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Lee C, Pratap K, Zhang L, Chen HD, Gautam S, Arnaoutova I, Raghavankutty M, Starost MF, Kahn M, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling reduces renal fibrosis in murine glycogen storage disease type Ia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166874. [PMID: 37666439 PMCID: PMC10841171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) that is expressed primarily in the gluconeogenic organs, namely liver, kidney cortex, and intestine. Renal G6Pase-α deficiency in GSD-Ia is characterized by impaired gluconeogenesis, nephromegaly due to elevated glycogen accumulation, and nephropathy caused, in part, by renal fibrosis, mediated by activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the expression of a variety of downstream mediators implicated in renal fibrosis, including multiple genes in the RAS. Sustained activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is associated with the development and progression of renal fibrotic lesions that can lead to chronic kidney disease. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism underlying GSD-Ia nephropathy. Damage to the kidney proximal tubules is known to trigger acute kidney injury (AKI) that can, in turn, activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We show that GSD-Ia mice have AKI that leads to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin/RAS axis. Renal fibrosis was demonstrated by increased renal levels of Snail1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen-Iα1 and collagen-IV. Treating GSD-Ia mice with a CBP/β-catenin inhibitor, ICG-001, significantly decreased nuclear translocated active β-catenin and reduced renal levels of renin, Snail1, α-SMA, and collagen-IV. The results suggest that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be a promising therapeutic strategy for GSD-Ia nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Kunal Pratap
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Hung Dar Chen
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Sudeep Gautam
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Irina Arnaoutova
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Mahadevan Raghavankutty
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckmann Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Brian C Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA.
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Isshiki T, Naiel S, Vierhout M, Otsubo K, Ali P, Tsubouchi K, Yazdanshenas P, Kumaran V, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Kolb MRJ, Ask K. Therapeutic strategies to target connective tissue growth factor in fibrotic lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108578. [PMID: 38103794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), remains challenging as current available antifibrotic agents are not effective in halting disease progression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), also known as cellular communication factor 2 (CCN2), is a member of the CCN family of proteins that regulates cell signaling through cell surface receptors such as integrins, the activity of cytokines/growth factors, and the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that CTGF plays a crucial role in promoting lung fibrosis through multiple processes, including inducing transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cooperating with other fibrotic mediators such as TGF-β. Increased expression of CTGF has been observed in fibrotic lungs and inhibiting CTGF signaling has been shown to suppress lung fibrosis in several animal models. Thus, the CTGF signaling pathway is emerging as a potential therapeutic target in IPF and other pulmonary fibrotic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on the pathogenic role of CTGF in pulmonary fibrosis and discusses the current therapeutic agents targeting CTGF using a systematic review approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Isshiki
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori Nisi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Kohei Otsubo
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Pareesa Ali
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Kazuya Tsubouchi
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Parichehr Yazdanshenas
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Vaishnavi Kumaran
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada.
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Ming WH, Luan ZL, Yao Y, Liu HC, Hu SY, Du CX, Zhang C, Zhao YH, Huang YZ, Sun XW, Qiao RF, Xu H, Guan YF, Zhang XY. Pregnane X receptor activation alleviates renal fibrosis in mice via interacting with p53 and inhibiting the Wnt7a/β-catenin signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2075-2090. [PMID: 37344564 PMCID: PMC10545797 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with various etiologies, which seriously affects the structure and function of the kidney. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and plays a critical role in regulating the genes related to xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism in mammals. Previous studies show that PXR is expressed in the kidney and has protective effect against acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, we investigated the role of PXR in CKD. Adenine diet-induced CKD (AD) model was established in wild-type and PXR humanized (hPXR) mice, respectively, which were treated with pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN, 50 mg/kg, twice a week for 4 weeks) or rifampicin (RIF, 10 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 4 weeks). We showed that both PCN and RIF, which activated mouse and human PXR, respectively, improved renal function and attenuated renal fibrosis in the two types of AD mice. In addition, PCN treatment also alleviated renal fibrosis in unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) mice. On the contrary, PXR gene deficiency exacerbated renal dysfunction and fibrosis in both adenine- and UUO-induced CKD mice. We found that PCN treatment suppressed the expression of the profibrotic Wnt7a and β-catenin in AD mice and in cultured mouse renal tubular epithelial cells treated with TGFβ1 in vitro. We demonstrated that PXR was colocalized and interacted with p53 in the nuclei of tubular epithelial cells. Overexpression of p53 increased the expression of Wnt7a, β-catenin and its downstream gene fibronectin. We further revealed that p53 bound to the promoter of Wnt7a gene to increase its transcription and β-catenin activation, leading to increased expression of the downstream profibrotic genes, which was inhibited by PXR. Taken together, PXR activation alleviates renal fibrosis in mice via interacting with p53 and inhibiting the Wnt7a/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Ming
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Hang-Chi Liu
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Hu
- Department of nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Chun-Xiu Du
- Division of Nephrology, Wuhu Hospital, East China Normal University, Wuhu, 241100, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yi-Hang Zhao
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ying-Zhi Huang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Wan Sun
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Rong-Fang Qiao
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - You-Fei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Division of Nephrology, Wuhu Hospital, East China Normal University, Wuhu, 241100, China.
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Sun Y, Ge J, Shao F, Ren Z, Huang Z, Ding Z, Dong L, Chen J, Zhang J, Zang Y. Long noncoding RNA AI662270 promotes kidney fibrosis through enhancing METTL3-mediated m 6 A modification of CTGF mRNA. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23071. [PMID: 37389924 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202012rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The sustained release of profibrotic cytokines, mainly transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), leads to the occurrence of kidney fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) appears to be an alternative target to TGF-β for antifibrotic therapy in CKD. In this study, we found that long noncoding RNA AI662270 was significantly increased in various renal fibrosis models. In vivo, ectopic expression of AI662270 alone was sufficient to activate interstitial fibroblasts and drive kidney fibrosis, whereas inhibition of AI662270 blocked the activation of interstitial fibroblasts and ameliorated kidney fibrosis in various murine models. Mechanistic studies revealed that overexpression of AI662270 significantly increased CTGF product, which was required for the role of AI662270 in driving kidney fibrosis. Furthermore, AI662270 binds to the CTGF promoter and directly interacts with METTL3, the methyltransferase of RNA N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification. Functionally, AI662270-mediated recruitment of METTL3 increased the m6 A methylation of CTGF mRNA and consequently enhanced CTGF mRNA stability. In conclusion, our results support that AI662270 promotes CTGF expression at the posttranscriptional stage by recruiting METTL3 to the CTGF promoter and depositing m6 A modifications on the nascent mRNA, thereby, uncovering a novel regulatory mechanism of CTGF in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jia Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Takenaka T, Hasan A, Marumo T, Inoue T, Miyazaki T, Suzuki H, Kurosaki Y, Ishii N, Nishiyama A, Hayashi M. Klotho Supplementation Reverses Renal Dysfunction and Interstitial Fibrosis in Remnant Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2023; 48:326-337. [PMID: 37019097 DOI: 10.1159/000530469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While recent investigations show that klotho exerts renoprotective actions, it has not been fully addressed whether klotho protein supplementation reverses renal damage. METHODS The impacts of subcutaneous klotho supplementation on rats with subtotal nephrectomy were examined. Animals were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (short remnant [SR]): remnant kidney for 4 weeks, group 2 (long remnant [LR]): remnant kidney for 12 weeks, and group 3 (klotho supplementation [KL]): klotho protein (20 μg/kg/day) supplementation on the remnant kidney. Blood pressure, blood and urine compositions with conventional methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, kidney histology, and renal expressions of various genes were analyzed. In vitro studies were also performed to support in vivo findings. RESULTS Klotho protein supplementation decreased albuminuria (-43%), systolic blood pressure (-16%), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 (-51%) and serum phosphate levels (-19%), renal angiotensin II concentration (-43%), fibrosis index (-70%), renal expressions of collagen I (-55%), and transforming growth factor β (-59%) (p < 0.05 for all). Klotho supplementation enhanced fractional excretion of phosphate (+45%), glomerular filtration rate (+76%), renal expressions of klotho (+148%), superoxide dismutase (+124%), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 (+174%) (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Our data indicated that klotho protein supplementation inactivated renal renin-angiotensin system, reducing blood pressure and albuminuria in remnant kidney. Furthermore, exogenous klotho protein supplementation elevated endogenous klotho expression to increase phosphate excretion with resultant reductions in FGF23 and serum phosphate. Finally, klotho supplementation reversed renal dysfunction and fibrosis in association with improved BMP7 in remnant kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Takenaka
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arif Hasan
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Marumo
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyazaki
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | | | - Naohito Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
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Role of Klotho and AGE/RAGE-Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling Pathway on the Development of Cardiac and Renal Fibrosis in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065241. [PMID: 36982322 PMCID: PMC10049403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of long-term diabetic complications and contributes to the development of cardiac and renal dysfunction. The aim of this experimental study, performed in a long-term rat model, which resembles type 1 diabetes mellitus, was to investigate the role of soluble Klotho (sKlotho), advanced glycation end products (AGEs)/receptor for AGEs (RAGE), fibrotic Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and pro-fibrotic pathways in kidney and heart. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Glycaemia was maintained by insulin administration for 24 weeks. Serum and urine sKlotho, AGEs, soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and biochemical markers were studied. The levels of Klotho, RAGEs, ADAM10, markers of fibrosis (collagen deposition, fibronectin, TGF-β1, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway), hypertrophy of the kidney and/or heart were analysed. At the end of study, diabetic rats showed higher levels of urinary sKlotho, AGEs and sRAGE and lower serum sKlotho compared with controls without differences in the renal Klotho expression. A significant positive correlation was found between urinary sKlotho and AGEs and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR). Fibrosis and RAGE levels were significantly higher in the heart without differences in the kidney of diabetic rats compared to controls. The results also suggest the increase in sKlotho and sRAGE excretion may be due to polyuria in the diabetic rats.
