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Sóki J, Wybo I, Baaity Z, Stefán G, Jeverica S, Ulger N, Stingu CS, Mahmood B, Burián K, Nagy E. Detection of the antibiotic resistance genes content of intestinal Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Phocaeicola isolates from healthy and carbapenem-treated patients from European countries. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:202. [PMID: 38851699 PMCID: PMC11162026 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteroides fragilis group (BFG) species are the most significant anaerobic pathogens and are also the most antibiotic-resistant anaerobic species. Therefore, surveying their antimicrobial resistance levels and investigating their antibiotic resistance mechanisms is recommended. Since their infections are endogenous and they are important constituents of the intestinal microbiota, the properties of the intestinal strains are also important to follow. The aim of this study was to investigate the main antibiotic gene content of microbiota isolates from healthy people and compare them with the gene carriage of strains isolated from infections. RESULTS We detected 13, mainly antibiotic resistance determinants of 184 intestinal BFG strains that were isolated in 5 European countries (Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia and Turkey) and compared these with values obtained earlier for European clinical strains. Differences were found between the values of this study and an earlier one for antibiotic resistance genes that are considered to be mobile, with higher degrees for cfxA, erm(F) and tet(Q) and with lower degrees for msrSA, erm(B) and erm(G). In addition, a different gene prevalence was found depending on the taxonomical groups, e.g., B. fragilis and NBFB. Some strains with both the cepA and cfiA β-lactamase genes were also detected, which is thought to be exceptional since until now, the B. fragilis genetic divisions were defined by the mutual exclusion of these two genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study detected the prevalences of a series of antibiotic resistance genes in intestinal Bacteroides strains which is a novelty. In addition, based on the current and some previous data we hypothesized that prevalence of some antibiotic resistance genes detected in the clinical and intestinal BFG strains were different, which could be accounted with the differential composition of the Bacteroides microbiota and/or the MGE mobilities at the luminal vs. mucosal sites of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Sóki
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre and Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ingrid Wybo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zain Baaity
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre and Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Glória Stefán
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre and Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Public Health, Government Office of the Capital City, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Samo Jeverica
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nurver Ulger
- Department of Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Catalina-Suzana Stingu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bakhtiyar Mahmood
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre and Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biology, University of Garmian, Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Katalin Burián
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre and Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elisabeth Nagy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre and Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Tao Y, Zhou E, Li F, Meng L, Li Q, Wu L. Allergenicity Alleviation of Bee Pollen by Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Regulation in Mice Allergic Mediators, Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213454. [PMID: 36360070 PMCID: PMC9658975 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee pollen as a nutrient-rich functional food has been considered for use as an adjuvant for chronic disease therapy. However, bee pollen can trigger food-borne allergies, causing a great concern to food safety. Our previous study demonstrated that the combined use of cellulase, pectinase and papain can hydrolyze allergens into peptides and amino acids, resulting in reduced allergenicity of bee pollen based on in vitro assays. Herein, we aimed to further explore the mechanisms behind allergenicity alleviation of enzyme-treated bee pollen through a BALB/c mouse model. Results showed that the enzyme-treated bee pollen could mitigate mice scratching frequency, ameliorate histopathological injury, decrease serum IgE level, and regulate bioamine production. Moreover, enzyme-treated bee pollen can modulate metabolic pathways and gut microbiota composition in mice, further supporting the alleviatory allergenicity of enzyme-treated bee pollen. The findings could provide a foundation for further development and utilization of hypoallergenic bee pollen products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Tao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100093, China
| | - Enning Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fukai Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lifeng Meng
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qiangqiang Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100093, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-132-6949-5300
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100093, China
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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Li X, Ma H, Sun Y, Li T, Wang C, Zheng H, Chen G, Du G, Ji G, Yang H, Xiao W, Qiu Y. Effects of fecal stream deprivation on human intestinal barrier after loop ileostomy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:1119-1130. [PMID: 35437816 PMCID: PMC9323512 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Intestinal homeostasis is closely associated with the normal intestinal luminal physiological environment. Temporary loop ileostomy changes the intestinal structure and diverts the fecal stream, thereby disturbing the intestinal environment. This study aimed to clarify the changing situation of the human intestinal mucosa barrier in the absence of a fecal stream after loop ileostomy. METHODS We obtained paired samples from the fed (fecal stream maintained) and unfed (no fecal stream) portions of the loop ileostomy and subjected these samples to RNA sequencing. We also determined transepithelial electrical resistance. The mucus layer thickness and content of MUC2, tight junction proteins, and common antimicrobial peptides in ileum mucosa were studied. RESULTS Transcriptome data revealed that genes associated with enhancing the intestinal barrier function of the unfed ileum were significantly decreased and genes associated with immune defense response were significantly increased. The transepithelial electrical resistance was lower and the mucus layer thickness was thinner in the unfed ileal mucosa than in the fed ileum. The MUC2, Occludin, and zonula occludens 1 content was lower in the unfed ileum than in the fed ileum. α-Defensin 5, α-defensin 6, and lysozyme content was higher in the unfed ileum than in the enterally fed ileum. CONCLUSION Intestinal barrier function is weakened after long-term fecal diversion, but antimicrobiota defense function is strengthened. Thus, the intestinal mucosa barrier adopts an alternative stable state during fecal diversion, which may explain the clinical paucity of cases of enterogenic infection caused by loop ileostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yiming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Teming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Preventive MedicineArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Guangyan Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Kałużna A, Olczyk P, Komosińska-Vassev K. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis and Development of the Inflammatory Response in Ulcerative Colitis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020400. [PMID: 35054093 PMCID: PMC8780689 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease with an underlying excessive immune response directed against resident microbiota and/or dietary antigens. Both innate and adaptive immune cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of UC. In the case of innate immune response cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages have a crucial impact on the development of the disease, as well as innate lymphoid cells, which have received a particular attention in recent years. On the other hand, mechanisms of the adaptive immune response involve cells such as: cytotoxic lymphocytes, regulatory lymphocytes Treg, or helper lymphocytes Th-Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, among which significant discoveries about Th9 and Th17 lymphocytes have been made in recent years. Due to the presence of antibodies directed against resident microbiota or one's own tissues, the influence of B lymphocytes on the development of UC is also highlighted. Additionally, the impact of cytokines on shaping the immune response as well as sustaining inflammation seems to be crucial. This review briefly describes the current state of knowledge about the involvement of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the pathogenesis of UC. The review is based on personal selection of literature that were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed using the terms "ulcerative colitis" and "pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis". It included systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical trials. Our knowledge of the involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of IBD has advanced rapidly over the last two decades, leading to the development of several immune-targeted treatments with a biological source, known as biologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kałużna
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-364-11-55
| | - Paweł Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Komosińska-Vassev
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Du L, Xu C, Liu Y, Liu Q, Fan S. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the effects of melatonin treatment for mice suffered from small intestinal damage induced by γ-ray radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1206-1216. [PMID: 34264173 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1956006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intestinal damage induced by radiation exposure is a major clinic concern of radiotherapy for patients with abdominal or pelvic tumor. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is likely be an ideal radioprotector to protect individuals from radiation exposure. The study aimed to define the role of melatonin in small intestinal damage caused by abdominal irradiation (ABI). MATERIALS AND METHODS 30-day survival rate and pathological histology of the intestines from melatonin-treated mice after 13 Gy ABI exposure was first detected. Next, quantitative proteomics analysis of the small intestines tissue was examined and GO term and KEGG pathways analysis were performed. RESULTS Melatonin treatment before ABI exposure significantly increased 30-day survival rate to 83% and ameliorated damage to the intestinal epithelial cells. Melatonin significantly altered the proteins profile of the small intestines following irradiation. For the irradiated mice treated with melatonin in comparison with the irradiated mice, the enriched GO terms were mainly involved in defense response to other organism (BP, GO: 0098542), response to other organism (BP, GO: 0051707), anion transmembrane transporter activity (MF, GO: 0008509), and secondary active transmembrane transporter activity (MF, GO: 0015291). In the process of antioxidant activity (MF, GO: 0016209), melatonin treatment prior to radiation exhibited high protein levels of Sod3 and Gpx3. The markedly KEGG pathways for melatonin treatment prior to radiation mainly included protein digestion and absorption (ko 04974) and mineral absorption (ko 04978). p53 signaling pathway and DNA repair pathways were enriched in melatonin treated mice. The amount of radiation-induced DNA damage and the cell apoptosis of the small intestines was decreased in the melatonin-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin may protect small intestines from radiation damage through increasing DNA repair and decreasing cell apoptosis of the small intestines. Our data provided perspective for the study of melatonin in mitigating ABI-caused intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqing Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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Gonneaud A, Turgeon N, Boisvert FM, Boudreau F, Asselin C. JAK-STAT Pathway Inhibition Partially Restores Intestinal Homeostasis in Hdac1- and Hdac2-Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Deficient Mice. Cells 2021; 10:224. [PMID: 33498747 PMCID: PMC7911100 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that histone deacetylase epigenetic regulator Hdac1 and Hdac2 deletion in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) disrupts mucosal tissue architecture and barrier, causing chronic inflammation. In this study, proteome and transcriptome analysis revealed the importance of signaling pathways induced upon genetic IEC-Hdac1 and Hdac2 deletion. Indeed, Gene Ontology biological process analysis of enriched deficient IEC RNA and proteins identified common pathways, including lipid metabolic and oxidation-reduction process, cell adhesion, and antigen processing and presentation, related to immune responses, correlating with dysregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes. Top upstream regulators included regulators associated with environmental sensing pathways to xenobiotics, microbial and diet-derived ligands, and endogenous metabolites. Proteome analysis revealed mTOR signaling IEC-specific defects. In addition to mTOR, the STAT and Notch pathways were dysregulated specifically in jejunal IEC. To determine the impact of pathway dysregulation on mutant jejunum alterations, we treated mutant mice with Tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor. Treatment with the inhibitor partially corrected proliferation and tight junction defects, as well as niche stabilization by increasing Paneth cell numbers. Thus, IEC-specific histone deacetylases 1 (HDAC1) and 2 (HDAC2) support intestinal homeostasis by regulating survival and translation processes, as well as differentiation and metabolic pathways. HDAC1 and HDAC2 may play an important role in the regulation of IEC-specific inflammatory responses by controlling, directly or indirectly, the JAK/STAT pathway. IEC-specific JAK/STAT pathway deregulation may be, at least in part, responsible for intestinal homeostasis disruption in mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gonneaud
- Département D’immunologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée Sur le Cancer, Faculté de Médecine et Des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada; (N.T.); (F.-M.B.); (F.B.); (C.A.)
