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Coca-Ruiz V, Aleu J, Collado IG. Comparing Fungal Sensitivity to Isothiocyanate Products on Different Botrytis spp. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:756. [PMID: 38592765 PMCID: PMC10974099 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, the main secondary metabolites accumulated in cruciferous flora, have a major impact on fortifying plant immunity against diverse pathogens. Although Botrytis cinerea exhibits varying sensitivity to these compounds, current research has yet to fully understand the intricate mechanisms governing its response to glucosinolates. Different species of the genus Botrytis were exposed to glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates, revealing that B. fabae, B. deweyae, and B. convolute, species with the mfsG transporter gene (Bcin06g00026) not detected with PCR, were more sensitive to isothiocyanates than Botrytis species containing that gene, such as B. cinerea, B. pseudocinerea, and B. byssoidea. This finding was further corroborated by the inability of species with the mfsG gene not detected with PCR to infect plants with a high concentration of glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates. These results challenge established correlations, revealing varying aggressiveness on different plant substrates. An expression analysis highlighted the gene's induction in the presence of isothiocyanate, and a bioinformatic investigation identified homologous genes in other Botrytis species. Our study underscored the importance of advanced biotechnology to help understand these proteins and thus offer innovative solutions for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Coca-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Josefina Aleu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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2
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Wang Y, Li Q, Wu Y, Han S, Xiao Y, Kong L. The Effects of Mycovirus BmPV36 on the Cell Structure and Transcription of Bipolaris maydis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:133. [PMID: 38392805 PMCID: PMC10890528 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bipolaris maydis partitivirus 36 (BmPV36) is a mycovirus that can significantly reduce the virulence of the host Bipolaris maydis, but its hypovirulence mechanism is not clear. To investigate the response of B. maydis to BmPV36, the effects of BmPV36 on host cell structure and gene expression were studied via transmission electron microscopy and transcriptome sequencing using BmPV36-carrying and virus-free mycelium on the second and fifth culture. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall microfibrils of B. maydis were shortened, the cell membrane was broken, and membrane-bound vesicles and vacuoles appeared in the cells after carrying BmPV36. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that after carrying BmPV36, B. maydis membrane-related genes were significantly up-regulated, but membrane transport-related genes were significantly down-regulated. Genes related to carbohydrate macromolecule polysaccharide metabolic and catabolic processes were significantly down-regulated, as were genes related to the synthesis of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes. Therefore, we speculated that BmPV36 reduces the virulence of B. maydis by destroying the host's cell structure, inhibiting the synthesis of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes, and reducing cell metabolism. Gaining insights into the hypovirulence mechanism of mycoviruses will provide environmentally friendly strategies for the control of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qiusheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Sen Han
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lingxiao Kong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
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3
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Bao Z, Xie Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Zhu D. Biotechnological production and potential applications of hypocrellins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6421-6438. [PMID: 37695342 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellins (HYPs), a kind of natural perylenequinones (PQs) with an oxidized pentacyclic core, are important natural compounds initially extracted from the stromata of Hypocrella bambusae and Shiraia bambusicola. They have been widely concerned for their use as anti-microbial, anti-cancers, and anti-viral photodynamic therapy agents in recent years. Considering the restrictions of natural stromal resources, submerged fermentation with Shiraia spp. has been viewed as a promising alternative biotechnology for HYP production, and great efforts have been made to improve HYP production over the past decade. This article reviews recent publications about the mycelium fermentation production of HYPs, and their bioactivities and potential applications, and especially summarizes the progresses toward manipulation of fermentation conditions. Also, their chemical structure and analytic methods are outlined. Herein, it is worth mentioning that the gene arrangement in HYP gene cluster is revised; previous unknown genes in HYP and CTB gene clusters with correct function annotation are deciphered; the homologous sequences of HYP, CTB, and elc are systematically aligned, and especially the biosynthetic pathway of HYPs is full-scale proposed. KEY POINTS: • The mycelial fermentation process and metabolic regulation of hypocrellins are reviewed. • The bioactivities and potential applications of hypocrellins are summarized. • The biosynthesis pathway and regulatory mechanisms of hypocrellins are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yunchang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Chenglong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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4
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Tang G, Man H, Wang J, Zou J, Zhao J, Han J. An oxidoreductase gene CtnD involved in citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus verified by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and overexpression. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:247-259. [PMID: 37269452 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monascus produces a kind of mycotoxin, citrinin, whose synthetic pathway is still not entirely clear. The function of CtnD, a putative oxidoreductase located upstream of pksCT in the citrinin gene cluster, has not been reported. In this study, the CtnD overexpressed strain and the Cas9 constitutively expressed chassis strain were obtained by genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The pyrG and CtnD double gene-edited strains were then obtained by transforming the protoplasts of the Cas9 chassis strain with in vitro sgRNAs. The results showed that overexpression of CtnD resulted in significant increases in citrinin content of more than 31.7% and 67.7% in the mycelium and fermented broth, respectively. The edited CtnD caused citrinin levels to be reduced by more than 91% in the mycelium and 98% in the fermented broth, respectively. It was shown that CtnD is a key enzyme involved in citrinin biosynthesis. RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR showed that the overexpression of CtnD had no significant effect on the expression of CtnA, CtnB, CtnE, and CtnF but led to distinct changes in the expression of acyl-CoA thioesterase and two MFS transporters, which may play an unknown role in citrinin metabolism. This study is the first to report the important function of CtnD in M. purpureus through a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 editing and overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Tang
- Key Lab of Pharmacognostics of Guizhou Province, College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Haiqiao Man
- Key Lab of Pharmacognostics of Guizhou Province, College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Key Lab of Pharmacognostics of Guizhou Province, College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Key Lab of Pharmacognostics of Guizhou Province, College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Jiehong Zhao
- Key Lab of Pharmacognostics of Guizhou Province, College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Jie Han
- Key Lab of Pharmacognostics of Guizhou Province, College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, China.
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Zhao X, Jiang Y, Wang H, Lu Z, Huang S, Luo Z, Zhang L, Lv T, Tang X, Zhang Y. Fus3/Kss1-MAP kinase and Ste12-like control distinct biocontrol-traits besides regulation of insect cuticle penetration via phosphorylation cascade in a filamentous fungal pathogen. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2611-2624. [PMID: 36890107 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homolog of the yeast Fus3/Kss1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and its target transcription factor, Ste12-like, are involved in penetration of host cuticle/pathogenicity in many ascomycete pathogens. However, details of their interaction during fungal infection, as well as their controlled other virulence-associated traits, are unclear. RESULTS Ste12-like (BbSte12) and Fus3/Kss1 MAPK homolog (Bbmpk1) interacted in nucleus, and phosphorylation of BbSte12 by Bbmpk1 was essential for penetration of insect cuticle in an insect fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. However, some distinct biocontrol-traits were found to be mediated by Ste12 and Bbmpk1. In contrast to ΔBbmpk1 colony that grew more rapid than wild-type strain, inactivation of BbSte12 resulted in the opposite phenotype, which was consistent with their different proliferation rates in insect hemocoel after direct injection of conidia bypass the cuticle. Reduced conidial yield with decreased hydrophobicity was examined in both mutants, however they displayed distinct conidiogenesis, accompanying with differently altered cell cycle, distinct hyphal branching and septum formation. Moreover, ΔBbmpk1 showed increased tolerance to oxidative agent, whereas the opposite phenotype was seen for ΔBbSte12 strain. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that Bbmpk1 controlled 356 genes depending on BbSte12 during cuticle penetration, but 1077 and 584 genes were independently controlled by Bbmpk1 and BbSte12. CONCLUSION BbSte12 and Bbmpk1 separately participate in additional pathways for control of conidiation, growth and hyphal differentiation, as well as oxidative stress response besides regulating cuticle penetration via phosphorylation cascade. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Jiang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyue Lu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ting Lv
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Tang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Kumawat M, Nabi B, Daswani M, Viquar I, Pal N, Sharma P, Tiwari S, Sarma DK, Shubham S, Kumar M. Role of bacterial efflux pump proteins in antibiotic resistance across microbial species. Microb Pathog 2023:106182. [PMID: 37263448 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Efflux proteins are transporter molecules that actively pump out a variety of substrates, including antibiotics, from cells to the environment. They are found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Based on their protein sequence homology, energy source, and overall structure, efflux proteins can be divided into seven groups. Multidrug efflux pumps are transmembrane proteins produced by microbes to enhance their survival in harsh environments and contribute to antibiotic resistance. These pumps are present in all bacterial genomes studied, indicating their ancestral origins. Many bacterial genes encoding efflux pumps are involved in transport, a significant contributor to antibiotic resistance in microbes. Efflux pumps are widely implicated in the extrusion of clinically relevant antibiotics from cells to the extracellular environment and, as such, represent a significant challenge to antimicrobial therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of the structures and mechanisms of action, substrate profiles, regulation, and possible inhibition of clinically relevant efflux pumps. Additionally, recent advances in research and the pharmacological exploitation of efflux pump inhibitors as a promising intervention for combating drug resistance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumawat
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Bilkees Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, 211007, India
| | - Muskan Daswani
- Department of Biotechnology, SantHirdaram Girls College, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Iqra Viquar
- Department of Biotechnology, SantHirdaram Girls College, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Namrata Pal
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Shikha Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Devojit Kumar Sarma
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Swasti Shubham
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India.