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Deng X, Guo C, Qin H, Zhao L, Li Y, Zhao Z, Li H, Yang L, Wang D, Yuan G. Association between Circulating Ectodysplasin A and Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:5087761. [PMID: 37091044 PMCID: PMC10115520 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5087761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ectodysplasin A (EDA), a member of the TNF family, plays important roles in ectodermal development, while recent studies expanded its regulatory effects on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. This study was the first time to investigate the correlation between circulating EDA and albuminuria in patients with T2DM. Methods A total of 189 T2DM and 59 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. We analyzed the concentrations of EDA by ELISA. Plasma glucose, insulin, HbA1c, lipids, creatinine, BUN, and UACR were also measured. Insulin resistance and pancreatic cell function were assessed by HOMA. Results Circulating EDA concentration was significantly increased in T2DM patients and increased with the degree of albuminuria. EDA was positively correlated with age, FIns, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, Scr, and UACR, and negatively correlated with eGFR. Linear stepwise regression showed that FIns, HOMA-β, and UACR were independent influencing factors of EDA. Logistic regression analysis showed that EDA was independently associated with the occurrence of albuminuria in T2DM. ROC curve showed that EDA had an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.701 [95%CI = (0.625 - 0.777), P < 0.001]. Conclusion EDA is positively correlated with the degree of albuminuria in patients with T2DM and may be involved in the occurrence and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijuan Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoxiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Chi J, Hsiao Y, Liang H, Huang T, Chen F, Chen C, Ko C, Cheng C, Wang J. Blockade of the pentraxin 3/CD44 interaction attenuates lung injury-induced fibrosis. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1099. [PMID: 36336784 PMCID: PMC9637652 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (fILD) are potentially fatal with limited therapeutic options and no effective strategies to reverse fibrogenesis. Myofibroblasts are chief effector cells in fibrosis that excessively deposit collagen in the pulmonary interstitium and lead to progressive impairment of gaseous exchange. METHODS Plasma and lung specimens from patients with fILD were applied for detecting pentraxin 3 (PTX3) abundance by ELISA and Immunohistochemistry. Masson's trichrome and Sirius red stains and hydroxyproline assay were performed for assessing collagen accumulation in the lungs of bleomycin-exposed conditional Ptx3-deficient and PTX3-neutralizing antibody (αPTX3i)-treated mice. Downstream effectors including signaling pathways and fibrotic genes were examined for assessing CD44-involved PTX3-induced fibrosis in HFL1 and primary mouse fibroblasts. RESULTS PTX3 was upregulated in the lungs and plasma of bleomycin-exposed mice and correlated with disease severity and adverse outcomes in fILD patients. Decreased collagen accumulation, attenuation of alveolar fibrosis and fibrotic markers, and improved lung function were observed in bleomycin-exposed conditional Ptx3-deficient mice. PTX3 activates lung fibroblasts to differentiate towards migrative and highly collagen-expressing myofibroblasts. Lung fibroblasts with CD44 inactivation attenuated the PI3K-AKT1, NF-κB, and JNK signaling pathways and fibrotic markers. αPTX3i mimic-based therapeutic studies demonstrated abrogation of the migrative fibroblast phenotype and myofibroblast activation in vitro. Notably, αPTX3i inhibited lung fibrosis, reduced collagen deposition, increased mouse survival, and improved lung function in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals new insights into the involvement of the PTX3/CD44 axis in fibrosis and suggests PTX3 as a promising therapeutic target in fILD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih‐Ying Chi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry SciencesCollege of Bioscience and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Wei Hsiao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry SciencesCollege of Bioscience and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Hsin‐Yin Liang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry SciencesCollege of Bioscience and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,International Research Center for Wound Repair and RegenerationNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Tang‐Hsiu Huang
- Division of Chest MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineNational Cheng Kung University HospitalCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Institute of Clinical MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Feng‐Wei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chen‐Yang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry SciencesCollege of Bioscience and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chiung‐Yuan Ko
- Ph.D. Program in Medical NeuroscienceCollege of Medical Science and TechnologyTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chao‐Chun Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Ju‐Ming Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry SciencesCollege of Bioscience and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,International Research Center for Wound Repair and RegenerationNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan,Graduate Institute of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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9
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Hoang NTD, Hassan G, Suehiro T, Mine Y, Matsuki T, Fujii M. BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor regulate connective tissue growth factor controlling mesothelioma cell proliferation. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:984. [PMID: 36109807 PMCID: PMC9479400 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive mesothelial cell cancer type linked mainly to asbestos inhalation. MM characterizes by rapid progression and resistance to standard therapeutic modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Our previous studies have suggested that tumor cell-derived connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) regulates the proliferation of MM cells as well as the tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. Methods In this study, we knock downed the bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) and CTGF in MM cells and investigated the relationship between both and their impact on the cell cycle and cell proliferation. Results The knockdown of CTGF or BAMBI reduced MM cell proliferation. In contrast to CTGF knockdown which decreased BAMBI, knockdown of BAMBI increased CTGF levels. Knockdown of either BAMBI or CTGF reduced expression of the cell cycle regulators; cyclin D3, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, and CDK4. Further, in silico analysis revealed that higher BAMBI expression was associated with shorter overall survival rates among MM patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest that BAMBI is regulated by CTGF promoting mesothelioma growth by driving cell cycle progression. Therefore, the crosstalk between BAMBI and CTGF may be an effective therapeutic target for MM treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10080-x.
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10
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Sanabria-de la Torre R, García-Fontana C, González-Salvatierra S, Andújar-Vera F, Martínez-Heredia L, García-Fontana B, Muñoz-Torres M. The Contribution of Wnt Signaling to Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136995. [PMID: 35805996 PMCID: PMC9266892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These vascular abnormalities result in a chronic hyperglycemic state, which influences many signaling molecular pathways that initially lead to increased oxidative stress, increased inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, leading to both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction represents the initial stage in both types of vascular complications; it represents “mandatory damage” in the development of microvascular complications and only “introductory damage” in the development of macrovascular complications. Increasing scientific evidence has revealed an important role of the Wnt pathway in the pathophysiology of the vascular wall. It is well known that the Wnt pathway is altered in patients with T2DM. This review aims to be an update of the current literature related to the Wnt pathway molecules that are altered in patients with T2DM, which may also be the cause of damage to the vasculature. Both microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease) are analyzed. This review aims to concisely concentrate all the evidence to facilitate the view on the vascular involvement of the Wnt pathway and its components by highlighting the importance of exploring possible therapeutic strategy for patients with T2DM who develop vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanabria-de la Torre
- Department of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (S.G.-S.); (L.M.-H.); (M.M.-T.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Cristina García-Fontana
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-F.); (B.G.-F.); Tel.: +34-958023460 (C.G.-F.)
| | - Sheila González-Salvatierra
- Department of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (S.G.-S.); (L.M.-H.); (M.M.-T.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco Andújar-Vera
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI Institute), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Heredia
- Department of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (S.G.-S.); (L.M.-H.); (M.M.-T.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Beatriz García-Fontana
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-F.); (B.G.-F.); Tel.: +34-958023460 (C.G.-F.)
