonist responses and reduced internalization rate. These results may account for the complex pharmacology observed when assessing the responses to NPY and analogs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Gehlert
- Lilly Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States.
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Russo O, Berthouze M, Giner M, Soulier JL, Rivail L, Sicsic S, Lezoualc'h F, Jockers R, Berque-Bestel I. Synthesis of specific bivalent probes that functionally interact with 5-HT(4) receptor dimers. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4482-92. [PMID: 17676726 DOI: 10.1021/jm070552t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor dimerization directs the design of new drugs that specifically bind to receptor dimers. Here, we generated a targeted series of homobivalent ligands for serotonin 5-HT(4) receptor (5-HT(4)R) dimers composed of two 5-HT(4)R-specific ML10302 units linked by a spacer. The design of spacers was assisted by molecular modeling using our previously described 5-HT(4)R dimer model. Their syntheses were based on Sonogashira-Linstrumelle coupling methods. All compounds retained high-affinity binding to 5-HT(4)R but lost the agonistic character of the monomeric ML10302 compound. Direct evidence for the functional interaction of both pharmacophores of bivalent ligands with the 5-HT(4)R was obtained using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) based assay that monitors conformational changes within 5-HT(4) dimers. Whereas the monovalent ML10302 was inactive in this assay, several bivalent derivatives dose-dependently increased the BRET signal, indicating that both pharmacophores functionally interact with the 5-HT(4) dimer. These bivalent ligands may serve as a new basis for the synthesis of potential drugs for 5-HT(4)-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Russo
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, IFR141, UMR-S769, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, Inserm, U567, France
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Lezoualc'h F. 5-HT4 receptor and Alzheimer's disease: The amyloid connection. Exp Neurol 2007; 205:325-9. [PMID: 17346704 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Compan V. Do Limits of Neuronal Plasticity Represent an Opportunity for Mental Diseases, Such as Addiction to Food and Illegal Drugs? Use and Utilities of Serotonin Receptor Knock-Out Mice. Front Neurosci 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420005752.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Herrick-Davis K, Grinde E, Weaver BA. Serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor homodimerization is not regulated by agonist or inverse agonist treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 568:45-53. [PMID: 17507008 PMCID: PMC2205992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptors represent targets for therapeutics aimed at treating anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and obesity. Previously, we demonstrated that 5-HT(2C) receptors function as homodimers. Herein, we investigated the effect of agonist and inverse agonist treatment on the homodimer status of two naturally occurring 5-HT(2C) receptor isoforms, one without basal activity (VGV) and one with constitutive activity (INI) with respect to Galpha(q) signaling. Cyan- and yellow-fluorescent proteins were used to monitor VGV and INI homodimer formation by western blot, and in living cells using bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET and FRET). Western blots of solubilized membrane proteins revealed equal proportions of homodimeric receptor species from HEK293 cells transfected with either the VGV or INI isoform in the absence and presence of 5-HT. BRET ratios measured in HEK293 cells transfected with the VGV or INI isoform were the same and were not modulated by 5-HT. Similarly, FRET efficiencies were the same regardless of whether measured in cells expressing the VGV or INI isoform in the absence or presence of 5-HT or clozapine. The results indicate that serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptors form homodimers regardless of whether they are in an inactive or active conformation and are not regulated by drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Herrick-Davis
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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Immunomodulation by maternal autoantibodies of the fetal serotoninergic 5-HT4 receptor and its consequences in early BALB/c mouse embryonic development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:34. [PMID: 17445258 PMCID: PMC1891104 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The presence of functional 5-HT4 receptors in human and its involvement in neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) have prompted us to study the receptor expression and role during embryogenesis. Earlier we managed to demonstrate that female BALB/c mice immunized against the second extracellular loop (SEL) of the 5-HT4 receptor gave birth to pups with heart block. To explain this phenomenon we investigated the expression of 5-HT4 receptors during mouse embryogenesis. At the same time we looked whether the consequence of 5-HT4 receptor immunomodulation observed earlier is in relation to receptor expression. We studied the expression of 5-HT4 receptor at the mRNA level and its two isoforms 5-HT4(a) and 5-HT4(d) at the protein level in embryos from BALB/c mice, at 8th, 12th, 18th gestation days (GD) and 1 day post natal (DPN). Simultaneously the receptor activity was inhibited by rising antibodies, in female mice against SEL of the receptor. The mice were mated and embryos were collected at 8th, 12th, 18th GD and 1 DPN. Results 5-HT4 receptor mRNA increased in brain from 12th GD to 1 DPN. Its expression gradually decreased in heart and disappeared at birth. This was consistent with expression of the receptor isoforms 5-HT4(a) and (d). Abnormalities like decreased number of embryos, growth delay, spina bifida and sinus arrhythmia from 12th GD were documented in pups of mice showing anti-5-HT4 receptor antibodies. Conclusion serotoninergic 5-HT4 receptor plays an important role in mouse foetal development. In BALB/c mice there is a direct relation between the expression of receptor and the deleterious effect of maternal anti-5-HT4 receptor autoantibodies in early embryogenesis.
