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Galym A, Akhmetova N, Zhaksybek M, Safina S, Boldyreva MN, Rakhimbekova FK, Idrissova ZR. Clinical and Genetic Analysis in Pediatric Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Related Conditions: Focus on DR Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Open Neurol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1874205x-v16-e2207200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
There are several diseases recognized as variants of MS: post-infectious acute disseminated encephalitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), Rasmussen leukoencephalitis and Schilder's leukoencephalitis and related, but separate neuroimmune condition – Neuromyelitis Devic’s. In Kazakhstan diagnosis of such diseases was rare and immune modified treatment was only admitted after the age of 18. Clinical and immunogenetic study of MS spectrum diseases in Kazakhstan would allow to justify early targeted treatment.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to investigate genes of the main complex of human histocompatibility (MHC) associated with diseases of MS spectrum in Kazakhstani population.
Methods:
Complex clinical, neuroimaging and immunogenetic studies were performed in 34 children (24 girls, 10 boys) aged 4 to 18 years. 21 children were diagnosed with MS (11 Kazakh origin and 10 – Russian; 4 boys, 17 girls), 7 with leucoencephalitis (all Kazakh, 5 boys, 2 girls) and 6 with Devic neuromyelitis optica (all Kazakh, 1 boy, 5 girls). Genotyping of HLA DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 genes was performed for all patients.
Results:
MS group was characterized by classical relapsing-remitting MS. Predominant haplotype as a linkage complex was DRB1*15:01~DQA1*01:02~DQB1*06:02 in 20 (47.6%) of 42 DR-alleles, in 16 (76.2%) patients. MS relative risk (RR) was 13,36 for ethnic Kazakhs and RR=5,55 in Russians.
Leukoencephalitis had 7 children, with 28.6% mortality rate. The haplotype DRB1*15:01~DQA1*01:02~DQB1*06:02 as a linkage complex was detected 3 patients (4 alleles), RR=5,88.
Devic’s neuromyelitis optica (NMO) clinical course was characterized by fast and prolonged progression. There was predominance of DRB1*14 allele with RR=3,38.
Conclusion:
Summarizing, in the Kazakh population the haplotype DRB1*15:01∼DQA1*01:02∼DQB1*06:02 as a linkage complex was associated with prediction to MS and leukoencephalitis, but not to Devic’s NMO. Our study highlights the importance of awareness of MS and related disorders diagnosis which allows to implement early admission of disease-modified treatment in pediatric MS in Kazakhstan.
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Teymoori-Rad M, Sahraian MA, Mokhtariazad T, Nejati A, Mozdabadi RSK, Amiri MM, Shokri F, Marashi SM. Illuminating the in vitro effects of Epstein-Barr virus and vitamin D on immune response in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:260-271. [PMID: 33666884 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Given the complexity of immune complex diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) and the plausible interactions between different risk factors, delineating the interplay between them would be imperative. The current study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and vitamin D on immune response in MS patients and healthy controls. The status of vitamin D and EBV load was evaluated using multiple techniques. In vitro EBV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in the presence or absence of vitamin D, were checked for IL-10, IFN-γ, and vitamin D receptor. MS patients showed significantly higher plasma levels of 1,25-(OH)2D but not 25-OHD, increased EBV load, and lower levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression compared with healthy controls. Interestingly, an inverse correlation was observed between VDR expression and EBV load in PBMCs. Indeed, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 production were significantly higher in supernatant collected from in vitro EBV-infected PBMCs in MS patients compared with controls. While all vitamin D-treated PBMCs showed reduced levels of IFN-γ production, in vitro treatment of vitamin D showed no influence in IL-10 production. EBV and vitamin D were found to exert opposite in vitro effects on immune dysregulation in these patients. Our results highlight the complex interactions of different risk factors with immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Teymoori-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtariazad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Vojdani A. Reaction of food‐specific antibodies with different tissue antigens. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc. 822 S. Robertson Blvd., Ste. 312 Los Angeles CA 90035 USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine Loma Linda University School of Medicine 24785 Stewart St., Evans Hall, Ste. 111 Loma Linda CA 92354 USA
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Gil-Varea E, Spataro N, Villar LM, Tejeda-Velarde A, Midaglia L, Matesanz F, Malhotra S, Eixarch H, Patsopoulos N, Fernández Ó, Oliver-Martos B, Saiz A, Llufriu S, Ramió-Torrentà L, Quintana E, Izquierdo G, Alcina A, Bosch E, Navarro A, Montalban X, Comabella M. Targeted resequencing reveals rare variants enrichment in multiple sclerosis susceptibility genes. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1308-1320. [PMID: 32196808 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies have identified a number of common variants associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility, little is known about the relevance of rare variants. Here, we aimed to explore the role of rare variants in 14 MS risk genes (FCRL1, RGS1, TIMMDC1, HHEX, CXCR5, LTBR, TSFM, GALC, TRAF3, STAT3, TNFSF14, IFI30, CD40, and CYP24A1) by targeted resequencing in an Iberian population of 524 MS cases and 546 healthy controls. Four rare variants-enriched regions within CYP24A1, FCRL1, RGS1, and TRAF3 were identified as significantly associated with MS. Functional studies revealed significantly decreased regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) gene expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients with RGS1 rare variants compared to noncarriers, whereas no significant differences in gene expression were observed for CYP24A1, FCRL1, and TRAF3 between rare variants carriers and noncarriers. Immunophenotyping showed significant decrease in RGS1 expression in peripheral blood B lymphocytes from MS patients with RGS1 rare variants relative to noncarriers. Lastly, peripheral blood mononuclear cell from MS patients carrying RGS1 rare variants showed significantly lower induction of RGS1 gene expression by interferon-β compared to MS patients lacking RGS1 variants. The presence of rare variants in RGS1 reinforce the ideas of high genetic heterogeneity and a role of rare variants in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Gil-Varea
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nino Spataro
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Luisa María Villar
- Departments of Immunology and Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Tejeda-Velarde
- Departments of Immunology and Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciana Midaglia
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikolaos Patsopoulos
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. UGC Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. UGC Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Albert Saiz
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Llufriu
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ester Quintana
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Bosch
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Reus, Spain
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.,Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona, España.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Cataluña, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Center d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Reworking GWAS Data to Understand the Role of Nongenetic Factors in MS Etiopathogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010097. [PMID: 31947683 PMCID: PMC7017269 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 200 multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated loci across the human genome over the last decade, suggesting complexity in the disease etiology. This complexity poses at least two challenges: the definition of an etiological model including the impact of nongenetic factors, and the clinical translation of genomic data that may be drivers for new druggable targets. We reviewed studies dealing with single genes of interest, to understand how MS-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants affect the expression and the function of those genes. We then surveyed studies on the bioinformatic reworking of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data, with aggregate analyses of many GWAS loci, each contributing with a small effect to the overall disease predisposition. These investigations uncovered new information, especially when combined with nongenetic factors having possible roles in the disease etiology. In this context, the interactome approach, defined as “modules of genes whose products are known to physically interact with environmental or human factors with plausible relevance for MS pathogenesis”, will be reported in detail. For a future perspective, a polygenic risk score, defined as a cumulative risk derived from aggregating the contributions of many DNA variants associated with a complex trait, may be integrated with data on environmental factors affecting the disease risk or protection.