| | - Manuel Muñoz-Torres
- Department of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (S.G.-S.); (L.M.-H.); (M.M.-T.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Rao KS, Kloppenburg JE, Marquis T, Solomon L, McElroy-Yaggy KL, Spees JL. CTGF-D4 Amplifies LRP6 Signaling to Promote Grafts of Adult Epicardial-derived Cells That Improve Cardiac Function After Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells 2022; 40:204-214. [PMID: 35257185 PMCID: PMC9199845 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of stem/progenitor cells holds promise for cardiac regeneration in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Currently, however, low cell survival and engraftment after transplantation present a major barrier to many forms of cell therapy. One issue is that ligands, receptors, and signaling pathways that promote graft success remain poorly understood. Here, we prospectively isolate uncommitted epicardial cells from the adult heart surface by CD104 (β-4 integrin) and demonstrate that C-terminal peptide from connective tissue growth factor (CTGF-D4), when combined with insulin, effectively primes epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) for cardiac engraftment after MI. Similar to native epicardial derivatives that arise from epicardial EMT at the heart surface, the grafted cells migrated into injured myocardial tissue in a rat model of MI with reperfusion. By echocardiography, at 1 month after MI, we observed significant improvement in cardiac function for animals that received epicardial cells primed with CTGF-D4/insulin compared with those that received vehicle-primed (control) cells. In the presence of insulin, CTGF-D4 treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of Wnt co-receptor LRP6 on EPDC. Competitive engraftment assays and neutralizing/blocking studies showed that LRP6 was required for EPDC engraftment after transplantation. Our results identify LRP6 as a key target for increasing EPDC engraftment after MI and suggest amplification of LRP6 signaling with CTGF-D4/insulin, or by other means, may provide an effective approach for achieving successful cellular grafts in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika S Rao
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Jessica E Kloppenburg
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Taylor Marquis
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Laura Solomon
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Keara L McElroy-Yaggy
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Spees
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
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12
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Cao B, Zeng M, Si Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Xu R, Huang Y, Feng W, Zheng X. Extract of Corallodiscus flabellata attenuates renal fibrosis in SAMP8 mice via the Wnt/β-catenin/RAS signaling pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:52. [PMID: 35227255 PMCID: PMC8887028 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrosis is one of the most common pathological features of the aging process of the kidney, and fibrosis in aging kidneys also aggravates the process of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Corallodiscus flabellata B. L. Burtt (C. flabellata, CF) is a commonly used botanical drug in Chinese folklore. However, few studies have reported its pharmacological effects. This study aimed to explore the effect of CF ethanol extract on renal fibrosis in SAMP8 mice and identify potentially active compounds. Methods Senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) were used as animal models, and different doses of CF were given by gavage for one month. To observe the degree of renal aging in mice using β-galactosidase staining. Masson staining and the expression levels of Col-I, α-SMA, and FN were used to evaluate the renal fibrosis in mice. The protein expression levels of Nrf2 pathway and Wnt/β-catenin/RAS pathway in the kidney were measured. And β-galactosidase (β-gal) induced NRK-52E cells as an in vitro model to screen the active components of CF. Results The CF ethanol extract significantly inhibited the activity of renal β-galactosidase and the expression levels of Col-I, α-SMA, and FN in SAMP8 mice, and improved Masson staining in SAMP8 mice. CF remarkably reduced urinary protein, creatinine, urea nitrogen and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in SAMP8 mice, and significantly increased the levels of SOD and GSH-Px. Moreover, CF activated the Nrf2 pathway and blocked the Wnt/β-catenin/RAS pathway in the kidneys of mice. Besides, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (SDC-0-14, 16) and (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-8-O-[4-O-trans-caffeoyl-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (SDC-1-8) were isolated from CF, which reduced the senescence of NRK-52E cells, and maybe the active ingredients of CF playing the anti-aging role. Conclusions Our experiments illuminated that CF ethanol extract may ameliorate renal fibrosis in SAMP8 mice via the Wnt/β-catenin/RAS pathway. And SDC-0-14,16 and SDC-1-8 may be the material basis for CF to exert anti-renal senescence-related effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03535-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengnan Zeng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanpo Si
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Xu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Huang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046, Zhengzhou, China. .,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, 450046, Zhengzhou, China.
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13
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Seo JH, Jeon YJ. Global Proteomic Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells via Connective Tissue Growth Factor Treatment under Chemically Defined Feeder-Free Culture Conditions. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:126-140. [PMID: 34750284 PMCID: PMC9628825 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2110.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells can be applied usefully in basic research and clinical field due to their differentiation and self-renewal capacity. The aim of this study was to establish an effective novel therapeutic cellular source and create its molecular expression profile map to elucidate the possible therapeutic mechanism and signaling pathway. We successfully obtained a mesenchymal stem cell population from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultured on chemically defined feeder-free conditions and treated with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and performed the expressive proteomic approach to elucidate the molecular basis. We further selected 12 differentially expressed proteins in CTGF-induced hESC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (C-hESC-MSCs), which were found to be involved in the metabolic process, immune response, cell signaling, and cell proliferation, as compared to bone marrow derived-MSCs(BM-MSCs). Moreover, these up-regulated proteins were potentially related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These results suggest that C-hESC-MSCs are a highly proliferative cell population, which can interact with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; thus, due to the upregulated cell survival ability or downregulated apoptosis effects of C-hESC-MSCs, these can be used as an unlimited cellular source in the cell therapy field for a higher therapeutic potential. Overall, the study provided valuable insights into the molecular functioning of hESC derivatives as a valuable cellular source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-42-860-4386 Fax: +82-42-860-4608 E-mail:
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14
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Hashiguchi S, Tanaka T, Mano R, Kondo S, Kodama S. CCN2-induced lymphangiogenesis is mediated by the integrin αvβ5-ERK pathway and regulated by DUSP6. Sci Rep 2022; 12:926. [PMID: 35042954 PMCID: PMC8766563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is essential for the development of the lymphatic system and is important for physiological processes such as homeostasis, metabolism and immunity. Cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2, also known as CTGF), is a modular and matricellular protein and a well-known angiogenic factor in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. However, its roles in lymphangiogenesis and intracellular signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of CCN2 on lymphangiogenesis. In in vivo Matrigel plug assays, exogenous CCN2 increased the number of Podoplanin-positive vessels. Subsequently, we found that CCN2 induced phosphorylation of ERK in primary cultured LECs, which was almost completely inhibited by the blockade of integrin αvβ5 and partially decreased by the blockade of integrin αvβ3. CCN2 promoted direct binding of ERK to dual-specific phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), which regulated the activation of excess ERK by dephosphorylating ERK. In vitro, CCN2 promoted tube formation in LECs, while suppression of Dusp6 further increased tube formation. In vivo, immunohistochemistry also detected ERK phosphorylation and DUSP6 expression in Podoplanin-positive cells on CCN2-supplemented Matrigel. These results indicated that CCN2 promotes lymphangiogenesis by enhancing integrin αvβ5-mediated phosphorylation of ERK and demonstrated that DUSP6 is a negative regulator of excessive lymphangiogenesis by CCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Hashiguchi
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tanaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Mano
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Kondo
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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15
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Leguit RJ, Raymakers RAP, Hebeda KM, Goldschmeding R. CCN2 (Cellular Communication Network factor 2) in the bone marrow microenvironment, normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:25-56. [PMID: 33428075 PMCID: PMC7798015 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN2, formerly termed Connective Tissue Growth Factor, is a protein belonging to the Cellular Communication Network (CCN)-family of secreted extracellular matrix-associated proteins. As a matricellular protein it is mainly considered to be active as a modifier of signaling activity of several different signaling pathways and as an orchestrator of their cross-talk. Furthermore, CCN2 and its fragments have been implicated in the regulation of a multitude of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, cell survival, apoptosis and the production of extracellular matrix products, as well as in more complex processes such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, fibrosis, mechanotransduction and inflammation. Its function is complex and context dependent, depending on cell type, state of differentiation and microenvironmental context. CCN2 plays a role in many diseases, especially those associated with fibrosis, but has also been implicated in many different forms of cancer. In the bone marrow (BM), CCN2 is highly expressed in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). CCN2 is important for MSC function, supporting its proliferation, migration and differentiation. In addition, stromal CCN2 supports the maintenance and longtime survival of hematopoietic stem cells, and in the presence of interleukin 7, stimulates the differentiation of pro-B lymphocytes into pre-B lymphocytes. Overexpression of CCN2 is seen in the majority of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias, especially in certain cytogenetic subgroups associated with poor outcome. In acute myeloid leukemia, CCN2 expression is increased in MSCs, which has been associated with leukemic engraftment in vivo. In this review, the complex function of CCN2 in the BM microenvironment and in normal as well as malignant hematopoiesis is discussed. In addition, an overview is given of data on the remaining CCN family members regarding normal and malignant hematopoiesis, having many similarities and some differences in their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos J Leguit
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04-312, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Reinier A P Raymakers
- Department of Hematology, UMCU Cancer Center, Heidelberglaan 100 B02.226, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Konnie M Hebeda