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Ntasiou P, Samaras A, Papadakis EN, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Karaoglanidis GS. Aggressiveness and Patulin Production in Penicillium expansum Multidrug Resistant Strains with Different Expression Levels of MFS and ABC Transporters, in the Presence or Absence of Fludioxonil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1398. [PMID: 36987088 PMCID: PMC10056477 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the most common postharvest pathogen of apple fruit, causing blue mold disease. Due to the extensive use of fungicides, strains resistant to multiple chemical classes have been selected. A previous study by our group proposed that the overexpression of MFS (major facilitator superfamily) and ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporters constitute an alternative resistance mechanism in Multi Drug resistant (MDR) strains of this pathogen. This study was initiated to determine two main biological fitness parameters of MDR strains: aggressiveness against apple fruit and patulin production. In addition, the expression pattern of efflux transporters and hydroxylase-encoding genes that belong to the patulin biosynthesis pathway, in the presence or absence of fludioxonil and under in vitro and in vivo conditions were investigated. Results showed that the MDR strains produced higher concentrations of patulin but showed a lower pathogenicity compared to the wild-type isolates. Moreover, expression analysis of patC, patM and patH genes indicated that the higher expression levels do not correlate with the detected patulin concentration. The selection of MDR strains in P. expansum populations and the fact that they produce more patulin, constitutes a serious concern not only for successful disease control but also for human health. The above-mentioned data represent the first report of MDR in P. expansum associated with its patulin-production ability and the expression level of patulin biosynthesis pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ntasiou
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Anastasios Samaras
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Emmanouil-Nikolaos Papadakis
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.-N.P.); (U.M.-S.)
| | - Urania Menkissoglu-Spiroudi
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.-N.P.); (U.M.-S.)
| | - George S. Karaoglanidis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.N.); (A.S.)
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Tsers I, Marenina E, Meshcherov A, Petrova O, Gogoleva O, Tkachenko A, Gogoleva N, Gogolev Y, Potapenko E, Muraeva O, Ponomareva M, Korzun V, Gorshkov V. First genome-scale insights into the virulence of the snow mold causal fungus Microdochium nivale. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 36627722 PMCID: PMC9830731 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pink snow mold, caused by a phytopathogenic and psychrotolerant fungus, Microdochium nivale, is a severe disease of winter cereals and grasses that predominantly occurs under snow cover or shortly after its melt. Snow mold has significantly progressed during the past decade, often reaching epiphytotic levels in northern countries and resulting in dramatic yield losses. In addition, M. nivale gradually adapts to a warmer climate, spreading to less snowy territories and causing different types of plant diseases throughout the growing period. Despite its great economic importance, M. nivale is poorly investigated; its genome has not been sequenced and its crucial virulence determinants have not been identified or even predicted. In our study, we applied a hybrid assembly based on Oxford Nanopore and Illumina reads to obtain the first genome sequence of M. nivale. 11,973 genes (including 11,789 protein-encoding genes) have been revealed in the genome assembly. To better understand the genetic potential of M. nivale and to obtain a convenient reference for transcriptomic studies on this species, the identified genes were annotated and split into hierarchical three-level functional categories. A file with functionally classified M. nivale genes is presented in our study for general use. M. nivale gene products that best meet the criteria for virulence factors have been identified. The genetic potential to synthesize human-dangerous mycotoxins (fumonisin, ochratoxin B, aflatoxin, and gliotoxin) has been revealed for M. nivale. The transcriptome analysis combined with the assays for extracellular enzymatic activities (conventional virulence factors of many phytopathogens) was carried out to assess the effect of host plant (rye) metabolites on the M. nivale phenotype. In addition to disclosing plant-metabolite-upregulated M. nivale functional gene groups (including those related to host plant protein destruction and amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic detoxication (including phytoalexins benzoxazinoids), cellulose destruction (cellulose monooxygenases), iron transport, etc.), the performed analysis pointed to a crucial role of host plant lipid destruction and fungal lipid metabolism modulation in plant-M. nivale interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tsers
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Ekaterina Marenina
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Azat Meshcherov
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Olga Petrova
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Olga Gogoleva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Alexander Tkachenko
- grid.35915.3b0000 0001 0413 4629Laboratory of Computer Technologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 197101
| | - Natalia Gogoleva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Evgenii Potapenko
- grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel ,grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
| | - Olga Muraeva
- grid.512700.1Bioinformatics Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia 197342
| | - Mira Ponomareva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Viktor Korzun
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111 ,grid.425691.dKWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, 37555 Einbeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
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9
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Cheng Z, Lv X, Duan C, Zhu H, Wang J, Xu Z, Yin H, Zhou X, Li M, Hao Z, Li F, Li X, Weng J. Pathogenicity Variation in Two Genomes of Cercospora Species Causing Gray Leaf Spot in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:14-25. [PMID: 36251001 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0138-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The gray leaf spots caused by Cercospora spp. severely affect the yield and quality of maize. However, the evolutionary relation and pathogenicity variation between species of the Cercospora genus is largely unknown. In this study, we constructed high-quality reference genomes by nanopore sequencing two Cercospora species, namely, C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina, with differing pathogenicity, collected from northeast (Liaoning [LN]) and southeast (Yunnan [YN]) China, respectively. The genome size of C. zeae-maydis-LN is 45.08 Mb, containing 10,839 annotated genes, whereas that of Cercospora zeina-YN is 42.18 Mb, containing 10,867 annotated genes, of which approximately 86.58% are common in the two species. The difference in their genome size is largely attributed to increased long terminal repeat retrotransposons of 3.8 Mb in total length in C. zeae-maydis-LN. There are 41 and 30 carbohydrate-binding gene subfamilies identified in C. zeae-maydis-LN and C. zeina-YN, respectively. A higher number of carbohydrate-binding families found in C. zeae-maydis-LN, and its unique CBM4, CBM37, and CBM66, in particular, may contribute to variation in pathogenicity between the two species, as the carbohydrate-binding genes are known to encode cell wall-degrading enzymes. Moreover, there are 114 and 107 effectors predicted, with 47 and 46 having unique potential pathogenicity in C. zeae-maydis-LN and C. zeina-YN, respectively. Of eight effectors randomly selected for pathogenic testing, five were found to inhibit cell apoptosis induced by Bcl-2-associated X. Taken together, our results provide genomic insights into variation in pathogenicity between C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangling Lv
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110161, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hanyong Zhu
- Wenshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenshan, Yunnan, 663000, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Corn Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 030600, China
| | - Zhennan Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huifei Yin
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110161, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110161, China
| | - Mingshun Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhuafang Hao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fenghai Li
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110161, China
| | - Xinhai Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Genome-wide association mapping reveals genes underlying population-level metabolome diversity in a fungal crop pathogen. BMC Biol 2022; 20:224. [PMID: 36209159 PMCID: PMC9548119 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungi produce a wide range of specialized metabolites (SMs) involved in biotic interactions. Pathways for the production of SMs are often encoded in clusters of tightly arranged genes identified as biosynthetic gene clusters. Such gene clusters can undergo horizontal gene transfers between species and rapid evolutionary change within species. The acquisition, rearrangement, and deletion of gene clusters can generate significant metabolome diversity. However, the genetic basis underlying variation in SM production remains poorly understood. Results Here, we analyzed the metabolite production of a large population of the fungal pathogen of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici. The pathogen causes major yield losses and shows variation in gene clusters. We performed untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to profile the metabolite diversity among 102 isolates of the same species. We found substantial variation in the abundance of the detected metabolites among isolates. Integrating whole-genome sequencing data, we performed metabolite genome-wide association mapping to identify loci underlying variation in metabolite production (i.e., metabolite-GWAS). We found that significantly associated SNPs reside mostly in coding and gene regulatory regions. Associated genes encode mainly transport and catalytic activities. The metabolite-GWAS identified also a polymorphism in the 3′UTR region of a virulence gene related to metabolite production and showing expression variation. Conclusions Taken together, our study provides a significant resource to unravel polymorphism underlying metabolome diversity within a species. Integrating metabolome screens should be feasible for a range of different plant pathogens and help prioritize molecular studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01422-z.
