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Cravero BH, Prez G, Lombardo VA, Guastaferri FV, Delprato CB, Altabe S, de Mendoza D, Binolfi A. A high-resolution 13C NMR approach for profiling fatty acid unsaturation in lipid extracts and in live Caenorhabditiselegans. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100618. [PMID: 39127170 PMCID: PMC11418130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) play a crucial role in central cellular processes in animals, including membrane function, development, and disease. Disruptions in UFA homeostasis can contribute to the onset of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Consequently, there is a high demand for analytical techniques to study lipid compositions in live cells and multicellular organisms. Conventional analysis of UFA compositions in cells, tissues, and organisms involves solvent extraction procedures coupled with analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, MS and/or NMR spectroscopy. As a nondestructive and nontargeted technique, NMR spectroscopy is uniquely capable of characterizing the chemical profiling of living cells and multicellular organisms. Here, we use NMR spectroscopy to analyze Caenorhabditis elegans, enabling the determination of their lipid compositions and fatty acid unsaturation levels both in cell-free lipid extracts and in vivo. The NMR spectra of lipid extracts from WT and fat-3 mutant C. elegans strains revealed notable differences due to the absence of Δ-6 fatty acid desaturase activity, including the lack of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acyl chains. Uniform 13C-isotope labeling and high-resolution 2D solution-state NMR of live worms confirmed these findings, indicating that the signals originated from fast-tumbling lipid molecules within lipid droplets. Overall, this strategy permits the analysis of lipid storage in intact worms and has enough resolution and sensitivity to identify differences between WT and mutant animals with impaired fatty acid desaturation. Our results establish methodological benchmarks for future investigations of fatty acid regulation in live C. elegans using NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hernández Cravero
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gastón Prez
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Verónica A Lombardo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina; Center of Interdisciplinary Studies (CEI), National University of Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Florencia V Guastaferri
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carla B Delprato
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvia Altabe
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (FBIOyF), National University of Rosario (UNR) Suipacha 598, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego de Mendoza
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (FBIOyF), National University of Rosario (UNR) Suipacha 598, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Andres Binolfi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina; Argentinian Platform of Structural Biology and Metabolomics (PLABEM), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina.
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2
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Singh PP, Reeves GA, Contrepois K, Papsdorf K, Miklas JW, Ellenberger M, Hu CK, Snyder MP, Brunet A. Evolution of diapause in the African turquoise killifish by remodeling the ancient gene regulatory landscape. Cell 2024; 187:3338-3356.e30. [PMID: 38810644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Suspended animation states allow organisms to survive extreme environments. The African turquoise killifish has evolved diapause as a form of suspended development to survive a complete drought. However, the mechanisms underlying the evolution of extreme survival states are unknown. To understand diapause evolution, we performed integrative multi-omics (gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and lipidomics) in the embryos of multiple killifish species. We find that diapause evolved by a recent remodeling of regulatory elements at very ancient gene duplicates (paralogs) present in all vertebrates. CRISPR-Cas9-based perturbations identify the transcription factors REST/NRSF and FOXOs as critical for the diapause gene expression program, including genes involved in lipid metabolism. Indeed, diapause shows a distinct lipid profile, with an increase in triglycerides with very-long-chain fatty acids. Our work suggests a mechanism for the evolution of complex adaptations and offers strategies to promote long-term survival by activating suspended animation programs in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Adam Reeves
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kévin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason W Miklas
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Chi-Kuo Hu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Carr BJ, Skitsko D, Song J, Li Z, Ju MJ, Moritz OL. Prominin-1 null Xenopus laevis develop subretinal drusenoid-like deposits, cone-rod dystrophy, and RPE atrophy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.597229. [PMID: 38895468 PMCID: PMC11185615 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.597229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the PROMININ-1 (PROM1) gene are associated with inherited, non-syndromic vision loss. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to induce truncating prom1-null mutations in Xenopus laevis to create a disease model. We then tracked progression of retinal degeneration in these animals from the ages of 6 weeks to 3 years old. We found that retinal degeneration caused by prom1-null is age-dependent and likely involves death or damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that precedes photoreceptor degeneration. As prom1-null frogs age, they develop large cellular debris deposits in the subretinal space and outer segment layer which resemble subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) in their location, histology, and representation in color fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). In older frogs, these SDD-like deposits accumulate in size and number, and they are present before retinal degeneration occurs. Evidence for an RPE origin of these deposits includes infiltration of pigment granules into the deposits, thinning of RPE as measured by OCT, and RPE disorganization as measured by histology and OCT. The appearance and accumulation of SDD-like deposits and RPE thinning and disorganization in our animal model suggests an underlying disease mechanism for prom1-null mediated blindness of death and dysfunction of the RPE preceding photoreceptor degeneration, instead of direct effects upon photoreceptor outer segment morphogenesis, as was previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J Carr
- The University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Dominic Skitsko
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Jun Song
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Applied Science, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Zixuan Li
- The University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Myeong Jin Ju
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Applied Science, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Orson L Moritz
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
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4
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Muñoz-Juan A, Assié A, Esteve-Codina A, Gut M, Benseny-Cases N, Samuel BS, Dalfó E, Laromaine A. Caenorhabditis elegans endorse bacterial nanocellulose fibers as functional dietary Fiber reducing lipid markers. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 331:121815. [PMID: 38388067 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a promising dietary fiber with potential as a functional food additive. We evaluated BNC fibers (BNCf) in the Caenorhabditis elegans model to obtain insight into the BNCf's biointeraction with its gastrointestinal tract while reducing the variables of higher complex animals. BNCf were uptaken and excreted by worms without crossing the intestinal barrier, confirming its biosafety regarding survival rate, reproduction, and aging for concentrations up to 34 μg/ml BNCf. However, a slight decrease in the worms' length was detected. A possible nutrient shortage or stress produced by BNCf was discarded by measuring stress and chemotactic response pathways. Besides, we detected a lipid-lowering effect of BNCf in N2 C. elegans in normal and high-caloric diets. Oxidative damage was computed in N2 worms and Rac1/ced-10 mutants. The GTPase Rac1 is involved in neurological diseases, where its dysregulation enhances ROS production and neuronal damage. BNCf reduced the lipid oxidative markers produced by ROS species in this worm strain. Finally, we detected that BNCf activated the genetic expression of the immunological response and lipid catabolic process. These results strengthen the use of BNCf as a functional dietary fiber and encourage the potential treatment of neurological disease by modulating diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Muñoz-Juan
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Adrien Assié
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Benseny-Cases
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Avinguda de Can Domènech, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Buck S Samuel