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Meyer DC, Hill SS, Bebinger DM, McDade JA, Davids JS, Alavi K, Maykel JA. Resolution of multiply recurrent and multifocal diverticulitis after fecal microbiota transplantation. Tech Coloproctol 2020; 24:971-975. [PMID: 32601752 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-020-02275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact pathophysiology of diverticulitis is not well understood and may be multifactorial. Recent studies highlight dysbiosis as a plausible mechanism. FMT is a safe strategy to restore commensal colon microbiota and has proven to be an effective treatment for gastrointestinal dysbiosis such as Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). There have been no studies reporting the treatment of diverticulitis with FMT. Our aim was to describe the novel application of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for the treatment of recurrent diverticulitis. CASE We report a case of a 63-year-old woman who had a 13-year history of multiply recurrent and multifocal diverticulitis previously treated with numerous short courses of intravenous and oral antibiotics for acute flares, two segmental colon resections, and suppressive antibiotic therapy for recurrent disease. Secondary to multiple courses of antibiotics , the patient developed CDI. She was treated with a single round of FMT and subsequently stopped all antibiotics at the time of FMT. RESULTS In 20 months of follow-up, the patient has had no further recurrence of diverticulitis or CDI. CONCLUSIONS FMT could prove to be a novel therapy for refractory diverticulitis but requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Meyer
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, 67 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - S S Hill
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, 67 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - D M Bebinger
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - J A McDade
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, 67 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - J S Davids
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, 67 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - K Alavi
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, 67 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - J A Maykel
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, 67 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Deng Q, Shao Y, Wang Q, Li J, Li Y, Ding X, Huang P, Yin J, Yang H, Yin Y. Effects and interaction of dietary electrolyte balance and citric acid on the intestinal function of weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa106. [PMID: 32253427 PMCID: PMC7199884 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-six piglets (6.26 ± 0.64 kg BW) were weaned at 21 d and randomly assigned to one of the eight dietary treatments with seven replicate pens for a 14-d experimental period. The eight experimental diets were prepared via a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with citric acid (CA; 0% and 0.3%) and dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na + K - Cl mEq/kg of the diet; -50, 100, 250, and 400 mEq/kg). Varying dEB values were obtained by altering the contents of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. An interaction (P < 0.05) between dEB and CA in diarrhea score and the number of goblet cell in jejunum were observed. Ileum pH significantly decreased in weaned piglets fed 250 mEq/kg dEB diet compared with those fed -50 and 400 mEq/kg dEB diets (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.3% CA decreased the number of goblet cell in the ileal crypt (P < 0.05) and the relative mRNA expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), zona occludens-1, and Claudin-1 (P < 0.05). Increasing dEB values increased the number of goblet cells in the jejunal crypt (P < 0.05). A 250-mEq/kg dEB diet decreased the relative mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10 (P < 0.05) than 100-mEq/kg dEB diet. The interaction between dEB and CA on the relative abundances of Cyanobacteria and Saccharibacteria was observed (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.3% CA increased relative abundances of and Streptococcus hyointestinalis. Piglets fed 250-mEq/kg diet increased relative abundances of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus rennini, and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Veillonella, Actinobacillus minor, and Escherichia-Shigella.In conclusion, supplementation of 0.3% CA resulted in differential expression of inflammatory cytokines, ion transporters, and tight junction proteins, and changes in the microbial community composition. A 250-mEq/kg dEB diet reduced gastrointestinal pH and promoted the enrichment of beneficial microbes in the gut microbiota, thereby suppressing inflammation and harmful bacteria. However, the addition of CA to diets with different dEB values did not promote intestinal function in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Deng
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yirui Shao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiye Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xueqin Ding
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Sindberg GM, Callen SE, Banerjee S, Meng J, Hale VL, Hegde R, Cheney PD, Villinger F, Roy S, Buch S. Morphine Potentiates Dysbiotic Microbial and Metabolic Shifts in Acute SIV Infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:200-214. [PMID: 30242614 PMCID: PMC6917429 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pathogenesis has been closely linked with microbial translocation, which is believed to drive inflammation and HIV replication. Opioid drugs have been shown to worsen this symptom, leading to a faster progression of HIV infection to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The interaction of HIV and opioid drugs has not been studied at early stages of HIV, particularly in the gut microbiome where changes may precede translocation events. This study modeled early HIV infection by examining Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected primates at 21 days or less both independently and in the context of opioid use. Fecal samples were analyzed both for 16S analysis of microbial populations as well as metabolite profiles via mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that changes are minor in SIV treated animals in the time points examined, however animals treated with morphine and SIV had significant changes in their microbial communities and metabolic profiles. This occurred in a time-independent fashion with morphine regardless of how long the animal had morphine in its system. Globally, the observed changes support that microbial dysbiosis is occurring in these animals at an early time, which likely contributes to the translocation events observed later in SIV/HIV pathogenesis. Additionally, metabolic changes were predictive of specific treatment groups, which could be further developed as a diagnostic tool or future intervention target to overcome and slow the progression of HIV infection to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Sindberg
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Shannon E Callen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Vanessa L Hale
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Hegde
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Paul D Cheney
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA.