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López-Valencia D, Medina-Ortega Á, Hoyos-Samboní DF, Saavedra-Torres JS, Salguero C. Epstein-Barr virus infection as a predisposing factor for multiple sclerosis. An update from molecular biology, immunology and epidemiology. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v67n3.70149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Epstein-Barr virus is an infectious agent used to immortalize and induce polyclonal activation of B cells. It has been widely described that this virus produces changes in the cells it infects and in the immune response, and stimulates the development of autoimmune diseases.Objective: To characterize the association between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis described in current scientific literature.Materials and methods: A 59-years range literature search was conducted in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Redalyc and SciELO databases using the following MeSH terms: “Epstein-Barr virus, multiple sclerosis autoimmune diseases, autoimmune diseases of the nervous system”.Results: Many studies describe the association between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. It is believed that acute infection and viral reactivation promote the development of multiple sclerosis.Conclusions: It is necessary to conduct further research on the pathogenesis and morphophysiological and neuroimmunological changes –at the ecological, molecular, cellular, tissue, organic and systemic level– induced by the immune response and that favor the development of multiple sclerosis.
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The association of rs703842 variants in CYP27B1 with multiple sclerosis susceptibility is influenced by the HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele in Slovaks. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:123-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Macías Islas MÁ, Ciampi E. Assessment and Impact of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E22. [PMID: 30893874 PMCID: PMC6466345 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment affects 40⁻60% of patients with multiple sclerosis. It may be present early in the course of the disease and has an impact on a patient's employability, social interactions, and quality of life. In the last three decades, an increasing interest in diagnosis and management of cognitive impairment has arisen. Neuropsychological assessment and neuroimaging studies focusing on cognitive impairment are now being incorporated as primary outcomes in clinical trials. However, there are still key uncertainties concerning the underlying mechanisms of damage, neural basis, sensitivity and validity of neuropsychological tests, and efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The present article aimed to present an overview of the assessment, neural correlates, and impact of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethel Ciampi
- Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Neurology, Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
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Hachim MY, Elemam NM, Maghazachi AA. The Beneficial and Debilitating Effects of Environmental and Microbial Toxins, Drugs, Organic Solvents and Heavy Metals on the Onset and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E147. [PMID: 30841532 PMCID: PMC6468554 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system is common amongst young adults, leading to major personal and socioeconomic burdens. However, it is still considered complex and challenging to understand and treat, in spite of the efforts made to explain its etiopathology. Despite the discovery of many genetic and environmental factors that might be related to its etiology, no clear answer was found about the causes of the illness and neither about the detailed mechanism of these environmental triggers that make individuals susceptible to MS. In this review, we will attempt to explore the major contributors to MS autoimmunity including genetic, epigenetic and ecological factors with a particular focus on toxins, chemicals or drugs that may trigger, modify or prevent MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y Hachim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and the Immuno-Oncology group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Noha M Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and the Immuno-Oncology group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and the Immuno-Oncology group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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10
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Dietary Inflammatory Index and clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:979-988. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nejati A, Shoja Z, Farahmand M, Shahmahmoodi S, Akrami K, Hamid KM, Tafakhori A, Doosti R, Sahraian MA, Marashi SM. Human herpes virus 6 status in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Intern Med J 2018; 47:339-341. [PMID: 28260258 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Akrami
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kabir M Hamid
- International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Rozita Doosti
- MS Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Sahraian
- MS Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed M Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Čierny D, Lehotský J, Kantorová E, Sivák Š, Javor J, Kurča E, Dobrota D, Michalik J. The HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles are associated with multiple sclerosis disability progression in Slovak population. Neurol Res 2018; 40:607-614. [PMID: 29619906 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1456711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our present study was to analyse the association of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles and genotypes with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disability progression in a cohort of Central European Slovak population. METHODS The allele and genotype variants were analyzed in 282 non-related MS patients. Rate of disease disability progression was evaluated using EDSS score in the 5th, 7th, 10th, and 15th year of disease duration, time to reach EDSS score 3 and 5, and MSSS score. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. RESULTS We found that carriers of homozygous genotype for alleles DRB1*15 and DQB1*03 reached EDSS score 3 significantly earlier than non-carriers of these alleles (p = 0.0172; p = 0.00183, respectively). Genotype DQB1*03/03 carriage was also associated with significantly reduced time to reach EDSS score 5 (p = 0.00316). Lower EDSS score in the 5th year of disease duration was found in carriers of DRB1*07 allele (p cor = 0.028). When MSSS score was used, genotype DRB1*15/15 was found to be less frequent in slow progressing MS patients, when compared to MS patients with mid-rate and rapid disease disability progression (p cor = 0.0305). DISCUSSION We showed for the first time that HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 genotypes are genetic markers associated with disability progression in Slovak MS patients. Genotypes DRB1*15/15 and DQB1*03/*03 were identified as short-term clinical negative prognostic factors, while allele DRB1*07 carriage appeared to be a positive prognostic marker of better MS outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Čierny
- a Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin , Martin , Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Lehotský
- b Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovak Republic
| | - Ema Kantorová
- c Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Neurology , Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin , Martin , Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Sivák
- c Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Neurology , Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin , Martin , Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Javor
- d Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunology , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Egon Kurča
- c Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Neurology , Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin , Martin , Slovak Republic
| | - Dušan Dobrota
- a Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin , Martin , Slovak Republic.,b Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed , Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Michalik
- c Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Neurology , Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin , Martin , Slovak Republic
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Gharagozloo M, Gris KV, Mahvelati T, Amrani A, Lukens JR, Gris D. NLR-Dependent Regulation of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2012. [PMID: 29403486 PMCID: PMC5778124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with inappropriate activation of lymphocytes, hyperinflammatory responses, demyelination, and neuronal damage. In the past decade, a number of biological immunomodulators have been developed that suppress the peripheral immune responses and slow down the progression of the disease. However, once the inflammation of the CNS has commenced, it can cause serious permanent neuronal damage. Therefore, there is a need for developing novel therapeutic approaches that control and regulate inflammatory responses within the CNS. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular regulators of inflammation expressed by many cell types within the CNS. They redirect multiple signaling pathways initiated by pathogens and molecules released by injured tissues. NLR family members include positive regulators of inflammation, such as NLRP3 and NLRC4 and anti-inflammatory NLRs, such as NLRX1 and NLRP12. They exert immunomodulatory effect at the level of peripheral immune responses, including antigen recognition and lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Also, NLRs regulate tissue inflammatory responses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that are placed at the crossroad of innate and adaptive immune responses, such as NLR-dependent pathways, could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide a summary of the role of NLRs in the pathogenesis of MS. We also summarize how anti-inflammatory NLRs regulate the immune response within the CNS. Finally, we speculate the therapeutic potential of targeting NLRs in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Gharagozloo