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esther Dalfó
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain; Institute for Research and Innovation in Life Sciences and Health in Central Catalonia (IRIS-CC), Can Baumann, 08500, Vic, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
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Azparren‐Angulo M, Mleczko J, Alboniga OE, Kruglik S, Guigner J, Gonzalez E, Garcia‐Vallicrosa C, Llop J, Simó C, Alonso C, Iruarrizaga M, Royo F, Falcon‐Perez JM. Lipidomics and biodistribution of extracellular vesicles-secreted by hepatocytes from Zucker lean and fatty rats. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e140. [PMID: 38939902 PMCID: PMC11080883 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been involved in metabolic syndrome, although their specific role in the development of the pathology is still unknown. To further study the role of EVs, we have analysed by Raman tweezers microspectroscopy and mass spectrometry-based lipidomics the small EVs population secreted by fatty (ZF) and lean (ZL) hepatocytes obtained from Zucker rats. We have also explored in vivo and ex vivo biodistribution of these EVs through fluorine-18-radiolabelling using a positron emission tomography imaging. Based on the proportion of proteins to lipids and the types of lipids, our results indicate that within the range of small EVs, primary hepatocytes secrete different subpopulations of particles. These differences were observed in the enrichment of triglyceride species in EVs secreted by ZF hepatocytes. Biodistribution experiments showed accumulation in the brain, heart, lungs, kidney and specially in bladder after intravenous administration. In summary, we show that EVs released by a fatty hepatocytes carry a different lipid signature compared to their lean counterpart. Biodistribution experiment has shown no difference in the distribution of EVs secreted by ZF and ZL hepatocytes but has given us a first view of possible target organs for these particles. Our results might open a door to both pathology studies and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azparren‐Angulo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Justyna Mleczko
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Oihane E. Alboniga
- Metabolomics Platform, CICbioGUNE‐BRTA, CIBERehdBizkaia Technology Park, DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Sergei Kruglik
- Laboratoire Jean PerrinSorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8237, 4 place JussieuParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Michel Guigner
- L'Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de CosmochimieSorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHNParisFrance
| | - Esperanza Gonzalez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Clara Garcia‐Vallicrosa
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, San SebastianGuipúzcoaSpain
| | - Cristina Simó
- CIC biomaGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, San SebastianGuipúzcoaSpain
| | | | | | - Felix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), DerioBizkaiaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Juan M. Falcon‐Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), DerioBizkaiaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for Science, BilbaoBizkaiaSpain
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6
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Chen WW, Tang W, Hamerton EK, Kuo PX, Lemieux GA, Ashrafi K, Cicerone MT. Identifying lipid particle sub-types in live Caenorhabditis elegans with two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging. Front Chem 2023; 11:1161775. [PMID: 37123874 PMCID: PMC10137682 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1161775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat metabolism is an important modifier of aging and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Given the anatomy and hermaphroditic nature of C. elegans, a major challenge is to distinguish fats that serve the energetic needs of the parent from those that are allocated to the progeny. Broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (BCARS) microscopy has revealed that the composition and dynamics of lipid particles are heterogeneous both within and between different tissues of this organism. Using BCARS, we have previously succeeded in distinguishing lipid-rich particles that serve as energetic reservoirs of the parent from those that are destined for the progeny. While BCARS microscopy produces high-resolution images with very high information content, it is not yet a widely available platform. Here we report a new approach combining the lipophilic vital dye Nile Red and two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2p-FLIM) for the in vivo discrimination of lipid particle sub-types. While it is widely accepted that Nile Red staining yields unreliable results for detecting lipid structures in live C. elegans due to strong interference of autofluorescence and non-specific staining signals, our results show that simple FLIM phasor analysis can effectively separate those signals and is capable of differentiating the non-polar lipid-dominant (lipid-storage), polar lipid-dominant (yolk lipoprotein) particles, and the intermediates that have been observed using BCARS microscopy. An advantage of this approach is that images can be acquired using common, commercially available 2p-FLIM systems within about 10% of the time required to generate a BCARS image. Our work provides a novel, broadly accessible approach for analyzing lipid-containing structures in a complex, live whole organism context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wenyu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Emily K. Hamerton
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Penelope X. Kuo
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - George A. Lemieux
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marcus T. Cicerone
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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7
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Application of Caenorhabditis elegans in Lipid Metabolism Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021173. [PMID: 36674689 PMCID: PMC9860639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development and prevalence of obesity have posed a serious public health risk, which has prompted studies on the regulation of adiposity. With the ease of genetic manipulation, the diversity of the methods for characterizing body fat levels, and the observability of feeding behavior, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is considered an excellent model for exploring energy homeostasis and the regulation of the cellular fat storage. In addition, the homology with mammals in the genes related to the lipid metabolism allows many aspects of lipid modulation by the regulators of the central nervous system to be conserved in this ideal model organism. In recent years, as the complex network of genes that maintain an energy balance has been gradually expanded and refined, the regulatory mechanisms of lipid storage have become clearer. Furthermore, the development of methods and devices to assess the lipid levels has become a powerful tool for studies in lipid droplet biology and the regulation of the nematode lipid metabolism. Herein, based on the rapid progress of C. elegans lipid metabolism-related studies, this review outlined the lipid metabolic processes, the major signaling pathways of fat storage regulation, and the primary experimental methods to assess the lipid content in nematodes. Therefore, this model system holds great promise for facilitating the understanding, management, and therapies of human obesity and other metabolism-related diseases.
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8
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Supplementation with Queen Bee Larva Powder Extended the Longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193976. [PMID: 36235629 PMCID: PMC9573043 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Queen bee larva (QBL) is one kind of important edible insect that is harvested during royal jelly production process. QBL has many physiological functions; however, limited information is available regarding its antiaging effects. In this study, the antiaging function of freeze-dried QBL powder (QBLP) was investigated by combining the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model and transcriptomics. The administration of QBLP to C. elegans was shown to improve lifespan parameters. Additionally, QBLP improved the mobility of nematodes. Transcriptome analysis showed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms that were almost all related to the biological functions of cell metabolism and stress, which are associated with lifespan. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested that the lifespan of C. elegans was related to the longevity regulating pathway-worm. The expression levels of the key genes sod-3, gst-6, hsp-12.6, lips-7, ins-8, and lips-17 were upregulated. sod-3, hsp-12.6, lips-7, and lips-17 are downstream targets of DAF-16, which is an important transcription factor related to lifespan extension. CF1038 (daf-16(mu86)) supplemented with QBLP did not show a life-prolonging. This indicates that the antiaging function of QBLP is closely related to daf-16. Thus, QBLP is a component that could potentially be used as a functional material to ameliorate aging and aging-related symptoms.