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Chen Z, Zhang N, Chu HY, Yu Y, Zhang ZK, Zhang G, Zhang BT. Connective Tissue Growth Factor: From Molecular Understandings to Drug Discovery. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593269. [PMID: 33195264 PMCID: PMC7658337 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key signaling and regulatory molecule involved in different biological processes, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and wound healing, as well as multiple pathologies, such as tumor development and tissue fibrosis. Although the underlying mechanisms of CTGF remain incompletely understood, a commonly accepted theory is that the interactions between different protein domains in CTGF and other various regulatory proteins and ligands contribute to its variety of functions. Here, we highlight the structure of each domain of CTGF and its biology functions in physiological conditions. We further summarized main diseases that are deeply influenced by CTGF domains and the potential targets of these diseases. Finally, we address the advantages and disadvantages of current drugs targeting CTGF and provide the perspective for the drug discovery of the next generation of CTGF inhibitors based on aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zong-Kang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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17
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Shotorbani PY, Chaudhari S, Tao Y, Tsiokas L, Ma R. Inhibitor of myogenic differentiation family isoform a, a new positive regulator of fibronectin production by glomerular mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F673-F682. [PMID: 31984795 PMCID: PMC7099507 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00508.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of extracellular matrix proteins, including fibronectin by mesangial cells (MCs), contributes to diabetic nephropathy. Inhibitor of myogenic differentiation family isoform a (I-mfa) is a multifunctional cytosolic protein functioning as a transcriptional modulator or plasma channel protein regulator. However, its renal effects are unknown. The present study was conducted to determine whether I-mfa regulated fibronectin production by glomerular MCs. In human MCs, overexpression of I-mfa significantly increased fibronectin abundance. Silencing I-mfa significantly reduced the level of fibronectin mRNA and blunted transforming growth factor-β1-stimulated production of fibronectin. We further found that high glucose increased I-mfa protein content in a time course (≥48 h) and concentration (≥25 mM)-dependent manner. Although high glucose exposure increased I-mfa at the protein level, it did not significantly alter transcripts of I-mfa in MCs. Furthermore, the abundance of I-mfa protein was significantly increased in the renal cortex of rats with diabetic nephropathy. The I-mfa protein level was also elevated in the glomerulus of mice with diabetic kidney disease. However, there was no significant difference in glomerular I-mfa mRNA levels between mice with and without diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, H2O2 significantly increased I-mfa protein abundance in a dose-dependent manner in cultured human MCs. The antioxidants polyethylene glycol-catalase, ammonium pyrrolidithiocarbamate, and N-acetylcysteine significantly blocked the high glucose-induced increase of I-mfa protein. Taken together, our results suggest that I-mfa, increased by high glucose/diabetes through the production of reactive oxygen species, stimulates fibronectin production by MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Leonidas Tsiokas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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18
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Yang S, Chen Y, Duan Y, Ma C, Liu L, Li Q, Yang J, Li X, Zhao B, Wang Y, Qian K, Liu M, Zhu Y, Yang X, Han J. Therapeutic potential of NaoXinTong Capsule on the developed diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109389. [PMID: 31545275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment for diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still limited. NaoXinTong Capsule (NXT) is a Chinese Medicine prescribed to patients with cardiovascular disease. It can also ameliorate metabolic syndromes in patients indicating its anti-diabetic properties. Herein we report the therapeutic effects of NXT on the developed DN. The db/db diabetic mice at ˜12 weeks old, the age with DN at middle/advanced stages, were treated with NXT for 12 weeks. We found NXT treatment reduced diabetes-induced hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, thereby substantially reduced DN progress. In the kidney, NXT reduced mesangial matrix expansion and glomerulosclerosis by inhibiting extracellular matrix accumulation through activation of matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 and inactivating transforming growth factor β1 expression. NXT reduced podocyte injury by reducing renal inflammation and expression of adhesion molecules. Mechanically, NXT potently activated AMPKα in multiple tissues thereby enhancing energy metabolism. In the liver, NXT increased glucokinase expression and insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin receptor substrate 1/2 and protein kinase B (AKT) 1/2 expression/phosphorylation. In skeletal muscle, NXT activated expression of glucose transporter type 4, AKT, glycogen synthase and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α/γ. In adipose tissue, NXT reduced fatty acid synthase while activating hormone-sensitive lipase expression. Taken together, our study demonstrates that NXT reduced progress of the developed DN by ameliorating glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, maintaining renal structural and functional integrity. Our study also indicates the potential application of NXT for DN treatment in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanrui Ma
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lipei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Yong Wang
- Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Qian
- Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
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Resham K, Sharma SS. Pharmacologic Inhibition of Porcupine, Disheveled, and β-Catenin in Wnt Signaling Pathway Ameliorates Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1338-1352. [PMID: 31075529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathway has been investigated extensively for its diverse metabolic and pain-modulating mechanisms; recently its involvement has been postulated in the development of neuropathic pain. However, there are no reports as yet on the involvement of Wnt signaling pathway in one of the most debilitating neurovascular complication of diabetes, namely, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Thus, in the present study, involvement of Wnt signaling was investigated in DPN using Wnt signaling inhibitors namely LGK974 (porcupine inhibitor), NSC668036 (disheveled inhibitor), and PNU74654 (β-catenin inhibitor). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetic rats after 6 weeks of diabetes induction showed increased expression of Wnt signaling proteins in the spinal cord (L4-L6 lumbar segment), dorsal root ganglions and sciatic nerves. Subsequent increase in inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and loss of intraepidermal nerve fiber density was also observed, leading to neurobehavioral and nerve functional deficits in diabetic rats. Intrathecal administration of Wnt signaling inhibitors (each at doses of 10 and 30 µmol/L) in diabetic rats showed improvement in pain-associated behaviors (heat, cold, and mechanical hyperalgesia) and nerve functions (motor, sensory nerve conduction velocities, and nerve blood flow) by decreasing the expression of Wnt pathway proteins, inflammatory marker, matrix metalloproteinase 2, endoplasmic reticulum stress marker, glucose-regulated protein 78, and improving intraepidermal nerve fiber density. All these results signify the neuroprotective potential of Wnt signaling inhibitors in DPN. PERSPECTIVE: This study emphasizes the involvement of Wnt signaling pathway in DPN. Blockade of this pathway using Wnt inhibitors provided neuroprotection in experimental DPN in rats. This study may provide a basis for exploring the therapeutic potential of Wnt inhibitors in DPN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahkashan Resham
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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20
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Yin Q, Liu H. Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:365-380. [PMID: 31399974 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CCN2, also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is one of important members of the CCN family. Generally, CTGF expresses at low levels in normal adult kidney, while increases significantly in various kidney diseases, playing an important role in the development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in progressive kidney diseases. CTGF is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and can promote the progression of fibrosis directly or act as a downstream factor of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). CTGF also regulates the expression and activity of TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), thereby playing an important role in the process of kidney repair. In patients with chronic kidney disease, elevated plasma CTGF is an independent risk factor for progression to end-stage renal disease and is closely related to glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, CTGF may be a potential biological marker of kidney fibrosis, but more clinical studies are needed to confirm this view. This section briefly describes the role and molecular mechanisms of CTGF in renal fibrosis and also discusses the potential value of targeting CCN2 for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Salvia miltiorrhiza protects against diabetic nephropathy through metabolome regulation and wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:26-40. [PMID: 30395946 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a complication of diabetes that is caused by uncontrolled high blood sugar. It has been reported that Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) possesses the ability to prevent kidney damage, although the mechanisms remain unclear. The study was to investigate whether and how SM improved DN injury via regulation of metabolome and the molecular mechanisms. In this study, SD rats were fed a high glucose / high fat diet accompanied by 0.5% glucose water. Three weeks later, the rats were given one intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg STZ each day for three days for DN model. The biochemical indicators and metabolomics of plasma, urine and renal tissue were analyzed. Then the western blotting analysis of renal tissue and glomerular mesangial cells were investigated. The results showed that Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts improved the renal injury and regulation of abnormal glycolipid metabolism. The metabolites in serum, urine and renal tissues have been changed significantly. The involved metabolic pathways mainly include phospholipid, arachidonic acid, and pyrimidine metabolisms. Meanwhile, SM inhibited the relative expression levels of wnt4, β-catenin and TGF-β in renal tissue and high-glucose induced glomerular mesangial cells.
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22
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Activated renal tubular Wnt/β-catenin signaling triggers renal inflammation during overload proteinuria. Kidney Int 2018; 93:1367-1383. [PMID: 29605095 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Imbalance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in renal cells is associated with renal dysfunction, yet the precise mechanism is poorly understood. Previously we observed activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in renal tubules during proteinuric nephropathy with an unknown net effect. Therefore, to identify the definitive role of tubular Wnt/β-catenin, we generated a novel transgenic "Tubcat" mouse conditionally expressing stabilized β-catenin specifically in renal tubules following tamoxifen administration. Four weeks after tamoxifen injection, uninephrectomized Tubcat mice displayed proteinuria and elevated blood urea nitrogen levels compared to non-transgenic mice, implying a detrimental effect of the activated signaling. This was associated with infiltration of the tubulointerstitium predominantly by M1 macrophages and overexpression of the inflammatory chemocytokines CCL-2 and RANTES. Induction of overload proteinuria by intraperitoneal injection of low-endotoxin bovine serum albumin following uninephrectomy for four weeks aggravated proteinuria and increased blood urea nitrogen levels to a significantly greater extent in Tubcat mice. Renal dysfunction correlated with the degree of M1 macrophage infiltration in the tubulointerstitium and renal cortical up-regulation of CCL-2, IL-17A, IL-1β, CXCL1, and ICAM-1. There was overexpression of cortical TLR-4 and NLRP-3 in Tubcat mice, independent of bovine serum albumin injection. Finally, there was no fibrosis, activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition or non-canonical Wnt pathways observed in the kidneys of Tubcat mice. Thus, conditional activation of renal tubular Wnt/β-catenin signaling in a novel transgenic mouse model demonstrates that this pathway enhances intrarenal inflammation via the TLR-4/NLRP-3 inflammasome axis in overload proteinuria.