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Katsiaryna V. Gris
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tara Mahvelati
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Denis Gris
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Hammas K, Yaouanq J, Lannes M, Edan G, Viel JF. Small-area distribution of multiple sclerosis incidence in western France: in search of environmental triggers. Int J Health Geogr 2017; 16:35. [PMID: 28934989 PMCID: PMC5609066 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-017-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intensive research over several decades, the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains poorly understood, although environmental factors are supposedly implicated. Our goal was to identify spatial clusters of MS incident cases at the small-area level to provide clues to local environmental risk factors that might cause or trigger the disease. METHODS A population-based and multi-stage study was performed in the French Brittany region to accurately ascertain the clinical onset of disease during the 2000-2004 period. The municipality of residence at the time of clinical onset was geocoded. To test for the presence of MS incidence clusters and to identify their approximate locations, we used a spatial scan statistic. We adjusted for socioeconomic deprivation, known to be strongly associated with increased MS incident rates, and scanned simultaneously for areas with either high or low rates. Sensitivity analyses (focusing on relapsing-remitting forms and/or places of residence available within the year following clinical onset) were performed. RESULTS A total of 848 incident cases of MS were registered in Brittany, corresponding to a crude annual incidence rate of 5.8 per 100,000 inhabitants. The spatial scan statistic did not find a significant cluster of MS incidence in either the primary analysis (p value ≥ 0.56) or in the sensitivity analyses (p value ≥ 0.16). CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that MS incidence is not markedly affected across space, suggesting that in the years preceding the first clinical expression of the disease, no environmental trigger is operative at the small-area population level in the French Brittany region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Hammas
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University Hospital, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Jacqueline Yaouanq
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University Hospital, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Morgane Lannes
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University Hospital, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Edan
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-François Viel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University Hospital, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France. .,INSERM-IRSET No 1085, Epidemiological Research on Environment, Reproduction and Development, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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15
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Fontes LB, Dias DDS, Aarestrup BJ, Aarestrup FM, Da Silva Filho AA, Corrêa JODA. β -Caryophyllene ameliorates the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:257-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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16
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Dynamical footprint of cross-reactivity in a human autoimmune T-cell receptor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42496. [PMID: 28195200 PMCID: PMC5307354 DOI: 10.1038/srep42496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work focuses on the dynamical aspects of cross-reactivity between myelin based protein (MBP) self-peptide and two microbial peptides (UL15, PMM) for Hy.1B11 T-cell receptor (TCR). This same TCR was isolated from a patient suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). The study aims at highlighting the chemical interactions underlying recognition mechanisms between TCR and the peptides presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins, which form a crucial component in adaptive immune response against foreign antigens. Since the ability of a TCR to recognize different peptide antigens presented by MHC depends on its cross-reactivity, we used molecular dynamics methods to obtain atomistic detail on TCR-peptide-MHC complexes. Our results show how the dynamical basis of Hy.1B11 TCR’s cross-reactivity is rooted in a similar bridging interaction pattern across the TCR-peptide-MHC interface. Our simulations confirm the importance of TCR CDR3α E98 residue interaction with MHC and a predominant role of P6 peptide residue in MHC binding affinity. Altogether, our study provides energetic and dynamical insights into factors governing peptide recognition by the cross-reactive Hy.1B11 TCR, found in MS patient.
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Boyko AN, Gusev EI. Current algorithms of diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis based on the individual assessment of the patient. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:92-106. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171172292-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mameli G, Cocco E, Frau J, Marrosu MG, Sechi LA. Epstein Barr Virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides are recognized in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22401. [PMID: 26956729 PMCID: PMC4783662 DOI: 10.1038/srep22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epitopes elicit a consistent humoral response in serum of multiple sclerosis patients, but the cross reactivity against the homologous myelin basic protein (MBP) and human interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) has not been searched within the Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF). We evaluated in sera and CSF of patients with MS and with other neurological diseases (OND) the humoral response against EBV/MAP peptides and the IRF5/MBP. Our data showed that EBV and MAP peptides are able to induce a specific humoral immune response in MS patients compared to OND controls both in serum and in CSF. An intrathecal specific synthesis of IgG against MBP and their EBV and MAP homologous as indicated by the antibody index was observed in MS patients. The humoral response against EBV, MAP, MBP and IRF5 was significantly higher in MS patients compared to OND both in serum and in CSF. The higher presence of antibodies against MBP and their MAP and EBV homologous in CSF during relapses suggests a possible role of the pathogens in enhancing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mameli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jessica Frau
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche "Mario Aresu", Università di Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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19
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Trabatti C, Foiadelli T, Spartà MV, Gagliardone C, Rinaldi B, Delmonte M, Lozza A, Savasta S. Paediatric clinically isolated syndromes: report of seven cases, differential diagnosis and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:69-77. [PMID: 26584554 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few paediatric cases of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) have been described in literature, even though it has been increasingly recognized also in this age group. Our study retrospectively enrolled seven Italian patients (four males and three females) who met the International Paediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (IPMSSG) 2012 criteria for clinically isolated syndrome over the period 2010-2014; their clinical, laboratory and imaging findings were compared with current literature and with those seen in five patients (three males and two females) with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, who were followed in our department over the same years (mean follow-up time 2.84 ± 1.8 years). RESULTS In our CIS sample, male sex was prevalent, 42.8 % of patients had a multifocal presentation, MRI lesions mostly appeared confluent and with poorly defined margins, and CSF oligoclonal bands (OCBs) were identified in 28.6 %. All acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) patients had polyfocal presentation and encephalopathy; large MRI subcortical lesions and polyclonal IgG distribution were identified. During the subsequent follow-up assessments, MRI scan revealed new lesions in three CIS patients, while in ADEM children it appeared normal. CONCLUSIONS Paediatric CIS patients often show peculiar epidemiological, clinical and radiological features, which significantly differ from adult ones. The presence of encephalopathy and of extended MRI lesions leads to a diagnosis of ADEM, instead. In CIS patients the presence of multiple asymptomatic MRI lesions and of OCBs revealed to be the most predictive risk factors for progression to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS), so a regular long-term follow-up is recommended; in ADEM, no suitable risk factors for a relapse could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Trabatti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Valentina Spartà
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Gagliardone
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Berardo Rinaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Delmonte
- Department of Radiology, Radio diagnostic service, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lozza