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Reza AHMM, Zhou Y, Qin J, Tang Y. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens for lipid droplet imaging. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 184:101-144. [PMID: 34749970 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved organelles involved in energy homeostasis and versatile intracellular processes in different cell types. Their importance is ubiquitous, ranges from utilization as the biofunctional components to third-generation biofuel production from microalgae, while morphology and functional perturbations could also relate to the multiple diseases in higher mammals. Biosynthesis of lipids can be triggered by multiple factors related to organismal physiology and the surrounding environment. An early prediction of this might help take necessary actions toward desired outcomes. In vivo visualization of LDs can give molecular insight into regulatory mechanisms and the underlying connections with other cellular structures. Traditional bioprobes for LDs detection often suffer from different dye-specific limitations such as aggregation-caused quenching and self-decomposition phenomena that hinder the research advancement. The emergence of lipid-specific nanoprobes with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) attributes in recent years is promising in remunerative characteristics with defined bioimaging properties. By utilizing the easy synthetic techniques and exploiting the unique physical features of these molecules, highly selective, stable, biocompatible and facile fluorescent probes could be fabricated for lipid detection. This chapter will provide up-to-date insight into the recent advances in lipid-specific AIE-based probes to enhance the opportunities for basic research related to the distinct roles of LDs in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H M Mohsinul Reza
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yabin Zhou
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jianguang Qin
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Youhong Tang
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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10
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Zhang A, Guan Z, Ockerman K, Dong P, Guo J, Wang Z, Yan D. Regulation of glial size by eicosapentaenoic acid through a novel Golgi apparatus mechanism. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3001051. [PMID: 33370778 PMCID: PMC7793280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of cell growth is essential for the development of the brain, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of glial and neuronal size are poorly understood. To investigate the mechanisms involved in glial size regulation, we used Caenorhabditis elegans amphid sheath (AMsh) glia as a model and show that a conserved cis-Golgi membrane protein eas-1/GOLT1B negatively regulates glial growth. We found that eas-1 inhibits a conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase rnf-145/RNF145, which, in turn, promotes nuclear activation of sbp-1/ SREBP, a key regulator of sterol and fatty acid synthesis, to restrict cell growth. At early developmental stages, rnf-145 in the cis-Golgi network inhibits sbp-1 activation to promote the growth of glia, and when animals reach the adult stage, this inhibition is released through an eas-1-dependent shuttling of rnf-145 from the cis-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network to stop glial growth. Furthermore, we identified long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as downstream products of the eas-1-rnf-145-sbp-1 pathway that functions to prevent the overgrowth of glia. Together, our findings reveal a novel and potentially conserved mechanism underlying glial size control. The molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of glial and neuronal size are poorly understood. This study in nematodes reveals eicosapentaenoic acid as the downstream product of a pathway that functions to prevent the overgrowth of glia, suggesting a novel and potentially conserved mechanism underlying glial size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kyle Ockerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pengyuan Dong
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Regeneration Next Initiative, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The staining of lipids in algae cells with BODIPY dyes is much less studied compared to Nile red; therefore, a complex of issues concerning staining details and fluorescence measurements still should be clarified for the species that vary in cell wall complexity. Nevertheless, some general guidelines could be given, and a preliminary protocol of the method is provided based on the existing data. The semiquantification of lipid could be reliable if the staining protocol will be developed and adapted for particular microalgae species.
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12
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Guseva GB, Antina EV, Berezin MB, Pavelyev RS, Kayumov AR, Sharafutdinov IS, Lisovskaya SА, Lodochnikova OA, Islamov DR, Usachev KS, Boichuk SV, Nikitina LE. Meso-substituted-BODIPY based fluorescent biomarker: Spectral characteristics, photostability and possibilities for practical application. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Petroff JT, Grady S, Arnatt CK, McCulla RD. Dibenzothiophene Sulfone Derivatives as Plasma Membrane Dyes. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:67-73. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Grady
- Department of Chemistry Saint Louis University St. Louis MO
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14
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Machado ML, Arantes LP, Gubert P, Zamberlan DC, da Silva TC, da Silveira TL, Boligon A, Soares FAA. Ilex paraguariensis modulates fat metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans through purinergic system (ADOR-1) and nuclear hormone receptor (NHR-49) pathways. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204023. [PMID: 30252861 PMCID: PMC6155532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilex paraguariensis is a well-known plant that is widely consumed in South America, primarily as a drink called mate. Mate is described to have stimulant and medicinal properties. Considering the potential anti-lipid effects of I. paraguariensis infusion, we used an extract of this plant as a possible modulator of fat storage to control lipid metabolism in worms. Herein, the I. paraguariensis-dependent modulation of fat metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans was investigated. C. elegans were treated with I. paraguariensis aqueous extract (1 mg/ml) from L1 larvae stage until adulthood, to simulate the primary form of consumption. Expression of adipocyte triglyceride lipase 1 (ATGL-1) and heat shock protein 16.2, lipid accumulation through C1-BODIPY-C12 (BODIPY) lipid staining, behavioral parameters, body length, total body energy expenditure and overall survival were analyzed. Total body energy expenditure was determined by the oxygen consumption rate in N2, nuclear hormone receptor knockout, nhr-49(nr2041), and adenosine receptor knockout, ador-1(ox489) strains. Ilex paraguariensis extract increased ATGL-1 expression 20.06% and decreased intestinal BODIPY fat staining 63.36%, compared with the respective control group, without affecting bacterial growth and energetic balance, while nhr-49(nr2041) and ador-1(ox489) strains blocked the worm fat loss. In addition, I. paraguariensis increased the oxygen consumption in N2 worms, but not in mutant strains, increased N2 worm survival following juglone exposure, and did not alter hsp-16.2 expression. We demonstrate for the first time that I. paraguariensis can decrease fat storage and increase body energy expenditure in worms. These effects depend on the purinergic system (ADOR-1) and NHR-49 pathways. Ilex paraguariensis upregulated the expression of ATGL-1 to modulate fat metabolism. Furthermore, our data corroborates with other studies that demonstrate that C. elegans is a useful tool for studies of fat metabolism and energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lopes Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leticia Priscilla Arantes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Campus Reitor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daniele Coradini Zamberlan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thayanara Cruz da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tássia Limana da Silveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Boligon
- Departamento da Farmácia Industrial, Laboratório de Pesquisa Fitoquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Wang J, Guo X, Li L, Qiu H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Sun G. Application of the Fluorescent Dye BODIPY in the Study of Lipid Dynamics of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Molecules 2018; 23:E1594. [PMID: 29966327 PMCID: PMC6099410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice blast is one of the most serious diseases affecting rice yield which is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, a model organism for studies on plant pathogenic fungi. Lipids stored in M. oryzae cells have been shown to be crucial for the development of appressorium turgor and the ability of the pathogen to cause infection. Nile red staining is a common method to study lipid dynamics in phytopathogenic fungi. However, the disadvantages of this dye include its wide spectrum, poor water solubility, and susceptibility to quenching. Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) is a new type of fluorescent dye that has a different emission wavelength to that of Nile red as well as many desirable spectral and chemical properties. In this study, we used BODIPY to stain the lipids in M. oryzae cells to seek a possible substitute to Nile red in the study of lipid dynamics in plant pathogenic fungi. Our data showed that through simple and routine procedures, BODIPY was able to distinctly label lipids in the cells of mycelia and conidia. The positions of lipids labeled by BODIPY were essentially identical to those labeled by Nile red, but with more clear fluorescence labelling, lower background, and higher specificity. The use of BODIPY to stain germinating M. oryzae conidia allowed the lipid dynamics to be clearly tracked during this process. We also achieved double and multiple fluorescent staining conidia by combining BODIPY with the red fluorescent protein mCherry and other fluorescent dyes, such as Calcofluor white and DAPI, in conidia, mycelia, and sexual structures of M. oryzae. These results indicate that BODIPY is an ideal fluorescent dye for staining fungal lipids and provide a method for the study of the lipid dynamics and lipid metabolism in plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Haiping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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16