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Di Scala E, Rose S, Hérault O, Argibay J, Cosnay P, Bozon V. Conformational state of human cardiac 5-HT(4(g)) receptors influences the functional effects of polyclonal anti-5-HT(4) receptor antibodies. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:964-71. [PMID: 17222392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The functional effects of the anti-G21V antibody directed against the second extracellular loop of human heart 5-HT(4) receptors can differ when the receptors are expressed in different cell lines. Here, we extend these studies to show variation in the responses of 5-HT(4(g)) receptors to the antibody within the same expression system. In a previous report no effect of the anti-G21V antibodies had been shown upon 5-HT(4(g)) receptors expressed in CHO cells. Here the same antibodies alone or when added before 5-HT had a functional "inverse-agonist like" effect upon 5-HT(4(g)) receptors expressed in a separate line of CHO cells. Although these CHO cells showed a lower efficacy of cAMP production evoked by 5-HT than the previous report they express a similar h5-HT(4(g)) receptor density. Inhibition of either phosphodiesterases or Gi proteins had no effect upon the action of the antibody. Conformational states of the 5-HT(4) receptor and/or equilibrium between different states of receptors may then determine the functional effect of antibodies against this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Di Scala
- UMR CNRS 6542, Physiologie des Cellules Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours 37200, France
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Berthouze M, Rivail L, Lucas A, Ayoub MA, Russo O, Sicsic S, Fischmeister R, Berque-Bestel I, Jockers R, Lezoualc'h F. Two transmembrane Cys residues are involved in 5-HT4 receptor dimerization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:642-7. [PMID: 17379184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT(4) receptor (5-HT(4)R) belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and is of considerable interest for the development of new drugs to treat gastrointestinal diseases and memory disorders. The 5-HT(4)R exists as a constitutive dimer but its molecular determinants are still unknown. Using co-immunoprecipitation and Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) techniques, we show here that 5-HT(4)R homodimerization but not 5-HT(4)R-beta(2) adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) heterodimerization is largely decreased under reducing conditions suggesting the participation of disulfide bonds in 5-HT(4)R dimerization. Molecular modeling and protein docking experiments identified four cysteine (Cys) residues potentially involved in the dimer interface through intramolecular or intermolecular disulfide bonds. We show that disulfide bridges between Cys112 and Cys145 located within TM3 and TM4, respectively, are of critical importance for 5-HT(4)R dimer formation. Our data suggest that two disulfide bridges between two transmembrane Cys residues are involved in the dimerization interface of a GPCR.
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De Maeyer JH, Straetemans R, Schuurkes JAJ, Lefebvre RA. Porcine left atrial and sinoatrial 5-HT(4) receptor-induced responses: fading of the response and influence of development. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 147:140-57. [PMID: 16331294 PMCID: PMC1615862 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1.--In this study, we aimed to characterize in vitro the effects of the benzofuran 5-HT(4) receptor agonists prucalopride, R149402 and R199715 and the indolic agents tegaserod and 5-HT in the atria of young pigs (10-11 weeks) and newborn piglets. 2.--In the paced left atrium of young pigs, only 5-HT results in positive inotropic responses when administered cumulatively (maximal effect relative to isoprenaline=53%, pEC(50)=6.8); however, all agonists showed lusitropic effects. Noncumulative administration results in greater positive inotropic responses for 5-HT and induces moderate positive inotropic responses for the other agonists; these responses fade. 3.--Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme inhibition with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 20 microM) enhances the responses to cumulatively administered 5-HT (maximal effect=89%, pEC(50)=7.7) and reveals clear positive inotropic effects for prucalopride, tegaserod, R149402 and R199715; fading is abolished. The maximal effect of the benzofurans is less pronounced than that of the indoles. 4.--In the spontaneously beating right atrium of young pigs, all agonists show chronotropic activity when administered cumulatively in the absence of IBMX, without fade. Benzofurans behaved as partial agonists compared to 5-HT (maximal effect=54%, pEC(50)=6.5). 5.--In newborns, the inotropic activity of the agonists in the IBMX-treated left atrium was less pronounced than in the young pig; the same applied for the chronotropic response in the right atrium, except for 5-HT. 6.--In conclusion, the atrial responses to 5-HT(4) receptor activation increase in the first months of life; the inotropic response is regulated by PDEs. Prucalopride, R149402 and R199715 are partial agonists compared to 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H De Maeyer