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Mameli G, Madeddu G, Cossu D, Galleri G, Manetti R, Babudieri S, Mura MS, Sechi LA. Immune response induced by Epstein-Barr virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides in current and past infectious mononucleosis: a risk for multiple sclerosis? Eur J Neurol 2015; 23:140-7. [PMID: 26453465 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism linking these pathologies is unclear. Different reports indicate the association of EBV, and recently Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), with MS. For a better understanding of the role of these pathogens, the host response induced by selected antigenic peptides in subjects with a history of IM that significantly increases the risk of MS was investigated. METHODS Both humoral and cell-mediated response against peptides able to induce a specific immune activation in MS patients deriving from lytic and latent EBV antigens BOLF1(305-320), EBNA1(400-413), from MAP MAP_4027(18-32), MAP_0106c(121-132) and from human proteins IRF5(424-434) and MBP(85-98) in subjects with current and past IM were examined. RESULTS EBNA1 and MAP_0106c peptides were able to induce a humoral immune response in subjects with a history of clinical IM in an independent manner. Moreover, these peptides were capable of inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon γ by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α by CD14+ monocyte cells. CONCLUSION Our results highlight that EBV and MAP may be involved independently in the same causal process leading to MS in subjects with a history of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mameli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Madeddu
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - D Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Galleri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - R Manetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - S Babudieri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - M Stella Mura
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - L A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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21
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Nejati A, Shoja Z, Shahmahmoodi S, Tafakhori A, Mollaei-Kandelous Y, Rezaei F, Hamid KM, Mirshafiey A, Doosti R, Sahraian MA, Mahmoudi M, Shokri F, Emery V, Marashi SM. EBV and vitamin D status in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with a unique cytokine signature. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 205:143-54. [PMID: 26365612 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, a debilitating autoimmune and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, is associated with both infectious and non-infectious factors. We investigated the role of EBV infection, vitamin D level, and cytokine signature in MS patients. Molecular and serological assays were used to investigate immune biomarkers, vitamin D level, and EBV status in 83 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 62 healthy controls. In total, 98.8 % of MS patients showed a history of EBV exposure compared to 88.6 % in the healthy group (p = 0.005). EBV DNA load was significantly higher in MS patients than healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). Using a panel of biomarkers, we found a distinct transcriptional signature in MS patients compared to the healthy group with mRNA levels of CD73, IL-6, IL-23, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-28, and IL-17 significantly elevated in MS patients (p < 0.0001). In contrast, the mRNA levels for TGF-β, IDO, S1PR1, IL-10, and CCL-3 were significantly lower in MS patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found with the mRNA levels of IL-13, CCL-5, and FOXP3. Interestingly, in MS patients we found an inverse correlation between vitamin D concentration and EBV load, but not EBNA-1 IgG antibody levels. Our data highlight biomarker correlates in MS patients together with a complex interplay between EBV replication and vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
| | | | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Rezaei
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Kabir Magaji Hamid
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Immunology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Rozita Doosti
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Mahmoudi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Immunology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vince Emery
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran. .,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis progressing to multiple sclerosis: are infectious triggers involved? Immunol Res 2015; 60:16-22. [PMID: 24668297 PMCID: PMC7091333 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are demyelinating disorders affecting the central nervous system. An autoimmune aetiology has been proposed for both. ADEM principally affects adolescents following acute infection by a variety of pathogens and has also been reported to occur following vaccination. ADEM typically resolves following medical treatment, whereas MS follows a more relapsing and remitting course. The pathogenesis of MS remains unclear, but it is thought that a combination of infectious and non-infectious environmental factors and host genetics act synergistically to cause disease. A variety of viruses, including Epstein Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, have been implicated as possible infectious triggers. The similar clinical and pathological presentation of ADEM and MS presents a diagnostic challenge for distinguishing ADEM from a first episode of MS. Some cases of ADEM progress to MS for reasons that are not currently clear. This review examines the evidence for infectious agents as triggers for ADEM progressing to MS and suggests potential methods that may facilitate identification of infectious agents that may be responsible for the pathogenesis of ADEM to MS.
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23
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Genetic variants in interleukin 7 receptor α chain (IL-7Ra) are associated with multiple sclerosis risk and disability progression in Central European Slovak population. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 282:80-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Ricigliano VAG, Handel AE, Sandve GK, Annibali V, Ristori G, Mechelli R, Cader MZ, Salvetti M. EBNA2 binds to genomic intervals associated with multiple sclerosis and overlaps with vitamin D receptor occupancy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119605. [PMID: 25853421 PMCID: PMC4390304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a non-heritable factor that associates with multiple sclerosis (MS). However its causal relationship with the disease is still unclear. The virus establishes a complex co-existence with the host that includes regulatory influences on gene expression. Hence, if EBV contributes to the pathogenesis of MS it may do so by interacting with disease predisposing genes. To verify this hypothesis we evaluated EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2, a protein that recent works by our and other groups have implicated in disease development) binding inside MS associated genomic intervals. We found that EBNA2 binding occurs within MS susceptibility sites more than expected by chance (factor of observed vs expected overlap [O/E] = 5.392-fold, p < 2.0e-05). This remains significant after controlling for multiple genomic confounders. We then asked whether this observation is significant per se or should also be viewed in the context of other disease relevant gene-environment interactions, such as those attributable to vitamin D. We therefore verified the overlap between EBNA2 genomic occupancy and vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding sites. EBNA2 shows a striking overlap with VDR binding sites (O/E = 96.16-fold, p < 2.0e-05), even after controlling for the chromatin accessibility state of shared regions (p <0.001). Furthermore, MS susceptibility regions are preferentially targeted by both EBNA2 and VDR than by EBNA2 alone (enrichment difference = 1.722-fold, p = 0.0267). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that EBV participates in the gene-environment interactions that predispose to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito A. G. Ricigliano
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Adam E. Handel
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Geir K. Sandve
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway
| | - Viviana Annibali
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - M. Zameel Cader
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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25
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Hill EV, Ng THS, Burton BR, Oakley CM, Malik K, Wraith DC. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 controls IL-10 expression in CD4(+) effector T-cell subsets through epigenetic modification of the IL-10 promoter. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1103-15. [PMID: 25627813 PMCID: PMC4405077 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) plays an important role in balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We have examined the role of GSK3 in production of IL-10 by subsets of CD4(+) T helper cells. Treatment of naive murine CD4(+) T cells with GSK3 inhibitors did not affect their production of IL-10. However, treatment of Th1 and Th2 cells with GSK3 inhibitors dramatically increased production of IL-10. GSK3 inhibition also led to upregulation of IL-10 among Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets isolated from human blood. The encephalitogenic potential of GSK3 inhibitor treated murine Th1 cells was significantly reduced in adoptive transfer experiments by an IL-10-dependent mechanism. Analysis of the murine IL-10 promoter in response to inhibition of GSK3 in Th1 cells showed modification to a transcriptionally active state indicated by changes in histone H3 acetylation and methylation. Additionally, GSK3 inhibition increased expression of the transcription factors c-Maf, Nfil3, and GATA3, correlating with the increase in IL-10. These findings are important in the context of autoimmune disease since they show that it is possible to reprogram disease-causing cells through GSK3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine V Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - T H Sky Ng
