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Hou JJ, Ma AH, Qin YH. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in inflammatory bowel disease: insights from gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1279172. [PMID: 37942478 PMCID: PMC10628454 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1279172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease that affects more than 3.5 million people, with rising prevalence. It deeply affects patients' daily life, increasing the burden on patients, families, and society. Presently, the etiology of IBD remains incompletely clarified, while emerging evidence has demonstrated that altered gut microbiota and decreased aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activity are closely associated with IBD. Furthermore, microbial metabolites are capable of AHR activation as AHR ligands, while the AHR, in turn, affects the microbiota through various pathways. In light of the complex connection among gut microbiota, the AHR, and IBD, it is urgent to review the latest research progress in this field. In this review, we describe the role of gut microbiota and AHR activation in IBD and discussed the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the AHR in the context of IBD. Taken as a whole, we propose new therapeutic strategies targeting the AHR-microbiota axis for IBD, even for other related diseases caused by AHR-microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue-Hua Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
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2
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Pinto CJG, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Lian Y, Moura-Alves P, Nunes Dos Santos C. Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by gut phenolic metabolites: A strategy towards gut inflammation. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102622. [PMID: 36812782 PMCID: PMC9958510 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor able to control complex transcriptional processes in several cell types, which has been correlated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Numerous studies have described different compounds as ligands of this receptor, like xenobiotics, natural compounds, and several host-derived metabolites. Dietary (poly)phenols have been studied regarding their pleiotropic activities (e.g., neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory), but their AHR modulatory capabilities have also been considered. However, dietary (poly)phenols are submitted to extensive metabolism in the gut (e.g., gut microbiota). Thus, the resulting gut phenolic metabolites could be key players modulating AHR since they are the ones that reach the cells and may exert effects on the AHR throughout the gut and other organs. This review aims at a comprehensive search for the most abundant gut phenolic metabolites detected and quantified in humans to understand how many have been described as AHR modulators and what could be their impact on inflammatory gut processes. Even though several phenolic compounds have been studied regarding their anti-inflammatory capacities, only 1 gut phenolic metabolite, described as AHR modulator, has been evaluated on intestinal inflammatory models. Searching for AHR ligands could be a novel strategy against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina J G Pinto
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - María Ángeles Ávila-Gálvez
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Yilong Lian
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Cláudia Nunes Dos Santos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal.
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3
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Sayed TS, Maayah ZH, Zeidan HA, Agouni A, Korashy HM. Insight into the physiological and pathological roles of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and diabetes development. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:103. [PMID: 36418969 PMCID: PMC9682773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that mediates the toxicities of several environmental pollutants. Decades of research have been carried out to understand the role of AhR as a novel mechanism for disease development. Its involvement in the pathogenesis of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus have long been known. One of the current hot research topics is investigating the role of AhR activation by environmental pollutants on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion, and hence the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. To date, epidemiological studies have suggested that persistent exposure to environmental contaminants such as dioxins, with subsequent AhR activation increases the risk of specific comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes. The importance of AhR signaling in various molecular pathways highlights that the role of this receptor is far beyond just xenobiotic metabolism. The present review aims at providing significant insight into the physiological and pathological role of AhR and its regulated enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and CYP1B1 in both types of diabetes. It also provides a comprehensive summary of the current findings of recent research studies investigating the role of the AhR/CYP1A1 pathway in insulin secretion and glucose hemostasis in the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissues. This review further highlights the molecular mechanisms involved, such as gluconeogenesis, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), oxidative stress, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen S. Sayed
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zaid H. Maayah
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Heba A. Zeidan
- grid.498552.70000 0004 0409 8340American School of Doha, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hesham M. Korashy
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Abd El-Fattah EE, Abdelhamid AM. Benzo[a]pyrene immunogenetics and immune archetype reprogramming of lung. Toxicology 2021; 463:152994. [PMID: 34678320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Overexposure to carcinogenic precursor, benzo[a]pyrene [BaP], modulates the lung immune microenvironment. The present review seeks to elucidate novel pathways behind the tumor effect of BaP in the lungs, emphasizing immunomodulatory mediators and immune cells. In this review, BaP reprograms lung immune microenvironment through modulating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), Interleukin 12 (IL-12), indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels. Moreover, BaP modulated lung immune cellular architecture such as dendritic cells, T cells, Tregs, macrophages, neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). All mentioned changes in immune architecture and mediators lead to the induction of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam E Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt.
| | - Amir Mohamed Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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Abney KK, Galipeau J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mesenchymal stromal cells: new frontiers in AhR biology. FEBS J 2020; 288:3962-3972. [PMID: 33064873 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are nonhematopoietic cells that have been clinically explored as investigational cellular therapeutics for tissue injury regeneration and immune-mediated diseases. Their pharmaceutical properties arise from activation of endogenous receptors and transcription factors leading to a paracrine effect which mirror the biology of progenitors from which they arise. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that has been extensively studied as an environmental sensor for xenobiotics, but recent findings suggest it can modulate immunological functions. Both genetic and pharmacological investigations revealed that MSCs express AhR and that it plays roles in inflammation, immunomodulation, and mesodermal plasticity of endogenous MSCs. Further, AhR has been shown to interact with key signaling cascades associated with these conditions. Therefore, AhR has potential to be an attractive target in both endogenous and culture-adapted MSCs for novel therapeutics to treat inflammation and other age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher K Abney
- Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin in Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin in Madison, WI, USA
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Yue T, Sun F, Yang C, Wang F, Luo J, Yang P, Xiong F, Zhang S, Yu Q, Wang CY. The AHR Signaling Attenuates Autoimmune Responses During the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1510. [PMID: 32849515 PMCID: PMC7426364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor widely expressed in immune cells. Its ligands range from xenobiotics and natural substances to metabolites, which renders it capable of sensing and responding to a variety of environmental cues. Although AHR signaling has long been recognized to be implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), colitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), its effect on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains less understood. In this review, we intend to summarize its potential implication in T1D pathogenesis and to sort out the related regulatory mechanisms in different types of immune cells. Emerging evidence supports that β cell destruction caused by autoimmune responses can be rectified by AHR signaling. Upon activation by its ligands, AHR not only modulates the development and functionality of immune cells, but also suppresses the expression of inflammatory cytokines, through which AHR attenuates autoimmune responses during the course of T1D development. Since AHR-initiated biological effects vary between different types of ligands, additional studies would be necessary to characterize or de novo synthesize effective and safe ligands aimed to replenish our arsenal in fighting autoimmune responses and β mass loss in a T1D setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yue
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunliang Yang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Faxi Wang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Luo
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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AHR Signaling Dampens Inflammatory Signature in Neonatal Skin γδ T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062249. [PMID: 32213963 PMCID: PMC7139545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-deficient mice do not support the expansion of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC), a resident immune cell population in the murine epidermis, which immigrates from the fetal thymus to the skin around birth. Material and Methods In order to identify the gene expression changes underlying the DETC disappearance in AHR-deficient mice, we analyzed microarray RNA-profiles of DETC, sorted from the skin of two-week-old AHR-deficient mice and their heterozygous littermates. In vitro studies were done for verification, and IL-10, AHR repressor (AHRR), and c-Kit deficient mice analyzed for DETC frequency. Results We identified 434 annotated differentially expressed genes. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that the expression of genes related to proliferation, ion homeostasis and morphology differed between the two mouse genotypes. Importantly, with 1767 pathways the cluster-group “inflammation” contained the majority of AHR-dependently regulated pathways. The most abundant cluster of differentially expressed genes was “inflammation.” DETC of AHR-deficient mice were inflammatory active and had altered calcium and F-actin levels. Extending the study to the AHRR, an enigmatic modulator of AHR-activity, we found approximately 50% less DETC in AHRR-deficient mice than in wild-type-littermates. Conclusion AHR-signaling in DETC dampens their inflammatory default potential and supports their homeostasis in the skin.