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Mohamed RA, Galal O, Mohammed AR, El-Abhar HS. Tropisetron modulates peripheral and central serotonin/insulin levels via insulin and nuclear factor kappa B/receptor for advanced glycation end products signalling to regulate type-2 diabetes in rats. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11908-11920. [PMID: 35539384 PMCID: PMC9079279 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13105d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its known central effect, 5% of serotonin is found centrally, while around 95% is found peripherally. Serotonin is stored and co-released with insulin upon pancreatic islets stimulation by glucose. This fact raises the curiosity regarding its possible role in diabetes. Hence, in this study, we assessed the possible modulatory effects of tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on type 2 diabetes mellitus models in rats. The rats were allocated into two groups: normal and diabetic. The latter group was treated with metformin (500 mg kg-1, p.o.), tropisetron (1 and 2 mg kg-1, i.p.), and a combination of metformin and tropisetron (1 mg kg-1). The different treatment regimens corrected glucose and lipid homeostasis manifested by the decrease in serum levels of glucose, fructosamine, homeostasis model of insulin resistance, triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acid, as well as receptor for advanced glycation end products. Additionally, the treatments elevated levels of insulin, serotonin, and homeostasis model of β-cell function. On the molecular level, treatments corrected the altered insulin signaling cascade (phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and glucose transporter 4), and inhibited β-catenin and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B p65 in the assessed soleus skeletal muscle. A similar pattern was duplicated in the hippocampus. This study provided evidence for the role of tropisetron on type 2 diabetes mellitus via modulating the insulin signaling cascade (insulin, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and glucose transporter 4), improving lipid/glucose profile, decreasing inflammatory markers (receptor for advanced glycation end products, and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B p65), as well as increasing 5-HT and reducing β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ali Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 26 July Mehwar Road Intersection with Wahat Road 6th October City Cairo 12566 Egypt +20-002-01224611087
| | - Omneya Galal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 26 July Mehwar Road Intersection with Wahat Road 6th October City Cairo 12566 Egypt +20-002-01224611087
| | - Ahmed Refaat Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 26 July Mehwar Road Intersection with Wahat Road 6th October City Cairo 12566 Egypt +20-002-01224611087
| | - Hanan Salah El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo Egypt
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Khan AA, Paget JT, McLaughlin M, Kyula JN, Wilkinson MJ, Pencavel T, Mansfield D, Roulstone V, Seth R, Halle M, Somaiah N, Boult JKR, Robinson SP, Pandha HS, Vile RG, Melcher AA, Harris PA, Harrington KJ. Genetically modified lentiviruses that preserve microvascular function protect against late radiation damage in normal tissues. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar2041. [PMID: 29367346 PMCID: PMC6020074 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in cancer survival mean that long-term toxicities, which contribute to the morbidity of cancer survivorship, are being increasingly recognized. Late adverse effects (LAEs) in normal tissues after radiotherapy (RT) are characterized by vascular dysfunction and fibrosis causing volume loss and tissue contracture, for example, in the free flaps used for immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. We evaluated the efficacy of lentivirally delivered superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) overexpression and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) knockdown by short hairpin RNA in reducing the severity of LAEs in an animal model of free flap LAEs. Vectors were delivered by intra-arterial injection, ex vivo, to target the vascular compartment. LVSOD2 and LVshCTGF monotherapy before irradiation resulted in preservation of flap volume or reduction in skin contracture, respectively. Flaps transduced with combination therapy experienced improvements in both volume loss and skin contracture. Both therapies reduced the fibrotic burden after irradiation. LAEs were associated with impaired vascular perfusion, loss of endothelial permeability, and stromal hypoxia, which were all reversed in the treatment model. Using a tumor recurrence model, we showed that SOD2 overexpression in normal tissues did not compromise the efficacy of RT against tumor cells but appeared to enhance it. LVSOD2 and LVshCTGF combination therapy by targeted, intravascular delivery reduced LAE severities in normal tissues without compromising the efficacy of RT and warrants translational evaluation as a free flap-targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil A Khan
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - James T Paget
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Martin McLaughlin
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Joan N Kyula
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Michelle J Wilkinson
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Timothy Pencavel
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - David Mansfield
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Victoria Roulstone
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rohit Seth
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Navita Somaiah
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jessica K R Boult
- Magnetic Resonance Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- Magnetic Resonance Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hardev S Pandha
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Richard G Vile
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alan A Melcher
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Paul A Harris
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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Parveen A, Jin M, Kim SY. Bioactive phytochemicals that regulate the cellular processes involved in diabetic nephropathy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 39:146-159. [PMID: 29433676 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the multiple causative factors, the current advances in medication for diabetic nephropathy (DN) do not appear to have improved therapies for patients. Furthermore, use of multiple synthetic medications has shown various adverse effects and ultimately leads to deterioration of the condition. Medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents are considered to be safer and more effective than synthetic medicines against various chronic diseases. Therefore, the use of natural products in the management of DN has been suggested. In this article, we review medicinal plants and their specific bioactive phytochemicals that regulate the various cellular processes involved in the initiation of DN. A wide range of literature on phytochemicals and medicinal plants that may ameliorate DN was explored from the online available English works in various electronic databases, including Embase, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. RESULTS Medicinal plants possess various bioactive constituents, which may slow or ameliorate the progression of DN and improve renal function through the targeting of multiple pathological causes via different pathways, including p38MAPK, JNK, ERK, TGF-β, RhoA, NF-κB, Wnt, JAK-STAT, AMPK, mTOR, Akt, and TXNIP. Depletion or inhibition of these accelerating factors may provide a significant treatment for DN. CONCLUSION Based on various experimental studies, traditional herbs and their bioactive constituents regulate the cellular processes involved in the initiation of DN owing to their significant pharmacological activities; however, the efficacy in animal models and humans has not yet been explored. Therefore, studies should be performed to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of medicinal plants in preclinical animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Parveen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirim Jin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Gauer S, Holzmann Y, Kränzlin B, Hoffmann SC, Gretz N, Hauser IA, Goppelt-Struebe M, Geiger H, Obermüller N. CTGF Is Expressed During Cystic Remodeling in the PKD/Mhm (cy/+) Rat Model for Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:743-755. [PMID: 29058957 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417735513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, also named CCN2) plays an important role in the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which most critically determines the progression to end-stage renal failure in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the most common genetically caused renal disease. We determined CTGF expression in a well-characterized animal model of human ADPKD, the PKD/Mhm (cy/+) rat. Kidneys of 12 weeks old (cy/+) as well as (+/+) non-affected rats were analyzed for CTGF RNA and protein expression by RT-PCR, Northern and Western blot analyses, in situ hybridization, and IHC. Besides the established expression of CTGF in glomerular cells in kidneys of wild-type (+/+) animals, in (cy/+) rats, CTGF mRNA and protein were robustly expressed in interstitial, stellate-shaped cells, located in a scattered pattern underlying the cystic epithelium and in focal areas of advanced tubulointerstitial remodeling. Renal CTGF mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in (cy/+) rats compared with their (+/+) littermates. Detection of CTGF expression in cells adjacent to cystic epithelium and in areas of marked fibrosis suggests a role in the local response to cyst development and indicates that CTGF may be a relevant factor contributing to tubulointerstitial fibrosis in polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yvonne Holzmann
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bettina Kränzlin
- Medical Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sigrid C Hoffmann
- Medical Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ingeborg A Hauser
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Margarete Goppelt-Struebe
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical Clinic 4, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicholas Obermüller
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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27
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Bose M, Almas S, Prabhakar S. Wnt signaling and podocyte dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. J Investig Med 2017; 65:1093-1101. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nephropathy is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and often leads to terminal renal failure in addition to contributing significantly to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despites continuous advances, the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy remains poorly understood. Recent studies have underscored the significance of structural and functional changes in podocytes in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The role of podocytes in health and diabetic nephropathy and abnormalities including podocyte hypertrophy, effacement, and apoptosis, and a detailed discussion on the role played by the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway in podocyte injury and dysfunction are the focus of this review. In addition, the role played by Wnt signaling in mediating the effects of known therapeutic strategies for diabetic nephropathy is also discussed.
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Jia Q, Bu Y, Wang Z, Chen B, Zhang Q, Yu S, Liu Q. Maintenance of stemness is associated with the interation of LRP6 and heparin-binding protein CCN2 autocrined by hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:117. [PMID: 28870205 PMCID: PMC5584530 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The overall response rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to chemotherapy is poor. In our previous study, oxaliplatin-resistant HCC is found to exhibit an enhanced stemness, and increased levels of CCN2 and LRP6, while the role of CCN2 and LRP6 in the prognosis of HCC patients, and the interaction regulation mechanism between CCN2 and LRP6 are still unclear. Methods The expression levels of CCN2 and LRP6 were detected in large cohorts of HCCs, and functional analyses of CCN2 and LRP6 were performed both in vitro and in vivo. The roles of cell surface heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the mutual regulatory between CCN2 and LRP6 were verified in HCC, and the interventions of low molecular weight heparin sodium (LMWH) were explored. Results CCN2 and LRP6 were overexpressed in HCCs, and the CCN2 and LRP6 levels were positively associated with the malignant phenotypes and poor prognosis of HCCs. LRP6 could significantly upregulate the expression of CCN2. Meanwhile, CCN2 was able to enhance malignant phenotype of HCC cells in a dose-dependent manner through binding with LRP6; and knock-down of LRP6 expression, perturbation of HSPGs, co-incubation of CCN2 with LMWH could significantly block the adhesion of CCN2 to LRP6. LMWH enhanced the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin on HCC with a high CCN2 expression. Conclusions CCN2 plays a promoting role in HCC progression through activating LRP6 in a HSPGs-dependent manner. Heparin in combination with chemotherapy has a synergic effect and could be a treatment choice for HCCs with a high CCN2 expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0576-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingan Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yang Bu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bendong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Qiangbo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Songning Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Gröne EF, Federico G, Nelson PJ, Arnold B, Gröne HJ. The hormetic functions of Wnt pathways in tubular injury. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:899-906. [PMID: 28685176 PMCID: PMC5541077 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic tubulointerstitial damage with tubular epithelial atrophy and interstitial fibrosis is the hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a predictor for progression of CKD.Several experiments have now provided evidence that the Wnt signaling pathways are significantly contributing to atrophy and fibrosis; in contrast, it also has been shown that the Wnt system fosters regenerative processes in acute tubular injury.We now have demonstrated that Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) is an agonist for canonical Wnt signaling in CKD and fosters chronic fibrosing inflammation of the tubulointerstitial compartment. Genetic- and antibody-mediated inhibition of DKK3 leads to a pronounced improvement of tubular differentiation and a reduction in fibrosis.In addition, the secreted glycoprotein DKK3 can be used as a non-invasive urinary marker for the extent of CKD in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth F Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Federico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Clinical Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Bernd Arnold
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. h.-
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Dai H, Ma L, Cao Y, Chen X, Shi H, Fan Y, Yang B. Protection of CTGF Antibody Against Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice Via Reducing Glomerular β‐Catenin Expression and Podocyte Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3706-3712. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hou‐Yong Dai
- Department of NephrologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001China
| | - Li‐Na Ma
- Department of NephrologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001China
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of NephrologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001China
| | - Xiao‐Lan Chen
- Department of NephrologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of NephrologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001China
| | - Ya‐Ping Fan
- Department of NephrologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of NephrologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001China
- Department of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of LeicesterUniversity Hospitals of LeicesterLeicesterUK
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31
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Boles A, Kandimalla R, Reddy PH. Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: Epidemiological perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1026-1036. [PMID: 28130199 PMCID: PMC5429876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to understand the current literature on obesity, diabetes and therapeutic avenues across the world. Diabetes is a chronic lifestyle condition that affects millions of people worldwide and it is a major health concern in our society. Diabetes and obesity are associated with various conditions, including non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors. Early detectable markers are not well established to detect pre-diabetes and as a result, it becomes diabetes. Several published epidemiological studies were assessed and the findings were summarized. Resources from published studies were used to identify criteria used for pre-diabetes, the role of diet in pre-diabetics and potential risks and characteristics associated with pre-diabetes. Preventive strategies are needed to combat diabetes. Individuals diagnosed with pre-diabetes need detailed education, need to fully understand the risk factors and have the ability to manage diabetes. Interventions exist that include chronic disease self-management programs, lifestyle interventions and pharmacological strategies. Obesity plays a large role in causing pre-diabetes and diabetes. Critical analysis of existing epidemiological research data suggests that additional research is needed to determine the efficacy of interventions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Boles
- Community Outreach and Education, 6630 S. Quaker Ave., Suite E, Lubbock, TX 79413, United States.