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - Bronwen R Burton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - Charly M Oakley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - Karim Malik
- Cancer Epigenetics Lab, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
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26
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease. It is typically fatal within 2-5 years of symptom onset. The incidence of ALS is largely uniform across most parts of the world, but an increasing ALS incidence during the last decades has been suggested. Although recent genetic studies have substantially improved our understanding of the causes of ALS, especially familial ALS, an important role of non-genetic factors in ALS is recognized and needs further study. In this review, we briefly discuss several major genetic contributors to ALS identified to date, followed by a more focused discussion on the most commonly examined non-genetic risk factors for ALS. We first review factors related to lifestyle choices, including smoking, intake of antioxidants, physical fitness, body mass index, and physical exercise, followed by factors related to occupational and environmental exposures, including electromagnetic fields, metals, pesticides, β-methylamino-L-alanine, and viral infection. Potential links between ALS and other medical conditions, including head trauma, metabolic diseases, cancer, and inflammatory diseases, are also discussed. Finally, we outline several future directions aiming to more efficiently examine the role of non-genetic risk factors in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ingre
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per M Roos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Freya Kamel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Kumar A, Sechi LA, Caboni P, Marrosu MG, Atzori L, Pieroni E. Dynamical insights into the differential characteristics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptide binding to HLA-DRB1 proteins associated with multiple sclerosis. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01903b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Differential properties of MAP binding to HLA proteins in Sardinian MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris
- Biomedicine Dept
- Pula (CA)
- Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Microbiology and Virology Unit
- University of Sassari
- Sassari
- Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center
- Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine
- University of Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit
- University of Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Enrico Pieroni
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris
- Biomedicine Dept
- Pula (CA)
- Italy
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28
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Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Macías-Islas MÁ, Flores-Alvarado LJ, Mireles-Ramírez MA, González-Renovato ED, Hernández-Navarro VE, Sánchez-López AL, Alatorre-Jiménez MA. Role of the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:687-97. [PMID: 25431839 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system associated with demyelination and axonal loss eventually leading to neurodegeneration. MS exhibits many of the hallmarks of an inflammatory autoimmune disorder including breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a complex organization of cerebral endothelial cells, pericytes and their basal lamina, which are surrounded and supported by astrocytes and perivascular macrophages. In pathological conditions, lymphocytes activated in the periphery infiltrate the central nervous system to trigger a local immune response that ultimately damages myelin and axons. Cytotoxic factors including pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteases, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species accumulate and may contribute to myelin destruction. Dysregulation of the BBB and transendothelial migration of activated leukocytes are among the earliest cerebrovascular abnormalities seen in MS brains and parallel the release of inflammatory cytokines. In this review we establish the importance of the role of the BBB in MS. Improvements in our understanding of molecular mechanism of BBB functioning in physiological and pathological conditions could lead to improvement in the quality of life of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Gabriel Ortiz
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Fermín Paul Pacheco-Moisés
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Miguel Ángel Macías-Islas
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Especialidades (HE), Centro Médico de Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Luis Javier Flores-Alvarado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Mario A Mireles-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Especialidades (HE), Centro Médico de Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Erika Daniela González-Renovato
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Vanessa Elizabeth Hernández-Navarro
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Angélica Lizeth Sánchez-López
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Moisés Alejandro Alatorre-Jiménez
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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29
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Čierny D, Michalik J, Kurča E, Dobrota D, Lehotský J. FokI vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in association with multiple sclerosis risk and disability progression in Slovaks. Neurol Res 2014; 37:301-8. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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30
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Annibali V, Mechelli R, Romano S, Buscarinu MC, Fornasiero A, Umeton R, Ricigliano VAG, Orzi F, Coccia EM, Salvetti M, Ristori G. IFN-β and multiple sclerosis: from etiology to therapy and back. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:221-8. [PMID: 25466632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several immunomodulatory treatments are currently available for relapsing-remitting forms of multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Interferon beta (IFN) was the first therapeutic intervention able to modify the course of the disease and it is still the most used first-line treatment in RRMS. Though two decades have passed since IFN-β was introduced in the management of MS, it remains a valid approach because of its good benefit/risk profile. This is witnessed by new efforts of pharmaceutical industry to improve this line: a PEGylated form of subcutaneous IFN-β 1a, (Plegridy(®)) with a longer half-life, has been recently approved in RRMS. This review will survey the various stages of the use of type I IFN in MS, with special attention to the effect of the treatment on the supposed viral etiologic factors associated to the disease. The antiviral activities of IFN (that initially prompted its use as immunomodulatory agent in MS), and the mounting evidences in favor of a viral etiology in MS, allowed us to outline a re-appraisal from etiology to therapy and back.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Annibali
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - R Mechelli
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - S Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M C Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - A Fornasiero
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - R Umeton
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - V A G Ricigliano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia-I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - F Orzi
- Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - E M Coccia
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - G Ristori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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31
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Torabi M, Green C, Yu N, Marrie RA. Application of Three Focused Cluster Detection Methods to Study Geographic Variation in the Incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in Manitoba, Canada. Neuroepidemiology 2014; 43:38-48. [DOI: 10.1159/000365761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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32
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El Waly B, Macchi M, Cayre M, Durbec P. Oligodendrogenesis in the normal and pathological central nervous system. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:145. [PMID: 24971048 PMCID: PMC4054666 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are generated late in development and myelination is thus a tardive event in the brain developmental process. It is however maintained whole life long at lower rate, and myelin sheath is crucial for proper signal transmission and neuronal survival. Unfortunately, OLGs present a high susceptibility to oxidative stress, thus demyelination often takes place secondary to diverse brain lesions or pathologies. OLGs can also be the target of immune attacks, leading to primary demyelination lesions. Following oligodendrocytic death, spontaneous remyelination may occur to a certain extent. In this review, we will mainly focus on the adult brain and on the two main sources of progenitor cells that contribute to oligodendrogenesis: parenchymal oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived progenitors. We will shortly come back on the main steps of oligodendrogenesis in the postnatal and adult brain, and summarize the key factors involved in the determination of oligodendrocytic fate. We will then shed light on the main causes of demyelination in the adult brain and present the animal models that have been developed to get insight on the demyelination/remyelination process. Finally, we will synthetize the results of studies searching for factors able to modulate spontaneous myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal El Waly