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11
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Dai T, Wang Z, Cheng X, Gao H, Liang L, Liu P, Liu X. Uncoupler SYP-14288 inducing multidrug resistance of Phytophthora capsici through overexpression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and P-glycoprotein. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2240-2249. [PMID: 35191608 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungicide resistance has become a serious problem for different mode of action groups except for uncouplers, which makes their resistance mechanism a hot topic, which until now, has not been well clarified. SYP-14288, a newly developed diarylamine fungicide modeled on fluazinam, has shown good toxicity to both oomycete and fungus by the action of uncoupling. In this research, the resistance of Phytophthora capsici to SYP-14288 was studied to clarify the resistance mechanism of uncouplers. RESULTS The toxicity tests of resistant strains against SYP-14288 showed multidrug resistance. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that resistant strains could efflux the fungicide, and this ability could be inhibited by the efflux pump inhibitor amitriptyline. The target protein of amitriptyline is P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which was overexpressed in resistant strains. Three products of nitrate reduction of SYP-14288 were detected and determined by HPLC-Q-TOF. Eight cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) proteins were differentially involved in the reduction reaction. CONCLUSION Both fungicide efflux and detoxification metabolism were involved in the resistance mechanisms of P. capsici to SYP-14288. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingkai Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huige Gao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing, 100193, China
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12
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Khiralla A, Mohammed AO, Yagi S. Fungal perylenequinones. Mycol Prog 2022; 21:38. [PMID: 35401071 PMCID: PMC8977438 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Bissell AU, Rautschek J, Hoefgen S, Raguž L, Mattern DJ, Saeed N, Janevska S, Jojić K, Huang Y, Kufs JE, Herboeck B, Guo H, Hillmann F, Beemelmanns C, Valiante V. Biosynthesis of the Sphingolipid Inhibitors Sphingofungins in Filamentous Fungi Requires Aminomalonate as a Metabolic Precursor. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:386-394. [PMID: 35023724 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sphingofungins belong to a group of structurally related sphingolipid inhibitors produced by fungi, which specifically inhibit serine palmitoyl transferases, enzymes catalyzing the initial step during sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipids are integral parts of the eukaryotic cell membrane, and disturbances in their homeostasis have been linked to various human diseases. It has been suggested that external interventions, via sphingolipid inhibitors, may represent a promising approach for alternative therapies. Here, we identified and elucidated the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of sphingofungins B, C, and D in Aspergillus fumigatus. Moreover, in vitro analyses have shown that sphingofungin biosynthesis starts with the condensation of a C18 polyketide with the uncommon substrate aminomalonate. Furthermore, the investigations on sphingofungin E and F produced by Paecilomyces variotii pointed out that different aminomalonate derivatives are used as substrates for those chemical variants. This research boosts knowledge on the general biosynthesis of sphingolipid inhibitors in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander U. Bissell
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Rautschek
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Hoefgen
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Luka Raguž
- Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Derek J. Mattern
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nauman Saeed
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katarina Jojić
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Huang
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johann E. Kufs
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Bio Pilot Plant, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Herboeck
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Hillmann
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Vito Valiante
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Wang J, Zeng W, Cheng J, Xie J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Lin Y. lncRsp1, a long noncoding RNA, influences Fgsp1 expression and sexual reproduction in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:265-277. [PMID: 34841640 PMCID: PMC8743023 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression in many biological processes, but their biological functions remain largely unknown, especially in fungi. Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen that causes the destructive disease Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head scab disease on wheat and barley. In our previous RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) study, we discovered that lncRsp1 is an lncRNA that is located +99 bp upstream of a putative sugar transporter gene, Fgsp1, with the same transcription direction. Functional studies revealed that ΔlncRsp1 and ΔFgsp1 were normal in growth and conidiation but had defects in ascospore discharge and virulence on wheat coleoptiles. Moreover, lncRsp1 and Fgsp1 were shown to negatively regulate the expression of several deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis genes, TRI4, TRI5, TRI6, and TRI13, as well as DON production. Further analysis showed that the overexpression of lncRsp1 enhanced the ability of ascospore release and increased the mRNA expression level of the Fgsp1 gene, while lncRsp1-silenced strains reduced ascospore discharge and inhibited Fgsp1 expression during the sexual reproduction stage. In addition, the lncRsp1 complementary strains lncRsp1-LC-1 and lncRsp1-LC-2 restored ascospore discharge to the level of the wild-type strain PH-1. Taken together, our results reveal the distinct and specific functions of lncRsp1 and Fgsp1 in F. graminearum and principally demonstrate that lncRsp1 can affect the release of ascospores by regulating the expression of Fgsp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu GulfMinistry of EducationNanning Normal UniversityNanningChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanping Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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15
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Jiao W, Xu M, Zhou R, Fu Y, Li Z, Xue C. Genomic analysis of Elsinoë arachidis reveals its potential pathogenic mechanism and the biosynthesis pathway of elsinochrome toxin. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261487. [PMID: 34914789 PMCID: PMC8675698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Elsinochromes (ESCs) are virulence factors produced by Elsinoë arachidis which is the cause of peanut scab. However, the biosynthesis pathway of ESCs in E. arachidis has not been elucidated and the potential pathogenic mechanism of E. arachidis is poorly understood. In this study, we report a high-quality genome sequence of E. arachidis. The size of the E. arachidis genome is 33.18Mb, which is comparable to the Ascomycota genome (average 36.91 Mb), encoding 9174 predicted genes. The self-detoxification family including transporters and cytochrome P450 enzymes were analysis, candidate effectors and cell wall degrading enzymes were investigated as the pathogenicity genes by using PHI and CAZy databases. Additionally, the E. arachidis genome contains 24 secondary metabolism gene clusters, in which ESCB1 was identified as the core gene of ESC biosynthesis. Taken together, the genome sequence of E. arachidis provides a new route to explore its potential pathogenic mechanism and the biosynthesis pathway of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Jiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengxue Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Rujun Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yiwei Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Caiyun Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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16
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Ye W, Zhu M, Li S, Cen Y, Liu T, Li H, Liu H, Zhang W. The excavation of novel toxin-resistance proteins against trichothecenes toxins in Paramyrothecium roridum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:369-378. [PMID: 34634329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecene toxins cause serious hazard towards human health and economical crops. However, there are no sufficient molecular strategies to reduce the hazard of trichothecene toxins. Thus it is urgent to exploit novel approaches to control the hazard of trichothecenes. In this study, four trichothecene toxin-resistance genes including mfs1, GNAT1, TRP1 and tri12 in Paramyrothecium roridum were excavated based on genome sequencing results, and then expressed in toxin-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae BJ5464, the toxin resistance genes pdr5, pdr10 and pdr15 of which were firstly knocked out simultaneously by the introduction of TAA stop codon employing CRISPR/Cas9 system. Therefore, three novel hazardous toxin-resistance genes mfs1, GNAT1, TRP1 in P. roridum were firstly excavated by the co-incubation of DON toxin and toxin resistant genes-containing BJ5464 strains. The in vitro function and properties of novel toxin-resistance genes coding proteins including GNAT1, MFS1 and TRP1 were identified by heterologous expression and cellular location analysis as well as in vitro biochemical reaction. The excavation of novel trichothecene toxin-resistance genes provide novel molecular clues for controlling the harm of trichothecenes, meanwhile, this study will also pave a new way for the yield improvement of trichothecenes by heterologous expression to facilitate the development of trichothecenes as anti-tumor lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Muzi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Saini Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youfei Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Taomei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Diao J, Li S, Ma L, Zhang P, Bai J, Wang J, Ma X, Ma W. Genome-Wide Analysis of Major Facilitator Superfamily and Its Expression in Response of Poplar to Fusarium oxysporum. Front Genet 2021; 12:769888. [PMID: 34745233 PMCID: PMC8567078 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.769888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is one of the largest known membrane transporter families. MFSs are involved in many essential functions, but studies on the MFS family in poplar have not yet been reported. Here, we identified 41 MFS genes from Populus trichocarpa (PtrMFSs). We built a phylogenetic tree, which clearly divided members of PtrMFS into six groups with specific gene structures and protein motifs/domains. The promoter regions contain various cis-acting elements involved in stress and hormone responsiveness. Genes derived from segmental duplication events are unevenly distributed in 17 poplar chromosomes. Collinearity analysis showed that PtrMFS genes are conserved and homologous to corresponding genes from four other species. Transcriptome data indicated that 40 poplar MFS genes were differentially expressed when treated with Fusarium oxysporum. Co-expression networks and gene function annotations of MFS genes showed that MFS genes tightly co-regulated and closely related in function of transmembrane transport. Taken together, we systematically analyzed structure and function of genes and proteins in the PtrMFS family. Evidence indicated that poplar MFS genes play key roles in plant development and response to a biological stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Diao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianyang Bai
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Institute of Forest Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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A polyketide synthase gene cluster required for pathogenicity of Pseudocercospora fijiensis on banana. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258981. [PMID: 34705882 PMCID: PMC8550591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudocercospora fijiensis is the causal agent of the highly destructive black Sigatoka disease of banana. Previous research has focused on polyketide synthase gene clusters in the fungus, given the importance of polyketide pathways in related plant pathogenic fungi. A time course study of expression of the previously identified PKS7-1, PKS8-2, and PKS10-2 gene clusters showed high expression of all three PKS genes and the associated clustered genes in infected banana plants from 2 weeks post-inoculation through 9 weeks. Engineered transformants silenced for PKS8-2 and PKS10-2 were developed and tested for pathogenicity. Inoculation of banana plants with silencing transformants for PKS10-2 showed significant reduction in disease symptoms and severity that correlated with the degree of silencing in the conidia used for inoculation, supporting a critical role for PKS10-2 in disease development. Unlike PKS10-2, a clear role for PKS8-2 could not be determined. Two of four PKS8-2 silencing transformants showed reduced disease development, but disease did not correlate with the degree of PKS8-2 silencing in the transformants. Overall, the degree of silencing obtained for the PKS8-2 transformants was less than that obtained for the PKS10-2 transformants, which may have limited the utility of the silencing strategy to identify a role for PKS8-2 in disease. Orthologous PKS10-2 clusters had previously been identified in the related banana pathogens Pseudocercospora musae and Pseudocercospora eumusae. Genome analysis identified orthologous gene clusters to that of PKS10-2 in the newly sequenced genomes of Pseudocercospora fuligena and Pseudocercospora cruenta, pathogens of tomato and cowpea, respectively. Our results support an important role for the PKS10-2 polyketide pathway in pathogenicity of Pseudocercospora fijiensis, and suggest a possible role for this pathway in disease development by other Pseudocercospora species.