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Community Outreach and Education, 6630 S. Quaker Ave., Suite E, Lubbock, TX 79413, United States; Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Public Health, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States
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32
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Johnson BG, Ren S, Karaca G, Gomez IG, Fligny C, Smith B, Ergun A, Locke G, Gao B, Hayes S, MacDonnell S, Duffield JS. Connective Tissue Growth Factor Domain 4 Amplifies Fibrotic Kidney Disease through Activation of LDL Receptor-Related Protein 6. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1769-1782. [PMID: 28130402 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016080826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a matrix-associated protein with four distinct cytokine binding domains, has roles in vasculogenesis, wound healing responses, and fibrogenesis and is upregulated in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in disease. Here, we investigated the role of CTGF in fibrogenic cells. In mice, tissue-specific inducible overexpression of CTGF by kidney pericytes and fibroblasts had no bearing on nephrogenesis or kidney homeostasis but exacerbated inflammation and fibrosis after ureteral obstruction. These effects required the WNT receptor LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). Additionally, pericytes isolated from these mice became hypermigratory and hyperproliferative on overexpression of CTGF. CTGF is cleaved in vivo into distinct domains. Treatment with recombinant domain 1, 1+2 (N terminus), or 4 (C terminus) independently activated myofibroblast differentiation and wound healing responses in cultured pericytes, but domain 4 showed the broadest profibrotic activity. Domain 4 exhibited low-affinity binding to LRP6 in in vitro binding assays, and inhibition of LRP6 or critical signaling cascades downstream of LRP6, including JNK and WNT/β-catenin, inhibited the biologic activity of domain 4. Administration of blocking antibodies specifically against CTGF domain 4 or recombinant Dickkopf-related protein-1, an endogenous inhibitor of LRP6, effectively inhibited inflammation and fibrosis associated with ureteral obstruction in vivo Therefore, domain 4 of CTGF and the WNT signaling pathway are important new targets in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce G Johnson
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Shuyu Ren
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts; .,Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Gamze Karaca
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan G Gomez
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Cécile Fligny
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ayla Ergun
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - George Locke
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benbo Gao
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts; .,Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
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Cheng R, Ding L, He X, Takahashi Y, Ma JX. Interaction of PPARα With the Canonic Wnt Pathway in the Regulation of Renal Fibrosis. Diabetes 2016; 65:3730-3743. [PMID: 27543085 PMCID: PMC5127249 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) displays renoprotective effects with an unclear mechanism. Aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt pathway plays a key role in renal fibrosis. Renal levels of PPARα were downregulated in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes models. The PPARα agonist fenofibrate and overexpression of PPARα both attenuated the expression of fibrotic factors, and suppressed high glucose-induced or Wnt3a-induced Wnt signaling in renal cells. Fenofibrate inhibited Wnt signaling in the kidney of diabetic rats. A more renal prominent activation of Wnt signaling was detected both in PPARα-/- mice with diabetes or obstructive nephropathy and in PPARα-/- tubular cells treated with Wnt3a. PPARα did not block the transcriptional activity of β-catenin induced by a constitutively active mutant of lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) or β-catenin. LRP6 stability was decreased by overexpression of PPARα and increased in PPARα-/- tubular cells, suggesting that PPARα interacts with Wnt signaling at the Wnt coreceptor level. 4-Hydroxynonenal-induced reactive oxygen species production, which resulted in LRP6 stability, was suppressed by overexpression of PPARα and dramatically enhanced in PPARα-/- tubular cells. Diabetic PPARα-/- mice showed more prominent NADPH oxidase-4 overexpression compared with diabetic wild-type mice, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of PPARα on Wnt signaling may be ascribed to its antioxidant activity. These observations identified a novel interaction between PPARα and the Wnt pathway, which is responsible, at least partially, for the therapeutic effects of fenofibrate on diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Lexi Ding
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Xuemin He
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Shaikh G, Zhang J, Perez-Aso M, Mediero A, Cronstein B. Adenosine A 2A receptor promotes collagen type III synthesis via β-catenin activation in human dermal fibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3279-3291. [PMID: 27595240 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation promotes the synthesis of collagen type I and type III (Col1 and Col3), mediators of fibrosis and scarring. The A2A receptor modulates collagen balance via cAMP/PKA/p38-MAPK/Akt pathways. Wnt signalling is important in fibrosis and the cAMP and Wnt pathways converge. Because the A2A receptor is Gs-linked and increases cAMP, we determined whether A2A receptors and Wnt signalling interact. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Total β-catenin, de-phosphorylated β-catenin (canonical activation, de-phospho β-catenin) and phosphorylated β-catenin at Ser552 (non-canonical activation, p-Ser552 β-catenin) levels were determined in primary human dermal fibroblasts, cytosol and nucleus, by western blot analysis and fluorescence microscopy, before and after stimulation by A2A receptor-selective agonist CGS21680, with/without A2A receptor-selective antagonist (SCH56261) pretreatment. β-Catenin was knocked down by transfection with scrambled-siRNA or specific-siRNA, and Col1 and Col3 levels determined by western blots. KEY RESULTS CGS21680 stimulation rapidly (15 min) increased cellular β-catenin levels. Both de-phospho β-catenin and p-Ser552 β-catenin levels were also increased. CGS21680 stimulated the translocation of total de-phospho and p-Ser552 β-catenin to the nucleus. A2A receptor-stimulation increased Col1 synthesis similarly in β-catenin knockeddown and scrambled cells. However, β-catenin knockdown abolished the increase in Col3 synthesis induced in A2A receptor-stimulated fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A2A receptor stimulation promotes Col3 synthesis via the activation of canonical and non-canonical β-catenin, consistent with a role for A2A receptors in dermal fibrosis and scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, LiHuili Hospital, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miguel Perez-Aso
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aranzazu Mediero
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Bone and Joint Research Unit IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Ren Y. Crucial genes associated with diabetic nephropathy explored by microarray analysis. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17:128. [PMID: 27613243 PMCID: PMC5016939 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-016-0343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to investigate crucial genes correlated with diabetic nephropathy (DN), and their potential functions, which might contribute to a better understanding of DN pathogenesis. METHODS The microarray dataset GSE1009 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, including 3 diabetic glomeruli samples and 3 healthy glomeruli samples. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by LIMMA package. Their potential functions were then analyzed by the GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses using the DAVID database. Furthermore, miRNAs and transcription factors (TFs) regulating DEGs were predicted by the GeneCoDis tool, and miRNA-DEG-TF regulatory network was visualized by Cytoscape. Additionally, the expression of DEGs was validated using another microarray dataset GSE30528. RESULTS Totally, 14 up-regulated DEGs and 430 down-regulated ones were identified. Some DEGs (e.g. MTSS1, CALD1 and ACTN4) were markedly relative to cytoskeleton organization. Besides, some other ones were correlated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (e.g. ACTN4, CTNNA1 and ITGB5), as well as complement and coagulation cascades (e.g. C1R and C1S). Furthermore, a series of miRNAs and TFs modulating DEGs were identified. The transcription factor LEF1 regulated the majority of DEGs, such as ITGB5, CALD1 and C1S. Hsa-miR-33a modulated 28 genes, such as C1S. Additionally, 143 DEGs (one upregulated gene and 142 downregulated genes) were also differentially expressed in another dataset GSE30528. CONCLUSIONS The genes involved in cytoskeleton organization, cardiomyopathy, as well as complement and coagulation cascades may be closely implicated in the progression of DN, via the regulation of miRNAs and TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikui Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Linyi People's Hospital, No.27 Jiefang Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, Shandong, 276003, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Linyi People's Hospital, No.27 Jiefang Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, Shandong, 276003, China.