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Magali Macchi
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Cayre
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Durbec
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
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33
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Bamm VV, Harauz G. Hemoglobin as a source of iron overload in multiple sclerosis: does multiple sclerosis share risk factors with vascular disorders? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1789-98. [PMID: 24504127 PMCID: PMC11113400 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although iron is known to be essential for the normal development and health of the central nervous system, abnormal iron deposits are found in and around multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions that themselves are closely associated with the cerebral vasculature. However, the origin of this excess iron is unknown, and it is not clear whether this is one of the primary causative events in the pathogenesis of MS, or simply another consequence of the long-lasting inflammatory conditions. Here, applying a systems biology approach, we propose an additional way for understanding the neurodegenerative component of the disease caused by chronic subclinical extravasation of hemoglobin, in combination with multiple other factors including, but not limited to, dysfunction of different cellular protective mechanisms against extracellular hemoglobin reactivity and oxidative stress. Moreover, such considerations could also shed light on and explain the higher susceptibility of MS patients to a wide range of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Bamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - George Harauz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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34
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Valera P, Zavattari P, Albanese S, Cicchella D, Dinelli E, Lima A, De Vivo B. A correlation study between multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes incidences and geochemical data in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:79-98. [PMID: 23567975 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Complex multifactorial disorders usually arise in individuals genetically at risk in the presence of permissive environmental factors. For many of these diseases, predisposing gene variants are partly known while the identification of the environmental component is much more difficult. This study aims to investigate whether there are correlations between the incidence of two complex traits, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, and some chemical elements and compounds present in soils and stream sediments in Europe. Data were obtained from the published literature and analyzed by calculating the mean values of each element and of disease incidence for each Country, respectively, 17 for multiple sclerosis and 21 for type 1 diabetes. Correlation matrices and regression analyses were used in order to compare incidence data and geochemical data. R correlation index and significance were evaluated. The analyses performed in this study have revealed significant positive correlations between barium and sodium oxide on one hand and multiple sclerosis and diabetes incidences on the other hand that may suggest interactions to be evaluated between silicon-rich lithologies and/or marine environments. The negative correlations shown by cobalt, chromium and nickel (typical of silicon-poor environment), which in this case can be interpreted as protective effects against the two diseases onset, make the split between favorable and protective environments even more obvious. In conclusion, if other studies will confirm the involvement of the above elements and compounds in the etiology of these pathologies, then it will be possible to plan strategies to reduce the spread of these serious pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Valera
- Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123, Cagliari, Italy,
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35
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Abstract
We recently introduced the concept of the infectome as a means of studying all infectious factors which contribute to the development of autoimmune disease. It forms the infectious part of the exposome, which collates all environmental factors contributing to the development of disease and studies the sum total of burden which leads to the loss of adaptive mechanisms in the body. These studies complement genome-wide association studies, which establish the genetic predisposition to disease. The infectome is a component which spans the whole life and may begin at the earliest stages right up to the time when the first symptoms manifest, and may thus contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity at the prodromal/asymptomatic stages. We provide practical examples and research tools as to how we can investigate disease-specific infectomes, using laboratory approaches employed from projects studying the “immunome” and “microbiome”. It is envisioned that an understanding of the infectome and the environmental factors that affect it will allow for earlier patient-specific intervention by clinicians, through the possible treatment of infectious agents as well as other compounding factors, and hence slowing or preventing disease development.
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36
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Kumar A, Melis P, Genna V, Cocco E, Marrosu MG, Pieroni E. Antigenic peptide molecular recognition by the DRB1–DQB1 haplotype modulates multiple sclerosis susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:2043-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00203b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DRB1–DQB1 binding affinities in peptide molecular recognition process. (A) In protective haplotype DRB1 allele displays a preferential affinity for MBP peptide, while (B) in predisposing haplotype DQB1 allele displays a preferential affinity for EBNA1 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
- Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine
- University of Cagliari
| | - Paola Melis
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
| | - Vito Genna
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine
- University of Cagliari
- Italy
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37
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Smyk DS, Orfanidou T, Invernizzi P, Bogdanos DP, Lenzi M. Vitamin D in autoimmune liver disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013; 37:535-45. [PMID: 23845396 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of autoimmune disease is based on the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental causes. Environmental factors include infectious and non-infectious agents, with some of these factors being implicated in several autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D is now believed to play a role in the development (or prevention) of several autoimmune diseases, based on its immunomodulatory properties. As well, the increasing incidence of autoimmune disease as one moves away from the equator, may be due to the lack of sunlight, which is crucial for the maintenance of normal vitamin D levels. A deficiency in vitamin D levels or vitamin D receptors is commonly indicated in autoimmune diseases, with multiple sclerosis (MS) being one of the best-studied and well-known examples. However, the role of vitamin D in other autoimmune diseases is not well defined, including autoimmune liver diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. This review will examine the role of vitamin D as an immunomodulator, followed by a comparison of vitamin D in MS versus autoimmune liver disease. From this comparison, it will become clear that vitamin D likely plays a role in the development of autoimmune liver disease, but this area requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Smyk
- Institute of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London Medical School at King's College London Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
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38
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Lalive PH, Benkhoucha M, Tran NL, Kreutzfeldt M, Merkler D, Santiago-Raber ML. TLR7 signaling exacerbates CNS autoimmunity through downregulation of Foxp3+ Treg cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:46-57. [PMID: 24018482 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The innate Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) detects infections by recognizing viral and bacterial single-stranded RNA. In addition to pathogen-derived RNA, immune cells expressing high levels of TLR7, such as B cells and dendritic cells (DCs), can be activated by self-RNA. During myelin-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, TLR7 expression is increased within the central nervous system (CNS). To define the contribution of TLR7 to the development of EAE, we evaluated the course of the disease in C57BL/6-Tlr7-deficient mice compared with that in WT mice and found that TLR7-deficient mice had decreased disease severity. This protection was associated with decreased myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T-cell activation by primed DCs, decreased circulating autoantibodies, attenuated inflammation within the CNS, and increased Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in the periphery and in the CNS. In conclusion, we show that TLR7 is involved in the maintenance of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice H Lalive
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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39