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Franchini AM, Myers JR, Jin GB, Shepherd DM, Lawrence BP. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis Reveals Novel AhR Targets That Regulate Dendritic Cell Function during Influenza A Virus Infection. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:219-235. [PMID: 31356168 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the ligand inducible aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) during primary influenza A virus infection diminishes host responses by negatively regulating the ability of dendritic cells (DC) to prime naive CD8+ T cells, which reduces the generation of CTL. However, AhR-regulated genes and signaling pathways in DCs are not fully known. In this study, we used unbiased gene expression profiling to identify differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in DCs that are modulated by AhR activation in vivo. Using the prototype AhR agonist TCDD, we identified the lectin receptor Cd209a (DC-SIGN) and chemokine Ccl17 as novel AhR target genes. We further show the percentage of DCs expressing CD209a on their surface was significantly decreased by AhR activation during infection. Whereas influenza A virus infection increased CCL17 protein levels in the lung and lung-draining lymph nodes, this was significantly reduced following AhR activation. Targeted excision of AhR in the hematopoietic compartment confirmed AhR is required for downregulation of CCL17 and CD209a. Loss of AhR's functional DNA-binding domain demonstrates that AhR activation alone is necessary but not sufficient to drive downregulation. AhR activation induced similar changes in gene expression in human monocyte-derived DCs. Analysis of the murine and human upstream regulatory regions of Cd209a and Ccl17 revealed a suite of potential transcription factor partners for AhR, which may coregulate these genes in vivo. This study highlights the breadth of AhR-regulated pathways within DCs, and that AhR likely interacts with other transcription factors to modulate DC functions during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Franchini
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Guang-Bi Jin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - David M Shepherd
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and.,Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642;
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Piccinni MP, Lombardelli L, Logiodice F, Kullolli O, Maggi E, Barkley MS. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Decreases Th1, Th17, and Increases Th22 Responses via AHR Signaling Which Could Affect Susceptibility to Infections and Inflammatory Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:642. [PMID: 31001262 PMCID: PMC6456711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), was used in a novel study to determine progestin effects on human purified macrophages and Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22 cells. MPA concentrations were equivalent to those in the serum of women after 6 and 9 months of progestin use. MPA has no effect on the proliferation of PBMCs and CD4+ T cell clones induced by immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies or by antigen (streptokinase). However, MPA decreases production and mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, T-bet, RORC, and IL-17A but increases production and mRNA expression of IL-22 by CD4+ Th22 cell clones and decreases IL-22 production by Th17 cells. MPA inhibits RORC, but not T-bet and AHR, by Th17 cells but increases AHR mRNA and T-bet expression of established CD4+ Th22 cell clones. This suggests that MPA, at concentrations equivalent to those found in the serum of women after treatment for contraception and hormone replacement therapy, can directly inhibit Th1 responses (against intracellular bacteria and viruses), Th17 (against extracellular bacteria and fungi), Th2 (against parasites) but MPA therapy increases IL-22 produced by Th22 cells mediated by an increased expression of AHR and T-bet controlling inflammation. MPA could be responsible for the tissue damage limited by IL-22 in absence of IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Piccinni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia Lombardelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Logiodice
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ornela Kullolli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marylynn S Barkley
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist indigo protects against obesity-related insulin resistance through modulation of intestinal and metabolic tissue immunity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:2407-2421. [PMID: 30944419 PMCID: PMC6892742 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background/objectives Low-grade chronic inflammation in visceral adipose tissue and the intestines are important drivers of obesity associated insulin resistance. Bioactive compounds derived from plants are an important source of potential novel therapies for the treatment of chronic diseases. In search for new immune based treatments of obesity associated insulin resistance, we screened for tissue relevant anti-inflammatory properties in 20 plant-based extracts. Methods We screened 20 plant-based extracts to assess for preferential production of IL-10 compared to TNFα, specifically targetting metabolic tissues, including the visceral adipose tissue. We assessed the therapeutic potential of the strongest anti-inflammatory compound, indigo, in the C57BL/6J diet-induced obesity mouse model with supplementation for up to 16 weeks by measuring changes in body weight, glucose and insulin tolerance, and gut barrier function. We also utilized flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and histology to measure changes to immune cells populations and cytokine profiles in the intestine, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and liver. 16SrRNA sequencing was performed to examine gut microbial differences induced by indigo supplementation. Results We identifed indigo, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand agonist, as a potent inducer of IL-10 and IL-22, which protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance and fatty liver disease in the diet-induced obesity model. Therapeutic actions were mechanistically linked to decreased inflammatory immune cell tone in the intestine, VAT and liver. Specifically, indigo increased Lactobacillus bacteria and elicited IL-22 production in the gut, which improved intestinal barrier permeability and reduced endotoxemia. These changes were associated with increased IL-10 production by immune cells residing in liver and VAT. Conclusions Indigo is a naturally occurring AhR ligand with anti-inflammatory properties that effectively protects against HFD-induced glucose dysregulation. Compounds derived from indigo or those with similar properties could represent novel therapies for diseases associated with obesity-related metabolic tissue inflammation.