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Fungicide Resistance in Citrus Postharvest Green Mold. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090783. [PMID: 34575821 PMCID: PMC8471628 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum (Pd) is responsible for the green mold disease that occurs during postharvest of citrus and causes enormous economic losses around the world. Fungicides remain the main method used to control postharvest green mold in citrus fruit storage despite numerous occurrences of resistance to them. Hence, it is necessary to find new and more effective strategies to control this type of disease. This involves delving into the molecular mechanisms underlying the appearance of resistance to fungicides during the plant–pathogen interaction. Although mechanisms involved in resistance to fungicides have been studied for many years, there have now been great advances in the molecular aspects that drive fungicide resistance, which facilitates the design of new means to control green mold. A wide review allows the mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance in Pd to be unveiled, taking into account not only the chemical nature of the compounds and their target of action but also the general mechanism that could contribute to resistance to others compounds to generate what we call multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. In this context, fungal transporters seem to play a relevant role, and their mode of action may be controlled along with other processes of interest, such as oxidative stress and fungal pathogenicity. Thus, the mechanisms for acquisition of resistance to fungicides seem to be part of a complex framework involving aspects of response to stress and processes of fungal virulence.
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20
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Samaras A, Karaoglanidis GS, Tzelepis G. Insights into the multitrophic interactions between the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis MBI 600, the pathogen Botrytis cinerea and their plant host. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126752. [PMID: 33839506 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a plant pathogen causing the gray mold disease in a plethora of host plants. The control of the disease is based mostly on chemical pesticides, which are responsible for environmental pollution, while they also pose risks for human health. Furthermore, B. cinerea resistant isolates have been identified against many fungicide groups, making the control of this disease challenging. The application of biocontrol agents can be a possible solution, but requires deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms in order to be effective. In this study, we investigated the multitrophic interactions between the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis MBI 600, a new commercialized biopesticide, the pathogen B. cinerea and their plant host. Our analysis showed that this biocontrol agent reduced B. cinerea mycelial growth in vitro, and was able to suppress the disease incidence on cucumber plants. Moreover, treatment with B. subtilis led to induction of genes involved in plant immunity. RNA-seq analysis of B. cinerea transcriptome upon exposure to bacterial secretome, showed that genes coding for MFS and ABC transporters were highly induced. Deletion of the Bcmfs1 MFS transporter gene, using a CRISP/Cas9 editing method, affected its virulence and the tolerance of B. cinerea to bacterial secondary metabolites. These findings suggest that specific detoxification transporters are involved in these interactions, with crucial role in different aspects of B. cinerea physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Samaras
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George S Karaoglanidis
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Tzelepis
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Biocenter, Box 7026, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hu M, Chen S. Non-Target Site Mechanisms of Fungicide Resistance in Crop Pathogens: A Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030502. [PMID: 33673517 PMCID: PMC7997439 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of resistance in plant pathogens to the limited number of chemical classes of fungicides challenges sustainability and profitability of crop production worldwide. Understanding mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance facilitates monitoring of resistant populations at large-scale, and can guide and accelerate the development of novel fungicides. A majority of modern fungicides act to disrupt a biochemical function via binding a specific target protein in the pathway. While target-site based mechanisms such as alternation and overexpression of target genes have been commonly found to confer resistance across many fungal species, it is not uncommon to encounter resistant phenotypes without altered or overexpressed target sites. However, such non-target site mechanisms are relatively understudied, due in part to the complexity of the fungal genome network. This type of resistance can oftentimes be transient and noninheritable, further hindering research efforts. In this review, we focused on crop pathogens and summarized reported mechanisms of resistance that are otherwise related to target-sites, including increased activity of efflux pumps, metabolic circumvention, detoxification, standing genetic variations, regulation of stress response pathways, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations. In addition, novel mechanisms of drug resistance recently characterized in human pathogens are reviewed in the context of nontarget-directed resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Hu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuning Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.C.)
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Świderska-Burek U, Daub ME, Thomas E, Jaszek M, Pawlik A, Janusz G. Phytopathogenic Cercosporoid Fungi-From Taxonomy to Modern Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8555. [PMID: 33202799 PMCID: PMC7697478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic cercosporoid fungi have been investigated comprehensively due to their important role in causing plant diseases. A significant amount of research has been focused on the biology, morphology, systematics, and taxonomy of this group, with less of a focus on molecular or biochemical issues. Early and extensive research on these fungi focused on taxonomy and their classification based on in vivo features. Lately, investigations have mainly addressed a combination of characteristics such as morphological traits, host specificity, and molecular analyses initiated at the end of the 20th century. Some species that are important from an economic point of view have been more intensively investigated by means of genetic and biochemical methods to better understand the pathogenesis processes. Cercosporin, a photoactivated toxin playing an important role in Cercospora diseases, has been extensively studied. Understanding cercosporin toxicity in relation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production facilitated the discovery and regulation of the cercosporin biosynthesis pathway, including the gene cluster encoding pathway enzymes. Furthermore, these fungi may be a source of other biotechnologically important compounds, e.g., industrially relevant enzymes. This paper reviews methods and important results of investigations of this group of fungi addressed at different levels over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Świderska-Burek
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Margaret E. Daub
- Department Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA; (M.E.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Department Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA; (M.E.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Magdalena Jaszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.J.); (A.P.); (G.J.)
| | - Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.J.); (A.P.); (G.J.)
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.J.); (A.P.); (G.J.)
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Penicilliumdigitatum MFS transporters can display different roles during pathogen-fruit interaction. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108918. [PMID: 33126075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) comprises a large family of fungal transporters. In this work four Penicillium digitatum MFS transporters named PdMFS2-5 were identified and functionally characterized through gene elimination and gene overexpression with aim of unveil the similarities and differences among members of the same family during pathogen-fruit interaction. Fungal mutants in which each of the MFS transporters were individually deleted, displayed a clear effect on their infective capacity during citrus fruit infection especially in two of them. In contrast, the observed effect on fungicide sensitivity limits PdMFS2 and PdMFS3 as transporters underlying fungicide resistance. Moreover, overexpression transformants confirmed P. digitatum MFS transporters function and PdMFS2 and PdMFS3 were able to confer fungicide resistance to P. digitatum strains originally fungicide sensitive. Gene transcription rate depended on each MFS transporter being PdMFS4 the one with higher gene expression. Transcriptional profiling was similar regardless the P. digitatum strain. The gene expression analysis showed an increase of PdMFSs transcription in all overexpression transformants, particularly in Pd27 strain. Expression analysis carried out during P. digitatum-citrus fruit interaction confirmed the contribution of all PdMFSs, excepting PdMFS5, in fungal virulence. These results indicate that MFS fungal transporters might be part of different processes and can replace other genes functions giving them a very high degree of versatility.