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11
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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist indigo protects against obesity-related insulin resistance through modulation of intestinal and metabolic tissue immunity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:2407-2421. [PMID: 30944419 PMCID: PMC6892742 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background/objectives Low-grade chronic inflammation in visceral adipose tissue and the intestines are important drivers of obesity associated insulin resistance. Bioactive compounds derived from plants are an important source of potential novel therapies for the treatment of chronic diseases. In search for new immune based treatments of obesity associated insulin resistance, we screened for tissue relevant anti-inflammatory properties in 20 plant-based extracts. Methods We screened 20 plant-based extracts to assess for preferential production of IL-10 compared to TNFα, specifically targetting metabolic tissues, including the visceral adipose tissue. We assessed the therapeutic potential of the strongest anti-inflammatory compound, indigo, in the C57BL/6J diet-induced obesity mouse model with supplementation for up to 16 weeks by measuring changes in body weight, glucose and insulin tolerance, and gut barrier function. We also utilized flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and histology to measure changes to immune cells populations and cytokine profiles in the intestine, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and liver. 16SrRNA sequencing was performed to examine gut microbial differences induced by indigo supplementation. Results We identifed indigo, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand agonist, as a potent inducer of IL-10 and IL-22, which protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance and fatty liver disease in the diet-induced obesity model. Therapeutic actions were mechanistically linked to decreased inflammatory immune cell tone in the intestine, VAT and liver. Specifically, indigo increased Lactobacillus bacteria and elicited IL-22 production in the gut, which improved intestinal barrier permeability and reduced endotoxemia. These changes were associated with increased IL-10 production by immune cells residing in liver and VAT. Conclusions Indigo is a naturally occurring AhR ligand with anti-inflammatory properties that effectively protects against HFD-induced glucose dysregulation. Compounds derived from indigo or those with similar properties could represent novel therapies for diseases associated with obesity-related metabolic tissue inflammation.
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12
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HDAC1 and HDAC2 independently regulate common and specific intrinsic responses in murine enteroids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5363. [PMID: 30926862 PMCID: PMC6441098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both HDAC1 and HDAC2 are class I deacetylases acting as erasers of lysine-acetyl marks on histones and non-histone proteins. Several histone deacetylase inhibitors, either endogenous to the cell, such as the ketogenic β-hydroxybutyrate metabolite, or exogenous, such as butyrate, a microbial-derived metabolite, regulate HDAC activity. Different combinations of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific Hdac1 and/or Hdac2 deletion differentially alter mucosal homeostasis in mice. Thus, HDAC1 and HDAC2 could act as sensors and transmitters of environmental signals to the mucosa. In this study, enteroid culture models deleted for Hdac1 or Hdac2 were established to determine IEC-specific function as assessed by global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Results show that Hdac1 or Hdac2 deficiency altered differentiation of Paneth and goblet secretory cells, which sustain physical and chemical protection barriers, and increased intermediate secretory cell precursor numbers. Furthermore, IEC Hdac1- and Hdac2-dependent common and specific biological processes were identified, including oxidation-reduction, inflammatory responses, and lipid-related metabolic processes, as well as canonical pathways and upstream regulators related to environment-dependent signaling through steroid receptor pathways, among others. These findings uncover unrecognized regulatory similarities and differences between Hdac1 and Hdac2 in IEC, and demonstrate how HDAC1 and HDAC2 may complement each other to regulate the intrinsic IEC phenotype.
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13
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Fürst P, Håkansson H, Halldorsson T, Lundebye AK, Pohjanvirta R, Rylander L, Smith A, van Loveren H, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Zeilmaker M, Binaglia M, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Horváth Z, Christoph E, Ciccolallo L, Ramos Bordajandi L, Steinkellner H, Hoogenboom LR. Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05333. [PMID: 32625737 PMCID: PMC7009407 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and DL-PCBs in feed and food. The data from experimental animal and epidemiological studies were reviewed and it was decided to base the human risk assessment on effects observed in humans and to use animal data as supportive evidence. The critical effect was on semen quality, following pre- and postnatal exposure. The critical study showed a NOAEL of 7.0 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g fat in blood sampled at age 9 years based on PCDD/F-TEQs. No association was observed when including DL-PCB-TEQs. Using toxicokinetic modelling and taking into account the exposure from breastfeeding and a twofold higher intake during childhood, it was estimated that daily exposure in adolescents and adults should be below 0.25 pg TEQ/kg bw/day. The CONTAM Panel established a TWI of 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week. With occurrence and consumption data from European countries, the mean and P95 intake of total TEQ by Adolescents, Adults, Elderly and Very Elderly varied between, respectively, 2.1 to 10.5, and 5.3 to 30.4 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, implying a considerable exceedance of the TWI. Toddlers and Other Children showed a higher exposure than older age groups, but this was accounted for when deriving the TWI. Exposure to PCDD/F-TEQ only was on average 2.4- and 2.7-fold lower for mean and P95 exposure than for total TEQ. PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs are transferred to milk and eggs, and accumulate in fatty tissues and liver. Transfer rates and bioconcentration factors were identified for various species. The CONTAM Panel was not able to identify reference values in most farm and companion animals with the exception of NOAELs for mink, chicken and some fish species. The estimated exposure from feed for these species does not imply a risk.