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Ambrosio LF, Insfran C, Volpini X, Acosta Rodriguez E, Serra HM, Quintana FJ, Cervi L, Motrán CC. Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in the Regulation of Immunity and Immunopathology During Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:631. [PMID: 30984194 PMCID: PMC6450169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection is dependent on a rapid induction of Th1-type and CD8+ T cell responses that should be promptly balanced to prevent immunopathology. T. cruzi-infected B6 mice are able to control parasite replication but show a limited expansion of Foxp3+regulatory T (Treg) cells that results in the accumulation of effector immune cells and the development of acute liver pathology. AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that promotes Treg cell development and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in dendritic cells, altering the course of adaptive immune response and the development of immunopathology. Here, we used different AhR-dependent activation strategies aiming to improve the Treg response, and B6 congenic mice carrying a mutant AhR variant with low affinity for its ligands (AhRd) to evaluate the role of AhR activation by natural ligands during experimental T. cruzi infection. The outcome of TCDD or 3-HK plus ITE treatments indicated that strong or weak AhR activation before or during T. cruzi infection was effective to regulate inflammation improving the Treg cell response and regularizing the ratio between CD4+ CD25- to Treg cells. However, AhR activation shifted the host-parasite balance to the parasite replication. Weak AhR activation resulted in Treg promotion while strong activation differentially modulated the susceptibility and resistance of cell death in activated T and Treg cells and the increase in TGF-β-producing Treg cells. Of note, T. cruzi-infected AhRd mice showed low levels of Treg cells associated with strong Th1-type response, low parasite burden and absence of liver pathology. These mice developed a Treg- and Tr1-independent mechanism of Th1 constriction showing increased levels of systemic IL-10 and IL-10-secreting CD4+ splenocytes. In addition, AhR activation induced by exogenous ligands had negative effects on the development of memory CD8+ T cell subsets while the lack/very weak activation in AhRd mice showed opposite results, suggesting that AhR ligation restricts the differentiation of memory CD8+T cell subsets. We propose a model in which a threshold of AhR activation exists and may explain how activation or inhibition of AhR-derived signals by infection/inflammation-induced ligands, therapeutic interventions or exposure to pollutants can modulate infections/diseases outcomes or vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernanda Ambrosio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Insfran
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ximena Volpini
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva Acosta Rodriguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Horacio Marcelo Serra
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura Cervi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Cristina Motrán
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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Dinallo V, Marafini I, Di Fusco D, Di Grazia A, Laudisi F, Dwairi R, Paoluzi OA, Monteleone G, Monteleone I. Protective Effects of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling in Celiac Disease Mucosa and in Poly I:C-Induced Small Intestinal Atrophy Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:91. [PMID: 30778350 PMCID: PMC6369162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor activated by a large number of natural and synthetic agents, modulates the activity of immune cells in the gut and represents an important link between the environment and immune-mediated pathologies. In this study, we investigated the role of AhR in celiac disease (CD), a gluten-driven enteropathy. AhR expression was evaluated in intestinal biopsies taken from patients with CD and controls by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. AhR was also analyzed in ex vivo organ cultures of duodenal biopsies taken from inactive CD patients incubated in presence or absence of peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin. IFN-γ, TNF-α, granzyme B, and perforin expression was evaluated in anti-CD3/CD28-activated intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and intestinal intra-epithelial cells (IEL) of active CD patients cultured in the presence or absence of the AhR agonist 6-formylindolo(3, 2-b)carbazole (Ficz). Finally, the protective role of AhR was evaluated in a mouse model of poly I:C-driven small intestine damage. AhR RNA transcripts were reduced in active CD samples as compared to inactive CD and normal controls. Flow cytometry confirmed such results and showed a reduction of AhR in both IEL and LPMC of active CD patients. The addition of a peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin to ex vivo organ cultures of duodenal biopsies taken from inactive CD patients reduced AhR expression. Treatment of CD IEL and LPMC with Ficz reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, granzyme B and perforin. Mice injected with Ficz were protected against poly I:C-induced intestinal lesions. Our findings suggest that defective AhR-driven signals could contribute to amplify pathogenic responses in the gut of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Dinallo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Marafini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Di Fusco
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Grazia
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Laudisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rami Dwairi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Omero A Paoluzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Monteleone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Mohammadi S, Memarian A, Sedighi S, Behnampour N, Yazdani Y. Immunoregulatory effects of indole-3-carbinol on monocyte-derived macrophages in systemic lupus erythematosus: A crucial role for aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:199-209. [PMID: 30289282 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1494161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile phagocytic cells in immune system with immunoregulatory functions. However, the removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages is disturbed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated cytoplasmic receptor and transcription factor with diverse effects on immune response. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is an AhR agonist which has been implicated as a beneficial factor in regulating inflammation and cytokine expression in murine models of SLE. However, the molecular mechanisms are not thoroughly studied. Here, we aimed to investigate the ex vivo effects of I3C on polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in SLE patients and the expression of regulatory cytokines upon AhR activation. MDMs from 15 newly diagnosed SLE patients and 10 normal subjects were induced by Jurkat apoptotic bodies (JABs) and treated with I3C. I3C enhanced the nuclear accumulation of AhR among MDMs of SLE patients and altered the expression of AhR target genes including CYP1A1, IL1- β, IDO-1 and MRC-1. The imbalanced expression of pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-12, TGFβ1, TNFα, IL-23, IL-6 and IFN-γ) was compensated in response to I3C. AhR activation was also associated with the overexpression of M2 markers (CD163) and downregulation of M1 markers (CD86). Thus, macrophages are activated alternatively in response to I3C. The obtained data indicate that I3C-mediated AhR activation possess immunoregulatory effects on macrophages of SLE patients by exerting an obvious downregulation in the expression of pro-inflammatory and overexpression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, AhR could be targeted and further investigated as a choice of anti-inflammatory therapies for autoimmune disorders such as SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mohammadi
- a Stem Cell Research Center , Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran
| | - Ali Memarian
- b Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran
| | - Sima Sedighi
- c Joint, Bone and Connective tissue Research Center (JBCRC) , Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran
| | - Nasser Behnampour
- d Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health , Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- e Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center , Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran
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Esser C, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Hochrath K, Schikowski T, Krutmann J. AHR and the issue of immunotoxicity. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Domínguez-Acosta O, Vega L, Estrada-Muñiz E, Rodríguez MS, Gonzalez FJ, Elizondo G. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates the LPS/IFNγ-induced inflammatory response by inducing ubiquitin-proteosomal and lysosomal degradation of RelA/p65. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:141-149. [PMID: 29935959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a negative regulator of the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this transcription factor exerts such modulatory effects are not well understood. Interaction between AhR and RelA/p65 has previously been reported. RelA/p65 is the major NFκB subunit that plays a critical role in immune responses to infection. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the activation of AhR disrupted RelA/p65 signaling in mouse peritoneal macrophages by decreasing its half-life. The data demonstrate that the activation of AhR by TCDD and β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) decreased protein levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12 after macrophage activation with LPS/IFNγ. In an AhR-dependent manner, TCDD treatment induces RelA/p65 ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation, an effect dependent on AhR transcriptional activity. Activation of AhR also induced lysosome-like membrane structure formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages and RelA/p65 lysosome-dependent degradation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that AhR activation promotes RelA/p65 protein degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome system, as well as through the lysosomes, resulting in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Domínguez-Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, México D. F., Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - L Vega
- Departamento de Toxicología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, México D. F., Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - E Estrada-Muñiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, México D. F., Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - M S Rodríguez
- Institut des Technologies Avancées en Sciences du Vivant (ITAV) CNRS-USR3505, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS UMR8601, Université de Toulouse, 31106 Toulouse, France
| | - F J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - G Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, México D. F., Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico.