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Inês C, Parra-Lobato MC, Paredes MA, Labrador J, Gallardo M, Saucedo-García M, Gavilanes-Ruiz M, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Sphingolipid Distribution, Content and Gene Expression during Olive-Fruit Development and Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:28. [PMID: 29434611 PMCID: PMC5790798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant sphingolipids are involved in the building of the matrix of cell membranes and in signaling pathways of physiological processes and environmental responses. However, information regarding their role in fruit development and ripening, a plant-specific process, is unknown. The present study seeks to determine whether and, if so, how sphingolipids are involved in fleshy-fruit development and ripening in an oil-crop species such as olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Picual). Here, in the plasma-membranes of live protoplasts, we used fluorescence to examine various specific lipophilic stains in sphingolipid-enriched regions and investigated the composition of the sphingolipid long-chain bases (LCBs) as well as the expression patterns of sphingolipid-related genes, OeSPT, OeSPHK, OeACER, and OeGlcCerase, during olive-fruit development and ripening. The results demonstrate increased sphingolipid content and vesicle trafficking in olive-fruit protoplasts at the onset of ripening. Moreover, the concentration of LCB [t18:1(8Z), t18:1 (8E), t18:0, d18:2 (4E/8Z), d18:2 (4E/8E), d18:1(4E), and 1,4-anhydro-t18:1(8E)] increases during fruit development to reach a maximum at the onset of ripening, although these molecular species decreased during fruit ripening. On the other hand, OeSPT, OeSPHK, and OeGlcCerase were expressed differentially during fruit development and ripening, whereas OeACER gene expression was detected only at the fully ripe stage. The results provide novel data about sphingolipid distribution, content, and biosynthesis/turnover gene transcripts during fleshy-fruit ripening, indicating that all are highly regulated in a developmental manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Inês
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A. Paredes
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juana Labrador
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Mariana Saucedo-García
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Mexico
| | - Marina Gavilanes-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Derivatives of 2,5-Diaryl-1,3-Oxazole and 2,5-Diaryl-1,3,4-Oxadiazole as Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes for Studies of Biological Membranes. REVIEWS IN FLUORESCENCE 2017 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01569-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Optimization and evaluation of zein nanoparticles to improve the oral delivery of glibenclamide. In vivo study using C. elegans. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 121:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Effects of growth phase and nitrogen limitation on biochemical composition of two strains of Tisochrysis lutea. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Shen P, Yue Y, Park Y. A living model for obesity and aging research:Caenorhabditis elegans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:741-754. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1220914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Shen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiren Yue
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Imaging and lipidomics methods for lipid analysis in metabolic and cardiovascular disease. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2017; 8:566-574. [PMID: 28697812 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174417000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases exhibit changes in lipid biology, which is important as lipids have critical roles in membrane architecture, signalling, hormone synthesis, homoeostasis and metabolism. However, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease studies of cardiometabolic disease rarely include analysis of lipids. This short review highlights some examples of lipid pathology and then explores the technology available for analysing lipids, focussing on the need to develop imaging modalities for intracellular lipids. Analytical methods for studying interactions between the complex endocrine and intracellular signalling pathways that regulate lipid metabolism have been critical in expanding our understanding of how cardiometabolic diseases develop in association with obesity and dietary factors. Biochemical methods can be used to generate detailed lipid profiles to establish links between lifestyle factors and metabolic signalling pathways and determine how changes in specific lipid subtypes in plasma and homogenized tissue are associated with disease progression. New imaging modalities enable the specific visualization of intracellular lipid traffic and distribution in situ. These techniques provide a dynamic picture of the interactions between lipid storage, mobilization and signalling, which operate during normal cell function and are altered in many important diseases. The development of methods for imaging intracellular lipids can provide a dynamic real-time picture of how lipids are involved in complex signalling and other cell biology pathways; and how they ultimately regulate metabolic function/homoeostasis during early development. Some imaging modalities have the potential to be adapted for in vivo applications, and may enable the direct visualization of progression of pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease after poor growth in early life.
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22
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Maulik M, Mitra S, Bult-Ito A, Taylor BE, Vayndorf EM. Behavioral Phenotyping and Pathological Indicators of Parkinson's Disease in C. elegans Models. Front Genet 2017; 8:77. [PMID: 28659967 PMCID: PMC5468440 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms that progressively worsen with age. Pathologically, PD is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein in cells of the substantia nigra in the brain and loss of dopaminergic neurons. This pathology is associated with impaired movement and reduced cognitive function. The etiology of PD can be attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. A popular animal model, the nematode roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, has been frequently used to study the role of genetic and environmental factors in the molecular pathology and behavioral phenotypes associated with PD. The current review summarizes cellular markers and behavioral phenotypes in transgenic and toxin-induced PD models of C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Maulik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long BeachLong Beach, CA, United States
| | - Elena M Vayndorf
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
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23
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Fouad AD, Pu SH, Teng S, Mark JR, Fu M, Zhang K, Huang J, Raizen DM, Fang-Yen C. Quantitative Assessment of Fat Levels in Caenorhabditis elegans Using Dark Field Microscopy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:1811-1818. [PMID: 28404661 PMCID: PMC5473760 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used as a model for studying conserved pathways for fat storage, aging, and metabolism. The most broadly used methods for imaging fat in C. elegans require fixing and staining the animal. Here, we show that dark field images acquired through an ordinary light microscope can be used to estimate fat levels in worms. We define a metric based on the amount of light scattered per area, and show that this light scattering metric is strongly correlated with worm fat levels as measured by Oil Red O (ORO) staining across a wide variety of genetic backgrounds and feeding conditions. Dark field imaging requires no exogenous agents or chemical fixation, making it compatible with live worm imaging. Using our method, we track fat storage with high temporal resolution in developing larvae, and show that fat storage in the intestine increases in at least one burst during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Fouad
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shelley H Pu
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shelly Teng
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Julian R Mark
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Moyu Fu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jonathan Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Christopher Fang-Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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24
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Parra-Lobato MC, Paredes MA, Labrador J, Saucedo-García M, Gavilanes-Ruiz M, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Localization of Sphingolipid Enriched Plasma Membrane Regions and Long-Chain Base Composition during Mature-Fruit Abscission in Olive. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1138. [PMID: 28706527 PMCID: PMC5489598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, found in membranes of eukaryotic cells, have been demonstrated to carry out functions in various processes in plant cells. However, the roles of these lipids in fruit abscission remain to be determined in plants. Biochemical and fluorescence microscopy imaging approach has been adopted to investigate the accumulation and distribution of sphingolipids during mature-fruit abscission in olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Picual). Here, a lipid-content analysis in live protoplasts of the olive abscission zone (AZ) was made with fluorescent dyes and lipid analogs, particularly plasma membrane sphingolipid-enriched domains, and their dynamics were investigated in relation to the timing of mature-fruit abscission. In olive AZ cells, the measured proportion of both polar lipids and sphingolipids increased as well as endocytosis was stimulated during mature-fruit abscission. Likewise, mature-fruit abscission resulted in quantitative and qualitative changes in sphingolipid long-chain bases (LCBs) in the olive AZ. The total LCB increase was due essentially to the increase of t18:1(8E) LCBs, suggesting that C-4 hydroxylation and Δ8 desaturation with a preference for (E)-isomer formation were quantitatively the most important sphingolipids in olive AZ during abscission. However, our results also showed a specific association between the dihydroxylated LCB sphinganine (d18:0) and the mature-fruit abscission. These results indicate a clear correlation between the sphingolipid composition and mature-fruit abscission. Moreover, measurements of endogenous sterol levels in the olive AZ revealed that it accumulated sitosterol and campesterol with a concomitant decrease in cycloartenol during abscission. In addition, underlying the distinct sterol composition of AZ during abscission, genes for key biosynthetic enzymes for sterol synthesis, for obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and C-24 sterol methyltransferase2 (SMT2), were up-regulated during mature-fruit abscission, in parallel to the increase in sitosterol content. The differences found in AZ lipid content and the relationships established between LCB and sterol composition, offer new insights about sphingolipids and sterols in abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Paredes
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain
| | - Juana Labrador
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain
| | - Mariana Saucedo-García
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of HidalgoTulancingo, Mexico
| | - Marina Gavilanes-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria C. Gomez-Jimenez
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria C. Gomez-Jimenez,
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25