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14
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Shortt C, Hasselwander O, Meynier A, Nauta A, Fernández EN, Putz P, Rowland I, Swann J, Türk J, Vermeiren J, Antoine JM. Systematic review of the effects of the intestinal microbiota on selected nutrients and non-nutrients. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:25-49. [PMID: 29086061 PMCID: PMC5847024 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is considerable interest in the effects of the intestinal microbiota (IM) composition, its activities in relation with the metabolism of dietary substrates and the impact these effects may have in the development and prevention of certain non-communicable diseases. It is acknowledged that a complex interdependence exists between the IM and the mammalian host and that the IM possesses a far greater diversity of genes and repertoire of metabolic and enzymatic capabilities than their hosts. However, full knowledge of the metabolic activities and interactions of the IM and the functional redundancy that may exist are lacking. Thus, the current review aims to assess recent literature relating to the role played by the IM in the absorption and metabolism of key nutrients and non-nutrients. METHODS A systematic review (PROSPERO registration: CRD42015019087) was carried out focussing on energy and the following candidate dietary substrates: protein, carbohydrate, fat, fibre, resistant starch (RS), and polyphenols to further understand the effect of the IM on the dietary substrates and the resulting by-products and host impacts. Particular attention was paid to the characterisation of the IM which are predominantly implicated in each case, changes in metabolites, and indirect markers and any potential impacts on the host. RESULTS Studies show that the IM plays a key role in the metabolism of the substrates studied. However, with the exception of studies focusing on fibre and polyphenols, there have been relatively few recent human studies specifically evaluating microbial metabolism. In addition, comparison of the effects of the IM across studies was difficult due to lack of specific analysis/description of the bacteria involved. Considerable animal-derived data exist, but experience suggests that care must be taken when extrapolating these results to humans. Nevertheless, it appears that the IM plays a role in energy homeostasis and that protein microbial breakdown and fermentation produced ammonia, amines, phenols and branch chain fatty acids, and a greater diversity in the microbes present. Few recent studies appear to have evaluated the effect of the IM composition and metabolism per se in relation with digestible dietary carbohydrate or fat in humans. Intakes of RS and prebiotics altered levels of specific taxa that selectively metabolised specific prebiotic/carbohydrate-type substances and levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were observed to increase. In controlled human studies, consistent data exist that show a correlation between the intake of fibre and an increase in bifidobacteria and short-chain fatty acids, in particular butyrate, which leads to lower intestinal pH. Dietary polyphenols rely on modification either by host digestive enzymes or those derived from the IM for absorption to occur. In the polyphenol-related studies, a large amount of inter-individual variation was observed in the microbial metabolism and absorption of certain polyphenols. CONCLUSIONS The systematic review demonstrates that the IM plays a major role in the breakdown and transformation of the dietary substrates examined. However, recent human data are limited with the exception of data from studies examining fibres and polyphenols. Results observed in relation with dietary substrates were not always consistent or coherent across studies and methodological limitations and differences in IM analyses made comparisons difficult. Moreover, non-digestible components likely to reach the colon are often not well defined or characterised in studies making comparisons between studies difficult if not impossible. Going forward, further rigorously controlled randomised human trials with well-defined dietary substrates and utilizing omic-based technologies to characterise and measure the IM and their functional activities will advance the field. Current evidence suggests that more detailed knowledge of the metabolic activities and interactions of the IM hold considerable promise in relation with host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Shortt
- Johnson & Johnson EAME, Foundation Park, Maidenhead, SL6 3UG, UK.
| | - Oliver Hasselwander
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, c/o Danisco (UK) Ltd., 43 London Road, Reigate, Surrey, RH2 9PW, UK
| | | | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Putz
- University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian Rowland
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Jonathan Swann
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jessica Türk
- Yakult Germany, Forumstraße 2, 41468, Neuss, Germany
| | - Joan Vermeiren
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe, Havenstraat 84, 1800, Vilvoorde, Belgium
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15
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Carey HV, Assadi-Porter FM. The Hibernator Microbiome: Host-Bacterial Interactions in an Extreme Nutritional Symbiosis. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 37:477-500. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah V. Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Fariba M. Assadi-Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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16
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Food contact materials and gut health: Implications for toxicity assessment and relevance of high molecular weight migrants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:1-18. [PMID: 28830834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut health is determined by an intact epithelial barrier and balanced gut microbiota, both involved in the regulation of immune responses in the gut. Disruption of this system contributes to the etiology of various non-communicable diseases, including intestinal, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders. Studies suggest that some direct food additives, but also some food contaminants, such as pesticide residues and substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), may adversely affect the gut barrier or gut microbiota. Here, we focus on gut-related effects of FCM-relevant substances (e.g. surfactants, N-ring containing substances, nanoparticles, and antimicrobials) and show that gut health is an underappreciated target in the toxicity assessment of FCMs. Understanding FCMs' impact on gut health requires more attention to ensure safety and prevent gut-related chronic diseases. Our review further points to the existence of large population subgroups with an increased intestinal permeability; this may lead to higher uptake of compounds of not only low (<1000 Da) but also high (>1000 Da) molecular weight. We discuss the potential toxicological relevance of high molecular weight compounds in the gut and suggest that the scientific justification for the application of a molecular weight-based cut-off in risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated.