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Elizondo G, Vega L. Ubiquitination/sumoylation: An alternative pathway to modify gene regulation directed by xenosensors. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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González-Barbosa E, Mejía-García A, Bautista E, Gonzalez FJ, Segovia J, Elizondo G. TCDD induces UbcH7 expression and synphilin-1 protein degradation in the mouse ventral midbrain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28621812 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UbcH7 is an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that interacts with parkin, an E3 ligase. The UbcH7-parkin complex promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of several proteins via the 26S proteasome. Cellular accumulation of the UbcH7-parkin targets alpha-synuclein and synphilin-1 has been associated with Parkinson disease. In mouse liver, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand, induces UbcH7 expression. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces Ubch7 mRNA and UbcH7 protein expression in the mouse brain, to characterize the molecular mechanism, and the effect on synphilin-1 half-life. We found that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes the aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding to Ubch7 gene promoter as well as its transactivation, resulting in an induction of UbcH7 levels in the olfactory bulb, ventral midbrain, hippocampus, striatum, cerebral cortex, brain stem, and medulla oblongata. In parallel, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promoted synphilin-1 degradation in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Bautista
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV-IPN, México D.F, México
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - José Segovia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV-IPN, México D.F, México
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18
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Angeles-Floriano T, Roa-Espitia AL, Baltiérrez-Hoyos R, Cordero-Martínez J, Elizondo G, Hernández-González EO. Absence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor alters CDC42 expression and prevents actin polymerization during capacitation. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:1015-1026. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Angeles-Floriano
- Departamento de Biología Celular; CINVESTAV-IPN; Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508; CP 07360; México DF México
| | - Ana L. Roa-Espitia
- Departamento de Biología Celular; CINVESTAV-IPN; Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508; CP 07360; México DF México
| | - Rafael Baltiérrez-Hoyos
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía; Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca; Oaxaca; Cátedras CONACYT
| | - Joaquin Cordero-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular; CINVESTAV-IPN; Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508; CP 07360; México DF México
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular; CINVESTAV-IPN; Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508; CP 07360; México DF México
| | - Enrique O. Hernández-González
- Departamento de Biología Celular; CINVESTAV-IPN; Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508; CP 07360; México DF México
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19
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Brandstätter O, Schanz O, Vorac J, König J, Mori T, Maruyama T, Korkowski M, Haarmann-Stemmann T, von Smolinski D, Schultze JL, Abel J, Esser C, Takeyama H, Weighardt H, Förster I. Balancing intestinal and systemic inflammation through cell type-specific expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26091. [PMID: 27184933 PMCID: PMC4869119 DOI: 10.1038/srep26091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sensor of polyaromatic chemicals the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) exerts an important role in immune regulation besides its requirement for xenobiotic metabolism. Transcriptional activation of AhR target genes is counterregulated by the AhR repressor (AhRR) but the exact function of the AhRR in vivo is currently unknown. We here show that the AhRR is predominantly expressed in immune cells of the skin and intestine, different from other AhR target genes. Whereas AhRR antagonizes the anti-inflammatory function of the AhR in the context of systemic endotoxin shock, AhR and AhRR act in concert to dampen intestinal inflammation. Specifically, AhRR contributes to the maintenance of colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes and prevents excessive IL-1β production and Th17/Tc17 differentiation. In contrast, the AhRR enhances IFN-γ-production by effector T cells in the inflamed gut. Our findings highlight the physiologic importance of cell-type specific balancing of AhR/AhRR expression in response to microbial, nutritional and other environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Brandstätter
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Schanz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Vorac
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica König
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Markus Korkowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Haarmann-Stemmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dorthe von Smolinski
- Institut für Tierpathologie der FU Berlin, Robert von Ostertag Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Josef Abel
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Climaco-Arvizu S, Domínguez-Acosta O, Cabañas-Cortés MA, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Gonzalez FJ, Vega L, Elizondo G. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor influences nitric oxide and arginine production and alters M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Life Sci 2016; 155:76-84. [PMID: 27153778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the toxicity of environmental pollutants. It is also implicated in the regulation of the immune system. Ahr-null macrophages overproduce several proinflammatory cytokines following LPS-mediated stimulation, suggesting that AHR affects the balance between the inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine whether the loss of AHR modifies macrophage polarization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peritoneal macrophages from wild-type and Ahr-null mice were differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype by treatment with LPS/IFNγ or IL-4, and several M1 and M2 markers were determined by qPCR and ELISA assays. Macrophage phagocytic capacity was determined through phagocytosis of yeast and Leishmania major infection assays. Nitric oxide (NO) and urea production, and arginase activity were also determined. KEY FINDINGS When macrophages were polarized to the M1 phenotype, Ahr-null cells presented a mixed response; higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNFα were observed after IFNγ- and LPS-mediated activation. However, Ahr-null cells also exhibited decreased NO production and phagocytic capacity. When macrophage was polarized to the M2 phenotype, Ahr-null cells exhibited lower levels of Fizz1, Ym1, and IL-10. In contrast, arginase activity was increased when compared to wild-type macrophages. In addition, macrophages from Ahr-null mice were more susceptible to L. major infection. SIGNIFICANCE Disruption of the Ahr gene alters macrophage polarization when compared to WT macrophage. These changes may affect the development and resolution of several diseases such as bacterial or parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Climaco-Arvizu
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Omar Domínguez-Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Unidad de Biomedicina, C.P. 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Libia Vega
- Departamento de Toxicología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 México D.F., Mexico.
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Activation of AHR mediates the ubiquitination and proteasome degradation of c-Fos through the induction of Ubcm4 gene expression. Toxicology 2015; 337:47-57. [PMID: 26318284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a specific, non-lysosomal pathway responsible for the controlled degradation of abnormal and short-half-life proteins. Despite its relevance in cell homeostasis, information regarding control of the UPS component gene expression is lacking. Data from a recent study suggest that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, might control the expression of several genes encoding for UPS proteins. Here, we showed that activation of AHR by TCDD and β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) results in Ubcm4 gene induction accompanied by an increase in protein levels. UbcM4 is an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme or E2 protein that in association with ubiquitin ligase enzymes or E3 ligases promotes the ubiquitination and 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of different proteins, including p53, c-Myc, and c-Fos. We also present data demonstrating increased c-Fos ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation through the AHR-mediated induction of UbcM4 expression. The present study shows that AHR modulates the degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle control, consistent with previous reports demonstrating an essential role of the AHR in cell cycle regulation.
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22
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García-Lara L, Pérez-Severiano F, González-Esquivel D, Elizondo G, Segovia J. Absence of aryl hydrocarbon receptors increases endogenous kynurenic acid levels and protects mouse brain against excitotoxic insult and oxidative stress. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1423-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia García-Lara
- Departamento de Fisiología; Biofísica; y Neurociencias; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN; México D.F. México
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Departamento de Neuroquímica; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez; México D.F. México
| | - Dinora González-Esquivel
- Departamento de Neuroquímica; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez; México D.F. México
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN; México D.F. México
| | - José Segovia
- Departamento de Fisiología; Biofísica; y Neurociencias; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN; México D.F. México
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23
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Manners S, Alam R, Schwartz DA, Gorska MM. A mouse model links asthma susceptibility to prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:63-72. [PMID: 24365139 PMCID: PMC4065237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most asthma begins in the first years of life. This early onset cannot be attributed merely to genetic factors because the prevalence of asthma is increasing. Epidemiologic studies have indicated roles for prenatal and early childhood exposures, including exposure to diesel exhaust. However, little is known about the mechanisms. This is largely due to a paucity of animal models. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a mouse model of asthma susceptibility through prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6 female mice were given repeated intranasal applications of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) or PBS. Offspring underwent suboptimal immunization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) or received PBS. Pups were examined for features of asthma; lung and liver tissues were analyzed for transcription of DEP-regulated genes. RESULTS Offspring of mice exposed to DEPs were hypersensitive to OVA, as indicated by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, increased serum OVA-specific IgE levels, and increased pulmonary and systemic TH2 and TH17 cytokine levels. These cytokines were primarily produced by natural killer (NK) cells. Antibody-mediated depletion of NK cells prevented airway inflammation. Asthma susceptibility was associated with increased transcription of genes known to be specifically regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and oxidative stress. Features of asthma were either marginal or absent in OVA-treated pups of PBS-exposed mice. CONCLUSION We created a mouse model that linked maternal exposure to DEPs with asthma susceptibility in offspring. Development of asthma was dependent on NK cells and associated with increased transcription from aryl hydrocarbon receptor- and oxidative stress-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Manners
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
| | - Magdalena M Gorska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo.