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Mader R, Kocher T, Haier J, Wieczorek G, Pfannkuche HJ, Ito M. Investigation of serotonin type 4 receptor expression in human and non-human primate gastrointestinal samples. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18:945-50. [PMID: 16894306 DOI: 10.1097/01.meg.0000228975.87645.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotonin type 4 (5-HT4) receptor has been associated with functions of the gastrointestinal tract such as modulation of the peristaltic reflex, smooth muscle tone, intestinal secretion and visceral sensitivity. The activation of peripheral 5-HT4 receptors with agonists such as tegaserod has been shown to accelerate gastric emptying and improve symptoms of constipation in animals and humans. However, detailed data on the expression profile and on the localization of this receptor subtype are lacking so far. OBJECTIVE To study the pattern and expression levels of 5-HT4 receptor messenger RNA expression in the gut. METHOD Normal tissue samples were collected from the whole gastrointestinal tract of patients undergoing abdominal surgery and, in addition, of monkeys. We performed a comprehensive analysis of 5-HT4 receptor expression by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, using human and non-human primate tissues from the oesophagus to the rectum. In addition, the brain and heart of non-human primates were analysed. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of 5-HT4 receptor mRNA were measured in the human stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum and also in the corresponding non-human primate gut segments, ranging from 2- to 12-fold compared with the liver. No differences were found between females and males of both human and non-human primates. CONCLUSIONS These results show 5-HT4 receptor mRNA expression throughout the gastrointestinal tract in humans and primates, and also support the preclinical and clinical findings of 5-HT4 receptors ligands exhibiting multiple effects throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mader
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, GI Department, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
The human cardiovascular system is exposed to plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), usually released from platelets. 5-HT can produce harmful acute and chronic effects. The acute cardiac effects of 5-HT consist of tachycardia (preceded on occasion by a brief reflex bradycardia), increased atrial contractility and production of atrial arrhythmias. Acute inotropic, lusitropic and arrhythmic effects of 5-HT on human ventricle become conspicuous after inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Human cardiostimulation is mediated through 5-HT4 receptors. Atrial and ventricular PDE3 activity exerts a protective role against potentially harmful cardiostimulation. Chronic exposure to high levels of 5-HT (from metastatic carcinoid tumours), the anorectic drug fenfluramine and its metabolites, as well as the ecstasy drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) are associated with proliferative disease and thickening of cardiac valves, mediated through 5-HT2B receptors. 5-HT2B receptors have an obligatory physiological role in murine cardiac embryology but whether this happens in humans requires research. Congenital heart block (CHB) is, on occasion, associated with autoantibodies against 5-HT4 receptors. Acute vascular constriction by 5-HT is usually shared by 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A receptors, except in intracranial arteries which constrict only through 5-HT1B receptors. Both 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A receptors can mediate coronary artery spasm but only 5-HT1B receptors appear involved in coronary spasm of patients treated with triptans or with Prinzmetal angina. 5-HT2A receptors constrict the portal venous system including oesophageal collaterals in cirrhosis. Chronic exposure to 5-HT can contribute to pulmonary hypertension through activation of constrictor 5-HT1B receptors and proliferative 5-HT2B receptors, and possibly through direct intracellular effects.
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Koterba KL, Rowan BG. Measuring ligand-dependent and ligand-independent interactions between nuclear receptors and associated proteins using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET). NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2006; 4:e021. [PMID: 17016546 PMCID: PMC1555634 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET2) is a recently developed technology for the measurement of protein-protein interactions in a live, cell-based system. BRET2 is characterized by the efficient transfer of excited energy between a bioluminescent donor molecule (Renilla luciferase) and a fluorescent acceptor molecule (a mutant of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP2)). The BRET2 assay offers advantages over fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) because it does not require an external light source thereby eliminating problems of photobleaching and autoflourescence. The absence of contamination by light results in low background that permits detection of very small changes in the BRET2 signal. BRET2 is dependent on the orientation and distance between two fusion proteins and therefore requires extensive preliminary standardization experiments to conclude a positive BRET2 signal independent of variations in protein titrations and arrangement in tertiary structures. Estrogen receptor (ER) signaling is modulated by steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1). To establish BRET2 in a ligand inducible system we used SRC-1 as the donor moiety and ER as the acceptor moiety. Expression and functionality of the fusion proteins were assessed by transient transfection in HEK-293 cells followed by Western blot analysis and measurement of ER-dependent reporter gene activity. These preliminary determinations are required prior to measuring nuclear receptor protein-protein interactions by BRET2. This article describes in detail the BRET2 methodology for measuring interaction between full-length ER and coregulator proteins in real-time, in an in vivo environment.
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