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Samaras Α, Ntasiou P, Myresiotis C, Karaoglanidis G. Multidrug resistance of Penicillium expansum to fungicides: whole transcriptome analysis of MDR strains reveals overexpression of efflux transporter genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108896. [PMID: 33070085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the most common apple fruit postharvest spoilage agent that causes a disease known as Blue Mold. Disease control is based on fungicide use. However, development of resistance to fungicides hampers the success of this control method. Fungicide sensitivity monitoring studies in Greece revealed the presence of pathogen strains exhibiting simultaneous resistance to different chemically unrelated compounds (multidrug resistance, MDR). This study was initiated aiming primarily to test the hypothesis that the MDR phenotype is associated with overexpression of efflux transporter genes and to determine the fitness of the MDR isolates. The monitoring study (n = 264) and the measurements of sensitivity in terms of EC50 values to 9 different compounds revealed that almost 5% of the population was of the MDR type. In the selected MDR isolates, the highest resistant factors were calculated for fludioxonil and pyraclostrobin, while the same isolates were moderately resistant to cyprodinil, thiophanate methyl and fluxapyroxad. In the resistant strains no target site mutations were detected in the target genes of each fungicide class, while in addition, a synergistic activity was observed between fungicides and the drug transporter modulator verapamil in some isolates. To obtain a direct insight on the resistance mechanism, the transcriptome of 2 MDR and 1 sensitive isolates was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2500 and differences in efflux transporter gene expression profile were figured out. Gene expression profiling analysis was performed before and after the exposure of fungal mycelia to fludioxonil. This analysis revealed the up-regulation of several MFS transporter genes and a limited number of ABC transporter genes either before or after the exposure to fludioxonil in the MDR isolates. Expression results for genes with the highest expression levels were verified by qRT-PCR assays. Fitness components measurements revealed that MDR isolates were of lower mycelial growth and pathogenicity compared to sensitive strains but they were producing higher number of conidia. The above mentioned data represent the first report of MDR in P. expansum associated with overexpression of drug efflux transporters and contribute to our knowledge in the mechanisms associated with fungicide resistance development in this fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Αnastasios Samaras
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ntasiou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalampos Myresiotis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Karaoglanidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Rangel LI, Spanner RE, Ebert MK, Pethybridge SJ, Stukenbrock EH, de Jonge R, Secor GA, Bolton MD. Cercospora beticola: The intoxicating lifestyle of the leaf spot pathogen of sugar beet. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1020-1041. [PMID: 32681599 PMCID: PMC7368123 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most destructive foliar disease of sugar beet worldwide. This review discusses C. beticola genetics, genomics, and biology and summarizes our current understanding of the molecular interactions that occur between C. beticola and its sugar beet host. We highlight the known virulence arsenal of C. beticola as well as its ability to overcome currently used disease management strategies. Finally, we discuss future prospects for the study and management of C. beticola infections in the context of newly employed molecular tools to uncover additional information regarding the biology of this pathogen. TAXONOMY Cercospora beticola Sacc.; Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Capnodiales, Family Mycosphaerellaceae, Genus Cercospora. HOST RANGE Well-known pathogen of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) and most species of the Beta genus. Reported as pathogenic on other members of the Chenopodiaceae (e.g., lamb's quarters, spinach) as well as members of the Acanthaceae (e.g., bear's breeches), Apiaceae (e.g., Apium), Asteraceae (e.g., chrysanthemum, lettuce, safflower), Brassicaceae (e.g., wild mustard), Malvaceae (e.g., Malva), Plumbaginaceae (e.g., Limonium), and Polygonaceae (e.g., broad-leaved dock) families. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Leaves infected with C. beticola exhibit circular lesions that are coloured tan to grey in the centre and are often delimited by tan-brown to reddish-purple rings. As disease progresses, spots can coalesce to form larger necrotic areas, causing severely infected leaves to wither and die. At the centre of these spots are black spore-bearing structures (pseudostromata). Older leaves often show symptoms first and younger leaves become infected as the disease progresses. MANAGEMENT Application of a mixture of fungicides with different modes of action is currently performed although elevated resistance has been documented in most employed fungicide classes. Breeding for high-yielding cultivars with improved host resistance is an ongoing effort and prudent cultural practices, such as crop rotation, weed host management, and cultivation to reduce infested residue levels, are widely used to manage disease. USEFUL WEBSITE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/11237?genome_assembly_id=352037.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I. Rangel
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Rebecca E. Spanner
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Malaika K. Ebert
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Present address:
Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Sarah J. Pethybridge
- Plant Pathology & Plant‐Microbe Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell AgriTech at The New York State Agricultural Experiment StationCornell UniversityGenevaNYUSA
| | - Eva H. Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Christian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Department of Plant‐Microbe InteractionsUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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Self-Protection against the Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor Fumonisin B 1 Is Conferred by a FUM Cluster-Encoded Ceramide Synthase. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00455-20. [PMID: 32546615 PMCID: PMC7298705 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00455-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin (FB) mycotoxins produced by species of the genus Fusarium detrimentally affect human and animal health upon consumption, due to the inhibition of ceramide synthase. In the present work, we set out to identify mechanisms of self-protection employed by the FB1 producer Fusarium verticillioides FB1 biosynthesis was shown to be compartmentalized, and two cluster-encoded self-protection mechanisms were identified. First, the ATP-binding cassette transporter Fum19 acts as a repressor of the FUM gene cluster. Appropriately, FUM19 deletion and overexpression increased and decreased, respectively, the levels of intracellular and secreted FB1 Second, the cluster genes FUM17 and FUM18 were shown to be two of five ceramide synthase homologs in Fusarium verticillioides, grouping into the two clades CS-I and CS-II in a phylogenetic analysis. The ability of FUM18 to fully complement the yeast ceramide synthase null mutant LAG1/LAC1 demonstrated its functionality, while coexpression of FUM17 and CER3 partially complemented, likely via heterodimer formation. Cell viability assays revealed that Fum18 contributes to the fungal self-protection against FB1 and increases resistance by providing FUM cluster-encoded ceramide synthase activity.IMPORTANCE The biosynthesis of fungal natural products is highly regulated not only in terms of transcription and translation but also regarding the cellular localization of the biosynthetic pathway. In all eukaryotes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the production of organelles, which are subject to cellular traffic or secretion. Here, we show that in Fusarium verticillioides, early steps in fumonisin production take place in the ER, together with ceramide biosynthesis, which is targeted by the mycotoxin. A first level of self-protection is given by the presence of a FUM cluster-encoded ceramide synthase, Fum18, hitherto uncharacterized. In addition, the final fumonisin biosynthetic step occurs in the cytosol and is thereby spatially separate from the fungal ceramide synthases. We suggest that these strategies help the fungus to avoid self-poisoning during mycotoxin production.
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Cheng Y, Lin Y, Cao H, Li Z. Citrus Postharvest Green Mold: Recent Advances in Fungal Pathogenicity and Fruit Resistance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E449. [PMID: 32209982 PMCID: PMC7143998 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As the major postharvest disease of citrus fruit, postharvest green mold is caused by the necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum (Pd), which leads to huge economic losses worldwide. Fungicides are still the main method currently used to control postharvest green mold in citrus fruit storage. Investigating molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions, including pathogenicity and plant resistance, is crucial for developing novel and safer strategies for effectively controlling plant diseases. Despite fruit-pathogen interactions remaining relatively unexplored compared with well-studied leaf-pathogen interactions, progress has occurred in the citrus fruit-Pd interaction in recent years, mainly due to their genome sequencing and establishment or optimization of their genetic transformation systems. Recent advances in Pd pathogenicity on citrus fruit and fruit resistance against Pd infection are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China (H.C.)
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yunlong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China (H.C.)
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Haohao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China (H.C.)
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China (H.C.)
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Thomas E, Herrero S, Eng H, Gomaa N, Gillikin J, Noar R, Beseli A, Daub ME. Engineering Cercospora disease resistance via expression of Cercospora nicotianae cercosporin-resistance genes and silencing of cercosporin production in tobacco. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230362. [PMID: 32176712 PMCID: PMC7075572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Cercospora cause crop losses world-wide on many crop species. The wide host range and success of these pathogens has been attributed to the production of a photoactivated toxin, cercosporin. We engineered tobacco for resistance to Cercospora nicotianae utilizing two strategies: 1) transformation with cercosporin autoresistance genes isolated from the fungus, and 2) transformation with constructs to silence the production of cercosporin during disease development. Three C. nicotianae cercosporin autoresistance genes were tested: ATR1 and CFP, encoding an ABC and an MFS transporter, respectively, and 71cR, which encodes a hypothetical protein. Resistance to the pathogen was identified in transgenic lines expressing ATR1 and 71cR, but not in lines transformed with CFP. Silencing of the CTB1 polyketide synthase and to a lesser extent the CTB8 pathway regulator in the cercosporin biosynthetic pathway also led to the recovery of resistant lines. All lines tested expressed the transgenes, and a direct correlation between the level of transgene expression and disease resistance was not identified in any line. Resistance was also not correlated with the degree of silencing in the CTB1 and CTB8 silenced lines. We conclude that expression of fungal cercosporin autoresistance genes as well as silencing of the cercosporin pathway are both effective strategies for engineering resistance to Cercospora diseases where cercosporin plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Sonia Herrero
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Hayde Eng
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Nafisa Gomaa
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Al Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Jeff Gillikin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Roslyn Noar
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Aydin Beseli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Daub
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Kange AM, Xia A, Si J, Li B, Zhang X, Ai G, He F, Dou D. The Fungal-Specific Transcription Factor VpFSTF1 Is Required for Virulence in Valsa pyri. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2945. [PMID: 31998257 PMCID: PMC6965324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Valsa pyri is the causal agent of pear canker disease, which leads to enormous losses of pear production in eastern Asian, especially China. In this study, we identified a fungal-specific transcription factor 1 (termed as VpFSTF1) from V. pyri, which is highly conserved in fungi. To characterize its functions, we generated mutant and complementation strains in V. pyri and found that ΔVpFSTF1 mutants lost the ability to form fruiting bodies along with the reduced virulence. The radial growth of ΔVpFSTF1 mutant was sensitive to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and salicylic acid (SA). Moreover, RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of wild-type (WT) and ΔVpFSTF1 mutant strains was performed, and the results revealed 1,993 upregulated, and 2006 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the mutant. The DEGs were corresponding to the genes that are involved in amino acid metabolism, starch, and sucrose metabolism, gluconeogenesis, citrate cycle, and carbon metabolism. Interestingly, pathogen host interaction (PHI) analysis showed that 69 downregulated genes were related to virulence, suggesting that they might function downstream of VpFSTF1. Nine DEGs were further validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the results were consistent with RNA-seq analysis. Furthermore, promoter regions were predicted, and VpFSTF1 binding activity was assessed. We demonstrated that five promoters are directly or indirectly targeted by VpFSTF1, including catalase-related peroxidase (VPIG_01209) and P450 family genes. Taken together, these findings indicate that VpFSTF1 is crucial for the virulence of V. pyri via direct or indirect regulation of downstream genes expression and lay an important foundation for understanding the molecular mechanism of V. pyri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Machio Kange
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jierui Si
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gan Ai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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30
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PdMFS1 Transporter Contributes to Penicilliun digitatum Fungicide Resistance and Fungal Virulence during Citrus Fruit Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5040100. [PMID: 31635246 PMCID: PMC6958471 DOI: 10.3390/jof5040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Penicillium digitatum major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter (PdMFS1) was identified and functionally characterized in order to shed more light on the mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance. PdMFS1 can play an important role in the intensification of resistance to fungicides normally used in P. digitatum postharvest treatments. In the PdMFS1 disrupted mutants, a slight effect in response to chemical fungicides was observed, but fungicide sensitivity was highly affected in the overexpression mutants which became resistant to wide range of chemical fungicides. Moreover, P. digitatum knock-out mutants exhibited a lower rate of fungal virulence when infected oranges were stored at 20 °C. Disease symptoms were higher in the PdMFS1 overexpression mutants coming from the low-virulent P. digitatum parental strain. In addition, the gene expression analysis showed an induction of PdMFS1 transcription in all overexpression mutants regardless from which progenitor came from, and four-time intensification of the parental wild type strain during citrus infection reinforcing PdMFS1 role in fungal virulence. The P. digitatum MFS transporter PdMFS1 contributes not only to the acquisition of wide range of fungicide resistance but also in fungal virulence during citrus infection.