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24
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Punj S, Kopparapu P, Jang HS, Phillips JL, Pennington J, Rohlman D, O’Donnell E, Iversen PL, Kolluri SK, Kerkvliet NI. Benzimidazoisoquinolines: a new class of rapidly metabolized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands that induce AhR-dependent Tregs and prevent murine graft-versus-host disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88726. [PMID: 24586378 PMCID: PMC3929365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays multiple roles in regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. The ability of certain AhR ligands to induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) has generated interest in developing AhR ligands for therapeutic treatment of immune-mediated diseases. To this end, we designed a screen for novel Treg-inducing compounds based on our understanding of the mechanisms of Treg induction by the well-characterized immunosuppressive AhR ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). We screened a ChemBridge small molecule library and identified 10-chloro-7H-benzimidazo[2,1-a]benzo[de]Iso-quinolin-7-one (10-Cl-BBQ) as a potent AhR ligand that was rapidly metabolized and not cytotoxic to proliferating T cells. Like TCDD,10-Cl-BBQ altered donor CD4+ T cell differentiation during the early stages of a graft versus host (GVH) response resulting in expression of high levels of CD25, CTLA-4 and ICOS, as well as several genes associated with Treg function. The Treg phenotype required AhR expression in the donor CD4+ T cells. Foxp3 was not expressed in the AhR-induced Tregs implicating AhR as an independent transcription factor for Treg induction. Structure-activity studies showed that unsubstituted BBQ as well as 4, 11-dichloro-BBQ were capable of inducing AhR-Tregs. Other substitutions reduced activation of AhR. Daily treatment with 10-Cl-BBQ during the GVH response prevented development of GVH disease in an AhR-dependent manner with no overt toxicity. Together, our data provide strong support for development of select BBQs that activate the AhR to induce Tregs for treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Punj
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Prasad Kopparapu
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hyo Sang Jang
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Phillips
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jamie Pennington
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Diana Rohlman
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Edmond O’Donnell
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Patrick L. Iversen
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Siva Kumar Kolluri
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nancy I. Kerkvliet
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Toward understanding the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the immune system: current progress and future trends. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:520763. [PMID: 24527450 PMCID: PMC3914515 DOI: 10.1155/2014/520763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is regulated by distinct signaling pathways that control the development and function of the immune cells. Accumulating evidence suggest that ligation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), an environmentally responsive transcription factor, results in multiple cross talks that are capable of modulating these pathways and their downstream responsive genes. Most of the immune cells respond to such modulation, and many inflammatory response-related genes contain multiple xenobiotic-responsive elements (XREs) boxes upstream. Active research efforts have investigated the physiological role of Ahr in inflammation and autoimmunity using different animal models. Recently formed paradigm has shown that activation of Ahr by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) prompts the differentiation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibits T helper (Th)-17 suggesting that Ahr is an innovative therapeutic strategy for autoimmune inflammation. These promising findings generate a basis for future clinical practices in humans. This review addresses the current knowledge on the role of Ahr in different immune cell compartments, with a particular focus on inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Vega L, Elizondo G. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a new therapeutic target for cancer and immune disorders. World J Pharmacol 2013; 2:107-114. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v2.i4.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was discovered more than three decades ago, and initially was characterized as a transcription factor with a role in xenobiotic metabolism. However, based on subsequent observations that AhR remains active under physiological conditions, exhibits constitutive expression during development, and has a high degree of conservation among species, it was hypothesized that AhR is responsible for functions in addition to its role in detoxification. Correspondingly, recent studies have elucidated novel physiological roles for this ligand-dependent transcription factor that link it to several pathways associated with disease development. In this review, studies are presented that support a role for AhR in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune homeostasis, thereby highlighting the therapeutic potential of this receptor for cancer and immune disorders.
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Całkosiński I, Rosińczuk-Tonderys J, Bazan J, Dzierzba K, Całkosińska M, Majda J, Dobrzyński M, Bronowicka-Szydełko A. The influence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hematological parameters during experimentally induced pleuritis in rats. Inflammation 2013; 36:387-404. [PMID: 23100032 PMCID: PMC3591537 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of homeostatic mechanisms is characteristic for every healthy organism and enables adapting to environmental changes. These complicated systematic reactions can neutralize the harmful stress factors leading to various inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to determine dynamic changes in the inflammatory reaction after single 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) administration of 5 μg/kg body weight into rats with experimentally induced pleuritis. These changes were observed by monitoring the hematological blood parameters during inflammation. The obtained results proved that dioxins contribute to various changes in the character of the inflammatory response. TCDD administration before pleuritis initiation caused an increase of lymphocytes and significant decrease of the number of neutrophils during inflammation. The current study proved that administration of low TCDD dose (seven times lower than used in other studies) can cause thymus, spleen, or lymphatic gland atrophy. This finding indicates the toxic influence of small TCDD dose especially on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Całkosiński
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, The Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rosińczuk-Tonderys
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, The Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Bazan
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, The Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzierzba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Całkosińska
- Outpatient Clinic Medcom in Wojkowice, Wojkowice 28B, 55-020 Zurawina, Poland
| | - Jacek Majda
- Department of Diagnostics Laboratory, 4th Military Academic Hospital in Wroclaw, Weigla 5, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
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Monteleone I, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and colitis. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:671-5. [PMID: 23928874 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor activated by a large variety of natural and synthetic ligands, has recently become the object of great interest among researchers since it represents an important link between environment and immune-mediated pathologies. In this context, evidence has been accumulated to show that AhR is necessary for the maintenance/expansion of intraepithelial lymphocytes and interleukin-22-producing innate lymphoid cells in the gut and that defects in AhR-delivered signals may contribute to amplify gut tissue destructive immune-inflammatory reactions. We here review the available data supporting the role of AhR in the control of immune homeostasis in the gut and discuss whether and how AhR activators can help dampen inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Monteleone
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy,
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Bleck B, Grunig G, Chiu A, Liu M, Gordon T, Kazeros A, Reibman J. MicroRNA-375 regulation of thymic stromal lymphopoietin by diesel exhaust particles and ambient particulate matter in human bronchial epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3757-63. [PMID: 23455502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution contributes to acute exacerbations of asthma and the development of asthma in children and adults. Airway epithelial cells interface innate and adaptive immune responses, and have been proposed to regulate much of the response to pollutants. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pivotal cytokine linking innate and Th2 adaptive immune disorders, and is upregulated by environmental pollutants, including ambient particulate matter (PM) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP). We show that DEP and ambient fine PM upregulate TSLP mRNA and human microRNA (hsa-miR)-375 in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBEC). Moreover, transfection of pHBEC with anti-hsa-miR-375 reduced TSLP mRNA in DEP but not TNF-α-treated cells. In silico pathway evaluation suggested the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as one possible target of miR-375. DEP and ambient fine PM (3 μg/cm(2)) downregulated AhR mRNA. Transfection of mimic-hsa-miR-375 resulted in a small downregulation of AhR mRNA compared with resting AhR mRNA. AhR mRNA was increased in pHBEC treated with DEP after transfection with anti-hsa-miR-375. Our data show that two pollutants, DEP and ambient PM, upregulate TSLP in human bronchial epithelial cells by a mechanism that includes hsa-miR-375 with complex regulatory effects on AhR mRNA. The absence of this pathway in TNF-α-treated cells suggests multiple regulatory pathways for TSLP expression in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Bleck
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Mejia-Garcia A, Sanchez-Ocampo EM, Galindo-Gomez S, Shibayama M, Reyes-Hernandez O, Guzman-Leon S, Gonzalez FJ, Elizondo G. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin enhances CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent manner. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:161-8. [PMID: 22834477 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.707790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is involved in the biotransformation of several low molecular weight chemicals and plays an important role in the metabolic activation of carcinogens and hepatotoxins such as CCl(4). Induction of CYP2E1 is exerted mainly at posttranscriptional levels through mRNA and protein stabilization, and there is little evidence of xenobiotic induction at the transcriptional level. Previously, we reported microarray analysis data suggesting a decrease in Cyp2e1 gene expression on Ahr-null livers when compared to wild-type mouse livers. The goal of the present study was to determine whether 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increased mouse CYP2E1 levels in an AhR-dependent manner and the impact on CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity. TCDD treatment induced CYP2E1 mRNA and protein levels in mouse liver, and this effect was aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent. Moreover, TCDD pre-treatment increased the CCl(4)-induced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, the extent of CCl(4)-induced necrosis, and the number of sinusoidal cells in wild-type animals, while this potentiating effect was not observed in Ahr-null mice. In conclusion, this study revealed that TCDD, probably in an AhR-dependent manner, exacerbated CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity through induction of CYP2E1.