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Palikaras K, Mari M, Petanidou B, Pasparaki A, Filippidis G, Tavernarakis N. Ectopic fat deposition contributes to age-associated pathology in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:72-80. [PMID: 27884963 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent collapse of lipid homeostasis results in spillover of lipids and excessive fat deposition in nonadipose tissues. Ectopic fat contributes to lipotoxicity and has been implicated in the development of a metabolic syndrome that increases risk of age-associated diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms coupling ectopic fat accumulation with aging remain obscure. Here, we use nonlinear imaging modalities to visualize and quantify age-dependent ectopic lipid accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans We find that aging is accompanied by pronounced deposition of lipids in nonadipose tissues, including the nervous system. Importantly, interventions that promote longevity such as low insulin signaling, germ-line loss, and dietary restriction, which effectively delay aging in evolutionary divergent organisms, diminish the rate of ectopic fat accumulation and the size of lipid droplets. Suppression of lipotoxic accumulation of fat in heterologous tissues is dependent on helix-loop-helix (HLH)-30/transcription factor EB (TFEB) and autophagy. Our findings in their totality highlight the pivotal role of HLH-30/TFEB and autophagic processes in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis during aging, in addition to establishing nonlinear imaging as a powerful tool for monitoring ectopic lipid droplet deposition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Meropi Mari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Barbara Petanidou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.,Physics Department University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Angela Pasparaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece .,Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
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26
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Posokhov Y. Fluorescent probes sensitive to changes in the cholesterol-to-phospholipids molar ratio in human platelet membranes during atherosclerosis. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016; 4:034013. [PMID: 28355159 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/3/034013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environment-sensitive fluorescent probes were used for the spectroscopic visualization of pathological changes in human platelet membranes during cerebral atherosclerosis. It has been estimated that the ratiometric probes 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 2-phenyl-phenanthr[9,10]oxazole can detect changes in the cholesterol-to-phospholipids molar ratio in human platelet membranes during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Posokhov
- Institute of Chemistry, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
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27
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Guidi A, Lalli C, Perlas E, Bolasco G, Nibbio M, Monteagudo E, Bresciani A, Ruberti G. Discovery and Characterization of Novel Anti-schistosomal Properties of the Anti-anginal Drug, Perhexiline and Its Impact on Schistosoma mansoni Male and Female Reproductive Systems. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004928. [PMID: 27518281 PMCID: PMC4982595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis, one of the world's greatest human neglected tropical diseases, is caused by parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. A unique feature of schistosome biology is that the induction of sexual maturation as well as the maintenance of the differentiation status of female reproductive organs and egg production, necessary for both disease transmission and pathogenesis, are strictly dependent on the male. The treatment and most control initiatives of schistosomiasis rely today on the long-term application of a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ), mostly by campaigns of mass drug administration. PZQ, while very active on adult parasites, has much lower activity against juvenile worms. Monotherapy also favors the selection of drug resistance and, therefore, new drugs are urgently needed. METHODS AND FINDINGS Following the screening of a small compound library with an ATP-based luminescent assay on Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula, we here report the identification and characterization of novel antischistosomal properties of the anti-anginal drug perhexiline maleate (PHX). By phenotypic worm survival assays and confocal microscopy studies we show that PHX, in vitro, has a marked lethal effect on all S. mansoni parasite life stages (newly transformed schistosomula, juvenile and adult worms) of the definitive host. We further demonstrate that sub-lethal doses of PHX significantly impair egg production and lipid depletion within the vitellarium of adult female worms. Moreover, we highlighted tegumental damage in adult male worms and remarkable reproductive system alterations in both female and male adult parasites. The in vivo study in S. mansoni-patent mice showed a notable variability of worm burdens in the individual experiments, with an overall minimal schistosomicidal effect upon PHX treatment. The short PHX half-life in mice, together with its very high rodent plasma proteins binding could be the cause of the modest efficacy of PHX in the schistosomiasis murine model. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our data indicate that PHX could represent a promising starting point for novel schistosomicidal drug discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Guidi
- National Research Council, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lalli
- National Research Council, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Emerald Perlas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Giulia Bolasco
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Martina Nibbio
- IRBM Science Park, Department of Preclinical Research, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- IRBM Science Park, Department of Preclinical Research, Pomezia, Italy
| | | | - Giovina Ruberti
- National Research Council, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Lee JH, Han JS, Kong J, Ji Y, Lv X, Lee J, Li P, Kim JB. Protein Kinase A Subunit Balance Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20315-28. [PMID: 27496951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.740464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) is a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits and involved in various physiological phenomena, including lipid metabolism. Here we demonstrated that the stoichiometric balance between catalytic and regulatory subunits is crucial for maintaining basal PKA activity and lipid homeostasis. To uncover the potential roles of each PKA subunit, Caenorhabditis elegans was used to investigate the effects of PKA subunit deficiency. In worms, suppression of PKA via RNAi resulted in severe phenotypes, including shortened life span, decreased egg laying, reduced locomotion, and altered lipid distribution. Similarly, in mammalian adipocytes, suppression of PKA regulatory subunits RIα and RIIβ via siRNAs potently stimulated PKA activity, leading to potentiated lipolysis without increasing cAMP levels. Nevertheless, insulin exerted anti-lipolytic effects and restored lipid droplet integrity by antagonizing PKA action. Together, these data implicate the importance of subunit stoichiometry as another regulatory mechanism of PKA activity and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Lee
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Seul Han
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinuk Kong
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea
| | - Yul Ji
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea
| | - Xuchao Lv
- the MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China and
| | - Junho Lee
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea, the Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08862, Korea
| | - Peng Li
- the MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China and
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 08862 Seoul, Korea,
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29
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Peng H, Wei Z, Luo H, Yang Y, Wu Z, Gan L, Yang X. Inhibition of Fat Accumulation by Hesperidin in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5207-5214. [PMID: 27267939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin, abundant in citrus fruits, has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, radioprotective, and antiviral activities. However, relatively few studies on the effects of hesperidin on lipid metabolism have been reported. Here, using Caenorhaditis elegans as a model animal, we found that 100 μM hesperidin significantly decreased fat accumulation in both high-fat worms cultured in nematode growth medium containing 10 mM glucose (83.5 ± 1.2% versus control by Sudan Black B staining and 87.6 ± 2.0% versus control by Oil Red O staining; p < 0.001) and daf-2 mutant worms (87.8 ± 1.4% versus control by Oil Red O staining; p < 0.001). Furthermore, 50 μM hesperidin decreased the ratio of oleic acid/stearic acid (C18:1Δ9/C18:0) (p < 0.05), and supplementation of oleic acid could restore the inhibitory effect of hesperidin on fat accumulation. Hesperidin significantly downregulated the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, fat-6, and fat-7 (p < 0.05), and mutation of fat-6 and fat-7 reversed fat accumulation inhibited by hesperidin. In addition, hesperidin decreased the expression of other genes involved in lipid metabolism, including pod-2, mdt-15, acs-2, and kat-1 (p < 0.05). These results suggested that hesperidin reduced fat accumulation by affecting several lipid metabolism pathways, such as fat-6 and fat-7. This study provided new insights into elucidating the mechanism underlying the regulation of lipid metabolism by hesperidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hujie Luo
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd. , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Yang
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd. , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxing Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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Daemen S, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Parekh SH, Hesselink MKC. Microscopy tools for the investigation of intracellular lipid storage and dynamics. Mol Metab 2015; 5:153-163. [PMID: 26977387 PMCID: PMC4770264 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excess storage of lipids in ectopic tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and heart, seems to associate closely with metabolic abnormalities and cardiac disease. Intracellular lipid storage occurs in lipid droplets, which have gained attention as active organelles in cellular metabolism. Recent developments in high-resolution microscopy and microscopic spectroscopy have opened up new avenues to examine the physiology and biochemistry of intracellular lipids. Scope of review The aim of this review is to give an overview of recent technical advances in microscopy, and its application for the visualization, identification, and quantification of intracellular lipids, with special focus to lipid droplets. In addition, we attempt to summarize the probes currently available for the visualization of lipids. Major conclusions The continuous development of lipid probes in combination with the rapid development of microscopic techniques can provide new insights in the role and dynamics of intracellular lipids. Moreover, in situ identification of intracellular lipids is now possible and promises to add a new dimensionality to analysis of lipid biochemistry, and its relation to (patho)physiology.