| | - Zhongqi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Linyi People's Hospital, No.27 Jiefang Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, Shandong, 276003, China
| | - Yueqin Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Linyi People's Hospital, No.27 Jiefang Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, Shandong, 276003, China
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Perkins TN, Dentener MA, Stassen FR, Rohde GG, Mossman BT, Wouters EF, Reynaert NL. Alteration of canonical and non-canonical WNT-signaling by crystalline silica in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 301:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hu C, Sun L, Xiao L, Han Y, Fu X, Xiong X, Xu X, Liu Y, Yang S, Liu F, Kanwar YS. Insights into the Mechanisms Involved in the Expression and Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:2858-70. [PMID: 26119175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150625095407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is believed to be a major microvascular complication of diabetes. The hallmark of DN includes deposition of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins, such as, collagen, laminin and fibronectin in the mesangium and renal tubulo-interstitium of the glomerulus and basement membranes. Such an increased expression of ECM leads to glomerular and tubular basement membranes thickening and increase of mesangial matrix, ultimately resulting in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The characteristic morphologic glomerular mesangial lesion has been described as Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule, and the process at times is referred to as diabetic nodular glomerulosclerosis. Thus, the accumulation of ECM proteins plays a critical role in the development of DN. The relevant mechanism(s) involved in the increased ECM expression and their regulation in the kidney in diabetic state has been extensively investigated and documented in the literature. Nevertheless, there are certain other mechanisms that may yet be conclusively defined. Recent studies demonstrated that some of the new signaling pathways or molecules including, Notch, Wnt, mTOR, TLRs and small GTPase may play a pivotal role in the modulation of ECM regulation and expression in DN. Such modulation could be operational for instance Notch through Notch1/Jagged1 signaling, Wnt by Wnt/β- catenin pathway and mTOR via PI3-K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. All these pathways may be critical in the modulation of ECM expression and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. In addition, TLRs, mainly the TLR2 and TLR4, by TLR2- dependent and TGF-β-dependent conduits, may modulate ECM expression and generate a fibrogenic response. Small GTPase like Rho, Ras and Rab family by targeting relevant genes may also influence the accumulation of ECM proteins and renal fibrosis in hyperglycemic states. This review summarizes the recent information about the role and mechanisms by which these molecules and signaling pathways regulate ECM synthesis and its expression in high glucose ambience in vitro and in vivo states. The understanding of such signaling pathways and the molecules that influence expression, secretion and amassing of ECM may aid in developing strategies for the amelioration of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Beaton H, Andrews D, Parsons M, Murphy M, Gaffney A, Kavanagh D, McKay GJ, Maxwell AP, Taylor CT, Cummins EP, Godson C, Higgins DF, Murphy P, Crean J. Wnt6 regulates epithelial cell differentiation and is dysregulated in renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F35-45. [PMID: 27122540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00136.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, manifesting as mesangial expansion, glomerular basement membrane thickening, glomerular sclerosis, and progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis leading to end-stage renal disease. Here we describe the functional characterization of Wnt6, whose expression is progressively lost in diabetic nephropathy and animal models of acute tubular injury and renal fibrosis. We have shown prominent Wnt6 and frizzled 7 (FzD7) expression in the mesonephros of the developing mouse kidney, suggesting a role for Wnt6 in epithelialization. Importantly, TCF/Lef reporter activity is also prominent in the mesonephros. Analysis of Wnt family members in human renal biopsies identified differential expression of Wnt6, correlating with severity of the disease. In animal models of tubular injury and fibrosis, loss of Wnt6 was evident. Wnt6 signals through the canonical pathway in renal epithelial cells as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of GSK3β (Ser9), nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and increased TCF/Lef transcriptional activity. FzD7 was identified as a putative receptor of Wnt6. In vitro Wnt6 expression leads to de novo tubulogenesis in renal epithelial cells grown in three-dimensional culture. Importantly, Wnt6 rescued epithelial cell dedifferentiation in response to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β); Wnt6 reversed TGF-β-mediated increases in vimentin and loss of epithelial phenotype. Wnt6 inhibited TGF-β-mediated p65-NF-κB nuclear translocation, highlighting cross talk between the two pathways. The critical role of NF-κB in the regulation of vimentin expression was confirmed in both p65(-/-) and IKKα/β(-/-) embryonic fibroblasts. We propose that Wnt6 is involved in epithelialization and loss of Wnt6 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Beaton
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darrell Andrews
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Parsons
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Murphy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Gaffney
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Kavanagh
- Nephrology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gareth J McKay
- Nephrology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alexander P Maxwell
- Nephrology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom; and
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin P Cummins
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Debra F Higgins
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crean
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland;
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Dai H, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Wu J, Ma L, Shi H. CTGF mediates high-glucose induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through activation of β-catenin in podocytes. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1711-1716. [PMID: 26984259 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2016.1158069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is known that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and β-catenin are involved in DN; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here we hypothesized that podocytes undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in high-glucose condition and CTGF mediates high-glucose induced EMT by activating β-catenin in podocytes. METHODS The differentiated podocytes were cultured and divided into three groups: the normal glucose group (5 mmol/L glucose), the high-glucose group (30 mmol/L glucose), and the osmotic control group (5 mmol/L glucose supplemented with 25 mmol/L mannitol). The morphology of cultured podocytes was observed under phase contrast microscopy. To study the relevant markers of EMT, as well as CTGF and β-catenin, the mRNA and protein expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. In addition, the effects of inhibition CTGF by anti-CTGF antibody on high-glucose-induced EMT and β-catenin expression in podocytes were studied. RESULTS High glucose not only induced phenotypic transition of podocytes but also increased the expression of CTGF and β-catenin. Under high-glucose condition, podocytes underwent EMT, which were demonstrated by downregulation of nephrin and upregulation of desmin. Moreover, high-glucose-induced EMT and β-catenin overexpression in podocytes were attenuated by anti-CTGF antibody. CONCLUSION CTGF and β-catenin are involved in the EMT of podocytes in diabetes. CTGF mediates high-glucose induced EMT through activation of β-catenin in podocytes. CTGF inhibition may protect podocytes from EMT in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyong Dai
- a Department of Nephrology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Yide Zhang
- a Department of Nephrology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Li Yuan
- a Department of Nephrology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- a Department of Nephrology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Lina Ma
- a Department of Nephrology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , China
| | - Hui Shi
- a Department of Nephrology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , China
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Guo C, Ding G, Huang W, Wang Z, Meng Z, Xiao W. Total saponin of Dioscoreae hypoglaucae rhizoma ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:799-810. [PMID: 26966352 PMCID: PMC4771403 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s99670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy has become the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective and safer drugs for use in this condition. PURPOSE The aims of this study were to investigate the ameliorative effects of total saponin of Dioscoreae hypoglaucae rhizoma (TSD) on diabetic nephropathy and to explore the potential underlying mechanism(s). METHODS Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were orally treated with TSD at 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg/d for 12 weeks. At the end of the treatment, blood, urine, and kidneys were collected for biochemical and histological examination. RESULTS The results demonstrated that TSD significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, urinary protein, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels in diabetic rats. The results of histological examinations showed that TSD ameliorated glomerular and tubular pathological changes in diabetic rats. Furthermore, TSD significantly prevented oxidative stress and reduced the renal levels of advanced glycation end products, transforming growth factor-β1, connective tissue growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the renoprotective effects of TSD in experimental diabetic nephropathy via a number of different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Ding
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenzhe Huang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang City, People’s Republic of China
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Afkarian M, Zelnick LR, Ruzinski J, Kestenbaum B, Himmelfarb J, de Boer IH, Mehrotra R. Urine matrix metalloproteinase-7 and risk of kidney disease progression and mortality in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:1024-31. [PMID: 26412030 PMCID: PMC5389898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and WNT pathways are dysregulated in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Urine excretion of angiotensinogen, gremlin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), components of the RAAS, BMP and WNT pathways, respectively, is increased in DKD. We asked if this increase is associated with subsequent progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death. METHODS Using time-to-event analyses, we examined the association of baseline urine concentration of these proteins with progression to ESRD or death in a predominantly Mexican-American cohort with type 2 diabetes and proteinuric DKD (n=141). RESULTS Progression to ESRD occurred for 38 participants over a median follow-up of 3.0years; 39 participants died over a median follow-up of 3.6years. Urine MMP-7 and gremlin-1 were associated with increased risk of ESRD after adjustment for demographic and clinical covariates. Angiotensinogen showed a U-shaped relationship with ESRD, with the middle tertile associated with lowest risk of ESRD. After additional adjustment for glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria, all associations with ESRD lost significance. Only urine MMP-7 was associated with mortality, and this association remained robust in the fully adjusted model with a Hazard ratio of 3.59 (95% confidence interval 1.31 to 9.85) for highest vs. lowest tertile. Serum MMP-7 was not associated with mortality and did not attenuate the association of urine MMP-7 with mortality (HR 4.03 for highest vs. lowest urine MMP-7 tertile). CONCLUSIONS Among people with type 2 diabetes and proteinuric DKD, urine MMP-7 concentration was strongly associated with subsequent mortality.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Cohort Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/mortality
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/urine
- Diabetic Nephropathies/complications
- Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/mortality
- Diabetic Nephropathies/physiopathology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Hospitals, Public
- Hospitals, Urban
- Humans
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/mortality
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology
- Los Angeles/epidemiology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 7/urine
- Mexican Americans
- Middle Aged
- Prospective Studies
- Renal Insufficiency/complications
- Renal Insufficiency/epidemiology
- Renal Insufficiency/mortality
- Renal Insufficiency/physiopathology
- Risk
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Afkarian
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington
| | - John Ruzinski
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Bryan Kestenbaum
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rajnish Mehrotra
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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The Effects of Chinese Medicine on Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signal Pathway under High Glucose Condition. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:295135. [PMID: 26495008 PMCID: PMC4606185 DOI: 10.1155/2015/295135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and a series of complications. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a complex protein interaction network, which is also a key regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation. Many scholars have found that high glucose can activate the Wnt signaling pathway. However, the effects of activation of this pathway in the presence of high glucose levels during the progression of diabetes still remained unclear. Here, we provide a review of the study on the effects of high glucose state on the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway and the influence of Chinese medicine on it.