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in inflammatory bowel disease: linking the environment to disease pathogenesis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012; 28:310-3. [PMID: 22450895 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0b013e328352ad69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor activated by a large number of environmental agents, modulates the activity of immune and nonimmune cells in the gut, and may represent an important link between the environment and the immune perturbations which underlie the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the role of AhR in regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis and inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Activation of AhR by dietary ligands is necessary for the maintenance or expansion of innate immune cells in the gut, such as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and interleukin (IL)-22-producing lymphoid cells (ILC22). AhR-deficient mice lack IELs, have reduced number of ILC22 cells, and are more susceptible to bacterial infections and experimental colitis. In animal models, AhR activators inhibit proinflammatory cytokine synthesis and attenuate colitis by a pathway that involves IL-22. Analysis of AhR in the human gut reveals that intestinal T cells and natural killer cells isolated from Crohn's disease patients express low levels of AhR and respond to AhR ligands by downregulating inflammatory cytokines and upregulating IL-22. SUMMARY These novel findings may help explain how environmental factors may regulate mucosal immune responses.
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Monteleone I, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Th17-related cytokines: new players in the control of chronic intestinal inflammation. BMC Med 2011; 9:122. [PMID: 22082127 PMCID: PMC3239315 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the main forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in man, are thought to be caused by an excessive and poorly controlled immune response that is directed against components of the normal microflora. The exact sequence of events by which this pathological process is triggered and maintained is not fully understood, but studies in experimental models of IBD and data emerging from recent clinical trials indicate that T cell-derived cytokines are crucial mediators of the tissue damage. Although CD and UC have been traditionally considered two typical examples of T helper (Th)1 or Th2-associated disease respectively, it is now known that CD- and UC-related inflammation is also marked by enhanced production of cytokines made by a distinct subset of Th cells, termed Th17 cells. Th17 cytokines can have both tissue-protective and inflammatory effects in the gut and there is evidence that Th17 cells can alter their cytokine program according to the stimuli received and convert into Th1-producing cells. These novel findings have contributed to advancing our understanding of mechanisms of gut tissue damage and open new avenues for development of therapeutic strategies in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Monteleone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, Rome, Italy.
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Elizondo G, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Estrada-Muñiz E, Gonzalez FJ, Vega L. Deletion of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor enhances the inflammatory response to Leishmania major infection. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1220-9. [PMID: 22110376 PMCID: PMC3221360 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated receptor that mediates the toxicity of environmental pollutants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Recently, it has been shown that the AhR plays a role in immune and inflammatory regulation. However, most of these studies are based on the activation of AhR by exogenous ligands. Therefore, in the present study, we addressed the role of this transcription factor, in the absent of exogenous ligand, on the immune response to Leishmania major infection. Our results indicate that inactivation of the AhR results in an alteration of the levels of several cytokines. Lymph node cells from infected Ahr-null animals displayed an increase in IFNγ and IL-12 levels, together with a decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 levels compared to wild-type (wt) mice. Ahr-null mice also presented higher serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α prior to parasite inoculation and during infection compared to wt mice. Moreover, a 30% decrease in the population of Treg cells was observed in Ahr-null mice. This decrease was associated with a reduction in Foxp3 mRNA levels. Finally, the alteration in the cytokine profile results in a better resolution of the L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Elizondo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Biología Celular, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C. P. 07360, México D. F., México
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Monteleone I, Rizzo A, Sarra M, Sica G, Sileri P, Biancone L, MacDonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-induced signals up-regulate IL-22 production and inhibit inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:237-48, 248.e1. [PMID: 21600206 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is believed to involve an altered balance between effector and regulatory T cells. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates the toxicity of dioxins, controls T-cell responses. We investigated the role of AhR in inflammation and pathogenesis of IBD in humans and mouse models. METHODS AhR expression was evaluated in intestinal tissue samples from patients with IBD and controls by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) were activated in the presence or absence of the AhR agonist 6-formylindolo(3, 2-b)carbazole (Ficz). Colitis was induced in mice using trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), or T-cell transfer. Mice were given injections of Ficz or the AhR antagonist 2-metyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid; some mice first received injections of a blocking antibody against interleukin (IL)-22. Cytokines were quantified by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS Intestine tissue from patients with IBD expressed significantly less AhR than controls. In LPMCs from patients with IBD, incubation with Ficz reduced levels of interferon gamma (IFN)-γ and up-regulated IL-22. Mice injected with Ficz were protected against TNBS-, DSS-, and T-cell transfer-induced colitis; they had marked down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and induction of IL-22. Mice given AhR antagonist produced more inflammatory cytokines and less IL-22 and developed a severe colitis. Neutralization of endogenous IL-22 disrupted the protective effect of Ficz on TNBS-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS AhR is down-regulated in intestinal tissue of patients with IBD; AhR signaling, via IL-22, inhibits inflammation and colitis in the gastrointestinal tract of mice. AhR-related compounds might be developed to treat patients with IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Monteleone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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De Luca C, Scordo MG, Cesareo E, Pastore S, Mariani S, Maiani G, Stancato A, Loreti B, Valacchi G, Lubrano C, Raskovic D, De Padova L, Genovesi G, Korkina LG. Biological definition of multiple chemical sensitivity from redox state and cytokine profiling and not from polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:285-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Reyes-Hernández OD, Mejía-García A, Sánchez-Ocampo EM, Cabañas-Cortés MA, Ramírez P, Chávez-González L, Gonzalez FJ, Elizondo G. Ube2l3 gene expression is modulated by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: implications for p53 ubiquitination. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:932-40. [PMID: 20478272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon and environmental contaminant, results in several deleterious effects, including fetal malformation and cancer. These effects are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated receptor that regulates the expression of genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Several reports suggest that AhR function is beyond the adaptive chemical response. In the present study, we analyzed and compared gene expression profiles of C57BL/6N wild-type (WT) and Ahr-null mice. DNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed changes in the expression of genes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). UPS has an important role in cellular homeostasis control and dysfunction of this pathway has been implicated in the development of several human pathologies. Protein ubiquitination is a multi-step enzymatic process that regulates the stability, function, and/or localization of the modified proteins. This system is highly regulated post-translationally by covalent modifications. However, little information regarding the transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding ubiquitin (Ub) proteins is available. Therefore, we investigated the role of the AhR in modulation of the UPS and regulation of Ube2l3 transcription, an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, as well as the effects on p53 degradation. Our results indicate that AhR inactivation decreases on liver proteasome activity, probably due to a down-regulation on the expression of several proteasome subunits. On the other hand, AhR activation increases Ube2l3 mRNA and protein levels by controlling Ube2l3 gene expression, resulting in increased p53 ubiquitination and degradation. In agreement with this, induction of apoptosis was attenuated by the AhR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Reyes-Hernández
- Departamento de Toxicología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco. México D.F., Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico
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The unexpected role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor on susceptibility to experimental toxoplasmosis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:505694. [PMID: 20111744 PMCID: PMC2810477 DOI: 10.1155/2010/505694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is part of a signaling system that is mainly triggered by xenobiotic agents. Increasing evidence suggests that AhR may regulate immunity to infections. To determine the role of AhR in the outcome of toxoplasmosis, we used AhR−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. Following an intraperitoneal infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), AhR−/− mice succumbed significantly faster than WT mice and displayed greater liver damage as well as higher serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nitric oxide (NO), and IgE but lower IL-10 secretion. Interestingly, lower numbers of cysts were found in their brains. Increased mortality was associated with reduced expression of GATA-3, IL-10, and 5-LOX mRNA in spleen cells but higher expression of IFN-γ mRNA. Additionally, peritoneal exudate cells from AhR−/− mice produced higher levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ but lower TLR2 expression than WT mice. These findings suggest a role for AhR in limiting the inflammatory response during toxoplasmosis.