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MFS transporter from Botrytis cinerea provides tolerance to glucosinolate-breakdown products and is required for pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2886. [PMID: 31253809 PMCID: PMC6599007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates accumulate mainly in cruciferous plants and their hydrolysis-derived products play important roles in plant resistance against pathogens. The pathogen Botrytis cinerea has variable sensitivity to glucosinolates, but the mechanisms by which it responds to them are mostly unknown. Exposure of B. cinerea to glucosinolate-breakdown products induces expression of the Major Facilitator Superfamily transporter, mfsG, which functions in fungitoxic compound efflux. Inoculation of B. cinerea on wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants induces mfsG expression to higher levels than on glucosinolate-deficient A. thaliana mutants. A B. cinerea strain lacking functional mfsG transporter is deficient in efflux ability. It accumulates more isothiocyanates (ITCs) and is therefore more sensitive to this compound in vitro; it is also less virulent to glucosinolates-containing plants. Moreover, mfsG mediates ITC efflux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, thereby conferring tolerance to ITCs in the yeast. These findings suggest that mfsG transporter is a virulence factor that increases tolerance to glucosinolates. Plant glucosinolates are important in defense against fungal pathogens. Here, the authors identify a major facilitator superfamily transporter protein of the pathogen Botrytis cinerea, mfsG, that plays a role in efflux and detoxification of glucosinolate-breakdown products during plant–pathogen interactions.
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32
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Ebert MK, Spanner RE, de Jonge R, Smith DJ, Holthusen J, Secor GA, Thomma BPHJ, Bolton MD. Gene cluster conservation identifies melanin and perylenequinone biosynthesis pathways in multiple plant pathogenic fungi. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:913-927. [PMID: 30421572 PMCID: PMC7379194 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Perylenequinones are a family of structurally related polyketide fungal toxins with nearly universal toxicity. These photosensitizing compounds absorb light energy which enables them to generate reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. This potent mechanism serves as an effective weapon for plant pathogens in disease or niche establishment. The sugar beet pathogen Cercospora beticola secretes the perylenequinone cercosporin during infection. We have shown recently that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) gene cluster is present in several other phytopathogenic fungi, prompting the search for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of structurally similar perylenequinones in other fungi. Here, we report the identification of the elsinochrome and phleichrome BGCs of Elsinoë fawcettii and Cladosporium phlei, respectively, based on gene cluster conservation with the CTB and hypocrellin BGCs. Furthermore, we show that previously reported BGCs for elsinochrome and phleichrome are involved in melanin production. Phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding melanin polyketide synthases (PKSs) and alignment of melanin BGCs revealed high conservation between the established and newly identified C. beticola, E. fawcettii and C. phlei melanin BGCs. Mutagenesis of the identified perylenequinone and melanin PKSs in C. beticola and E. fawcettii coupled with mass spectrometric metabolite analyses confirmed their roles in toxin and melanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaika K. Ebert
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA,Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E. Spanner
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of BiologyScience4Life, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands,Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium,VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - David J. Smith
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Jason Holthusen
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | | | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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Yan Y, Yuan Q, Tang J, Huang J, Hsiang T, Wei Y, Zheng L. Colletotrichum higginsianum as a Model for Understanding Host⁻Pathogen Interactions: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2142. [PMID: 30041456 PMCID: PMC6073530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycetous fungus that causes economically important anthracnose diseases on numerous monocot and dicot crops worldwide. As a model pathosystem, the Colletotrichum⁻Arabidopsis interaction has the significant advantage that both organisms can be manipulated genetically. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the system and to point out recent significant studies that update our understanding of the pathogenesis of C. higginsianum and resistance mechanisms of Arabidopsis against this hemibiotrophic fungus. The genome sequence of C. higginsianum has provided insights into how genome structure and pathogen genetic variability has been shaped by transposable elements, and allows systematic approaches to longstanding areas of investigation, including infection structure differentiation and fungal⁻plant interactions. The Arabidopsis-Colletotrichum pathosystem provides an integrated system, with extensive information on the host plant and availability of genomes for both partners, to illustrate many of the important concepts governing fungal⁻plant interactions, and to serve as an excellent starting point for broad perspectives into issues in plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qinfeng Yuan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jintian Tang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Gene cluster conservation provides insight into cercosporin biosynthesis and extends production to the genus Colletotrichum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5459-E5466. [PMID: 29844193 PMCID: PMC6004482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712798115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species in the fungal genus Cercospora cause diseases in many important crops worldwide. Their success as pathogens is largely due to the secretion of cercosporin during infection. We report that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) gene cluster is ancient and was horizontally transferred to diverse fungal plant pathogens. Because our analyses revealed genes adjacent to the established CTB cluster with similar evolutionary trajectories, we evaluated their role in Cercospora beticola to show that four are necessary for cercosporin biosynthesis. Lastly, we confirmed that the apple pathogen Colletotrichum fioriniae produces cercosporin, the first case outside the family Mycosphaerellaceae. Other Colletotrichum plant pathogens also harbor the CTB cluster, which points to a wider role that this toxin may play in virulence. Species in the genus Cercospora cause economically devastating diseases in sugar beet, maize, rice, soy bean, and other major food crops. Here, we sequenced the genome of the sugar beet pathogen Cercospora beticola and found it encodes 63 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters, including the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) cluster. We show that the CTB gene cluster has experienced multiple duplications and horizontal transfers across a spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi, including the wide-host range Colletotrichum genus as well as the rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Although cercosporin biosynthesis has been thought to rely on an eight-gene CTB cluster, our phylogenomic analysis revealed gene collinearity adjacent to the established cluster in all CTB cluster-harboring species. We demonstrate that the CTB cluster is larger than previously recognized and includes cercosporin facilitator protein, previously shown to be involved with cercosporin autoresistance, and four additional genes required for cercosporin biosynthesis, including the final pathway enzymes that install the unusual cercosporin methylenedioxy bridge. Lastly, we demonstrate production of cercosporin by Colletotrichum fioriniae, the first known cercosporin producer within this agriculturally important genus. Thus, our results provide insight into the intricate evolution and biology of a toxin critical to agriculture and broaden the production of cercosporin to another fungal genus containing many plant pathogens of important crops worldwide.