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17
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Bachmann M, Meissner C, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. Cooperation between the bacterial-derived short-chain fatty acid butyrate and interleukin-22 detected in human Caco2 colon epithelial/carcinoma cells. Biofactors 2017; 43:283-292. [PMID: 27801948 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
By generating biologically active factors luminal microbiota shape the intestinal micro-milieu thereby regulating pathological processes such as inflammation and carcinogenesis. Preclinical data suggest that bacterial-derived butyrate and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 activating cytokine interleukin (IL)-22 display concordant protective properties at the inflamed colonic epithelium. Herein, biochemical cooperation between the short-chain fatty acid butyrate and IL-22 was investigated by focusing on human Caco2 colon epithelial/carcinoma cells. We report that physiological levels of butyrate enhance IL-22 signaling thereby enforcing expression of the prototypic STAT3-downstrean target genes α1-antichymotrypsin and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3. A dual mode of butyrate action on the IL-22/STAT3 axis was identified. Butyrate acted by upregulating IL-22R1, the decisive chain of the heterodimeric IL-22 receptor, and, independent from that, has the potential to directly amplify STAT3-mediated gene activation as detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of STAT3 binding to the SOCS3 promoter. Since trichostatin A acted similarly, inhibition of histone deacetylases is likely at the root of these butyrate biological properties. The mutual benefit gained from interactions between the host and commensal intestinal bacteria-derived factors is an expanding field of research beginning to affect clinical practice. Data presented herein propose a supportive and fine-tuning role for butyrate in IL-22 signaling that might be therapeutically exploited by local butyrate administration or by increasing its bacterial production in the context of a fiber-rich diet. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):283-292, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bachmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carlotta Meissner
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heiko Mühl
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Banerjee S, Sindberg G, Wang F, Meng J, Sharma U, Zhang L, Dauer P, Chen C, Dalluge J, Johnson T, Roy S. Opioid-induced gut microbial disruption and bile dysregulation leads to gut barrier compromise and sustained systemic inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1418-1428. [PMID: 26906406 PMCID: PMC4996771 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Morphine and its pharmacological derivatives are the most prescribed analgesics for moderate to severe pain management. However, chronic use of morphine reduces pathogen clearance and induces bacterial translocation across the gut barrier. The enteric microbiome has been shown to have a critical role in the preservation of the mucosal barrier function and metabolic homeostasis. Here, we show for the first time, using bacterial 16s rDNA sequencing, that chronic morphine treatment significantly alters the gut microbial composition and induces preferential expansion of Gram-positive pathogenic and reduction in bile-deconjugating bacterial strains. A significant reduction in both primary and secondary bile acid levels was seen in the gut, but not in the liver with morphine treatment. Morphine-induced microbial dysbiosis and gut barrier disruption was rescued by transplanting placebo-treated microbiota into morphine-treated animals, indicating that microbiome modulation could be exploited as a therapeutic strategy for patients using morphine for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204, University
of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gregory Sindberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204,
University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fuyuan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204,
University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Department of Surgery, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204, University
of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Umakant Sharma
- Department of Surgery, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204, University
of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204,
University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Patricia Dauer
- Department of Pharmacology, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204,
University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos
11-204, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph Dalluge
- Department of Chemistry, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204, University
of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204,
University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204, University
of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA,Department of Pharmacology, 515 Delaware St SE, Moos 11-204,
University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Prof. Sabita
Roy, Director, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Vascular Biology,
Department of Surgery and Pharmacology Telephone Number: 612-624-4615, Fax
Number 612 626-4900,
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19
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Goudarzi M, Mak TD, Jacobs JP, Moon BH, Strawn SJ, Braun J, Brenner DJ, Fornace AJ, Li HH. An Integrated Multi-Omic Approach to Assess Radiation Injury on the Host-Microbiome Axis. Radiat Res 2016; 186:219-34. [PMID: 27512828 PMCID: PMC5304359 DOI: 10.1667/rr14306.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Medical responders to radiological and nuclear disasters currently lack sufficient high-throughput and minimally invasive biodosimetry tools to assess exposure and injury in the affected populations. For this reason, we have focused on developing robust radiation exposure biomarkers in easily accessible biofluids such as urine, serum and feces. While we have previously reported on urine and serum biomarkers, here we assessed perturbations in the fecal metabolome resulting from exposure to external X radiation in vivo. The gastrointestinal (GI) system is of particular importance in radiation biodosimetry due to its constant cell renewal and sensitivity to radiation-induced injury. While the clinical GI symptoms such as pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are manifested after radiation exposure, no reliable bioindicator has been identified for radiation-induced gastrointestinal injuries. To this end, we focused on determining a fecal metabolomic signature in X-ray irradiated mice. There is overwhelming evidence that the gut