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Key Words
- BODIPY, Boron-dipyrromethene
- CARS, coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering
- CLEM, correlative light electron microscopy
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- DIC, differential interference microscopy
- FA, fatty acid
- FIB-SEM, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy
- FLIP, fluorescence loss in photobleaching
- FRAP, fluorescent recovery after photobleaching
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- Fluorescent lipid probes
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- LD, lipid droplet
- Lipid droplets
- Live-cell imaging
- Metabolic disease
- NBD, nitro-benzoxadiazolyl
- PALM, photoactivation localization microscopy
- SBEM, serial block face scanning electron microscopy
- SIMS, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
- SRS, Stimulated Raman Scattering
- STED, stimulated emission depletion
- STORM, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
- Super-resolution
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TOF-SIMS, time-of-flight SIMS
- TPLSM, two-photon laser scanning microscopy
- Vibrational microscopy
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Daemen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sapun H Parekh
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Zhang H, Abraham N, Khan LA, Gobel V. RNAi-based biosynthetic pathway screens to identify in vivo functions of non-nucleic acid-based metabolites such as lipids. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:681-700. [PMID: 25837419 PMCID: PMC5597045 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of metabolomics continues to catalog new compounds, but their functional analysis remains technically challenging, and roles beyond metabolism are largely unknown. Unbiased genetic/RNAi screens are powerful tools to identify the in vivo functions of protein-encoding genes, but not of nonproteinaceous compounds such as lipids. They can, however, identify the biosynthetic enzymes of these compounds-findings that are usually dismissed, as these typically synthesize multiple products. Here, we provide a method using follow-on biosynthetic pathway screens to identify the endpoint biosynthetic enzyme and thus the compound through which they act. The approach is based on the principle that all subsequently identified downstream biosynthetic enzymes contribute to the synthesis of at least this one end product. We describe how to systematically target lipid biosynthetic pathways; optimize targeting conditions; take advantage of pathway branchpoints; and validate results by genetic assays and biochemical analyses. This approach extends the power of unbiased genetic/RNAi screens to identify in vivo functions of non-nucleic acid-based metabolites beyond their metabolic roles. It will typically require several months to identify a metabolic end product by biosynthetic pathway screens, but this time will vary widely depending, among other factors, on the end product's location in the pathway, which determines the number of screens required for its identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nessy Abraham
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liakot A Khan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Verena Gobel
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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32
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Rumin J, Bonnefond H, Saint-Jean B, Rouxel C, Sciandra A, Bernard O, Cadoret JP, Bougaran G. The use of fluorescent Nile red and BODIPY for lipid measurement in microalgae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:42. [PMID: 25788982 PMCID: PMC4364489 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are currently emerging as one of the most promising alternative sources for the next generation of food, feed, cosmetics and renewable energy in the form of biofuel. Microalgae constitute a diverse group of microorganisms with advantages like fast and efficient growth. In addition, they do not compete for arable land and offer very high lipid yield potential. Major challenges for the development of this resource are to select lipid-rich strains using high-throughput staining for neutral lipid content in microalgae species. For this purpose, the fluorescent dyes most commonly used to quantify lipids are Nile red and BODIPY 505/515. Their fluorescent staining for lipids offers a rapid and inexpensive analysis tool to measure neutral lipid content, avoiding time-consuming and costly gravimetric analysis. This review collates and presents recent advances in algal lipid staining and focuses on Nile red and BODIPY 505/515 staining characteristics. The available literature addresses the limitations of fluorescent dyes under certain conditions, such as spectral properties, dye concentrations, cell concentrations, temperature and incubation duration. Moreover, the overall conclusion of the present review study gives limitations on the use of fluorochrome for screening of lipid-rich microalgae species and suggests improved protocols for staining recalcitrant microalgae and recommendations for the staining quantification.