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Zhang L, Huang X, He C, Zhang QY, Zou X, Duan K, Gao Q. Novel Fungal Pathogenicity and Leaf Defense Strategies Are Revealed by Simultaneous Transcriptome Analysis of Colletotrichum fructicola and Strawberry Infected by This Fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:434. [PMID: 29922301 PMCID: PMC5996897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola, which is part of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, can cause anthracnose diseases in strawberries worldwide. However, the molecular interactions between C. fructicola and strawberry are largely unknown. A deep RNA-sequencing approach was applied to gain insights into the pathogenicity mechanisms of C. fructicola and the defense response of strawberry plants at different stages of infection. The transcriptome data showed stage-specific transcription accompanied by a step-by-step strawberry defense response and the evasion of this defense system by fungus. Fungal genes involved in plant cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism, and detoxification were up-regulated at different stage of infection. Most importantly, C. fructicola infection was accompanied by a large number of highly expressed effectors. Four new identified effectors function in the suppression of Bax-mediated programmed cell death. Strawberry utilizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity to prevent C. fructicola invasion, followed by the initiation of downstream innate immunity. The up-regulation of genes related to salicylic acid provided evidence that salicylic acid signaling may serve as the core defense signaling mechanism, while jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways were largely inhibited by C. fructicola. The necrotrophic stage displayed a significant up-regulation of genes involved in reactive oxygen species activation. Collectively, the transcriptomic data of both C. fructicola and strawberry shows that even though plants build a multilayered defense against infection, C. fructicola employs a series of escape or antagonizing mechanisms to successfully infect host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Wang Q, Chen D, Wu M, Zhu J, Jiang C, Xu JR, Liu H. MFS Transporters and GABA Metabolism Are Involved in the Self-Defense Against DON in Fusarium graminearum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:438. [PMID: 29706976 PMCID: PMC5908970 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by the fungal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, are not only important for plant infection but are also harmful to human and animal health. Trichothecene targets the ribosomal protein Rpl3 that is conserved in eukaryotes. Hence, a self-defense mechanism must exist in DON-producing fungi. It is reported that TRI (trichothecene biosynthesis) 101 and TRI12 are two genes responsible for self-defense against trichothecene toxins in Fusarium. In this study, however, we found that simultaneous disruption of TRI101 and TRI12 has no obvious influence on DON resistance upon exogenous DON treatment in F. graminearum, suggesting that other mechanisms may be involved in self-defense. By using RNA-seq, we identified 253 genes specifically induced in DON-treated cultures compared with samples from cultures treated or untreated with cycloheximide, a commonly used inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis. We found that transporter genes are significantly enriched in this group of DON-induced genes. Of those genes, 15 encode major facilitator superfamily transporters likely involved in mycotoxin efflux. Significantly, we found that genes involved in the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a known inducer of DON production in F. graminearum, are significantly enriched among the DON-induced genes. The GABA biosynthesis gene PROLINE UTILIZATION 2-2 (PUT2-2) is downregulated, while GABA degradation genes are upregulated at least twofold upon treatment with DON, resulting in decreased levels of GABA. Taken together, our results suggest that transporters influencing DON efflux are important for self-defense and that GABA mediates the balance of DON production and self-defense in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Daipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mengchun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jindong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Deng H, Gao R, Liao X, Cai Y. Characterization of a major facilitator superfamily transporter in Shiraia bambusicola. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:664-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Swart V, Crampton BG, Ridenour JB, Bluhm BH, Olivier NA, Meyer JJM, Berger DK. Complementation of CTB7 in the Maize Pathogen Cercospora zeina Overcomes the Lack of In Vitro Cercosporin Production. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:710-724. [PMID: 28535078 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-17-0054-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by the sibling species Cercospora zeina or Cercospora zeae-maydis, is cited as one of the most important diseases threatening global maize production. C. zeina fails to produce cercosporin in vitro and, in most cases, causes large coalescing lesions during maize infection, a symptom generally absent from cercosporin-deficient mutants in other Cercospora spp. Here, we describe the C. zeina cercosporin toxin biosynthetic (CTB) gene cluster. The oxidoreductase gene CTB7 contained several insertions and deletions as compared with the C. zeae-maydis ortholog. We set out to determine whether complementing the defective CTB7 gene with the full-length gene from C. zeae-maydis could confer in vitro cercosporin production. C. zeina transformants containing C. zeae-maydis CTB7 were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and were evaluated for in vitro cercosporin production. When grown on nitrogen-limited medium in the light-conditions conducive to cercosporin production in other Cercospora spp.-one transformant accumulated a red pigment that was confirmed to be cercosporin by the KOH assay, thin-layer chromatography, and ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that C. zeina has a defective CTB7, but all other necessary machinery required for synthesizing cercosporin-like molecules and, thus, C. zeina may produce a structural variant of cercosporin during maize infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velushka Swart
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Bridget G Crampton
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - John B Ridenour
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.; and
| | - Burt H Bluhm
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.; and
| | - Nicholas A Olivier
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Dave K Berger
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Qin S, Ji C, Li Y, Wang Z. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Race 1 and Race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Induced with Different Carbon Sources. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:2125-2138. [PMID: 28468818 PMCID: PMC5499122 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.042226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense causes Fusarium wilt, one of the most destructive diseases in banana and plantain cultivars. Pathogenic race 1 attacks the "Gros Michel" banana cultivar, and race 4 is pathogenic to the Cavendish banana cultivar and those cultivars that are susceptible to Foc1. To understand the divergence in gene expression modules between the two races during degradation of the host cell wall, we performed RNA sequencing to compare the genome-wide transcriptional profiles of the two races grown in media containing banana cell wall, pectin, or glucose as the sole carbon source. Overall, the gene expression profiles of Foc1 and Foc4 in response to host cell wall or pectin appeared remarkably different. When grown with host cell wall, a much larger number of genes showed altered levels of expression in Foc4 in comparison with Foc1, including genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and other virulence-related genes. Additionally, the levels of gene expression were higher in Foc4 than in Foc1 when grown with host cell wall or pectin. Furthermore, a great majority of genes were differentially expressed in a variety-specific manner when induced by host cell wall or pectin. More specific CAZymes and other pathogenesis-related genes were expressed in Foc4 than in Foc1 when grown with host cell wall. The first transcriptome profiles obtained for Foc during degradation of the host cell wall may provide new insights into the mechanism of banana cell wall polysaccharide decomposition and the genetic basis of Foc host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Qin
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Vilanova L, Teixidó N, Torres R, Usall J, Viñas I, Sánchez-Torres P. Relevance of the transcription factor PdSte12 in Penicillium digitatum conidiation and virulence during citrus fruit infection. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 235:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gunasinghe N, You MP, Cawthray GR, Barbetti MJ. Cercosporin From Pseudocercosporella capsellae and its Critical Role in White Leaf Spot Development. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1521-1531. [PMID: 30686233 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-15-1192-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudocercosporella capsellae, the causative agent of white leaf spot disease in Brassicaceae, can produce a purple-pink pigment on artificial media resembling, but not previously confirmed as, the toxin cercosporin. Chemical extraction with ethyl acetate from growing hyphae followed by quantitative (thin-layer chromatography [TLC] and high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]) and qualitative methods showed an identical absorption spectrum, with similar retardation factor (Rf) values on TLC papers and an identical peak with the same retention time in HPLC as for a standard for cercosporin. We believe this is the first report to confirm that the purple-pink pigment produced by P. capsellae is cercosporin. Confocal microscopy detected green autofluorescence of cercosporin-producing hyphae, confirming the presence of cercosporin inside hyphae. The highly virulent UWA Wlra-7 isolate of P. capsellae produced the greatest quantity of cercosporin (10.69 mg g-1). The phytotoxicity and role of cercosporin in disease initiation across each of three Brassicaceae host species (Brassica juncea, B. napus, and Raphanus raphanistrum) was also studied. Culture filtrates containing cercosporin were phytotoxic to all three host plant species, producing large, white lesions on highly sensitive B. juncea, only water-soaked areas on least sensitive R. raphanistrum, and intermediate lesions on B. napus. It is noteworthy that sensitivity to cercosporin of these three host species was analogous to their susceptibility to the pathogen, viz., B. juncea the most susceptible, R. raphanistrum the least susceptible, and B. napus intermediate. The presence of cercosporin in the inoculum significantly increased disease severity on the highly cercosporin-sensitive B. juncea. We believe that this is the first study to demonstrate that P. capsellae produces cercosporin in liquid culture rather than agar media. Finally, this study highlights an important role of cercosporin as a pathogenicity factor in white leaf spot disease on Brassicaceae as evidenced by the ability of the cercosporin-rich culture filtrate to reproduce white leaf spot lesions on host plants and by the enhanced virulence of P. capsellae in the presence of cercosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshini Gunasinghe
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ming Pei You
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory R Cawthray
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Wu Z, Wang S, Yuan Y, Zhang T, Liu J, Liu D. A novel major facilitator superfamily transporter in Penicillium digitatum (PdMFS2) is required for prochloraz resistance, conidiation and full virulence. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Newman AG, Townsend CA. Molecular Characterization of the Cercosporin Biosynthetic Pathway in the Fungal Plant Pathogen Cercospora nicotianae. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4219-28. [PMID: 26938470 PMCID: PMC5129747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Perylenequinones are a class of photoactivated polyketide mycotoxins produced by fungal plant pathogens that notably produce reactive oxygen species with visible light. The best-studied perylenequinone is cercosporin-a product of the Cercospora species. While the cercosporin biosynthetic gene cluster has been described in the tobacco pathogen Cercospora nicotianae, little is known of the metabolite's biosynthesis. Furthermore, in vitro investigations of the polyketide synthase central to cercosporin biosynthesis identified the naphthopyrone nor-toralactone as its direct product-an observation in conflict with published biosynthetic proposals. Here, we present an alternative biosynthetic pathway to cercosporin based on metabolites characterized from a series of biosynthetic gene knockouts. We show that nor-toralactone is the key polyketide intermediate and the substrate for the unusual didomain protein CTB3. We demonstrate the unique oxidative cleavage activity of the CTB3 monooxygenase domain in vitro. These data advance our understanding of perylenequinone biosynthesis and expand the biochemical repertoire of flavin-dependent monooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Newman
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Craig A. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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De Novo Transcriptome Assembly in Shiraia bambusicola to Investigate Putative Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Hypocrellin A. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:311. [PMID: 26927096 PMCID: PMC4813174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiraia bambusicola is a species of the monotypic genus Shiraia in the phylum Ascomycota. In China, it is known for its pharmacological properties that are used to treat rheumatic arthritis, sciatica, pertussis, tracheitis and so forth. Its major medicinal active metabolite is hypocrellin A, which exhibits excellent antiviral and antitumor properties. However, the genes involved in the hypocrellin A anabolic pathways were still unknown due to the lack of genomic information for this species. To investigate putative genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of hypocrellin A and determine the pathway, we performed transcriptome sequencing for Shiraia bambusicola S4201-W and the mutant S4201-D1 for the first time. S4201-W has excellent hypocrellin A production, while the mutant S4201-D1 does not. Then, we obtained 38,056,034 and 39,086,896 clean reads from S4201-W and S4201-D1, respectively. In all, 17,923 unigenes were de novo assembled, and the N50 length was 1970 bp. Based on the negative binomial distribution test, 716 unigenes were found to be upregulated, and 188 genes were downregulated in S4201-D1, compared with S4201-W. We have found seven unigenes involved in the biosynthesis of hypocrellin A and proposed a putative hypocrellin A biosynthetic pathway. These data will provide a valuable resource and theoretical basis for future molecular studies of hypocrellin A, help identify the genes involved in the biosynthesis of hypocrellin A and help facilitate functional studies for enhancing hypocrellin A production.