microbiota play an essential role in gut homeostasis and overall health. Because the fecal metabolome is tightly correlated with the composition and diversity of the microorganism in the gut, we also performed fecal 16S rRNA sequencing analysis to determine the changes in the microbial composition postirradiation. We used in-house bioinformatics tools to integrate the 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomic data, and to elucidate the gut integrated ecosystem and its deviations from a stable host-microbiome state that result from irradiation. The 16S rRNA sequencing results indicated that radiation caused remarkable alterations of the microbiome in feces at the family level. Increased abundance of common members of Lactobacillaceae and Staphylococcaceae families, and decreased abundances of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Clostridiaceae families were found after 5 and 12 Gy irradiation. The metabolomic data revealed statistically significant changes in the microbial-derived products such as pipecolic acid, glutaconic acid, urobilinogen and homogentisic acid. In addition, significant changes were detected in bile acids such as taurocholic acid and 12-ketodeoxycholic acid. These changes may be associated with the observed shifts in the abundance of intestinal microbes, such as R. gnavus , which can transform bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Goudarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Tytus D. Mak
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bo-Hyun Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Steven J. Strawn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Heng-Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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20
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Gonneaud A, Turgeon N, Boudreau F, Perreault N, Rivard N, Asselin C. Distinct Roles for Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Specific Hdac1 and Hdac2 in the Regulation of Murine Intestinal Homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:436-48. [PMID: 26174178 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium responds to and transmits signals from the microbiota and the mucosal immune system to insure intestinal homeostasis. These interactions are in part conveyed by epigenetic modifications, which respond to environmental changes. Protein acetylation is an epigenetic signal regulated by histone deacetylases, including Hdac1 and Hdac2. We have previously shown that villin-Cre-inducible intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific Hdac1 and Hdac2 deletions disturb intestinal homeostasis. To determine the role of Hdac1 and Hdac2 in the regulation of IEC function and the establishment of the dual knockout phenotype, we have generated villin-Cre murine models expressing one Hdac1 allele without Hdac2, or one Hdac2 allele without Hdac1. We have also investigated the effect of short-term deletion of both genes in naphtoflavone-inducible Ah-Cre and tamoxifen-inducible villin-Cre(ER) mice. Mice with one Hdac1 allele displayed normal tissue architecture, but increased sensitivity to DSS-induced colitis. In contrast, mice with one Hdac2 allele displayed intestinal architecture defects, increased proliferation, decreased goblet cell numbers as opposed to Paneth cells, increased immune cell infiltration associated with fibrosis, and increased sensitivity to DSS-induced colitis. In comparison to dual knockout mice, intermediary activation of Notch, mTOR, and Stat3 signaling pathways was observed. While villin-Cre(ER) Hdac1 and Hdac2 deletions led to an impaired epithelium and differentiation defects, Ah-Cre-mediated deletion resulted in blunted proliferation associated with the induction of a DNA damage response. Our results suggest that IEC determination and intestinal homeostasis are highly dependent on Hdac1 and Hdac2 activity levels, and that changes in the IEC acetylome may alter the mucosal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gonneaud
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Naomie Turgeon
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Perreault
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Montalban-Arques A, De Schryver P, Bossier P, Gorkiewicz G, Mulero V, Gatlin DM, Galindo-Villegas J. Selective Manipulation of the Gut Microbiota Improves Immune Status in Vertebrates. Front Immunol 2015; 6:512. [PMID: 26500650 PMCID: PMC4598590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All animals develop in association with complex microbial communities. It is now well established that commensal microbiota is essential for the correct functionality of each organ in the host. Particularly, the commensal gastro-intestinal microbiota (CGIM) is a key factor for development, immunity and nutrient conversion, rendering them bio-available for various uses. Thus, nutritional inputs generate a positive loop in maintaining host health and are essential in shaping the composition of the CGIM communities. Probiotics, which are live exogenous microorganisms, selectively provided to the host, are a promising concept for manipulating the microbiota and thus for increasing the host health status. Nevertheless, most mechanisms induced by probiotics to fortify the immune system are still a matter of debate. Alternatively, prebiotics, which are non-digestible food ingredients, can favor the growth of specific target groups of CGIM. Several metabolites are produced by the CGIM, one of the most important are the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which emerge from the fermentation of complex carbohydrates. SCFAs have been recognized as key players in triggering beneficial effects elicited by simple diffusion and by specific receptors present, thus, far only in epithelial cells of higher vertebrates at different gastro-intestinal locations. However, both strategies have shown to provide resistance against pathogens during periods of high stress. In fish, knowledge about the action of pro- and prebiotics and SCFAs is still limited. Thus, in this review, we briefly summarize the mechanisms described on this topic for higher vertebrates and discuss why many of them may operate in the fish gut representing a model for different mucosal tissues
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter De Schryver
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | | | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Delbert Monroe Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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Low urinary indoxyl sulfate levels early after transplantation reflect a disrupted microbiome and are associated with poor outcome. Blood 2015. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-638858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Urinary 3-IS levels predict outcome after ASCT and are associated with antibiotics and NOD2/CARD15 variants.