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Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Bitzer-Quintero OK, Ramírez-Anguiano AC, Flores-Alvarado LJ, Ramírez-Ramírez V, Macias-Islas MA, Torres-Sánchez ED. Immunology and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: clinical and basic approach. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:708659. [PMID: 24174971 PMCID: PMC3794553 DOI: 10.1155/2013/708659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits many of the hallmarks of an inflammatory autoimmune disorder including breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the recruitment of lymphocytes, microglia, and macrophages to lesion sites, the presence of multiple lesions, generally being more pronounced in the brain stem and spinal cord, the predominantly perivascular location of lesions, the temporal maturation of lesions from inflammation through demyelination, to gliosis and partial remyelination, and the presence of immunoglobulin in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid. Lymphocytes activated in the periphery infiltrate the central nervous system to trigger a local immune response that ultimately damages myelin and axons. Pro-inflammatory cytokines amplify the inflammatory cascade by compromising the BBB, recruiting immune cells from the periphery, and activating resident microglia. inflammation-associated oxidative burst in activated microglia and macrophages plays an important role in the demyelination and free radical-mediated tissue injury in the pathogenesis of MS. The inflammatory environment in demyelinating lesions leads to the generation of oxygen- and nitrogen-free radicals as well as proinflammatory cytokines which contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Inflammation can lead to oxidative stress and vice versa. Thus, oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in a self-perpetuating cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro G. Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Mitocondria-Estrés Oxidativo y Patología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fermín P. Pacheco-Moisés
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421 CP 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oscar K. Bitzer-Quintero
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana C. Ramírez-Anguiano
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421 CP 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis J. Flores-Alvarado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de Ciencias Exactas de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950 CP 44350 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Viridiana Ramírez-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Mitocondria-Estrés Oxidativo y Patología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Macias-Islas
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Belisario Dominguez 1000 CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erandis D. Torres-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Mitocondria-Estrés Oxidativo y Patología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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40
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Zwischenberger BA, Beasley MM, Davenport DL, Xenos ES. Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Between Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency and Multiple Sclerosis. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2013; 47:620-4. [DOI: 10.1177/1538574413503562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether a correlation exists between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and Methods: A meta-analysis of the current literature was performed to evaluate the frequency of CCSVI, diagnosed by echo color Doppler criteria, in patients with MS and in normal controls. Results: In all, 19 studies were identified from January 2005 through February 2013; however, 3 studies were excluded due to duplicate data and 3 additional studies because 0 patients fulfilled CCSVI criteria in both MS and control groups. In order to improve homogeneity, 4 outlier studies were also removed from the analysis. Analysis of the remaining 9 studies demonstrated a significant correlation between CCSVI and MS (odds ratio 1.885, P < .0001) with no significant heterogeneity of the studies ( I2 = 18, P = .279). Conclusions: The meta-analysis demonstrated a correlation between CCSVI and MS. However, there was no evidence that CCSVI has a causative role in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary M. Beasley
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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41
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Pravica V, Markovic M, Cupic M, Savic E, Popadic D, Drulovic J, Mostarica-Stojkovic M. Multiple sclerosis: individualized disease susceptibility and therapy response. Biomark Med 2013; 7:59-71. [PMID: 23387485 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease in which diverse genetic, pathological and clinical backgrounds lead to variable therapy response. Accordingly, MS care should be tailored to address disease traits unique to each person. At the core of personalized management is the emergence of new knowledge, enabling optimized treatment and disease-modifying therapies. This overview analyzes the promise of genetic and nongenetic biomarkers in advancing decision-making algorithms to assist diagnosis or in predicting the disease course and therapy response in any given MS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pravica
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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42
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the CNS. At present, MS etiology remains unknown, but it is believed to be caused by environmental factors acting on a genetic predisposition. Several studies suggest that different microorganisms could play a role in triggering autoimmunity, through immunological cross-reactivity or molecular mimicry. An overview of the knowledge regarding the bacteria involved in MS is given, placing emphasis on the newest candidate proposed: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This review will focus on discussing several arguments that might support a causal role for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as an etiologic agent in MS. Additionally, a possible mechanism is postulated attempting to explain how the bacteria could initiate autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental & Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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43
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Vaishnav RA, Liu R, Chapman J, Roberts AM, Ye H, Rebolledo-Mendez JD, Tabira T, Fitzpatrick AH, Achiron A, Running MP, Friedland RP. Aquaporin 4 molecular mimicry and implications for neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:92-8. [PMID: 23664693 PMCID: PMC3682654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is associated with antibodies to aquaporin 4 (AQP4). We hypothesized that antibodies to AQP4 can be triggered by exposure to environmental proteins. We compared human AQP4 to plant and bacterial proteins to investigate the occurrence of significantly similar structures and sequences. High similarity to a known epitope for NMO-IgG, AQP4(207-232), was observed for corn ZmTIP4-1. NMO and non-NMO sera were assessed for reactivity to AQP4(207-232) and the corn peptide. NMO patient serum showed reactivity to both peptides as well as to plant tissue. These findings warrant further investigation into the role of the environment in NMO etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika A. Vaishnav
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ruolan Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Andrew M. Roberts
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Takeshi Tabira
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Anat Achiron
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Robert P. Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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44
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Mechelli R, Umeton R, Policano C, Annibali V, Coarelli G, Ricigliano VAG, Vittori D, Fornasiero A, Buscarinu MC, Romano S, Salvetti M, Ristori G. A "candidate-interactome" aggregate analysis of genome-wide association data in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63300. [PMID: 23696811 PMCID: PMC3655974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Though difficult, the study of gene-environment interactions in multifactorial diseases is crucial for interpreting the relevance of non-heritable factors and prevents from overlooking genetic associations with small but measurable effects. We propose a “candidate interactome” (i.e. a group of genes whose products are known to physically interact with environmental factors that may be relevant for disease pathogenesis) analysis of genome-wide association data in multiple sclerosis. We looked for statistical enrichment of associations among interactomes that, at the current state of knowledge, may be representative of gene-environment interactions of potential, uncertain or unlikely relevance for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, cytomegalovirus, HHV8-Kaposi sarcoma, H1N1-influenza, JC virus, human innate immunity interactome for type I interferon, autoimmune regulator, vitamin D receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and a panel of proteins targeted by 70 innate immune-modulating viral open reading frames from 30 viral species. Interactomes were either obtained from the literature or were manually curated. The P values of all single nucleotide polymorphism mapping to a given interactome were obtained from the last genome-wide association study of the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium & the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, 2. The interaction between genotype and Epstein Barr virus emerges as relevant for multiple sclerosis etiology. However, in line with recent data on the coexistence of common and unique strategies used by viruses to perturb the human molecular system, also other viruses have a similar potential, though probably less relevant in epidemiological terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Mechelli