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33
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Sitepu IR, Garay LA, Sestric R, Levin D, Block DE, German JB, Boundy-Mills KL. Oleaginous yeasts for biodiesel: Current and future trends in biology and production. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1336-1360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Soukas AA, Carr CE, Ruvkun G. Genetic regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans lysosome related organelle function. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003908. [PMID: 24204312 PMCID: PMC3812091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain acid hydrolases that degrade cellular proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides, and are important for cellular maintenance and protection against age-related decline. Lysosome related organelles (LROs) are specialized lysosomes found in organisms from humans to worms, and share many of the features of classic lysosomes. Defective LROs are associated with human immune disorders and neurological disease. Caenorhabditis elegans LROs are the site of concentration of vital dyes such as Nile red as well as age-associated autofluorescence. Even though certain short-lived mutants have high LRO Nile red and high autofluorescence, and other long-lived mutants have low LRO Nile red and low autofluorescence, these two biologies are distinct. We identified a genetic pathway that modulates aging-related LRO phenotypes via serotonin signaling and the gene kat-1, which encodes a mitochondrial ketothiolase. Regulation of LRO phenotypes by serotonin and kat-1 in turn depend on the proton-coupled, transmembrane transporter SKAT-1. skat-1 loss of function mutations strongly suppress the high LRO Nile red accumulation phenotype of kat-1 mutation. Using a systems approach, we further analyzed the role of 571 genes in LRO biology. These results highlight a gene network that modulates LRO biology in a manner dependent upon the conserved protein kinase TOR complex 2. The results implicate new genetic pathways involved in LRO biology, aging related physiology, and potentially human diseases of the LRO. Lysosome related organelles (LROs) are specialized, membrane-bound organelles that share many common features of canonical lysosomes. Mutations in critical components of LRO biogenesis lead to human diseases of immunity, blood clotting, and pigmentation. In Caenorhabditis elegans, LROs are the site of accumulation of aging-related autofluorescence and the vital dye Nile red when fed to living C. elegans. Through classical genetics we show that the LRO is regulated by a conserved genetic pathway involving serotonin, a mitochondrial ketothiolase, and a proton-coupled solute transporter. Though previously thought to be linked in an obligatory manner, through systems level analysis we show that accumulation of C. elegans LRO Nile red and autofluorescence are mechanistically distinct processes. Contrary to the prior notion that LRO Nile red indicates lipid stores, we show that LRO Nile red is not correlated with, and may be anticorrelated with, C. elegans lipid stores. Using hundreds of candidate gene inactivations that disrupt Nile red accumulation, we determined which LRO regulatory genes specifically interact with 6 genetic mutants known to have altered LRO biology, identifying changes specifically dependent upon target of rapamycin complex 2 signaling. These data reveal relationships between LRO biology and aging and metabolism in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Soukas
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AAS); (GR)
| | - Christopher E. Carr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Earth and Interplanetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary Ruvkun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AAS); (GR)
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35
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Elle IC, Rødkær SV, Fredens J, Færgeman NJ. A method for measuring fatty acid oxidation in C. elegans. WORM 2013; 1:26-30. [PMID: 24058820 PMCID: PMC3670168 DOI: 10.4161/worm.19564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The nematode C. elegans has during the past decade proven to be a valuable model organism to identify and examine molecular mechanisms regulating lipid storage and metabolism. While the primary approach has been to identify genes and pathways conferring alterations in lipid accumulation, only a few recent studies have recognized the central role of fatty acid degradation in cellular lipid homeostasis. In the present study, we show how complete oxidation of fatty acids can be determined in live C. elegans by examining oxidation of tritium-labeled fatty acids to tritiated H2O that can be measured by scintillation counting. Treating animals with sodium azide, an inhibitor of the electron transport chain, reduced 3H2O production to approximately 15%, while boiling of animals prior to assay completely blocked the production of labeled water. We demonstrate that worms fed different bacterial strains exhibit different fatty acid oxidation rates. We show that starvation results in increased fatty acid oxidation, which is independent of the transcription factor NHR-49. On the contrary, fatty acid oxidation is reduced to approximately 70% in animals lacking the worm homolog of the insulin receptor, DAF-2. Hence, the present methodology can be used to delineate the role of specific genes and pathways in the regulation of β-oxidation in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Coordt Elle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Southern Denmark; Odense, Denmark
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36
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Lam SM, Shui G. Lipidomics as a Principal Tool for Advancing Biomedical Research. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:375-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lapierre LR, Silvestrini MJ, Nuñez L, Ames K, Wong S, Le TT, Hansen M, Meléndez A. Autophagy genes are required for normal lipid levels in C. elegans. Autophagy 2013; 9:278-86. [PMID: 23321914 DOI: 10.4161/auto.22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process in which various cytosolic components are degraded. For example, autophagy can mediate lipolysis of neutral lipid droplets. In contrast, we here report that autophagy is required to facilitate normal levels of neutral lipids in C. elegans. Specifically, by using multiple methods to detect lipid droplets including CARS microscopy, we observed that mutants in the gene bec- 1 (VPS30/ATG6/BECN1), a key regulator of autophagy, failed to store substantial neutral lipids in their intestines during development. Moreover, loss of bec-1 resulted in a decline in lipid levels in daf-2 [insulin/IGF-1 receptor (IIR) ortholog] mutants and in germline-less glp-1/Notch animals, both previously recognized to accumulate neutral lipids and have increased autophagy levels. Similarly, inhibition of additional autophagy genes, including unc-51/ULK1/ATG1 and lgg-1/ATG8/MAP1LC3A/LC3 during development, led to a reduction in lipid content. Importantly, the decrease in fat accumulation observed in animals with reduced autophagy did not appear to be due to a change in food uptake or defecation. Taken together, these observations suggest a broader role for autophagy in lipid remodeling in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R Lapierre
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; Del E. Webb Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Program of Development and Aging, La Jolla, CA USA
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38
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Sitepu IR, Ignatia L, Franz AK, Wong DM, Faulina SA, Tsui M, Kanti A, Boundy-Mills K. An improved high-throughput Nile red fluorescence assay for estimating intracellular lipids in a variety of yeast species. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:321-8. [PMID: 22985718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and inexpensive method for estimating lipid content of yeasts is needed for screening large numbers of yeasts samples. Nile red is a fluorescent lipophilic dye used for detection and quantification of intracellular lipid droplets in various biological system including algae, yeasts and filamentous fungi. However, a published assay for yeast is affected by variable diffusion across the cell membrane, and variation in the time required to reach maximal fluorescence emission. In this study, parameters that may influence the emission were varied to determine optimal assay conditions. An improved assay with a high-throughput capability was developed that includes the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent to improve cell permeability, elimination of the washing step, the reduction of Nile red concentration, kinetic readings rather than single time-point reading, and utilization of a black 96-well microplate. The improved method was validated by comparison to gravimetric determination of lipid content of a broad variety of ascomycete and basidiomycete yeast species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Sitepu
- Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Govender T, Ramanna L, Rawat I, Bux F. BODIPY staining, an alternative to the Nile Red fluorescence method for the evaluation of intracellular lipids in microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 114:507-11. [PMID: 22464420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop feasible production processes for microalgal biodiesel, the isolation of high neutral lipid producing microalgae is crucial. Since the established Nile Red (NR) method for detection of intracellular lipids has been successful only for some microalgae, a more broadly applicable detection method would be desirable. Therefore, BODIPY 505/515, a lipophilic bright green fluorescent dye was tested for detection of intracellular lipids in Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella primolecta and Chaetoceros calcitrans. An optimum concentration of 0.067 μg ml(-1) was determined for lipid staining in the microalgae. Compared to NR, BODIPY 505/515 was more effective in staining microalgae and showed resistance to photobleaching, maintaining its fluorescence longer than 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Govender
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
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40