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Reyes-Hernández OD, Mejía-García A, Sánchez-Ocampo EM, Castro-Muñozledo F, Hernández-Muñoz R, Elizondo G. Aromatic hydrocarbons upregulate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and induce changes in actin cytoskeleton. Role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Toxicology 2009; 266:30-7. [PMID: 19850099 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in several cellular functions including glycolysis, membrane transport, microtubule assembly, DNA replication and repair, nuclear RNA export, apoptosis, and the detection of nitric oxide stress. Therefore, modifications in the regulatory ability and function of GAPDH may alter cellular homeostasis. We report here that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and beta-naphthoflavone, which are well-known ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), increase GAPDH mRNA levels in vivo and in vitro, respectively. These compounds fail to induce GAPDH transcription in an AhR-null mouse model, suggesting that the increase in GAPDH level is dependent upon AhR activation. To analyse the consequences of AhR ligands on GAPDH function, mice were treated with TCDD and the level of liver activity of GAPDH was determined. The results showed that TCDD treatment increased GAPDH activity. On the other hand, treatment of Hepa-1 cells with beta-naphthoflavone leads to an increase in microfilament density when compared to untreated cultures. Collectively, these results suggest that AhR ligands, such as polycyclic hydrocarbons, can modify GAPDH expression and, therefore, have the potential to alter the multiple functions of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Reyes-Hernández
- Sección Externa de Toxicología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Zacatenco, México, D.F., C.P. 07360, Mexico
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Jux B, Kadow S, Esser C. Langerhans Cell Maturation and Contact Hypersensitivity Are Impaired in Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Null Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6709-17. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0713344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Flaveny C, Perdew GH, Miller CA. The Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor does not require the p23 co-chaperone for ligand binding and target gene expression in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2009; 189:57-62. [PMID: 19447165 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates most of the toxic affects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-(p)-dioxin (TCDD) and other xenobiotic compounds. The AHR cytoplasmic complex consists of two molecules of HSP90 and at least one molecule of Hepatitis B Virus-X associated protein 2 and the co-chaperone p23. With the use of in vitro model systems, p23 has been shown previously to be important to maintaining the efficient ligand binding and subsequent downstream inducibility of the AHR. In this study we attempted to identify the role p23 plays in AHR signaling in vivo using a p23 null mouse. Ligand binding assays and western blot analysis revealed that p23 was not required for AHR protein stability and competent ligand binding in liver. Real-time RT-PCR analysis conducted on p23 null, heterozygous and homozygous mice suggested that p23 is dispensable for stable AHR protein levels, or efficient TCDD-mediated AHR activation of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Flaveny
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Esser C. The immune phenotype of AhR null mouse mutants: Not a simple mirror of xenobiotic receptor over-activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:597-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kerkvliet NI. AHR-mediated immunomodulation: the role of altered gene transcription. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:746-60. [PMID: 19100241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a sensitive target for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-mediated transcriptional regulation. Most of the cells that participate in immune responses express AHR protein, and many genes involved in their responses contain multiple DRE sequences in their promoters. However, the potential involvement of many of these candidate genes in AHR-mediated immunomodulation has never been investigated. Many obstacles to understanding the transcriptional effects of AHR activation exist, owing to the complexities of pathogen-driven inflammatory and adaptive immune responses, and to the fact that activation of AHR often influences the expression of genes that are already being regulated by other transcriptional events in responding cells. Studies with TCDD as the most potent, non-metabolized AHR ligand indicate that AHR activation alters many inflammatory signals that shape the adaptive immune response, contributing to altered differentiation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T helper (TH) cells and altered adaptive immune responses. With TCDD, most adaptive immune responses are highly suppressed, which has been recently linked to the AHR-dependent induction of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. However activation of AHR by certain non-TCDD ligands may result in other immune outcomes, as a result of metabolism of the ligand to active metabolites or to unknown ligand-specific effects on AHR-mediated gene transcription. Based on studies using AHR(-/-) mice, evidence for a role of endogenous AHR ligands in regulation of the immune response is growing, with bilirubin and lipoxinA4 representing two promising candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Kerkvliet
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Head JL, Lawrence BP. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a modulator of anti-viral immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:642-53. [PMID: 19027719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although immune modulation by AhR ligands has been studied for many years, the impact of AhR activation on host defenses against viral infection has not, until recently, garnered much attention. The development of novel reagents and model systems, new information regarding anti-viral immunity, and a growing appreciation for the global health threat posed by viruses have invigorated interest in understanding how environmental signals affect susceptibility to and pathological consequences of viral infection. Using influenza A virus as a model of respiratory viral infection, recent studies show that AhR activation cues signaling events in both leukocytes and non-immune cells. Functional alterations include suppressed lymphocyte responses and increased inflammation in the infected lung. AhR-mediated events within and extrinsic to hematopoietic cells has been investigated using bone marrow chimeras, which show that AhR alters different elements of the immune response by affecting different tissue targets. In particular, suppressed CD8(+) T cell responses are due to deregulated events within leukocytes themselves, whereas increased neutrophil recruitment to and IFN-gamma levels in the lung result from AhR-regulated events extrinsic to bone marrow-derived cells. This latter discovery suggests that epithelial and endothelial cells are overlooked targets of AhR-mediated changes in immune function. Further support that AhR influences host cell responses to viral infection are provided by several studies demonstrating that AhR interacts directly with viral proteins and affects viral latency. While AhR clearly modulates host responses to viral infection, we still have much to understand about the complex interactions between immune cells, viruses, and the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Head
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
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Baglole CJ, Maggirwar SB, Gasiewicz TA, Thatcher TH, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor attenuates tobacco smoke-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin production in lung fibroblasts through regulation of the NF-kappaB family member RelB. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28944-57. [PMID: 18697742 PMCID: PMC2570856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800685200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer caused by cigarette smoke affect millions of people worldwide. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that influences responses to certain environmental pollutants such as tobacco smoke. However, the physiological function(s) of the AhR is unknown. Herein we propose that the physiologic role of the AhR is to limit inflammation. We show that lung fibroblasts from AhR(-/-) mice produce a heightened inflammatory response to cigarette smoke, typified by increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs), when compared with wild type (AhR(+/+)) fibroblasts. This response was dependent on AhR expression as transient transfection of an AhR expression plasmid into AhR(-/-) fibroblasts significantly attenuated the smoke-induced COX-2 and PG production, confirming the anti-inflammatory role of the AhR. The AhR can interact with NF-kappaB. However, the heightened inflammatory response observed in AhR(-/-) fibroblasts was not the result of NF-kappaB (p50/p65) activation. Instead it was coupled with a loss of the NF-kappaB family member RelB in AhR(-/-) fibroblasts. Taken together, these studies provide compelling evidence that AhR expression limits proinflammatory COX-2 and PG production by maintaining RelB expression. The association between RelB and AhR may represent a new therapeutic and more selective target with which to combat inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Perdew GH. Ah receptor binding to its cognate response element is required for dioxin-mediated toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:301-3. [PMID: 18930947 PMCID: PMC2581677 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Perdew