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Fondevilla S, Krezdorn N, Rotter B, Kahl G, Winter P. In planta Identification of Putative Pathogenicity Factors from the Chickpea Pathogen Ascochyta rabiei by De novo Transcriptome Sequencing Using RNA-Seq and Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1329. [PMID: 26648917 PMCID: PMC4664620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important foliar diseases in legumes worldwide are ascochyta blights. Up to now, in the Ascochyta-legume pathosystem most studies focused on the identification of resistance genes in the host, while very little is known about the pathogenicity factors of the fungal pathogen. Moreover, available data were often obtained from fungi growing under artificial conditions. Therefore, in this study we aimed at the identification of the pathogenicity factors of Ascochyta rabiei, causing ascochyta blight in chickpea. To identify potential fungal pathogenicity factors, we employed RNA-seq and Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE) to produce comprehensive expression profiles of A. rabiei genes isolated either from the fungus growing in absence of its host or from fungi infecting chickpea leaves. We further provide a comprehensive de novo assembly of the A. rabiei transcriptome comprising 22,725 contigs with an average length of 1178 bp. Since pathogenicity factors are usually secreted, we predicted the A. rabiei secretome, yielding 550 putatively secreted proteins. MACE identified 596 transcripts that were up-regulated during infection. An analysis of these genes identified a collection of candidate pathogenicity factors and unraveled the pathogen's strategy for infecting its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fondevilla
- Plant Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Guenter Kahl
- Plant Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Goethe-University of FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
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Characterization of Cercospora nicotianae Hypothetical Proteins in Cercosporin Resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140676. [PMID: 26474162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoactivated toxin, cercosporin, produced by Cercospora species, plays an important role in pathogenesis of this fungus to host plants. Cercosporin has almost universal toxicity to cells due to its production of reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen. For that reason, Cercospora species, which are highly resistant to their own toxin, are good candidates to identify genes for resistance to cercosporin and to the reactive oxygen species it produces. In previous research, the zinc cluster transcription factor CRG1 (cercosporin resistance gene 1) was found to be crucial for Cercospora species' resistance against cercosporin, and subtractive hybridization analysis identified 185 genes differentially expressed between Cercospora nicotianae wild type (wt) and a crg1 mutant. The focus of this work was to identify and characterize the hypothetical proteins that were identified in the Cercospora nicotianae subtractive library as potential resistance factors. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the 20 genes encoding hypothetical proteins showed that two, 24cF and 71cR, were induced under conditions of cercosporin toxicity, suggesting a role in resistance. Transformation and expression of 24cF and 71cR in the cercosporin-sensitive fungus, Neurospora crassa, showed that 71cR provided increased resistance to cercosporin toxicity, whereas no significant increase was observed in 24cF transformants. Gene disruption was used to generate C. nicotianae 71cR mutants; these mutants did not differ from wt C. nicotianae in cercosporin resistance or production. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed induction of other resistance genes in the 71cR mutant that may compensate for the loss of 71cR. Analysis of 71cR conserved domains and secondary and tertiary structure identify the protein as having an NTF2-like superfamily DUF1348 domain with unknown function, to be intracellular and localized in the cytosol, and to have similarities to proteins in the steroid delta-isomerase family.
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Khaokhajorn P, Samipak S, Nithithanasilp S, Tanticharoen M, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Production and secretion of naphthoquinones is mediated by the MFS transporter MFS1 in the entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sp. BCC1869. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1543-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morales-Cruz A, Amrine KCH, Blanco-Ulate B, Lawrence DP, Travadon R, Rolshausen PE, Baumgartner K, Cantu D. Distinctive expansion of gene families associated with plant cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism, and nutrient uptake in the genomes of grapevine trunk pathogens. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:469. [PMID: 26084502 PMCID: PMC4472170 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trunk diseases threaten the longevity and productivity of grapevines in all viticulture production systems. They are caused by distantly-related fungi that form chronic wood infections. Variation in wood-decay abilities and production of phytotoxic compounds are thought to contribute to their unique disease symptoms. We recently released the draft sequences of Eutypa lata, Neofusicoccum parvum and Togninia minima, causal agents of Eutypa dieback, Botryosphaeria dieback and Esca, respectively. In this work, we first expanded genomic resources to three important trunk pathogens, Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, causal agents of Phomopsis dieback, Botryosphaeria dieback, and Esca, respectively. Then we integrated all currently-available information into a genome-wide comparative study to identify gene families potentially associated with host colonization and disease development. RESULTS The integration of RNA-seq, comparative and ab initio approaches improved the protein-coding gene prediction in T. minima, whereas shotgun sequencing yielded nearly complete genome drafts of Dia. ampelina, Dip. seriata, and P. chlamydospora. The predicted proteomes of all sequenced trunk pathogens were annotated with a focus on functions likely associated with pathogenesis and virulence, namely (i) wood degradation, (ii) nutrient uptake, and (iii) toxin production. Specific patterns of gene family expansion were described using Computational Analysis of gene Family Evolution, which revealed lineage-specific evolution of distinct mechanisms of virulence, such as specific cell wall oxidative functions and secondary metabolic pathways in N. parvum, Dia. ampelina, and E. lata. Phylogenetically-informed principal component analysis revealed more similar repertoires of expanded functions among species that cause similar symptoms, which in some cases did not reflect phylogenetic relationships, thereby suggesting patterns of convergent evolution. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the repertoires of putative virulence functions in the genomes of ubiquitous grapevine trunk pathogens. Gene families with significantly faster rates of gene gain can now provide a basis for further studies of in planta gene expression, diversity by genome re-sequencing, and targeted reverse genetic approaches. The functional validation of potential virulence factors will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis and virulence, which ultimately will enable the development of accurate diagnostic tools and effective disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Morales-Cruz
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Katherine C H Amrine
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Barbara Blanco-Ulate
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Daniel P Lawrence
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Renaud Travadon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Kendra Baumgartner
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Membrane transporters in self resistance of Cercospora nicotianae to the photoactivated toxin cercosporin. Curr Genet 2015; 61:601-20. [PMID: 25862648 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work is to characterize membrane transporter genes in Cercospora fungi required for autoresistance to the photoactivated, active-oxygen-generating toxin cercosporin they produce for infection of host plants. Previous studies implicated a role for diverse membrane transporters in cercosporin resistance. In this study, transporters identified in a subtractive cDNA library between a Cercospora nicotianae wild type and a cercosporin-sensitive mutant were characterized, including two ABC transporters (CnATR2, CnATR3), an MFS transporter (CnMFS2), a uracil transporter, and a zinc transport protein. Phylogenetic analysis showed that only CnATR3 clustered with transporters previously characterized to be involved in cercosporin resistance. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression under conditions of cercosporin toxicity, however, showed that only CnATR2 was upregulated, thus this gene was selected for further characterization. Transformation and expression of CnATR2 in the cercosporin-sensitive fungus Neurospora crassa significantly increased cercosporin resistance. Targeted gene disruption of CnATR2 in the wild type C. nicotianae, however, did not decrease resistance. Expression analysis of other transporters in the cnatr2 mutant under conditions of cercosporin toxicity showed significant upregulation of the cercosporin facilitator protein gene (CFP), encoding an MFS transporter previously characterized as playing an important role in cercosporin autoresistance in Cercospora species. We conclude that cercosporin autoresistance in Cercospora is mediated by multiple genes, and that the fungus compensates for mutations by up-regulation of other resistance genes. CnATR2 may be a useful gene, alone or in addition to other known resistance genes, for engineering Cercospora resistance in crop plants.
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Crutcher FK, Liu J, Puckhaber LS, Stipanovic RD, Bell AA, Nichols RL. FUBT, a putative MFS transporter, promotes secretion of fusaric acid in the cotton pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:875-83. [PMID: 25627440 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a key component in virulence and symptom development in cotton during infection by Fusarium oxysporum. A putative major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter gene was identified downstream of the polyketide synthase gene responsible for the biosynthesis of FA in a region previously believed to be unrelated to the known FA gene cluster. Disruption of the transporter gene, designated FUBT, resulted in loss of FA secretion, decrease in FA production and a decrease in resistance to high concentrations of FA. Uptake of exogenous FA was unaffected in the disruption transformants, suggesting that FA enters the cell in Fusarium by an independent mechanism. Thus, FUBT is involved both in the extracellular transport of FA and in resistance of F. oxysporum to this non-specific toxin. A potential secondary resistance mechanism, the production of FA derivatives, was observed in FUBT deletion mutants. Molecular analysis of key biochemical processes in the production of FA could lead to future host plant resistance to Fusarium pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie K Crutcher
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Jinggao Liu
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Lorraine S Puckhaber
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Robert D Stipanovic
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Alois A Bell
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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