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Li L, Chen L, Zang J, Tang X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Bai L, Yin Q, Lu Y, Cheng J, Fu P, Liu F. C3a and C5a receptor antagonists ameliorate endothelial-myofibroblast transition via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in diabetic kidney disease. Metabolism 2015; 64:597-610. [PMID: 25682062 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-myofibroblast transition (EndMT) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic renal fibrosis. In this study, the effect of the complement fragments C3a/C5a and their receptor antagonists C3aRA and C5aRA on EndMT in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and the possible mechanisms were investigated. METHODS The coexpression of CD31 with α-smooth muscle (α-SMA), C3a receptor (C3aR) and C5a receptor (C5aR) was detected in human renal biopsy tissue obtained from patients with early and advanced DKD and in normal renal tissues from patients with renal-cell carcinoma. The effects of C3aRA and C5aRA on EndMT and the expression of C3a/C3aR, C5a/C5aR, α-SMA, CD31, TGFβ, FN and β-catenin were examined in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of DKD and in human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) cultured in high glucose and with C3a/C5a, and DKK1 (a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor). RESULTS Double-labeling of α-SMA, C3aR, C5aR and CD31 was detected in the glomerulus of renal tissues obtained from biopsies of patients with DKD. Upregulated expression of α-SMA, TGF-β, FN and β-catenin and downregulated expression of CD31 were detected in the GECs of diabetic rats. The expression of these proteins was inhibited by treatment with C3aRA/C5aRA. In vitro, C3aRA/C5aRA and DKK1 ameliorated the high glucose-induced EndMT and the subsequent expression of α-SMA, TGFβ, FN and β-catenin in HRGECs. CONCLUSIONS The blockade of C3aR/C5aR and the downstream Wnt/β-catenin pathway may prevent EndMT and alleviate fibrosis in the glomeruli of individuals with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijia Chen
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinghua Yin
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Kubota S, Maeda-Uematsu A, Nishida T, Takigawa M. New functional aspects of CCN2 revealed by trans-omic approaches. J Oral Biosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Reduced LRP6 expression and increase in the interaction of GSK3β with p53 contribute to podocyte apoptosis in diabetes mellitus and are prevented by green tea. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:416-30. [PMID: 25655048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes mellitus (DM), podocyte apoptosis leads to albuminuria and nephropathy progression. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is WNT pathway receptor that is involved in podocyte death, adhesion and motility. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) interaction with p53 (GSK3-p53) promotes apoptosis in carcinoma cells. It is unknown if GSK3-p53 contributes to podocyte apoptosis in DM. In experimental DM, green tea (GT) reduces albuminuria by an unknown mechanism. In the present study, we assessed the role of the GSK3β-p53 in podocyte apoptosis and the effects of GT on these abnormalities. In diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), GT prevents podocyte's p-LRP6 expression reduction, increased GSK3β-p53 and high p53 levels. In diabetic SHR rats, GT reduces podocyte apoptosis, foot process effacement and albuminuria. In immortalized mouse podocytes (iMPs), high glucose (HG), silencing RNA (siRNA) or blocking LRP6 (DKK-1) reduced p-LRP6 expression, leading to high GSK3β-p53, p53 expression, apoptosis and increased albumin influx. GSK3β blockade by BIO reduced GSK3β-p53 and podocyte apoptosis. In iMPs under HG, GT reduced apoptosis and the albumin influx by blocking GSK3β-p53 following the rise in p-LRP6 expression. These effects of GT were prevented by LRP6 siRNA or DKK-1. In conclusion, in DM, WNT inhibition, via LRP6, increases GSK3β-p53 and podocyte apoptosis. Maneuvers that inactivate GSK3β-p53, such as GT, may be renoprotective in DM.
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O'Gorman DB, Gan BS. The cellular microenvironment: a new target in the search for cellular and molecular treatment for Dupuytren’s disease. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.978856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Falke LL, Goldschmeding R, Nguyen TQ. A perspective on anti-CCN2 therapy for chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29 Suppl 1:i30-i37. [PMID: 24493868 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is the common end point of chronic kidney disease independent of aetiology. Currently, no effective therapy exists to reduce kidney fibrosis. CCN2 appears to be an interesting candidate for anti-fibrotic drug targeting, because it holds a central position in the development of kidney fibrosis and interacts with a variety of factors that are involved in the fibrotic response, including transforming growth factor (TGF) β and Bone morphogenetic proteins. Although CCN2 modifies many pathways, it does not appear to have a membrane receptor of its own. Numerous experimental and clinical studies lowering CCN2 bioavailability have shown promising results with minimal adverse side effects. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of CCN2 research with a focus on anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Falke
- Department of Pathology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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48
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Kok HM, Falke LL, Goldschmeding R, Nguyen TQ. Targeting CTGF, EGF and PDGF pathways to prevent progression of kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:700-11. [PMID: 25311535 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health and economic burden with a rising incidence. During progression of CKD, the sustained release of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines and growth factors leads to an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and angiotensin II are considered to be the two main driving forces in fibrotic development. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has become the mainstay therapy for preservation of kidney function, but this treatment is not sufficient to prevent progression of fibrosis and CKD. Several factors that induce fibrosis have been identified, not only by TGF-β-dependent mechanisms, but also by TGF-β-independent mechanisms. Among these factors are the (partially) TGF-β-independent profibrotic pathways involving connective tissue growth factor, epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor and their receptors. In this Review, we discuss the specific roles of these pathways, their interactions and preclinical evidence supporting their qualification as additional targets for novel antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Kok
- Department of Pathology, H04.312, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lucas L Falke
- Department of Pathology, H04.312, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, H04.312, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tri Q Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, H04.312, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
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Yang Z, Sun L, Nie H, Liu H, Liu G, Guan G. Connective tissue growth factor induces tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition through the activation of canonical Wnt signaling in vitro. Ren Fail 2014; 37:129-35. [PMID: 25296105 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.967699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overwhelming evidences suggest epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubular epithelial cells contributes to renal fibrosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of EMT. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell behaviors are not clear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CTGF induces EMT via activation of canonical Wnt signaling in renal tubular epithelial cells. METHODS Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were divided into control group, CTGF group and dickkopf (Dkk)-1 plus CTGF group. We assessed the biological changes of canonical Wnt signaling, including phosphorylation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP6) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and accumulation and nuclear localization of β-catenin. Meanwhile, morphological changes of the three groups were observed and tubular EMT was further confirmed by detecting the expression of α-SMA and E-cadherin. RESULTS The phosphorylation levels of LRP6 and GSK-3β and the expression of β-catenin in CTGF group were higher than control group (p < 0.05). The accumulation and nuclear localization of β-catenin was induced in CTGF group. Meanwhile, CTGF group cells showed a mesenchymal morphological phenotype and exhibited increased expressions of E-cadherin and decreased expressions of α-SMA compared to control group (p < 0.05), suggesting tubular EMT. Furthermore, we also found that Dkk-1 blocked the above CTGF's effects by binding with LRP6. CONCLUSION CTGF induces EMT via activation of canonical Wnt signaling in HK-2 cells in vitro, which may play an important role in the renal fibrosis of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Yang
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong , China
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Cellular and molecular actions of CCN2/CTGF and its role under physiological and pathological conditions. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 128:181-96. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20140264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), also widely known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is one of the founding members of the CCN family of matricellular proteins. Extensive investigation on CCN2 over decades has revealed the novel molecular action and functional properties of this unique signalling modulator. By its interaction with multiple molecular counterparts, CCN2 yields highly diverse and context-dependent biological outcomes in a variety of microenvironments. Nowadays, CCN2 is recognized to conduct the harmonized development of relevant tissues, such as cartilage and bone, in the skeletal system, by manipulating extracellular signalling molecules involved therein by acting as a hub through a web. However, on the other hand, CCN2 occasionally plays profound roles in major human biological disorders, including fibrosis and malignancies in major organs and tissues, by modulating the actions of key molecules involved in these clinical entities. In this review, the physiological and pathological roles of this unique protein are comprehensively summarized from a molecular network-based viewpoint of CCN2 functionalities.
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