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Suhalim J, Chung CY, Lilledahl M, Lim R, Levi M, Tromberg B, Potma E. Characterization of cholesterol crystals in atherosclerotic plaques using stimulated Raman scattering and second-harmonic generation microscopy. Biophys J 2012; 102:1988-95. [PMID: 22768956 PMCID: PMC3328706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals (ChCs) have been identified as a major factor of plaque vulnerability and as a potential biomarker for atherosclerosis. Yet, due to the technical challenge of selectively detecting cholesterol in its native tissue environment, the physiochemical role of ChCs in atherosclerotic progression remains largely unknown. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy combined with second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy to selectively detect ChC. We show that despite the polarization sensitivity of the ChC Raman spectrum, cholesterol monohydrate crystals can be reliably discriminated from aliphatic lipids, from structural proteins of the tissue matrix and from other condensed structures, including cholesteryl esters. We also show that ChCs exhibit a nonvanishing SHG signal, corroborating the noncentrosymmetry of the crystal lattice composed of chiral cholesterol molecules. However, combined hyperspectral SRS and SHG imaging reveals that not all SHG-active structures with solidlike morphologies can be assigned to ChCs. This study exemplifies the merit of combining SRS and SHG microscopy for an enhanced label-free chemical analysis of crystallized structures in diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Suhalim
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Chao-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Magnus B. Lilledahl
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ryan S. Lim
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Eric O. Potma
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
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Fu D, Lu FK, Zhang X, Freudiger C, Pernik DR, Holtom G, Xie XS. Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3623-6. [PMID: 22316340 DOI: 10.1021/ja210081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a newly developed label-free chemical imaging technique that overcomes the speed limitation of confocal Raman microscopy while avoiding the nonresonant background problem of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Previous demonstrations have been limited to single Raman band measurements. We present a novel modulation multiplexing approach that allows real-time detection of multiple species using the fast Fourier transform. We demonstrate the quantitative determination of chemical concentrations in a ternary mixture. Furthermore, two imaging applications are pursued: (1) quantitative determination of oil content as well as pigment and protein concentration in microalgae cultures; and (2) 3D high-resolution imaging of blood, lipids, and protein distribution in ex vivo mouse skin tissue. We believe that quantitative multiplex SRS uniquely combines the advantage of fast label-free imaging with the fingerprinting capability of Raman spectroscopy and enables numerous applications in lipid biology as well as biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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42
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Tissue- and paralogue-specific functions of acyl-CoA-binding proteins in lipid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem J 2011; 437:231-41. [PMID: 21539519 DOI: 10.1042/bj20102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ACBP (acyl-CoA-binding protein) is a small primarily cytosolic protein that binds acyl-CoA esters with high specificity and affinity. ACBP has been identified in all eukaryotic species, indicating that it performs a basal cellular function. However, differential tissue expression and the existence of several ACBP paralogues in many eukaryotic species indicate that these proteins serve distinct functions. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses seven ACBPs: four basal forms and three ACBP domain proteins. We find that each of these paralogues is capable of complementing the growth of ACBP-deficient yeast cells, and that they exhibit distinct temporal and tissue expression patterns in C. elegans. We have obtained loss-of-function mutants for six of these forms. All single mutants display relatively subtle phenotypes; however, we find that functional loss of ACBP-1 leads to reduced triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels and aberrant lipid droplet morphology and number in the intestine. We also show that worms lacking ACBP-2 show a severe decrease in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. A quadruple mutant, lacking all basal ACBPs, is slightly developmentally delayed, displays abnormal intestinal lipid storage, and increased β-oxidation. Collectively, the present results suggest that each of the ACBP paralogues serves a distinct function in C. elegans.
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43
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Yue S, Slipchenko MN, Cheng JX. Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2011; 5:10.1002/lpor.201000027. [PMID: 24353747 PMCID: PMC3863942 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Because each nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging modality is sensitive to specific molecules or structures, multimodal NLO imaging capitalizes the potential of NLO microscopy for studies of complex biological tissues. The coupling of multiphoton fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has allowed investigation of a broad range of biological questions concerning lipid metabolism, cancer development, cardiovascular disease, and skin biology. Moreover, recent research shows the great potential of using CARS microscope as a platform to develop more advanced NLO modalities such as electronic-resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, and pump-probe microscopy. This article reviews the various approaches developed for realization of multimodal NLO imaging as well as developments of new NLO modalities on a CARS microscope. Applications to various aspects of biological and biomedical research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yue
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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44
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Klapper M, Ehmke M, Palgunow D, Böhme M, Matthäus C, Bergner G, Dietzek B, Popp J, Döring F. Fluorescence-based fixative and vital staining of lipid droplets in Caenorhabditis elegans reveal fat stores using microscopy and flow cytometry approaches. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1281-1293. [PMID: 21421847 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d011940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The proportions of body fat and fat-free mass are determining factors of adiposity-associated diseases. Work in Caenorhabditis elegans has revealed evolutionarily conserved pathways of fat metabolism. Nevertheless, analysis of body composition and fat distribution in the nematodes has only been partially unraveled because of methodological difficulties. We characterized metabolic C. elegans mutants by using novel and feasible BODIPY 493/503-based fat staining and flow cytometry approaches. Fixative as well as vital BODIPY staining procedures visualize major fat stores, preserve native lipid droplet morphology, and allow quantification of fat content per body volume of individual worms. Colocalization studies using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, and imaging of lysosome-related organelles as well as biochemical measurement confirm our approaches. We found that the fat-to-volume ratio of dietary restriction, TGF-β, and germline mutants are specific for each strain. In contrast, the proportion of fat-free mass is constant between the mutants, although their volumes differ by a factor of 3. Our approaches enable sensitive, accurate, and high-throughput assessment of adiposity in large C. elegans populations at a single-worm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Klapper
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Research Group Molecular Prevention, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Madeleine Ehmke
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Research Group Molecular Prevention, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Palgunow
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Research Group Molecular Prevention, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mike Böhme
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Research Group Molecular Prevention, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Döring
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Research Group Molecular Prevention, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Chien CH, Chen WW, Wu JT, Chang TC. Label-free imaging of Drosophila in vivo by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and two-photon excitation autofluorescence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:016012. [PMID: 21280918 DOI: 10.1117/1.3528642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila is one of the most valuable model organisms for studying genetics and developmental biology. The fat body in Drosophila, which is analogous to the liver and adipose tissue in human, stores lipids that act as an energy source during its development. At the early stages of metamorphosis, the fat body remodeling occurs involving the dissociation of the fat body into individual fat cells. Here we introduce a combination of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and two-photon excitation autofluorescence (TPE-F) microscopy to achieve label-free imaging of Drosophila in vivo at larval and pupal stages. The strong CARS signal from lipids allows direct imaging of the larval fat body and pupal fat cells. In addition, the use of TPE-F microscopy allows the observation of other internal organs in the larva and autofluorescent globules in fat cells. During the dissociation of the fat body, the findings of the degradation of lipid droplets and an increase in autofluorescent globules indicate the consumption of lipids and the recruitment of proteins in fat cells. Through in vivo imaging and direct monitoring, CARS microscopy may help elucidate how metamorphosis is regulated and study the lipid metabolism in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Chien
- National Yang-Ming University, Institute of Biophotonics, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Medical Research, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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46
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Le TT, Yue S, Cheng JX. Shedding new light on lipid biology with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3091-102. [PMID: 20713649 PMCID: PMC2952550 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r008730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous roles of lipids in biology, the detection of lipids has relied on invasive techniques, population measurements, or nonspecific labeling. Such difficulties can be circumvented by a label-free imaging technique known as coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) microscopy, which is capable of chemically selective, highly sensitive, and high-speed imaging of lipid-rich structures with submicron three-dimensional spatial resolution. We review the broad applications of CARS microscopy to studies of lipid biology in cell cultures, tissue biopsies, and model organisms. Recent technical advances, limitations of the technique, and perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc T. Le
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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