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Umeton
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Policano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Annibali
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Coarelli
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito A. G. Ricigliano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Vittori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Fornasiero
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital-site, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Kumar A, Cocco E, Atzori L, Marrosu MG, Pieroni E. Structural and dynamical insights on HLA-DR2 complexes that confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Sardinia: a molecular dynamics simulation study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59711. [PMID: 23555757 PMCID: PMC3608583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sardinia is a major Island in the Mediterranean with a high incidence of multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Disease susceptibility in Sardinian population has been associated with five alleles of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB1 gene. We performed 120 ns of molecular dynamics simulation on one predisposing and one protective alleles, unbound and in complex with the two relevant peptides: Myelin Basic Protein and Epstein Barr Virus derived peptide. In particular we focused on the MHC peptide binding groove dynamics. The predisposing allele was found to form a stable complex with both the peptides, while the protective allele displayed stability only when bound with myelin peptide. The local flexibility of the MHC was probed dividing the binding groove into four compartments covering the well known peptide anchoring pockets. The predisposing allele in the first half cleft exhibits a narrower and more rigid groove conformation in the presence of myelin peptide. The protective allele shows a similar behavior, while in the second half cleft it displays a narrower and more flexible groove conformation in the presence of viral peptide. We further characterized these dynamical differences by evaluating H-bonds, hydrophobic and stacking interaction networks, finding striking similarities with super-type patterns emerging in other autoimmune diseases. The protective allele shows a defined preferential binding to myelin peptide, as confirmed by binding free energy calculations. All together, we believe the presented molecular analysis could help to design experimental assays, supports the molecular mimicry hypothesis and suggests that propensity to multiple sclerosis in Sardinia could be partly linked to distinct peptide-MHC interaction and binding characteristics of the antigen presentation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris, Bio-Engineering Group, Piscina Manna, Pula (CA) Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (AK); (EP)
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enrico Pieroni
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris, Bio-Engineering Group, Piscina Manna, Pula (CA) Italy
- * E-mail: (AK); (EP)
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Farjam M, Ebrahimpour A, Fakhraei B. CD21 positive B cell: a novel target for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:556-7. [PMID: 23384704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Etiologic-based therapy is an ideal pharmacological option to treat or prevent diseases. There is no known etiology for multiple sclerosis (MS); however, environmental risk factors have been suggested to predispose genetically susceptible people to be affected by the disease. One of these risk factors is infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Eradication of this virus has not been effective in modulation of MS, probably due to being inhabitant in the CD21 (EBV receptor) positive B cells. To eradicate this virus, targeting CD21 on these EBV-infected B cells is hypothesized here. A sequential study plan to test this hypothesis has been suggested too. This study might eventually suggest an effective immunopharmacological strategy to treat MS. Moreover, testing this strategy will help in better clarification of the role of EBV in MS disease triggering and predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Farjam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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47
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Bogdanos DP, Smyk DS, Invernizzi P, Rigopoulou EI, Blank M, Pouria S, Shoenfeld Y. Infectome: a platform to trace infectious triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:726-40. [PMID: 23266520 PMCID: PMC7105216 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The "exposome" is a term recently used to describe all environmental factors, both exogenous and endogenous, which we are exposed to in a lifetime. It represents an important tool in the study of autoimmunity, complementing classical immunological research tools and cutting-edge genome wide association studies (GWAS). Recently, environmental wide association studies (EWAS) investigated the effect of environment in the development of diseases. Environmental triggers are largely subdivided into infectious and non-infectious agents. In this review, we introduce the concept of the "infectome", which is the part of the exposome referring to the collection of an individual's exposures to infectious agents. The infectome directly relates to geoepidemiological, serological and molecular evidence of the co-occurrence of several infectious agents associated with autoimmune diseases that may provide hints for the triggering factors responsible for the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. We discuss the implications that the investigation of the infectome may have for the understanding of microbial/host interactions in autoimmune diseases with long, pre-clinical phases. It may also contribute to the concept of the human body as a superorganism where the microbiome is part of the whole organism, as can be seen with mitochondria which existed as microbes prior to becoming organelles in eukaryotic cells of multicellular organisms over time. A similar argument can now be made in regard to normal intestinal flora, living in symbiosis within the host. We also provide practical examples as to how we can characterise and measure the totality of a disease-specific infectome, based on the experimental approaches employed from the "immunome" and "microbiome" projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London, UK.
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48
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't Hart BA, Chalan P, Koopman G, Boots AMH. Chronic autoimmune-mediated inflammation: a senescent immune response to injury. Drug Discov Today 2012. [PMID: 23195330 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of chronic autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases (AIMIDs) in ageing western societies is a major challenge for the drug development industry. The current high medical need for more-effective treatments is at least in part caused by our limited understanding of the mechanisms that drive chronic inflammation. Here, we postulate a role for immunosenescence in the progression of acute to chronic inflammation via a dysregulated response to primary injury at the level of the damaged target organ. A corollary to this notion is that treatment of acute versus chronic phases of disease might require differential targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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49
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Liu X, Fang L, Guo TB, Mei H, Zhang JZ. Drug targets in the cytokine universe for autoimmune disease. Trends Immunol 2012; 34:120-8. [PMID: 23116550 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In autoimmune disease, a network of diverse cytokines is produced in association with disease susceptibility to constitute the 'cytokine milieu' that drives chronic inflammation. It remains elusive how cytokines interact in such a complex network to sustain inflammation in autoimmune disease. This has presented huge challenges for successful drug discovery because it has been difficult to predict how individual cytokine-targeted therapy would work. Here, we combine the principles of Chinese Taoism philosophy and modern bioinformatics tools to dissect multiple layers of arbitrary cytokine interactions into discernible interfaces and connectivity maps to predict movements in the cytokine network. The key principles presented here have important implications in our understanding of cytokine interactions and development of effective cytokine-targeted therapies for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Liu
- Department of Neuroimmunology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Center, Shanghai, China
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50
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Delbue S, Carluccio S, Ferrante P. The long and evolving relationship between viruses and multiple sclerosis. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of unknown etiology, possibly caused by a virus or is virus-triggered. Several viruses, including herpesviruses, were suggested as etiologic agents or risk factors for exacerbation in the course of illness but none have been shown to be irrefutably linked. Recently the interest of researchers and clinicians in the association between viruses and MS was reawakened by the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a demyelinating and fatal disease caused by JC polyomavirus replication, in natalizumab-treated MS patients. In this review, we will illustrate the evidence underlying the viral hypothesis for MS pathogenesis and will review the main features of the potential viral candidates. We will also describe the risks associated with newer MS therapies and with viral/bacterial vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Fondazione Ettore Sansavini, Health Science Foundation, Lugo, RA, Italy
| | - Silvia Carluccio
- Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Clinico Città Studi, Milan, Italy
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