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Vogel CFA, Matsumura F. A new cross-talk between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and RelB, a member of the NF-kappaB family. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:734-45. [PMID: 18955032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the new crosstalk between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the NF-kappaB subunit RelB may extend our understanding of the biological functions of the AhR and at the same time raises a number of questions, which will be addressed in this review. The characteristics of this interaction differ from that of AhR with RelA in that the latter appears to be mostly negative unlike the collaborative interactions of AhR/RelB. The AhR/RelB dimer is capable of binding to DNA response elements including the dioxin response element (DRE) as well as NF-kappaB binding sites supporting the activation of target genes of the AhR as well as NF-kappaB pathway. Further studies show that AhR/RelB complexes can be found not only in lymphoid cells but also in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) or breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). RelB has been implicated in carcinogenesis of breast cancer for instance and RelB is known to be a critical factor for the function and differentiation of dendritic cells; interestingly the participation of AhR in both processes has been suggested recently, which offers the great potential to expand the scope of the physiological roles of the AhR. There is evidence indicating that RelB may serve as a pro-survival factor, including its ability to promote "inflammation resolution" besides the association of RelB with inflammatory disorders. Based on such information, a hypothesis has been proposed in this review that AhR together with RelB functions as a coordinator of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph F A Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Murray IA, Perdew GH. Omeprazole stimulates the induction of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:1102-10. [PMID: 18055878 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.132241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Methoxy-2-{(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-pyridin-2-yl)methylsulfinyl}-3H-benzoimidazole (omeprazole), a benzoimidazole-derived gastric H(+)/K(+)-ATPase proton pump inhibitor (PPI) extensively prescribed for the treatment of gastroesophageal acid reflux disease, can stimulate the expression of CYP1A1 via activation of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hAhR) in an apparent nonligand-binding manner. Here, we have examined the effect of nonclassical, i.e., nonligand binding, AhR activation by omeprazole upon human insulin-like growth factor binding protein (hIGFBP)-1, a secreted phosphoprotein involved in regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I/II bioavailability and mitogenic activity. Analysis of the proximal promoter of the hIGFBP-1 gene reveals the presence of an aryl hydrocarbon binding/dioxin response element (DRE). Quantitative mRNA analysis revealed hIGFBP-1 expression to be responsive to both ligand (TCDD) and nonligand (omeprazole) modes of hAhR activation in the human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, mutagenesis of the DRE renders the hIGFBP-1 promoter unresponsive to both compounds in HepG2 cells. Likewise, small interfering RNA-mediated hAhR ablation inhibits TCDD and omeprazole-dependent hIGFBP-1 induction, as determined by quantitative mRNA analysis. Cotreatment with cycloheximide further suggests a direct transcriptional role for hAhR at the hIGFBP-1 promoter. Omeprazole exposure prompted a significant increase in both hIGFBP-1 mRNA and secreted protein from HepG2 cells. In addition, we present in vitro evidence indicating that omeprazole at a concentration comparable with that found circulating in subjects undergoing PPI therapy can stimulate the expression of hIGFBP-1. These data demonstrate that activation of hAhR by pharmaceuticals such as omeprazole can alter IGFBP-1 expression and thus may influence IGFBP-1-dependent physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A Murray
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 309A Life Sciences Bldg., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Gene expression profiling reveals upregulation of Tlr4 receptors in Cckb receptor deficient mice. Behav Brain Res 2007; 188:62-70. [PMID: 18054398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cholecystokinin B (2) receptor knockout (Cckbr KO) protects against allodynia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI). The mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown, but must involve persistent changes in pain modulation and/or inflammatory pathways. We performed a gene expression study in two brain areas (midbrain and medulla) after surgical induction of CCI in Cckbr KO and wild-type (wt) control mice. The patterns of gene expression differences suggest that the immune system is activated in higher brain structures following CCI in the wt mice. The strongest differences include genes related to the MAPK pathway activation and cytokine production. In Cckbr KO mice this expressional pattern was absent. In addition, we found significant elevation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) in the supraspinal structures of the mice with deleted Cckbr compared to wt control mice. This up-regulation is most likely induced by the deletion of Cckbr. We suggest that there is a functional deficiency in the Tlr4 pathway which disables the development of neuropathic pain in Cckbr KO mice. Indeed, real time PCR analysis detected a CCI-induced upregulation of Tlr4 and Il1b expression in the lumbar region of wt but not Cckbr KO mice. Gene expression profiling indicates that elements of the immune response are not activated in Cckbr KO mice following CCI. Our findings suggest that there may be a role for CCK in the regulation of innate immunity.
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Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants has a profound effect on immune function, yet mechanistic understanding of how pollutants deregulate immune responses has, for many chemicals, remained elusive. Available data suggest that certain pollutants alter host immune responses and increase susceptibility to viral infection. In particular, data from a combination of epidemiological and animal studies show that exposure to dioxins, cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust and other air pollutants increase pathology associated with infection. Mechanistically, some of these chemicals disrupt the kinetics and efficacy of innate and adaptive responses to infection, whereas others influence viral latency. While there remain considerable gaps in our knowledge of the complex interactions between viruses, immune cells, and the host environment, these observations indicate that pollutants are important but overlooked contributors to susceptibility and pathogenesis of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Thatcher TH, Maggirwar SB, Baglole CJ, Lakatos HF, Gasiewicz TA, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice develop heightened inflammatory responses to cigarette smoke and endotoxin associated with rapid loss of the nuclear factor-kappaB component RelB. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:855-64. [PMID: 17322371 PMCID: PMC1864867 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays an important role in the response to environmental pollutants. However, its role in normal physiology is unclear. To investigate the role of AhR in acute lung inflammation, control and AhR knockout (KO) mice were exposed to inhaled cigarette smoke or bacterial endotoxin. Smoke-induced lung inflammation was twofold to threefold more severe in AhR KO mice than controls. Intriguingly, levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage of air-exposed KO mice were equal to the levels seen in smoke-exposed controls, suggesting that AhR-deficient mice are inflammation prone. AhR KO mice challenged with inhaled endotoxin, which does not contain AhR ligands, also developed greater lung neutrophilia than controls, and bronchoalveolar lavage cells from AhR KO mice produced elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 when treated with endotoxin in vitro. Nuclear factor-kappaB DNA-binding activity was elevated in smoke-exposed AhR KO mice compared with controls and was associated with a rapid loss of RelB only in the KO mice. We propose that AhR is a previously unrecognized regulator of inflammation that interacts with nuclear factor-kappaB so that in the absence of AhR RelB is prematurely degraded, resulting in heightened inflammatory responses to multiple proinflam-matory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Thatcher
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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