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McCauley HA, Guasch G. Three cheers for the goblet cell: maintaining homeostasis in mucosal epithelia. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:492-503. [PMID: 26144290 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many organs throughout the body maintain epithelial homeostasis by employing a mucosal barrier which acts as a lubricant and helps to preserve a near-sterile epithelium. Goblet cells are largely responsible for secreting components of this mucosal barrier and represent a major cellular component of the innate defense system. In this review we summarize what is known about the signaling pathways that control goblet cell differentiation in the intestine, the lung, and the ocular surface, and we discuss a novel functional role for goblet cells in mucosal epithelial immunology. We highlight the cell type-specificity of the circuitry regulating goblet cell differentiation and shed light on how changes to these pathways lead to altered goblet cell function, a prominent feature of mucosa-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, UM 105, 13009, Marseille, France.
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Zhu X, Messer JS, Wang Y, Lin F, Cham CM, Chang J, Billiar TR, Lotze MT, Boone DL, Chang EB. Cytosolic HMGB1 controls the cellular autophagy/apoptosis checkpoint during inflammation. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1098-110. [PMID: 25642769 DOI: 10.1172/jci76344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protein HMGB1 is released from cells and acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule during many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, the intracellular function of HMGB1 during inflammation is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that cytosolic HMGB1 regulates apoptosis by protecting the autophagy proteins beclin 1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage during inflammation. Colitis in mice with an intestinal epithelial cell-specific Hmgb1 deletion and patients with IBD were both characterized by increased calpain activation, beclin 1 and ATG5 cleavage, and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death compared with controls. In vitro cleavage assays and studies of enteroids verified that HMGB1 protects beclin 1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage events that generate proapoptotic protein fragments. Together, our results indicate that HMGB1 is essential for mitigating the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury by controlling the switch between the proautophagic and proapoptotic functions of beclin 1 and ATG5 during inflammation. Moreover, these studies demonstrate that HMGB1 is pivotal for reducing tissue injury in IBD and other complex inflammatory disorders.
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Gonneaud A, Gagné JM, Turgeon N, Asselin C. The histone deacetylase Hdac1 regulates inflammatory signalling in intestinal epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:43. [PMID: 25606026 PMCID: PMC4299484 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-014-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background It has recently been found that both nuclear epithelial-expressed histone deacetylases Hdac1 and Hdac2 are important to insure intestinal homeostasis and control the mucosal inflammatory response in vivo. In addition, HDAC inhibitors modulate epithelial cell inflammatory responses in cancer cells. However, little is known of the specific role of different HDAC, notably Hdac1, in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Methods We investigated the role of Hdac1 in non-transformed IEC-6 rat cells infected with lentiviral vectors expressing specific Hdac1 shRNAs, to suppress Hdac1 expression. Proliferation was assessed by cell counting. Deacetylase activity was measured with a colorimetric HDAC assay. Cells were treated with IL-1β and/or the JQ1 bromodomain acetyl-binding inhibitor. Nuclear protein levels of Hdac1, Hdac2, phosphorylated or unphosphorylated NF-κB p65 or C/EBPβ, and NF-κB p50 and actin were determined by Western blot. Chemokine and acute phase protein expression was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Secreted cytokine and chemokine levels were assessed with a protein array. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were done to assess RNA polymerase II recruitment. Results Reduced Hdac1 protein levels led to Hdac2 protein increases and decreased cell proliferation. Hdac1 depletion prolonged nuclear IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 protein on Ser536 as opposed to total p65, and of C/EBPβ on Ser105. In addition, semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed three patterns of expression caused by Hdac1 depletion, namely increased basal and IL-1β-stimulated levels (Hp, Kng1), increased IL-1β-stimulated levels (Cxcl2) and decreased basal levels with normal IL-1β induction levels (Ccl2, Ccl5, Cxcl1, C3). Secreted cytokine and chemokine measurements confirmed that Hdac1 played roles both as an IL-1β signalling repressor and activator. Hdac1 depletion did not alter the JQ1 dependent inhibition of basal and IL-1β-induced inflammatory gene expression. Hdac1 depletion led to decreased basal levels of RNA polymerase II enrichment on the Ccl2 promoter, as opposed to the Gapdh promoter, correlating with decreased Ccl2 basal mRNA expression. Conclusions Hdac1 is a major nuclear HDAC controlling IL-1β-dependent inflammatory response in IEC, notably by regulating gene-specific transcriptional responses. Hdac1 may be important in restricting basal and inflammatory-induced gene levels to defined ranges of expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12950-014-0043-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gonneaud
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8 Canada
| | - Julie Moore Gagné
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8 Canada
| | - Naomie Turgeon
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8 Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Département d'anatomie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8 Canada
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